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海海海海海 Marine Ecology 海海海海海海海海海 海海海 Room no. 海 A3030 Office hour : Monday 9:00 – 12: 00 Tel: 525-2000 ext. 5108 E-mail: [email protected] TA: 張張張 [email protected] su.edu.tw

海洋生態學 Marine Ecology

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海洋生態學 Marine Ecology. 中山大學海洋生物所 劉莉蓮 Room no. 海 A3030 Office hour : Monday 9:00 – 12:00 Tel: 525-2000 ext. 5108 E-mail: [email protected] TA: 張靖峰 [email protected]. 課程簡介 科學是什麼? 生態學簡介 (20 min. film) 不同環境之比較. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: 海洋生態學   Marine Ecology

海洋生態學 Marine Ecology中山大學海洋生物所 劉莉蓮

Room no. 海 A3030

Office hour : Monday 9:00 – 12:00

Tel: 525-2000 ext. 5108

E-mail: [email protected]

TA: 張靖峰 [email protected]

Page 2: 海洋生態學   Marine Ecology

課程簡介

科學是什麼?

生態學簡介 (20 min. film)

不同環境之比較

Page 3: 海洋生態學   Marine Ecology

2/18 What is Ecology ? Liu2/25 Ecosystems: components, energy flow and matter cycling Liu 3/3 Evolution and biodiversity: origins, niches & Adaptation (Liu,chap 6)3/10 Marine environment Chen (chapter 1)3/17 Oceanic environments around Taiwan Chen3/24 Marine organisms Chen (chapters 2,3,4)3/31 Marine organisms (1 hr exam.) Chen (chapters 5,6)4/7 Production, food web Chen (chapter 7)4/14 Marine habitats Chen (chapter 8)4/21 Marine habitats Chen (chpater 9)4/28 global change and ocean (1 hr exam.) Chen (chapter 12)5/5 Population biology (I)...... Liu (chapter 10)5/12 Population biology (II) Liu (chapter 10)5/19 Community ecology...... Liu (chapter 11)5/26 Human beings and ocean Liu (chapter 12)6/2 Conservation biology in Taiwan Liu (chapter 13) (field trip, low tide 13:43 0.12m)6/9 Coastal ecology and ecological engineering...Liu 6/16 Final

Page 4: 海洋生態學   Marine Ecology

科學是什麼?

Science is an attempt to discover order in nature and use that knowledge to make predictions about what is likely to happen in nature.

Page 5: 海洋生態學   Marine Ecology

Scientific approachAsk a question Do experiments and collect data Interpret data

Well-tested and accepted patterns in data become scientific laws Formulate hypothesis to explain data Do more experiments to test hypothesis Revise hypothesis if necessary Well-tested and accepted hypotheses become scientific theories

Page 6: 海洋生態學   Marine Ecology

B-eyeC-noseD-mouth

From (2002) “exploring facial symmetry in entry-level geometry classrooms”

Page 7: 海洋生態學   Marine Ecology

From (2002) “exploring facial symmetry in entry-level geometry classrooms”

Page 8: 海洋生態學   Marine Ecology

References

Lemley, B. 2000 Isn’t she lovely ? Discover 21(2): http://www-psych.nmsu.edu/victorpg.html

http://www.compscipreprints.com/comp/Preprint/vperlib/20030121.1/1/ITC2001.pdf

Page 9: 海洋生態學   Marine Ecology

Ecology

1. From the Greek words oikos, “house” or “place to live”, and logos, “study of”.2. The study of how organisms interact with one another and with their nonliving environment.

Page 10: 海洋生態學   Marine Ecology

生態系 生態系 ecosystemecosystem

生態系的定義生態系的定義– 一定空間內,生物與非生物成分一定空間內,生物與非生物成分經由物質的循環、能量的流動、經由物質的循環、能量的流動、信息的交換,相互作用、相互依信息的交換,相互作用、相互依存所構成的系統。存所構成的系統。

組成份組成份

– 生物成分 生物成分 (Biotic Community)(Biotic Community)

– 非生物成分 非生物成分 (Abiotic Environment)(Abiotic Environment)

Page 11: 海洋生態學   Marine Ecology

Biotic factors (living environments) Biosphere

Abiotic factors (non-living environments)

Lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere

Page 12: 海洋生態學   Marine Ecology

‧Important terms:SpeciesPopulationCommunity

Abiotic factors

Ecosystem (i.e. rain forest)Biome 生物群落Biosphere

Page 13: 海洋生態學   Marine Ecology

‧Species: All the members of a specific organism with similarity of appearance and/or capacity for interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.

The Pantropical spotted dolphin, Stenella attenuata (Gray, 1846).

‧Population: All the members of a particular species occupying a given area.

‧Biotic community: All the populations of different plants, animals and microbes occupying a given area.

Page 14: 海洋生態學   Marine Ecology

‧Abiotic factors: The physical environment where the biotic community staying, e.g. light, temperature, pH, etc.

‧Ecosystem: The biotic community together with the abiotic factors.

‧Biome群落 : A grouping of all the ecosystems of a similar type, e.g. tropical rain forests, coral reefs.

‧Biosphere: All the species on Earth along with all their environments seen as one vast ecosystem.

