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Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om1
Doc
umen
t Co
mpu
ting
for
the
Ent
erpr
ise
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
ömX
RCE
-X
erox
Res
earc
h Ce
ntre
Eur
ope
chri
ster
.fer
nstr
om@
xrce
.xer
ox.c
om
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om2
Tabl
e of
con
tent
oIn
trod
ucti
onW
hat
is a
doc
umen
t an
d wh
at is
the
pro
blem
oD
ocum
ent
cont
ent
Text
ual c
onte
nts,
str
uctu
re, m
eta-
data
, lin
ks, e
ncod
ing
of c
onte
nto
Doc
umen
t pr
oduc
tion
Crea
te, m
odif
y, t
rans
form
oD
ocum
ent
deliv
ery
and
publ
icat
ion
Med
ia, f
orm
at, s
tora
ge o
rgan
izat
ion,
inde
, pro
filin
g, c
lass
ific
atio
n,
DRM
(dig
ital
rig
hts
man
agem
ent)
oD
ocum
ents
sto
rage
Vers
ioni
ng, a
rchi
ving
, rem
oval
oW
orkf
low
Man
agin
g th
e do
cum
ent
proc
ess
oPa
per Brid
ging
the
gap
wit
h pa
per
docu
men
ts
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om3
Tabl
e of
con
tent
oIn
trod
ucti
onW
hat
is a
doc
umen
t an
d wh
at is
the
pro
blem
oD
ocum
ent
cont
ent
Text
ual c
onte
nts,
str
uctu
re, m
eta-
data
, lin
ks, e
ncod
ing
of c
onte
nto
Doc
umen
t pr
oduc
tion
Crea
te, m
odif
y, t
rans
form
oD
ocum
ent
deliv
ery
and
publ
icat
ion
Med
ia, f
orm
at, s
tora
ge o
rgan
izat
ion,
inde
, pro
filin
g, c
lass
ific
atio
n,
DRM
(dig
ital
rig
hts
man
agem
ent)
oD
ocum
ents
sto
rage
Vers
ioni
ng, a
rchi
ving
, rem
oval
oW
orkf
low
Man
agin
g th
e do
cum
ent
proc
ess
oPa
per Brid
ging
the
gap
wit
h pa
per
docu
men
ts
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om4
Intr
oduc
tion
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om5
The
Role
of
Doc
umen
ts
Mac
hine
–to
–H
uman
: “RE
PORT
”
Mac
hine
–to
–M
achi
ne
Hum
an –
to –
Hum
an
This
is w
hat
inte
rest
s us
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om6
The
Off
ice
–Th
e La
nd W
here
the
Doc
umen
t is
Kin
g
oIn
the
off
ice
“eve
ryth
ing”
is d
ocum
ents
Com
mun
icat
ion
Cont
ract
sRe
cord
of
tech
nica
l agr
eem
ents
oTh
e va
lue
of in
form
atio
n-in
tens
ive
orga
niza
tion
s is
inPe
ople
Doc
umen
ts (a
s ho
lder
s of
info
rmat
ion)
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om7
Myt
hs a
nd R
ealit
yo
The
Pape
rles
s O
ffic
eM
ore
pape
r in
the
off
ice
toda
y th
an
ever
Dif
fere
nt u
sage
: mor
e on
the
de
skto
p, le
ss in
file
cab
inet
so
Mic
roso
ft O
ffic
e is
the
ans
wer
Hel
ps y
ou t
o wr
ite,
des
ign
and
prin
t,
but
not
to m
anag
e e.
g. c
onfl
icti
ng
upda
tes
by t
eam
s, t
rans
form
atio
n,
acce
ss r
ight
s, …
oX
ML
is t
he a
nswe
rIt
pro
vide
s an
ope
n st
anda
rd f
or
enco
ding
the
con
tent
, but
oth
erwi
se
offe
rs n
o m
ore
than
Mic
roso
ft
Off
ice
oEn
terp
rise
s ar
e we
ll eq
uipp
ed t
o m
anag
e th
eir
docu
men
tsN
o. T
ools
are
usu
ally
pri
mit
ive,
and
pe
ople
don
’t kn
ow h
ow t
o us
e th
em
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om8
Wha
t is
a D
ocum
ent
oA
Wor
d fi
le?
oA
sto
rage
loca
tion
?(h
ttp:
//ww
w.m
ydom
.com
/doc
umen
ts/m
ydoc
.htm
l)
oPa
per
docu
men
t?o
Whe
n do
es a
doc
umen
t be
com
e a
diff
eren
t do
cum
ent?
