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Chemistry 367L/392N
Macromolecular ChemistryMacromolecular Chemistry
Berzelius Staudinger Carothers
Chemistry 367L/392N
The raw scores that you earn on the exams will be converted to Standard T-scores. Using T-scores removes bias in favor of the tests with the highest standard deviation. It represents the fairest way I know of to “grade on a curve”. This statistical approach is used in grading nearly all national exams such as the MCAT, SAT, GRE, etc. Each exam will be returned with a raw score and a T-score so that you will know exactly where you stand after each exam. The average of your T-scores will be used to determine the course grade according to the following table:
5059
6069
7079
8089
90
FT
DT
CT
BT
AT
scores test of average
deviation standard
score raw
7710
x
s
x
xs
xxT
Grading Question Grading Question
Chemistry 367L/392N
Some early MilestonesSome early Milestones
1833 Berzelius coins term polymer 1880-1900 Man made fibers by modification of
natural material cellulose acetate, nitrocellulose, etc
1900-1930 “Colloid Controversy” 1910 Bakelite 1920 Staudinger macromolecules 1930- 1937 the Carothers period Neoprene,
nylon,etc.
Chemistry 367L/392N
Natural PolymersNatural Polymers Natural polymeric materials have been used
throughout history for clothing, decoration, shelter, tools, weapons, and writing materials
Examples of natural polymers:– Cellulose (wood, cotton)– Hair (wool)– Silk– Rubber– Horn
Modified natural polymers– Nitrocellulose (lacquer, smokeless powder)– Rayon, etc
Chemistry 367L/392N
CelluloseCelluloseCellulose is the most widely distributed plant skeletal polysaccharide. It constitutes over half of the cell wall material of wood. Cotton is almost pure cellulose.
Cellulose is a linear polysaccharide of D-glucose units joined by-1,4-glycosidic bonds.
Chemistry 367L/392N
• The average MW of cellulose in 400,000 g/mol, corresponding to about 2200 D-glucose units per molecule.
• Cellulose molecules act a lot like stiff rods and align themselves side by side into well-organized water-insoluble fibers. The -OH groups form numerous intermolecular hydrogen bonds adding strength to the network.
• This arrangement leads to high mechanical strength and water insolubility, hence the strength and utility of wood and cotton fiber.
CelluloseCellulose
Chemistry 367L/392N
RayonRayonRayon is made by first treating cellulose with carbon disulfide in base solution.
Cellulose-OH + CS2NaOH
cellulose xanthate
Then the solution of cellulose xanthate is passed through a smallOrifice or slit into an acidic solution.
Cellulose-OH + H+Cellulose-O-C-S-Na+
=
S
Cellulose-O-C-S-Na+
=
S
Chemistry 367L/392N
RayonRayon
Chemistry 367L/392N
ShellacShellac
Bug Bug “do do”
Lots of bug “do do”
Chemistry 367L/392N
ShellacShellac natural polymer secreted by a southeast
Asian lac beetle Excellent quality of moulding detail leads
to: Early 78 rpm records
– 25% "shellac“, cotton filler, powdered slate, and a small amount of wax
Chemistry 367L/392N
MeyerBaekeland
The History of NovolacC.H. Meyer and/or L.H. Baekeland Discovered Novolac ca. 1900 ???
OH
CH3
Chemistry 367L/392N
BakeliteBakeliteBaekeland’s Phenol-formaldehyde
resins, which he called Bakelite.
Chemistry 367L/392N
Natural RubberNatural Rubber
Chemistry 367L/392N
TThe Mayan Ball Game: he Mayan Ball Game: life or death with a littlelife or death with a littlerubber ball…rubber ball…
The Ball Court was used for The Ball Court was used for symbolic religious games. symbolic religious games.
It is formed of two parallel It is formed of two parallel walls. walls.
Chemistry 367L/392N
What are Polymers??What are Polymers??
Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1779-1848)
Coined the term "polymer" in 1833 to describe organic compounds that share identical empirical formulas but differ in overall molecular weight …a kind of “isomer”.. acetylene cyclobutadiene, benzene and styrene, for example.
This concept lasted until Carothers.
Chemistry 367L/392N
The Association PeopleThe Association People
Thomas Graham
1805-1869
Graham thought that cellulose and other colloids consisted of large numbers of structurally simple molecules held together by "association." ….also called “partial valency” ??!!
