Chemical Bonding Chapter 8 - Mrs. Whitakerapchemistrywhitaker.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/0/5/25051722/ch_8_note… · Chemical Bonding Chapter 8 ... Chemical Bonds Nov 512:57 PM ... AP

APChapter8Bonding.notebook

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November19,2015

Nov156:15PM

Get your Clicker, 2 magnets, goggles and your handouts

ChemicalBondingChapter8

Nov156:18PM

Recall that: Ionic-Involves the transfer of electrons

- forms between a metal and a nonmetal

Covalent-Involves the sharing of electrons

- forms between 2 nonmetals


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Nov156:24PM

Covalent bond

What type of bond is this? What type is this?

Nov158:16PM

Which of the following is an ionic compound?

a) CO2b) MgCl2c) SO2d) PCl3


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Nov512:56PM

Forcesthatholdgroupsofatomstogetherandmakethemfunctionasaunit.

Abondwillformiftheenergyoftheaggregateislowerthanthatoftheseparatedatoms.

ChemicalBonds

Nov512:57PM

Theinteractionof

2Hatoms


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November19,2015

Nov512:58PM

Astheatomsapproacheachother,theenergydecreasesuntilthedistancereaches0.074nmandthenbeginstoincreaseagainduetorepulsions.

Nov910:29AM

Coulomb'sLawTheenergyofinteractionforanionpaircanbecalculatedusingCoulomb'sLaw.

E=2.31x1019Jnm()Q1Q2rE=energyinjoules

r=thedistancebetweentheioncentersinnm

Q1andQ2=numericalioncharges


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Nov910:38AM

Example:Calculatetheenergyofinteractioninkj/molbetweenMg2+andO2ifthedistancebetweenthecentersofthemis0.205nm(2.05Angstroms).

Nov182:17PM

ComparetheenergyoftheMgObondtotheenergyoftheNaClbond:

MgObond=

NaClWhyisMgOsomuchhigher?MgOhasahigherchargeleadstomoreelectrostaticattraction


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November19,2015

Nov51:01PM

IonicBondingelectronsaretransferred CovalentBondingelectronsaresharedequallybynuclei Whataboutintermediatecases?

Unequalsharingofelectronsbetweenatomsinamolecule. Resultsinachargeseparationinthebond(partialpositiveand

partialnegativecharge).

PolarCovalentBond

Nov99:29AM

Polarmoleculesaligninanelectricfield.mp4


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Jan232:50PM

unequal sharing of electronsequal sharing


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Jan233:14PM

Theabilityofanatominamoleculetoattractsharedelectronstoitself.

ForamoleculeHX,therelativeelectronegativitiesoftheHandXatomsaredeterminedbycomparingthemeasuredHXbondenergywiththeexpectedHXbondenergy.

Electronegativity

Ontheperiodictable,electronegativitygenerallyincreasesacrossaperiodanddecreasesdownagroup.

Therangeofelectronegativityvaluesisfrom4.0forfluorine(themostelectronegative)to0.7forcesium(theleastelectronegative).

Nov99:51AM


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November19,2015

Nov99:51AM

Iflithiumandfluorinereact,whichhasmoreattractionforanelectron?Why?

Inabondbetweenfluorineandiodine,whichhasmoreattractionforanelectron?Why?

Thefluorinehasmoreattractionforanelectronthandoeslithium.Bothhavevalenceelectronsinthesameprincipalenergylevel(the2nd),butfluorinehasagreaternumberofprotonsinthenucleus.Electronsaremoreattractedtoalargernucleus(iftheprincipalenergylevelisthesame).

Thefluorinealsohasmoreattractionforanelectronthandoesiodine.Inthiscasethenuclearchargeofiodineisgreater,butthevalenceelectronsareatamuchhigherprincipalenergylevel(andtheinnerelectronsshieldtheouterelectrons).

Nov99:53AM

Whatisthegeneraltrendforelectronegativityacrossrowsanddowncolumnsontheperiodictable?

Explainthetrend.