Wha
t if
it’s
faxe
d?…
or e
mai
led
… or
tra
nsfo
rmed
into
PD
F…
or t
rans
late
d to
Jap
anes
eNee
d to
think
abo
ut a
doc
umen
t fr
om d
iffe
rent
per
spec
tive
s:•
Cont
ent
•Co
ntai
ners
•Lo
cati
ons
•Fo
rmat
s•
Vers
ions
/var
iant
s
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om9
Mul
ti-m
edia
Doc
umen
ts
oM
ulti
-med
ia a
dds
the
tem
pora
l dim
ensi
onSy
nchr
onis
e m
ulti
ple-
stre
ams:
tex
t, im
age/
vide
o an
d so
und
oW
e wi
ll re
stri
ct o
urse
lves
to
docu
men
ts w
ith
text
and
im
ages
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om10
Dif
fere
nt P
ersp
ecti
ves
on D
ocum
ents
CON
TEN
T:o
Inte
llect
ual c
onte
nt (“
text
”)o
Stru
ctur
eo
Lang
uage
oPr
esen
tati
ono
Enco
ding
CON
TAIN
ER:
oFi
le, U
RLo
Com
pone
nts
and
Hyp
er li
nks
CARR
IER/
MED
IA:
oPa
per
oEl
ectr
onic
sto
rage
oVi
rtua
l, on
-the
-fly
cre
atio
n
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om11
Doc
umen
t Li
fe-c
ycle
Crea
te
Mod
ify
Deliver Pu
blish Disco
ver/
Use
Remov
e
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om12
Doc
umen
t Li
fe-c
ycle
CREA
TE
Crea
te
Mod
ify
Deliver Pu
blish Disco
ver/
Use
Remov
e
•Id
ea o
rgan
iser
(“ou
tlin
er”)
•W
ord
proc
esso
r (e
g. W
ord)
•St
ruct
ured
edi
tor
(eg.
XM
L-ed
itor
s: X
ML
Pro,
Mor
phon
)•
Colla
bora
tive
edi
tor
(WiK
i, Zo
pe, v
ario
us r
esea
rch
tool
s lik
e H
ydra
, Red
uce…
)
•Id
ea o
rgan
iser
(“ou
tlin
er”)
•W
ord
proc
esso
r (e
g. W
ord)
•St
ruct
ured
edi
tor
(eg.
XM
L-ed
itor
s: X
ML
Pro,
Mor
phon
)•
Colla
bora
tive
edi
tor
(WiK
i, Zo
pe, v
ario
us r
esea
rch
tool
s lik
e H
ydra
, Red
uce…
)
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om13
Doc
umen
t Li
fe-c
ycle
MO
DIF
Y
Crea
te
Mod
ify
Deliver Pu
blish Disco
ver/
Use
Remov
e
•Ve
rsio
ning
•D
ocum
ent
repo
sito
ry•
Acc
ess
righ
ts
•Ve
rsio
ning
•D
ocum
ent
repo
sito
ry•
Acc
ess
righ
ts
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om14
Doc
umen
t Li
fe-c
ycle
PUBL
ISH
Crea
te
Mod
ify
Deliver Pu
blish Disco
ver/
Use
Remov
e
•M
edia
•Pr
esen
tati
on•
Encr
ypti
on, c
erti
fica
tes
•Ex
trac
tion
of
met
a-da
ta (k
eywo
rds,
…)•
Inde
(pro
filin
g) a
nd c
lass
ific
atio
n
•M
edia
•Pr
esen
tati
on•
Encr
ypti
on, c
erti
fica
tes
•Ex
trac
tion
of
met
a-da
ta (k
eywo
rds,
…)•
Inde
(pro
filin
g) a
nd c
lass
ific
atio
n
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om15
Doc
umen
t Li
fe-c
ycle
DEL
IVER
Crea
te
Mod
ify
Deliver Pu
blish Disco
ver/
Use
Remov
e
•D
ocum
ent
repo
sito
ry (F
olde
rs, F
TP, …
)•
Prin
t•
Dig
ital
Rig
hts
Man
agem
ent
-D
RM
•D
ocum
ent
repo
sito
ry (F
olde
rs, F
TP, …
)•
Prin
t•
Dig
ital
Rig
hts
Man
agem
ent
-D
RM
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om16
Doc
umen
t Li
fe-c
ycle
DIS
COVE
R/U
SE
Crea
te
Mod
ify
Deliver Pu
blish Disco
ver/
Use
Remov
e
•N
otif
icat
ion
(pus
h)•
Info
rmat
ion
retr
ieva
l (Go
ogle
)•
Ling
uist
ic a
naly
sers
, sum
mar
izat
ion
•N
otif
icat
ion
(pus
h)•
Info
rmat
ion
retr
ieva
l (Go
ogle
)•
Ling
uist
ic a
naly
sers
, sum
mar
izat
ion
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om17
Doc
umen
t Li
fe-c
ycle
REM
OVE
Crea
te
Mod
ify
Deliver Pu
blish Disco
ver/
Use
Remov
e•
The
mos
t fo
rgot
ten
step
☺•
Man
age
dang
ling
links
, rig
hts,
…•
The
mos
t fo
rgot
ten
step
☺•
Man
age
dang
ling
links
, rig
hts,
…
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om18
Wha
t ar
e th
e pr
oble
ms?