Chemistry 367L/392N
Hermann Staudinger Hermann Staudinger
1881-19651881-1965
The statement of a German chemist after a debate with Staudinger in 1926: ‘We are shocked like zoologists would be if they were told somewhere in Africa an elephant was found who was 1600 feet long and 300 feet high’. Staudinger received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1953.
Chemistry 367L/392N
Colligative PropertiesColligative Properties
Colligative properties of solutions are Colligative properties of solutions are properties that depend upon the properties that depend upon the concentration of solute molecules or ions, concentration of solute molecules or ions, but not upon the identity of the solute. but not upon the identity of the solute. Colligative properties include freezing point Colligative properties include freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, vapor depression, boiling point elevation, vapor pressure lowering, and osmotic pressure. pressure lowering, and osmotic pressure.
Chemistry 367L/392N
OsmometryOsmometry
Semipermeable membrane: stops polymers, passes solvent.
h
Define a pressure =g h
Chemistry 367L/392N
The gas law in reviewThe gas law in reviewPV =NRT or PV/nRT = 1
PV/nRT
P (atm)
1.0 (Ideal)
( N2 )
( Real )
PV/nRT = 1 + BP + CP2 + DP3…..etc
Virial fudge factors
Chemistry 367L/392N
g h = So…. V / n R T = 1 or P = (n/V) R T
n / V = m (Molar concentration)
So…. = m R T this is the van’t Hoff Relationship
For molal m = n / V = c / M
Where M = mass of solute per unit volume of solvent
So…. c = R T / M
and we can cheat…. / c = R T /M + Bc + Cc2 + …..
Applying to “ideal solutions”
Chemistry 367L/392N
/ c
MMRT
C
Reduced osmotic pressure (Reduced osmotic pressure (/c) vs concentration (c)/c) vs concentration (c)
Slope = B
Chemistry 367L/392N
MorphologyMorphology Many polymers tend to crystallize as they precipitate
or are cooled from a melt
But, they are very large molecules, often with complicated and irregular shapes, which inhibits crystallization and tends to prevent efficient packing into exactly ordered structures
As a result, polymers in the solid state tend to be composed of ordered crystalline domains and disordered amorphous domains
Chemistry 367L/392N
Polymer MorphologyPolymer Morphology
Crystalline and semi crystalline Amorphous
Chemistry 367L/392N
MorphologyMorphology Polymers with regular, compact structures and
strong intermolecular forces, such as hydrogen bonds have high degrees of crystallinity. – as crystallinity increases, the polymer becomes more
opaque due to scattering of light by the crystalline regions…for example, teflon -(CF2CF2)-“looks” white
Melt transition temperature, Tm: the temperature at which crystalline regions melt– as the degree of crystallinity increases, Tm increases
Chemistry 367L/392N
Polymer CrystalsPolymer Crystals
Chemistry 367L/392N
CrystallinityCrystallinity
proportion of crystalline / amorphous strong influence on properties
PE carrier bag - amorphous, toughened pipe 95% crystalline
amorphous
crystalline
Chemistry 367L/392N
MorphologyMorphologyExample: poly(ethylene terephthalate),
abbreviated PET can be made with crystalline domains ranging from 0% to 55% depending on how it is processed. It can have the properties of drink bottles or Dacron fiber.
OO
OO
nPoly(ethylene terephthalate)
Chemistry 367L/392N
MorphologyMorphology
Amorphous PET is formed by cooling the melt quickly– plastic beverage bottles are PET with a low degree of
crystallinity
By cooling slowly, more molecular diffusion occurs, chains become more ordered and crystalline domains form– PET with a high degree of crystallinity can be drawn into
textile fibers and tire cords (dacron)
Chemistry 367L/392N
MorphologyMorphology Amorphous polymers are referred to as glassy
polymers– they lack crystalline domains that scatter light and are
transparent….Poly(methyl methacrylate)– they are weaker polymers and generally more flexibility– on heating, amorphous polymers are transformed from a
hard glass to a soft, flexible, rubbery state Glass transition temperature, Tg: the temperature at
which a polymer undergoes a transition from a hard glass to a rubbery solid (ca. 100 degrees for polystyrene)
Chemistry 367L/392N
Differential Scanning CalorimetryDifferential Scanning Calorimetry
Chemistry 367L/392N
A DSC PlotA DSC Plot