CharlesCharles BabbageBabbage Born in London on DeBorn in London on De

c.26c.26thth in 1791 in 1791 Died on Oct.18th 1871 Died on Oct.18th 1871 English mathematician,English mathematician,

philosopher, inventor, philosopher, inventor, and mechanical enginand mechanical engineereer

Considered as “Father Considered as “Father of Computer ”of Computer ”

Early YearsEarly Years Suffered from many Suffered from many

childhood illnesses, which childhood illnesses, which forced his family to send forced his family to send him to a clergy operated him to a clergy operated school for special careschool for special care

Married with Georgiana Married with Georgiana WhitmoreWhitmore in 1814, at the in 1814, at the same year, he graduated same year, he graduated from Cambridge from Cambridge University University

Family BackgroundFamily Background

Father: Benjamin Babbage, banking partner of the Praeds who owned the Bitton Estate in Teignmouth

Mother: Betsy Plumleigh Teape Wife: Georgiana Whitmore Babbage had 8 children, but only 3 survived to adulthood Benjamin Herschel, Georgiana Whitmore, and Henry Pre

vost Babbage died "of renal inadequacy, secondary to cystiti

s"

Education Education Babbage is from a rich family, Babbage is from a rich family,

so his father’s money allowed so his father’s money allowed him to to receive instruction frohim to to receive instruction from several schools and tutors dm several schools and tutors during the course of his elementuring the course of his elementary education ary education

Was sent to a country school iWas sent to a country school in Alphington near Exeter to recn Alphington near Exeter to recover from a life-threatening fevover from a life-threatening fever er

For a short time he attended KiFor a short time he attended King Edward VI Grammar Schoong Edward VI Grammar School in Totnes, South Devon, but hl in Totnes, South Devon, but his health forced him back to priis health forced him back to private tutors for a time vate tutors for a time

Joined a 30-student Holmwood Joined a 30-student Holmwood academy, in Baker Street, Enfiacademy, in Baker Street, Enfield, Middlesex under Revereneld, Middlesex under Reverend Stephen Freeman d Stephen Freeman

studied with two more private tstudied with two more private tutors after leaving the academutors after leaving the academy y

Of the first, a clergyman near Of the first, a clergyman near Cambridge, Babbage said, "I fCambridge, Babbage said, "I fear I did not derive from it all thear I did not derive from it all the advantages that I might have e advantages that I might have done." The second was an Oxfdone." The second was an Oxford tutor from whom Babbage lord tutor from whom Babbage learned enough of the Classics earned enough of the Classics to be accepted to Cambridge to be accepted to Cambridge

Babbage's machines were among Babbage's machines were among the first mechanical computers, altthe first mechanical computers, although they were not actually comhough they were not actually completed, largely because of funding pleted, largely because of funding

problems and personality issues.problems and personality issues. He directed the building of some stHe directed the building of some st

eam-powered machines that achieeam-powered machines that achieved some success, suggesting thaved some success, suggesting that calculations could be mechaniset calculations could be mechanised d

their basic architecture was vertheir basic architecture was very similar to a modern computer.y similar to a modern computer.

Analytical Engine

Between 1833 and 1842, Babbage tried again; this time, he tried to build a machine that would be programmable to do any kind of calculation, not just ones relating to polynomial equations. This was the Analytical Engine.

The design was based on Joseph Marie Jacquard's sewing loom, which used punched cards to determine how a sewing design would be carried out. Babbage adapted this design so that it would create mathematical actions instead.

The Analytical Engine had input devices based on punched cards, as per Jacquard's design, an arithmetic processor that calculated numbers, a control unit that determined that the correct task was carried out, an output mechanism and a memory where numbers could be stored whilst waiting their turn to be processed. It was this device that was the world's first computer.

Difference engine He presented a model of what he called a Difference Engine to the R

oyal Astronomical Society on June 14, 1822 in a paper entitled "Note on the application of machinery to the computation of astronomical and mathematical tables."[1] (http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Babbage.html) Its purpose was to tabulate polynomials using a numerical method called the differences method. The Society approved the idea, and this in turn enabled him to get a grant of £1500 by the British Government in 1823.

Construction started on this machine, but it was not completed. Two things went wrong. One was that the internal friction and gearing available at the time were not good enough for the models to be completed — vibrations were a constant problem. The other was that he kept changing his mind about the design of the machine. An additional possible issue was disputes with the mechanic(s) hired to do the machining work. By 1833, £17000 had been spent with no satisfactory result.