oN
eed
to id
entify
and
supp
ort
the
crit
ical
asp
ects
of
the
life-
cycl
e wi
thin
an
orga
niza
tion
:M
ulti
ple
auth
ors
of t
he s
ame
docu
men
t?H
ow lo
ng d
o do
cum
ents
nee
d to
be
mai
ntai
ned
(on-
line
and
in
arch
ives
)?A
re d
ocum
ents
hea
vily
ver
sion
ed o
r “o
ne-o
ffs”
?O
pen
or p
ropr
ieta
ry f
orm
ats
and
tool
s?…
oN
eed
to d
eal w
ith
tech
nolo
gy +
(hum
an/o
rgan
izat
iona
l) pr
oces
ses/
beha
viou
rso
Secu
rity
is o
ften
an
issu
eo
How
dea
l wit
h pa
per
vs. e
lect
roni
c do
cum
ents
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om19
Tabl
e of
con
tent
oIn
trod
ucti
onW
hat
is a
doc
umen
t an
d wh
at is
the
pro
blem
oD
ocum
ent
cont
ent
Text
ual c
onte
nts,
str
uctu
re, m
eta-
data
, lin
ks, e
ncod
ing
of c
onte
nto
Doc
umen
t pr
oduc
tion
Crea
te, m
odif
y, t
rans
form
oD
ocum
ent
deliv
ery
and
publ
icat
ion
Med
ia, f
orm
at, s
tora
ge o
rgan
izat
ion,
inde
, pro
filin
g, c
lass
ific
atio
n,
DRM
(dig
ital
rig
hts
man
agem
ent)
oD
ocum
ents
sto
rage
Vers
ioni
ng, a
rchi
ving
, rem
oval
oW
orkf
low
Man
agin
g th
e do
cum
ent
proc
ess
oPa
per Brid
ging
the
gap
wit
h pa
per
docu
men
ts
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om20
Doc
umen
t Co
nten
t
Text
ual c
onte
ntSt
ruct
ure
Pres
enta
tion
Met
a-da
taLi
nks
Enco
ding
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om21
Text
ual c
onte
nt
oEB
SDIC
, ASC
II -
> Uni
code
ASC
II u
ses
7 bi
ts p
er c
hara
cter
(0…1
27),
som
e of
whi
ch a
re p
rint
able
, ot
hers
con
trol
cha
ract
ers.