Generallyspeaking,theelectronegativityincreasesingoingfromlefttorightacrossaperiodbecausethenumberofprotonsincreaseswhichincreasestheeffectivenuclearcharge.Theelectronegativitydecreasesgoingdownagroupbecausethesizeoftheatomsincreasesasyougodownsowhenotherelectronsapproachthelargeratoms,theeffectivenuclearchargeisnotasgreatduetoshieldingfromthecurrentelectronspresent.


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Jan271:58PM

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=Kj3o0XvhVqQ

IfENegDiff1.8it'sanionicbond

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=Kj3o0XvhVqQ


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November19,2015

Nov99:56AM

Arrangethefollowingbondsfrommosttoleastpolar:

a)NF OF CFb) CF NO SiFc) ClCl BCl SCl

a) CF, NF, OFb) SiF, CF, NOc) BCl, SCl, ClCl

Nov99:56AM

Whichofthefollowingbondswouldbetheleastpolaryetstillbeconsideredpolarcovalent?MgOCOOOSiONO

ThecorrectanswerisNO.Tobeconsideredpolarcovalent,unequalsharingofelectronsmuststilloccur.Choosethebondwiththeleastdifferenceinelectronegativityyetthereisstillsomeunequalsharingofelectrons.


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November19,2015

Nov99:59AM

Whichofthefollowingbondswouldbethemostpolarwithoutbeingconsideredionic?

MgOCOOOSiONO

ThecorrectanswerisSiO.Tonotbeconsideredionic,generallythebondneedstobebetweentwononmetals.Themostpolarbondbetweenthenonmetalsoccurswiththebondthathasthegreatestdifferenceinelectronegativity.

Nov910:00AM

BondPolarityandDipolemoment

DipoleMomentPropertyofamoleculewhosechargedistributioncanbe representedbyacenterofpositivechargeandacenterof negativecharge.Useanarrowtorepresentadipolemoment.

Pointtothenegativechargecenterwiththetailofthearrowindicatingthepositivecenterofcharge


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Nov910:07AM

Nonetdipole(polescancelout)


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Jan271:40PM

What are Lewis dot diagrams?~element symbol with dots around it to

represent the outer shell electrons

LewisDotDiagrams

Jan275:16PM

Dotdiagramsshouldbedrawnwithmaximumnumberofunpaireddots.ExDrawthedotstructureforthefollowingelements:

B

Si

N

S

F


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Jan275:21PM

Lewisdiagramsfortherepresentativeelements

Jan271:46PM

DotdiagramsforionsPositiveions(metals)

losealltheirouterelectrons

Soweplaceabracketaroundthesymbolandgiveitacharge

ExAlloses3etobecome[Al]3+ionatom


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Negativeions(nonmetals) Sincenegativeionsgainelectrons,theywillgainenoughtofilluptheiroutershell(the8)

Weplaceabracketandthecharge

ExO has6dots

O[ ]2

Jan277:27PM

StepsfordrawingLewisStructuresformolecules

1)Determinethe#andtypesofatomsandtotalnumberofdots

ExH2O

2)Drawdotstructurestodeterminecenteratomtheonethatcanformthemostbonds

4)Countthedotsandcomparetostep1Ifequalthenstop

3)Drawaskeletonandconnectallatomstocenterwithapairofdots,thensurroundallatoms(exceptH)with8dots


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Sometimesyouneedmoredotsthanaresuppliedbytheatomstosatisfyallatomswith8dots.Whenyoucountthetotalnumberofdots,therewillbetoomany.Whenthishappens,itmeansyouhavemultiplebonds.

1 extra pair means a double bond

2 extra pairs means either 2 double bonds

1 triple bondor

MultipleBonds

XX

XXX

XX

OnlyC,O,N,S,andPcommonlyhavedoublebonds.

OnlyCandNcommonlyhavestabletriplebonds

Jan277:42PM

When this happens, what to do? 1. Decide where your double or triple bond is located. 2. For each extra pair, take one unshared pair from each

atom involved in the multiple bond.3. Replace the two pairs you took away with one pair between them.Ex CO2

Nowthatyouhavefollowedthestepsandsatisfiedallatomswith8dots,youhave20dots.That'smorethanyoucalculatedinstepone.Thismeansyouhavemultiplebonds.Twoextrapairsmeanseitheryouhavetwodoublesoronetriplebond.

