Chapter2Teacher Expectations

教师期望

Classroom Learning

请关闭手机

列出个人特征清单，设计一个简单的等级量表，请同学们使用它来对两位假想的学生：一个好学生，另一个是差生作出预期。

课前活动

成绩差的学生 成绩好的学生广州07

广州08 香港 广州

07广州08 香港

希望引起别人注意 4.62 5.07 3.92 4.90 5.47 4.05

爱捣乱 5.81 5.07 3.90 2.05 1.73 2.63

愿意努力学习 2.19 2.33 3.06 5.81 6.33 5.65

顺从 2.24 2.13 3.66 5.10 5.73 5.17

不成熟 4.86 4.33 4.20 3.57 3.20 3.44

不理智 5.14 4.73 4.10 2.81 2.93 2.39

来自贫困家庭 3.24 3.33 4.33 5.29 4.47 3.16

相貌漂亮 4.10 4.13 3.40 3.76 3.53 3.97

对学习有兴趣 1.62 1.87 3.00 6.33 5.80 5.34

对两类学生的期望比较

成绩差的学生 成绩好的学生广州07

广州08 香港 广州

07广州08 香港

友善 3.86 4.13 3.87 4.19 4.67 4.76

有侵略性 5.19 4.33 3.51 3.00 2.87 4.45

对校外活动有兴趣 5.76 5.60 4.73 3.86 4.40 4.31

对异性有兴趣 5.43 4.47 4.08 3.90 3.73 3.85

记忆力强 3.76 3.80 3.22 5.81 6.13 5.38

注意力差 6.43 5.73 4.82 1.71 2.53 2.52

做作业很快 2.67 3.00 2.85 5.71 5.87 5.62

信得过 3.95 4.27 3.51 4.71 5.27 4.91

尊重人 4.00 4.33 3.50 5.00 5.20 4.94

不合群 4.05 4.47 3.78 4.24 3.20 2.85

不受欢迎 4.62 4.73 3.84 2.86 2.40 3.40

课前活动• What can we learn from results of the

survey done before this class? 从课前活动的结果，可以看出什么问题？

名词术语 (Terms)

• Aspiration:

• Expectation:

The teacher hopes about how the students might behaviour or perform in certain situation.

The teacher’s beliefs about how his/her students will behaviour or perform.

Sustaining effects

Self-fulfilling prophecy effect

Encourage present patterns of student behaviour/performance continue

Create new patterns of performance/behaviour that are in conformance with the expectation

• What are teacher expectations? What are the features of teacher expectation?

什么是教师期望 ? 教师期望有什么特点 ?

• What is teacher expectation effect? How the expectations can influence student behavior and achievement?

什么是教师期望效应 ? 期望怎样影响学生的行为和成绩 ?

Points for Discussion( 讨论要点 )

Issues in this chapter are:本章主要内容：• What the expectation effect is. 什么是期望效应。• How the expectations can influence student

behavior and achievement。 期望怎样影响学生的行为和成绩。

1.What are teacher expectations? 什么是教师期望？

Teacher expectations are beliefs about how students will perform/behave in school situations

教师的期望指的是教师对学校环境中学生行为的预期信念

Features of teacher expectations教师期望的特点

a. Teacher expectations are formed through direct, indirect and extrapolated experience;

教师期望是由直接的、间接的和推断的经验形成的。b. Teacher expectation may extend beyond an

individual teacher and one of his/her students. 教师期望会扩展到不同的教师以及其他学生。

c. Teacher expectations can influence student performance /behavior through a teacher expectations effect.

可通过教师的期望效应影响学生的行为。d. Once they are formed, teacher expectations can

be quite resistant to change. 教师期望一旦形成就相当难改变。

2.What is the Expectation Effect? 什么是期望效应？

Expectations effect is an effect whereby teacher’s expectations regarding a student can affect student achievement and/or behavior.

期望效应是通过教师期望而影响学生的成就和 /或行为的效应。 Expectations sustain the student’s current behavior

and achievement. 期望能够维持学生现有的行为和成就。

Expectations can create new patterns of behavior and achievement.

期望能导致新的行为和成就模式。 Positive expectation will affect students’

behaviour positively and, accordingly, negative expectation will affect negatively. 正面的期望产生正面的影响 , 负面的期望产生负面的影响。

a. A teacher forms his/her expectations by his/her experience or from others.

教师透过自己的经验或从他人获得有关学生的期望b. The teacher communicates his/her expectations to

students. 教师将自己的期望传递给学生

3. How can Expectations Influence Student Behavior and/or

Achievement?期望怎样影响学生的行为和 / 或成就？

c. Students perceive those expectations and respond to them.

学生意识到期望并做出反应d. Sustaining effects and self-fulfilling prophecy

effect 持续效应和预示效应

The research basis of the teacher expectation effect

• Rosenthal & Jacobson (1968): Pygmalion in the Classroom

• Brophy & Good (1970): Differences of teachers’ responds to the same performs of different students

• Rutter et al. (1979): The influences of teachers’ attitudes and behaviours towards their students

• Blatchford et al. (1989): Expectations expressed through the curriculum

• Do you agree with all the points about teacher expectations to students mentioned in this chapter? If no, please give your evidences.

你是否完全同意本章中有关教师期望的所有观点 ? 如果不同意的话请举出证据。

现在你对课前所做调查结果有什么想法或看法？

Learning Activities 学习活动 1. Do an experiment like the one we did in Hong Kong

with teachers (or student teachers) you know. Make a list of personal characteristics, devise a simple rating scale, and ask the teachers to use the scale with regard to two imaginary students. One may be high performing, the other may be low performing. Alternatively, think of another feature with which to distinguish the two imaginary students. Do your teachers display different expectations towards the two students?

2. Ask a group of students: (a) what expectations they think their teachers have towards them; and (b) how teachers express those expectations (for example, how they as students know that a teacher expects either a lot or a little from them).

问一组学生： (a) 他们认为他们的老师对他们的期望是什么； (b) 教师怎样表达期望（比如，作为学生他们怎样知道教师对他们期望多还是少）。

• Talk with a group of teachers to learn about the awareness of their expectations to their students and the ways in which they might communicate them.

通过交谈了解教师对自己对学生的期望的觉察程度，以及他们传递期望的方式。