Acc
ente
d ch
arac
ters
tre
ated
in a
n ad
hoc
an
d sy
stem
-dep
ende
nt w
ayU
nico
de u
ses
2 by
tes
(or
mor
e) a
nd c
an r
epre
sent
cha
ract
ers
in e
very
la
ngua
ge. F
ully
sup
port
ed e
g. o
n M
ax O
SX a
nd W
indo
ws/X
P, b
ut s
till
not
supp
orte
d by
all
appl
icat
ions
UTF
-8 is
a U
nico
de e
ncod
ing
whic
h al
lows
bac
kwar
ds c
ompa
tibi
lity
with
A
SCII
(0…1
27 is
enc
oded
in o
ne b
yte)
. It
was
defi
ned
by K
en T
hom
pson
, th
e or
igin
al c
reat
or o
f U
nix
oSy
stem
-spe
cifi
csN
ew li
nes
(!)D
epen
ding
on
form
at, c
erta
in c
hara
cter
s ne
ed t
o be
quo
ted
(‘&’ i
n H
TML/
XM
L, “{
“ in
LaTe
x, …
)o
Dif
fere
nt la
ngua
ges
Mul
ti-li
ngua
l rep
rese
ntat
ions
Mul
ti-li
ngua
l aut
hori
ng
X
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om22
Stru
ctur
e
oSt
ruct
ures
hel
p to
und
erst
and
thin
gso
Doc
umen
ts a
re a
lmos
t al
ways
hi
erar
chic
alRe
pres
ente
d by
a t
ree
oM
aint
aini
ng a
str
uctu
re
faci
litat
es d
iffe
rent
pr
esen
tati
ons
Pres
enta
tion
is o
ften
–bu
t no
t al
ways
-co
smet
ic
Mem
oM
emo
Hea
dH
ead
Body
Body
Send
erSe
nder
Rece
iver
Rece
iver
Dat
eD
ate
Para
grap
hPa
ragr
aph
Tail
Tail
Sign
atur
eSi
gnat
ure
FROM:
Dave
TO:
Tom
DATE:
Dec 24, 2003
Tom,
Could you please fix the Xerox invoice?
--dave
24th
Dece
mber
2003
Dea
r Tom
,Co
uld yo
u ple
ase f
ix th
e Xero
x in
voice
?Be
st reg
ards
,D
ave R
obson
24th
Dece
mber
2003
Dea
r Tom
,Co
uld yo
u ple
ase f
ix th
e Xero
x in
voice
?Be
st reg
ards
,D
ave R
obson
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om23
Repr
esen
tati
on v
s. P
rese
ntat
ion
oTh
e In
tern
al R
epre
sent
ation
of a
do
cum
ent
is a
dat
a st
ruct
ure,
whi
ch
can
be u
sed
to g
ener
ate
diff
eren
t Pr
esen
tation
s–
som
e ti
mes
cal
led
View
s–
of a
doc
umen
to
The
gene
rati
on is
oft
en r
efer
red
to
as Pre
tty
Printing
oSo
me
syst
ems
give
the
use
r co
ntro
l ov
er P
rett
y Pr
inti
ng, w
hich
is t
hen
cont
rolle
d by
som
e fo
rm o
f de
scri
ptio
n, e
.g. a
Sty
le S
heet
oTh
e us
er e
ithe
r in
tera
cts
dire
ctly
wi
th t
he I
nter
nal R
epre
sent
atio
n (e
.g. L
aTex
) or
with
a v
iew
(e.g
. W
ord)
Mem
oM
emo
Hea
dH
ead
Body
Body
Send
erSe
nder
Rece
iver
Rece
iver
Dat
eD
ate
Para
grap
hPa
ragr
aph
Tail
Tail Si
gnat
ure
Sign
atur
e
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om24
Met
a-da
ta
oM
eta-
data
is d
ata
that
des
crib
esth
e da
tao
Doc
umen
t m
eta-
data
:A
utho
rCr
eati
on d
ate
Leng
thKe
y-wo
rds
….o
Som
e m
eta-
data
can
be
auto
mat
ical
ly e
xtra
cted
, som
e ne
eds
to b
e cr
eate
d by
hum
ans
oM
eta-
data
nee
ds t
o be
ass
ocia
ted
with
a d
ocum
ent
in s
ome
way:
Stor
ed in
side
the
doc
umen
t (b
ut in
visi
ble
in t
he p
rese
ntat
ion)
Stor
ed a
s a
“res
ourc
e fo
rk” (
Mac
OS)
Stor
ed s
epar
atel
y =>
link
s ne
ed t
o be
mai
ntai
ned
e.g.