Sincecarbonisbondedtotwoidenticalatoms,itmakesmoresensethatyouhavetwodoublesthatonetriple.

Followthestepsinredaboveforeachextrapair.

Removethesetwounsharedpairsandputonepairinthemiddleforthemtoshare.

Dothesamethingforthesecondextrapair.

sothefinalstructurelookslikethis: OCO

OCO

Eachatomhasaccessto8dots


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Jan276:35PM

Draw Dot diagrams for the following:a. O2

b. N2

Jan298:01AM


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Jan299:06AM

Jan276:40PM

Lewis Structures for polyatomic ions.


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Jan276:39PM

What does it mean if you have an ion with a -2 charge? with a +1 charge?In step one, add for negative charge, subtract for positive.

Ex. Draw Lewis Structures for each of the following:Ammonium ion

Sulfate ion

Polyatomic ions

Jan276:50PM

Resonance structures:

NO31

When there is only one double bond with identical atoms attached, the double bond resonates back and forth between the atoms


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Jan278:14PM

Octet exceptions and paramagnetism.

Jan277:50PM

BoronandBerylliumaremetalsbutsometimesformmolecularcompounds

Whenboronformsamolecularcompound,itonlycontributes3electronssoitonlygetsatotalof6B

onlyforms3bonds

Beonlyforms2bonds

otherexceptions:

P Scanform5bonds

canform6bonds

ExceptionstoOctetRule:

Hhydrogencanonlyformonebond!!1

Beonlyhas2electronssowhenitformsamolecularcompound,itonlygetsatotalof4electrons

Someelementscanhavemorethan8electrons:


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November19,2015

Jan277:58PM

MoreexceptionstoOctetRule

NO2moleculehasanoddnumberofvalenceelectrons(17)

ithasanunpairedelectron

substancesthatcontainoneormoreunpairedelectronsarecalledParamagnetictheyshowastrongattractiontoanexternalmagneticfield

Indiamagneticsubstances,allelectronsarepaired.Thesesubstancesareweaklyrepelledbyamagneticfield

Ifasubstanceisparamagnetic,itsmasswillappeartobegreatedinamagneticfieldthanintheabsenceofone

Jan277:58PM

EventhoughO2canbedrawnwithpairedelectrons,experimentshaveshownitisparamagnetic,soitisbelievedthatO2isactuallyahybridofthefollowing2structures

OO

OOWhenliquidoxygenispouredbetweenthepolesofa

magnet,itsticksuntilitboilsaway.


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November19,2015

Jan277:56PM

Coordinatecovalentbonds

oneatomcontributesbothbondingelectronsEx.CO

CO CO

COcanbeshownthiswayinstructuralformulas

Bonddissociationenergiesthetotalenergyrequiredtobreakthebondbetweentwocovalentlybondedatoms

thereatableinyourtextthatlistsbonddissociationenergiesforseveralcovalentbonds

ExHHbonddissociationenergyis435kj/mol

HH+435kjH+H

Nov132:47PM

BondEnergyCanbeusedasanotherwaytocalculateapproximateenergiesforreactions.

Whatotherwayscanwedothis?

Breakingbondsrequiresenergyendothermic

FormingbondsreleasesenergyexothermicH=sumoftheenergiesrequriedtobreakoldbonds(positivesign)plusthesumoftheenergiesreleasedintheformationofnewbonds(negativesign)


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Nov168:01AM

Example1Usingdatafromthetable,calculateHforthefollowingreaction.ComparethistotheHfcalculatedforthethermodynamicvaluesintheAppendix.

CH4(g)+4F2(g)>CF4(g)+4HF

BondsBroken Energyperbond(kJ)TotalEnergy

BondsFormed Energyperbond(kJ)TotalEnergy

H=(Energytobreakbonds)(Energyreleasedfromformingbonds)


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Nov168:07AM


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Jan277:55PM

MoleculargeometryVSEPRTheory(ValenceShellElectronPairRepulsion)

statesthatelectronsinamoleculerepeleachotherandwilltryandgetasfarawayfromeachotheraspossible.

