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Hunt, M (2000). Sternberg, R.J. (2004). Psychology: In search of the human mind (4th ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt College Publisher.
Ash DepressionFearNeuronPiagetMemorySkinner
EEGERPTMS (Transcranial Magnetic StimulationPET Scan (Positron Emission Tomography Scan)MRISingle cell recording
Thomas KuhnThomas KuhnKuhn normal sciencerevolutionary science
Thomas KuhnKuhn paradigm
Thomas Kuhn Kuhn
Wilhelm Wundt
Wundt 1879 ()
1862 ...
introspection
FriedrichMax Friedrich G. Stanley Hall Max Friedrich Max Friedrich the duration of apperception
FriedrichMax FriedrichAB A B
structuralism
William James
William JamesWilliam
Great PsychologistsSigmund Freud
Phillip ReiffPaul RoazenPaul Tillich
E.M. ThorntonThorntonSir Peter Medawar
() () (C)
Edward Lee Thorndike (1874-1949) Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
Behaviorist John B. Watson(1878-1958)1912behaviorist1913Psychological ReviewABC
Behaviorist
behaviorist19601965Ulric NeisserCognitive PsychologyNeisser
1960
1980 associationist approach1990neuropsychology
Lewin1979
variable subjectparticipant
independent variable dependent variable confounding variable controlled variable
12
100
randomization 30 30
808080 1: r = .62 2: r =.25 3: r = -.10 4: r = -.73
correlation coefficient
correlation coefficient r -1 +1
r=1 A B
0 < r < 1 A B
r = -1 A B
-1 < r < 0 A B
r = 0 A B
0 0
natural observationcontrolled observation Jane Goodall
1518891857Joseph Haven
183918981854186118701878
190219031905
1906
1877
1907Harold Hoffding188218861891............19073010
186819401868
186819401907190810191111 40 Wundt
3 8 Wundt Lipps Brahon Wirth Dittrich 3 Wundt 7 Wundt Brahon
1911 1912 191610192819381940
1886-1983188682219831897
191219301948
19171918191919181219181919
1987 http://chntlb.chshs.tpc.edu.tw/science/content/1987/00100214/0010.htmJournal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology1972Zing-Yang Kuo
189819701918Watson
1923 26 1926
() http://edu.sina.com.cn/y/news/2005-09-20/224244396.html
19461970
-- 1920
--1921 Journal ofPhilosophy Givingup instinctsin psychology William McDougall
--(1930)
--1214