in a
dat
abas
e
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om25
The
use
of M
eta-
data
oM
eta-
data
is o
ften
org
aniz
atio
n-sp
ecif
ic, f
or e
xam
ple:
Leve
l of
secu
rity
The
list
of a
tten
dees
who
sig
ned
the
min
utes
of
a m
eeti
ngH
as t
he d
ocum
ent
been
cle
ared
for
rel
ease
; by
whom
/whe
no
Att
empt
to
stan
dard
ize
met
a-da
ta f
or “g
ener
al”
docu
men
ts (e
.g W
eb d
ocum
ents
): Th
e Dub
lin C
ore:
Titl
e, c
reat
or, d
ate,
for
mat
, des
crip
tion
, lan
guag
e, r
ight
s, …
oA
ttem
pt t
o st
anda
rdiz
e ho
w to
rep
rese
nt m
eta-
data
for
do
cum
ents
acc
esse
d on
the
Web
: RDF
-Re
sour
ce
Des
crip
tion
Fra
mew
ork
Can
also
des
crib
e re
lati
onsh
ips
betw
een
diff
eren
t do
cum
ents
Des
crip
tion
s ar
e st
ored
sep
arat
ely
from
doc
umen
ts
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om26
Link
s
oA
ncho
rs a
re e
ithe
r po
ints
or
sect
ions
. Exa
mpl
e: I
n H
TML
both
can
be
sect
ions
:
oLi
mit
atio
ns o
f H
TML:
No
bi-d
irec
tion
al li
nks:
can
’t fi
nd t
he
sour
ce a
ncho
r fr
om t
he t
arge
tA
ncho
rs r
efer
to
the
cont
aine
r of
the
do
cum
ent,
the
pla
ce w
here
the
do
cum
ent
is s
tore
d, n
ot t
o th
e do
cum
ent
itse
lf. I
f yo
u wa
nt t
o lin
k in
to t
he d
ocum
ent,
thi
s m
ust
be
mod
ifie
dN
o at
trib
utes
ass
ocia
ted
with
link
s,
such
as:
•N
ame
of t
he li
nk•
Acc
ess
rest
rict
ions
•D
ate,
cre
ator
, …N
o wa
ys t
o co
ntro
l how
a li
nk is
tr
aver
sed:
•Im
ages
are
inse
rted
in p
lace
wit
hout
th
e ne
ed f
or a
ctiv
atio
n•
Whe
n te
xt t
arge
t an
chor
s ar
e ac
tiva
ted,
a n
ew p
age
norm
ally
re
plac
es t
he c
urre
nt o
ne –
the
user
ha
s al
mos
t no
con
trol
o
XLL
(of
XM
L) r
emov
es t
he li
mit
atio
ns
Sour
cean
chor
Targ
etan
chor
Link
<a h
ref=
“http
://m
yDoc
umen
t/#m
yAnc
hor”>
Text
text
. Mor
e te
xt <
/a>
<a n
ame=
“myA
ncho
r”>Te
xt te
xt. M
ore
text
</a
>
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om27
Abo
ut e
ncod
ing
oRe
quir
emen
ts f
or t
he e
ncod
ing
Long
life
-tim
e =>
avo
id lo
ckin
g en
codi
ng t
o sp
ecif
ic t
ool (
e.g.
“W
ord
2000
”)W
hat
need
s to
be
repr
esen
ted?
•St
ruct
ure
(allo
wing
nav
igat
ion)
•M
eta-
data
•M
ore
than
tex
t (f
orm
ulas
, im
ages
, sou
nd, …
)•
Inte
rnal
and
Ext
erna
l lin
ksTr
ansp
aren
cy•
How
can
Pre
tty
Prin
ting
be
cont
rolle
d? S
tyle
she
ets?
•H
ow e
asy
is it
to
writ
e so
ftwa
re t
o ac
cess
the
con
tent
Com
plet
enes
s•
For
exam
ple:
can
det
aile
d la
y-ou
t be
rep
rese
nted
if n
eces
sary
(pag
e de
sign
)
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om28
Freq
uent
ly u
sed
docu
men
t en
codi
ngs
oRT
Fo
TeX
and
LaT
eXo
SGM
Lo
HTM
Lo
XM
Lo
Post
scri
pto
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om29
RTF
–Ri
ch T
ext
Form
at
Expo
rt/i
mpo
rt f
orm
at f
or W
ord
in A
SCII
, ope
nly
spec
ifie
d by
M
icro
soft
•N
este
d gr
oups
, sur
roun
ded
by “{
}”•
Com
man
ds, e
.g. \
f0 <f
ont
nam
e>•
Esca
pes
to a
llow
spec
ial c
hara
cter
sM
ixes
str
uctu
re a
nd p
rese
ntat
ion
info
rmat
ion
Prin
tabl
e A
SCII
, but
not
ver
y re
adab
le t
o hu
man
sCf
. Mic
roso
ft .d
oc f
orm
at, w
hich
has
no
open
spe
cifi
cati
on a
nd is
no
t pr
inta
ble
ASC
II
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om30
TeX
and
LaT
eX
Ope
n sp
ecif
icat
ion.