Athisisthecentralatomofthemolecule(orportionofalargemoleculebeingfocusedon).Bthisletterrepresentstheligandsoratomsattachedtothecentralatom.Nodistinctionismadebetweenatomsofdifferentelements.Forexample,AB4 canrefertoCH4ortoCCl4.Ethisstandsfornonbondingelectronpairs.

Eachareawhereelectronsexistiscalledan"electrondomain"orsimply"domain."Itdoesnotmatterhowmanyelectronsarepresent,fromonetosix,itisstilljustonedomain.Nowadomainwithsixelectronsinit(atriplebond)isbigger(andmorerepulsive)thanaloneelectrondomain.However,itisstilljustonedomain.

Keepinmindthatthedomainsareallattachedtothecentralatomandwillpivotsoastomaximizethedistancebetweendomains.

C

isbasedonthenumberelectrondomainsaroundacentralatom. canbeusedtopredictstructuresofmoleculesorionsthatcontainonlynonmetals doesfailinsomecases.

Nov168:29AM


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Twodomains

AB2Linear

Threedomains

AB3trigonalplanar

AB2EBent

Fourdomains

AB4tetrahedral

AB3Epyramidal

AB2E2bent

C OO

180

107

120

109.5

104.5

sphybrids

sp2hybrids3

2

4sp3orbitals

=

Jan295:41PM

5Domains

AB5Trigonalbipyramidal

6Domains

AB6Octahedral

5sp3dhybridorbitals

6sp3d2hybridorbitals

120

90


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Jan284:18PM


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Feb1911:38AM

Feb211:28PM

Shapequizforclicker

Getoutyourperiodictable.Puteverythingelseaway.

http://people.southwestern.edu/~footezm/GenChemTutorials/vseprquiz/vsepr_quiz2.html


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a)AB2,linearb)AB2E,bentc)AB2E2,bentd)AB3,trigonalplanar

Feb1910:57AM

a)linearb)bentc)tetrahedrald)trigonalpyramidale)octahedralf)trigonalplanarg)trigonalbipyramidal


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Feb198:57AM

WhatisthegeometryoftheSO2molecule?

A)tetrahedralb)bentc)trigonalpyramidald)Tshapede)linearf)trigonalplanarg)squarepyramidalh)octahedral

Feb198:59AM

Whatistheshape?

A)tetrahedralb)bentc)trigonalpyramidald)Tshapede)linearf)trigonalplanarg)squarepyramidalh)octahedral


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November19,2015

Feb199:10AM

Whatistheshapeofthemoleculebelow?A)tetrahedralb)bentc)trigonalpyramidald)Tshapede)linearf)trigonalplanarg)squarepyramidalh)octahedral

Feb199:00AM

WhatistheshapeofthePF5molecule?A)tetrahedralb)bentc)trigonalpyramidald)Tshapede)linearf)trigonalplanarg)squarepyramidalh)squareplanar


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November19,2015

Feb198:59AM

WhatistheshapeoftheNH3molecule?A)tetrahedralb)bentc)trigonalpyramidald)Tshapede)linearf)trigonalplanarg)trigonalbipyramidalh)squareplanar

Feb198:57AM

A)tetrahedralb)bentc)trigonalpyramidald)Tshapede)linearf)trigonalplanarg)trigonalbipyramidalh)squareplanar

WhatistheshapeoftheICl3molecule?


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November19,2015

Feb199:08AM

A)tetrahedralb)bentc)trigonalpyramidald)Tshapede)linearf)trigonalplanarg)trigonalbipyramidalh)squareplanar

WhatistheshapeoftheBCl3molecule?

Jan277:58PM

PolarBondsandMolecules

Inapolarcovalentbond,thebondingelectronsaresharedunequallybetweenthetwoatoms

Inanonpolarcovalentbond,thebondingelectronsaresharedequallybetweenthetwoatoms

++sharedelectronpair

nucleusnucleus

++

Themoreelectronegativeatomwillhavethestrongerelectronattractionandwillacquireaslightlynegativecharge,andthelesselectronegativeatomwillacquireaslightlypositivecharge.

electronegativitytheabilityofanatominabondtoattractelectrons

Todeterminewhetherabondispolar,lookuptheelectronegativityofbothatomsinthebondandsubtract.Ifthedifferenceis0.42.0,thebondispolar.