Computing Later YearsComputing Later Years In 1855, a Swedish father and son, Georg and Edvard SIn 1855, a Swedish father and son, Georg and Edvard S

chuetz, successfully built a Difference Engine. It had beechuetz, successfully built a Difference Engine. It had been based on a 1834 design by Babbage. Babbage was an based on a 1834 design by Babbage. Babbage was amongst those who inspected it and gave a positive opinimongst those who inspected it and gave a positive opinion. In 1859, the British Government purchased one of thon. In 1859, the British Government purchased one of these for use in the Registrar General's Office. The purchaese for use in the Registrar General's Office. The purchase had no effect on the refusals to build an analytical engse had no effect on the refusals to build an analytical engine.ine.

Partly through Babbage's efforts at gearmaking for these Partly through Babbage's efforts at gearmaking for these machines, the British had superior machinery for the nexmachines, the British had superior machinery for the next few decades, and this contributed to the superiority of tt few decades, and this contributed to the superiority of the British navy in the first world war.he British navy in the first world war.

Promotion of Analytical CalculusPromotion of Analytical Calculus

Babbage is remembered for other accomplishments as well. The promotion of analytical calculus is perhaps the foremost amongst them. In 1812, Babbage helped found the Analytical Society. The aim of this society, led by student George Woodhouse, was to promote Leibnizian, or analytical, calculus over the newtonian-style calculus then in use throughout the British Isles. Newton's calculus was clumsy, and was in use more for political reasons than practical. The Society included Sir John Herschel and George Peacock amongst its members.

Lucasian professor of mathematics at Cambridge from 1828 to 1839

contributed largely to several scientific periodicals was instrumental in founding the Astronomical Society in

1820 and the Statistical Society in 1834 During the later years of his life he resided in London, de

voting himself to the construction of machines capable of performing arithmetical and even algebraic calculations

also achieved notable results in cryptography

ContributionsContributions A Comparative View of the Various Institutions for the

Assurance of Lives (1826)

Table of Logarithms of the Natural Numbers from 1 to 108, 000 (1827)

Reflections on the Decline of Science in England (1830)

On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures (1832)

Ninth Bridgewater Treatise (1837)

Passages from the Life of a Philosopher (1864)

Famouse QuoteFamouse Quote

"The whole of the developments and "The whole of the developments and operations of analysis are now capable of operations of analysis are now capable of being executed by machinery. ... As soon being executed by machinery. ... As soon as an Analytical Engine exists, it will as an Analytical Engine exists, it will necessarily guide the future course of necessarily guide the future course of science."science."

PublicationsPublications Babbage, Charles (1826).

A Comparative View of the Various Institutions for the Assurance of Lives. London: J. Mawman. http://books.google.com/?id=teGjS4XfpbMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=charles+babbage.

Babbage, Charles (1830). Reflections on the Decline of Science in England, and on Some of Its Causes. London: B. Fellowes. http://books.google.com/?id=3bgPAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=charles+babbage.

Babbage, Charles (1835). On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures (4 ed.). London: Charles Knight. http://books.google.com/?id=wUQeMa0MFnkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=charles+babbage.

Babbage, Charles (1837). The Ninth Bridgewater Treatise, a Fragment. London: John Murray. http://books.google.com/?id=RlgEAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=charles+babbage. (reissued by Cambridge University Press 2009, ISBN 978-1-108-00000-0)

Babbage, Charles (1841). Table of the Logarithms of the Natural Numbers from 1 to 108000. London: William Clowes and Sons. http://books.google.com/?id=teMGAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=charles+babbage.

Babbage, Charles (1851). The Exposition of 1851. London: John Murray. http://books.google.com/?id=NZcBAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=charles+babbage.

Babbage, Charles (1864). Passages from the Life of a Philosopher. London: Longman. http://books.google.com/?id=2T0AAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=charles+babbage.

Babbage, Charles. Science and Reform. Selected Works of Charles Babbage; edited by Anthony Hyman; Cambridge University Press

Honors and AwardsHonors and Awards

Elected Fellow of the Royal Society - 1816First gold medal of the Astronomical

Society of London

Works CitiedWorks Citied

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Babbage http://www.charlesbabbage.net/ http://projects.exeter.ac.uk/babbage/biograph.ht

ml http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/babb

age.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Babbag

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