Man
y fr
ee/o
pen
sour
ce t
ools
Sim
ilar
stru
ctur
e to
RFT
, but
des
igne
d fo
r hu
man
s to
rea
d an
d wr
ite.
Eas
y to
def
ine
your
own
com
man
ds. L
aTeX
is a
pow
erfu
l an
d co
mpl
ete
set
of c
omm
ands
def
ined
on
top
of T
eXRa
ther
goo
d to
def
ine
stru
ctur
es (b
ut le
ss s
truc
ture
d th
an
SGM
L/X
ML)
Allo
ws r
athe
r go
od s
epar
atio
n be
twee
n co
nten
t (r
epre
sent
atio
n)
and
pres
enta
tion
Very
goo
d fo
r ty
pe s
etti
ng m
athe
mat
ics.
Oft
en t
he p
refe
rred
ch
oice
by
scie
ntis
ts
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om31
SGM
L
oSG
ML
–St
anda
rd G
ener
aliz
ed M
arku
p La
ngua
geO
pen
stan
dard
for
hum
an-r
eada
ble
repr
esen
tati
on o
f st
ruct
ured
do
cum
ents
, whe
re r
epre
sent
atio
n ca
n be
cle
arly
sep
arat
ed f
rom
pr
esen
tati
on.
Use
s ne
sted
TA
GS t
o de
fine
tre
e-lik
e st
ruct
ures
of
ELEM
ENTS
To u
se S
GML,
thr
ee p
arts
are
nee
ded:
•SG
ML
Dec
lara
tion
: def
ines
the
SGM
L la
ngua
ge t
o be
use
d by
the
ot
her
two,
suc
h as
wha
t a
TAG
look
s lik
e (S
GML
is in
fac
t a
met
a-la
ngua
ge)
•D
ocum
ent
Type
Def
init
ion:
def
ines
the
val
id s
truc
ture
of
the
docu
men
ts o
f in
tere
st: w
hich
typ
es o
f el
emen
ts, a
nd h
ow c
an t
hey
be n
este
d wi
thin
eac
h ot
her
•D
ocum
ent
Inst
ance
: the
doc
umen
t
oIs
in p
ract
ice
beco
min
g re
plac
ed b
y X
ML,
whi
ch is
si
mpl
er
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om32
HTM
L
oH
yper
text
Mar
kup
Lang
uage
Firs
t de
fine
d by
Tim
Ber
ners
-Lee
, the
inve
ntor
of
the
Web
, to
geth
er w
ith
HTT
P (H
yper
text
Tra
nsfe
r Pr
otoc
ol)
oH
TML
desc
ribe
d by
an
SGM
L D
TDTh
is D
TD d
efin
es e
xact
ly w
hich
tag
s ar
e al
lowe
d, w
hich
at
trib
utes
may
be
used
wit
h wh
ich
tags
, and
def
ines
res
tric
tion
son
how
tag
s ca
n be
nes
ted
•E,
g <p
alig
n=“r
ight
”>, …
oSt
anda
rdiz
ed b
y th
e W
orld
Wid
e W
eb C
onso
rtiu
m, W
3C,
but
som
e ve
ndor
-spe
cifi
c in
com
pati
ble
exte
nsio
ns e
xist
Late
st v
ersi
on if
HTM
L 4.
01 (1
998)
XH
TML
is b
ased
on
HTM
L 4.
01, a
nd is
XM
L co
mpl
iant
(wel
l-fo
rmed
XM
L)o
Mos
t br
owse
rs in
clud
e ex
tens
ive
erro
r-co
rrec
tion
Has
led
to la
rge
amou
nts
of e
rron
eous
HTM
L do
cum
ents
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om33
XM
L
oX
ML
= eX
tens
ible
Mar
kup
Lang
auge
Exte
nsib
le, b
ecau
se c
ompa
red
to H
TML,
new
tag
s an
d at
trib
utes
ca
n be
def
ined
in a
DTD
oSu
bset
of
SGM
Lo
“Wel
l-for
med
” XM
L co
nsis
ts o
f pe
rfec
tly
nest
ed t
ags
<?x
ml v
ersi
on=
“1.0
”?>
<D
OC
><
TIT
LE
>E
xam
ple
docu
men
t</T
ITL
E>
<B
OD
Y>
<P
AR
A>
Thi
s do
cum
ent i
s an
exa
mpl
e of
a w
ell-
form
ed X
ML
doc
umen
t.<
/PA
RA
><
PA
RA
>T
his
is it
s la
st p
arag
raph
.<
/PA
RA
><
/BO
DY
><
/DO
C>
<?x
ml v
ersi
on=
“1.0
”?>
<D
OC
><
TIT
LE
>E
xam
ple
docu
men
t</T
ITL
E>
<B
OD
Y>
<P
AR
A>
Thi
s do
cum
ent i
s an
exa
mpl
e of
a w
ell-
form
ed X
ML
doc
umen
t.<
/PA
RA
><
PA
RA
>T
his
is it
s la
st p
arag
raph
.<
/PA
RA
><
/BO
DY
><
/DO
C>
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om34
Repr
esen
tati
on o
f st
ruct
ure
XM
L ve
rsus
LaT
ex
\beg
in{d
ocum
ent}
\sec
tion{
sec1
}T
his
is te
xt. T
his
is te
xt.