Recallthat:


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November19,2015

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Amoleculecanpossesspolarbondsandstillbenonpolar.Ifthepolarbondsareevenly(orsymmetrically)distributed,thebonddipolescancelanddonotcreateamoleculardipole.Forexample,thethreebondsinamoleculeofBF3aresignificantlypolar,buttheyaresymmetricallyarrangedaroundthecentralfluorineatom.Nosideofthemoleculehasmorenegativeorpositivechargethananotherside,andsothemoleculeisnonpolar:

Theeffectofpolarbondsonthepolarityofanentiremoleculedependsontheshapeofthemoleculeandtheorientationofthepolarbonds.

Justbecauseamoleculehaspolarbondsdoesnotnecessarilymakethemoleculepolar.

Jan278:00PM

Inapolarmolecule,oneendofthemoleculeisslightlynegativeandtheotherendisslightlypositive..

Amoleculethathastwopolesiscalledadipolarmoleculeordipole.


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Feb58:35AM


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November19,2015

Feb2112:07PM

GetavalidVSEPRstructureAmoleculecanbenonpolarineitheroftwoways:

A)AllthebondsarenonpolarB)Somebondsarepolarandthebondvectorscancelout

(Abondispolarifthedifferenceinelectronegativitybetweenatomsisgreaterthanabout0.4)

Amoleculecanbepolaronlyifitmeetsbothofthefollowingconditions:

A)ItmusthavepolarbondsAND

B)Thebondvectorsdonotcancelout

Todetermineifamoleculethathaspolarbondsispolaroverall,addthebondvectorsaccordingtotherulesofvectoraddition.Thismeansyoumustconsiderboththelengthandthedirectioninspace.Vectorsareaddedheadtotail(i.e.movethetailofthesecondvectortotheheadofthefirstvectorwithoutchangingthedirectionsofeithervector.Thelinefromthetailofthefirstvectortotheheadofthesecondvectoristhevectorsum.

DeterminingMolecularPolarity

Feb2112:12PM


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Feb1010:21AM

Jan278:01PM

Decidewhetherthemoleculesrepresentedbythefollowingformulasarepolarornonpolar.(YoumayneedtodrawLewisstructuresandgeometricsketchestodoso.)a.CO2b.OF2c.CCl4d.CH2Cl2e.HCN

Solution:a.TheLewisstructureforCO2is

Theelectronegativitiesofcarbonandoxygenare2.55and3.44.The0.99differenceinelectronegativityindicatesthattheCObondsarepolar,butthesymmetricalarrangementofthesebondsmakesthemoleculenonpolar.IfweputarrowsintothegeometricsketchforCO2,weseethattheyexactlybalanceeachother,inbothdirectionandmagnitude.Thisshowsthesymmetryofthebonds.

2.55 3.443.44


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Jan278:01PM

b.TheLewisstructureforOF2is

Theelectronegativitiesofoxygenandfluorine,3.44and3.98,respectively,producea0.54differencethatleadsustopredictthattheOFbondsarepolar.ThemoleculargeometryofOF2isbent.Suchanasymmetricaldistributionofpolarbondswouldproduceapolarmolecule.

3.44 3.983.98

differenceof0.54

Ifabentmoleculehasevenonepolarbonditwillbeapolarmolecule.

Jan278:02PM

c.ThemoleculargeometryofCCl4istetrahedral.EventhoughtheCClbondsarepolar,theirsymmetricalarrangementmakesthemoleculenonpolar.

Alltetrahedralsarenonpolarifthesurroundingatomsarethesame


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Jan278:02PM

d.TheLewisstructureforCH2Cl2is

Thefollowinggeometricsketchesshowthatthepolarbondsareasymmetricallyarranged,sothemoleculeispolar.(NoticethattheLewisstructureaboveincorrectlysuggeststhatthebondsaresymmetricallyarranged.KeepinmindthatLewisstructuresoftengiveafalseimpressionofthegeometryofthemoleculestheyrepresent.)