Page 15: 海洋生態學   Marine Ecology

‧Biotic structure of ecosystems Producers Consumers Detritus feeders and decomposers

. Feeding relationships Food chains Food webs Trophic levels & Biomass pyramid

. Nonfeeding relationships: Mutualism Symbiosis

Page 16: 海洋生態學   Marine Ecology

Lithosphere Hydrosphere Atmosphere

Ecosystems

Biosphere Human activities

Page 17: 海洋生態學   Marine Ecology

生態系的基本功能生態系的基本功能 生物生產生物生產

– 初級生產初級生產 (Primary Production)(Primary Production)

» 太陽能 → 化學能太陽能 → 化學能» 簡單無機物 → 複雜有機物簡單無機物 → 複雜有機物

– 次級生產次級生產 (Secondary Production)(Secondary Production)

» 消費者消費者 (herbivores, carnivores)(herbivores, carnivores) 或分解者或分解者 (bacteria, fungi)(bacteria, fungi) 經由同化作用,以建造自經由同化作用,以建造自身、繁衍後代。身、繁衍後代。

能量流動能量流動 (Energy Flow)(Energy Flow)

– 能量在食物鏈、食物網內轉變、轉移、消耗。能量在食物鏈、食物網內轉變、轉移、消耗。– 能量金字塔能量金字塔 // 食物量金字塔食物量金字塔

物質循環(營養鹽的循環)物質循環(營養鹽的循環)

Page 18: 海洋生態學   Marine Ecology

Biomass pyramid: Segments of pyramid show relative biomass at each trophic level (Nebel & Wright, 1998)

Total combined mass of all producers = Biomass of 1st trophic level

Total combined mass of all herbivores = Biomass of 2nd trophic level

Total combined mass of all carnivores = Biomass of 3rd trophic level

Page 19: 海洋生態學   Marine Ecology

Lithosphere Hydrosphere Atmosphere

Ecosystems

Biosphere Human activities

Page 20: 海洋生態學   Marine Ecology

生態系基本特徵生態系基本特徵 是動態的系統是動態的系統::不斷的發展、進化、演替。不斷的發展、進化、演替。 有一定的區域特徵:有一定的區域特徵:例如熱帶雨林、溫帶針葉林。例如熱帶雨林、溫帶針葉林。 開放的自持開放的自持 (Self-maintenance)(Self-maintenance) 系統:系統:

– 生產者、消費者、分解者生產者、消費者、分解者 自動調節的功能:自動調節的功能:受干擾、破壞後自動回復。受干擾、破壞後自動回復。 反饋反饋 (Feedback)(Feedback) 原理:原理:系統內有抑制某物種過度繁殖之能力。系統內有抑制某物種過度繁殖之能力。 抵抗力抵抗力 (Resistance)(Resistance) ::愈成熟、結構愈複雜的生態系,抵抗愈成熟、結構愈複雜的生態系,抵抗

外力干擾的能力愈強。外力干擾的能力愈強。 恢復力恢復力 (Resilience)(Resilience) ::受到外力破壞而復原之能力。受到外力破壞而復原之能力。

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Law of limiting factors Biotic factors Physical barriers

Carrying capacity

Ecosystem sustainability depending on Nutrient recycling With source of energy Without over-grown consumer populations Maintenance of biodiversity

Page 22: 海洋生態學   Marine Ecology

Primary production by photosynthesis and chemosynthesis

CO2 + H2O + energy←→ [CH2O] + O2

CH4 + O2 ←→ [CH2O] + H2O

H2S + H2O + O2 + CO2 ←→ [CH2O] + H2SO4

2CO2 + 6H2 ←→ [CH2O] + CH4 + 3H2O

Page 23: 海洋生態學   Marine Ecology

演替演替 (succession) (succession) 生物群聚隨環境、時間的變遷而發生變化。生物群聚隨環境、時間的變遷而發生變化。 原有群聚可能暫時或永久消失,而由另一群聚原有群聚可能暫時或永久消失,而由另一群聚

取代。取代。 亦稱群聚演替、生物演替。亦稱群聚演替、生物演替。 演替所呈現的意義演替所呈現的意義

–這是一個「動態」的概念,但過程並非毫無章法。 這是一個「動態」的概念,但過程並非毫無章法。

Page 24: 海洋生態學   Marine Ecology

共通性包括:共通性包括:– 有一定次序之群聚改變過程,結果常可預期。有一定次序之群聚改變過程,結果常可預期。– 由群聚改變物理環境。由群聚改變物理環境。– 最終建立一穩定之群聚。最終建立一穩定之群聚。

初級演替初級演替 (Primary Succession)(Primary Succession)– 在自然產生的裸地(如森林火災後)產生後,最主要的三個演在自然產生的裸地(如森林火災後)產生後,最主要的三個演

替階段。包括:先鋒期替階段。包括:先鋒期 (Pioneer Stage)(Pioneer Stage) 、過渡期、過渡期 (Sera Stage)(Sera Stage) ,,以及顛峰期以及顛峰期 (Climax)(Climax) 三個進程。三個進程。

次級演替次級演替 (Secondary Succession)(Secondary Succession)– 有人類活動或干擾的區域最主要的演替活動,包括:人為環境有人類活動或干擾的區域最主要的演替活動,包括:人為環境

(開墾、農耕)、過渡期,以及顛峰期(盛林期)三種型態。(開墾、農耕)、過渡期,以及顛峰期(盛林期)三種型態。其中,若原為顛峰期,但因天災或人禍導致原有群聚之消滅,其中,若原為顛峰期,但因天災或人禍導致原有群聚之消滅,並由另一群聚取代,則稱為變換群聚並由另一群聚取代,則稱為變換群聚 (Disclimax Community)(Disclimax Community) 。。

演替演替 (succession) (succession)