2.2

2.553.163.16

2.2

Jan278:03PM

e.TheLewisstructureandgeometricsketchforHCNarethesame:

Theelectronegativitiesofhydrogen,carbon,andnitrogenare2.20,2.55,and3.04.The0.35differenceinelectronegativityfortheHCbondshowsthatitisessentiallynonpolar.The0.49differenceinelectronegativityfortheCNbondtellsusthatitispolar.Moleculeswithonepolarbondarealwayspolar.

2.2 2.55 3.04

.35 .49 differences


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Nov2111:21AM

Aseriesofions/atomscontainingthesamenumberofelectrons.

O2,F,Ne,Na+,Mg2+,andAl3+

Isoelectronicseries


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November19,2015

Feb61:52PM

FormalChargeSometimesseveralLewisstructurescanbedrawnwhenfollowingtherules.Howdoweselectthemostappropriatestructure?

ByusingtheformalchargemethodTheformalchargeofanatominamoleculeisthedifferencebetweenthe#ofvalenceelectronsonthefreeatomandthenumberofvalenceeassignedthetotheatominthemolecule.

Formalcharge=(#ofvalenceeonfreeatom)(numberofvalenceeassignedtotheatominthemolecule)Lonee+1/2sharede

Theformalchargeofamoleculeorpolyatomicionmustadduptothechargeoftheionofmolecule.

Nov1711:24AM

ConsidertheLewisstructureforPOCl3.Assigntheformalchargeforeachatominthemolecule.

P:54=+1O:67=1Cl:77=0



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November19,2015

Nov182:41PM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XoAvHxGK3s

Nov1711:23AM


TwopossibleLewisstructuresforthesulfateionareshownbelow.Useformalchargestodeterminewhichoneispreferred.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XoAvHx-GK3s


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Nov1710:46AM

Forsinglebondedoxygens:

Fordoublebondedoxygens

Forsulfur:

Formalcharge=(#ofvalenceeonfreeatom)(numberofvalenceeassignedtotheatominthemolecule)Lonepairs+1/2sharede

Whichispreferred?

Nov182:48PM

Attachments

imgres.webloc

search.webloc

hydrogenbonding

electronegativityandpolarityclip

Shapequizforclicker

Polarmoleculesaligninanelectricfield.mp4

[InternetShortcut]URL=http://www.google.com/imgres?q=ionic+compound+strong+bond&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&sa=N&tbo=d&rls=en&biw=1024&bih=889&tbm=isch&tbnid=GXpM9ikEwJG9GM:&imgrefurl=http://www.ck12.org/book/CK-12-Chemistry---Second-Edition/r5/section/10.2/Ionic-Bonds-and-Formulas-%25253A%25253Aof%25253A%25253A-CK-12-Chemistry---Second-Edition/&docid=fQJvY6xf4e5e0M&itg=1&imgurl=http://www.ck12.org/flx/show/image/user%25253Ack12editor/201210161350411427327265_4a8555d8dabe28f5d8ad6a34404b163b-201210161350411720521749.png&w=800&h=507&ei=ppalUMLuHIHDygH50IH4Bg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=4&vpy=332&dur=1621&hovh=179&hovw=282&tx=74&ty=89&sig=108011148363311225489&page=3&tbnh=90&tbnw=142&start=55&ndsp=32&ved=1t:429,r:72,s:0,i:292

SMART Notebook

[InternetShortcut]URL=http://www.google.com/search?um=1&hl=en&client=safari&tbo=d&rls=en&biw=1024&bih=890&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=water+and+oil+molecules&oq=water+and+oil+molecules&gs_l=img.3..0i24j0i5i24l2.85276.91366.0.92799.29.24.3.2.2.0.125.1075.23j1.24.0...0.0...1c.1.m7xog_kJh8o#

SMART Notebook

http://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/biology1111/animations/hydrogenbonds.htmlhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=Kj3o0XvhVqQhttp://people.southwestern.edu/~footezm/GenChemTutorials/vseprquiz/vsepr_quiz2.html

SMART Notebook

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Chemical Bonding Chapter 8 - Mrs. Whitakerapchemistrywhitaker.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/0/5/25051722/ch_8_note… · Chemical Bonding Chapter 8 ... Chemical Bonds Nov 512:57 PM ... AP