\sub
sect
ion{
sec1
.1}
Thi
s is
text
. Thi
s is
text
.\s
ubse
ctio
n{se
c1.2
}T
his
is te
xt. T
his
is te
xt.
\end
{doc
umen
t}
\beg
in{d
ocum
ent}
\sec
tion{
sec1
}T
his
is te
xt. T
his
is te
xt.
\sub
sect
ion{
sec1
.1}
Thi
s is
text
. Thi
s is
text
.\s
ubse
ctio
n{se
c1.2
}T
his
is te
xt. T
his
is te
xt.
\end
{doc
umen
t}
LaTe
x: N
o ex
plic
it s
truc
ture
<?x
ml v
ersi
on=
“1.0
”?>
<D
OC
><
SE
CT
ION
titl
e=“s
ec1”
><
PA
RA
>T
his
is te
xt. T
his
is te
xt.
</P
AR
A>
<S
UB
-SE
CT
ION
titl
e=“s
ec 1
.1”>
<P
AR
A>
Thi
s is
text
. Thi
s is
text
.<
/PA
RA
><
/SU
B-S
EC
TIO
N>
<S
UB
-SE
CT
ION
titl
e=“s
ec 1
.2”>
<P
AR
A>
Thi
s is
text
. Thi
s is
text
.<
/PA
RA
><
/SU
B-S
EC
TIO
N>
</S
EC
TIO
N>
</D
OC
>
<?x
ml v
ersi
on=
“1.0
”?>
<D
OC
><
SE
CT
ION
titl
e=“s
ec1”
><
PA
RA
>T
his
is te
xt. T
his
is te
xt.
</P
AR
A>
<S
UB
-SE
CT
ION
titl
e=“s
ec 1
.1”>
<P
AR
A>
Thi
s is
text
. Thi
s is
text
.<
/PA
RA
><
/SU
B-S
EC
TIO
N>
<S
UB
-SE
CT
ION
titl
e=“s
ec 1
.2”>
<P
AR
A>
Thi
s is
text
. Thi
s is
text
.<
/PA
RA
><
/SU
B-S
EC
TIO
N>
</S
EC
TIO
N>
</D
OC
> XM
L: E
xplic
it s
truc
ture
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om35
Post
scri
pt a
nd P
DF
Post
script
oIn
itia
lly d
efin
ed a
t X
erox
PA
RC
(“In
terp
ress
”), t
hen
in s
pin-
off
com
pany
Ado
be. F
irst
impl
emen
ted
in A
pple
’s la
ser-
prin
ters
oPo
stsc
ript
is a
pro
gram
min
g la
ngua
ge. A
pos
tscr
ipt
docu
men
t is
a
prog
ram
tha
t co
ntro
ls a
vir
tual
pr
inte
r to
pro
duce
exa
ctly
the
pa
ge t
he p
rogr
am d
escr
ibes
.o
Stac
k-ba
sed
lang
uage
(bas
ed o
n “F
orth
”), a
llows
em
bedd
ed p
rint
ing
cont
exts
(eg.
tem
pora
rily
red
uce
the
pape
r m
argi
ns, …
)o
Not
sui
tabl
e fo
r ed
itin
g
o“N
ew g
ener
atio
n po
stsc
ript
” fr
om A
dobe
oM
ore
devi
ce in
depe
nden
t th
an
Post
scri
pto
May
con
tain
link
s an
d se
arch
able
tex
to
Best
cho
ice
when
you
wan
t to
pr
oduc
e a
prof
essi
onal
pag
e la
y-ou
t th
at w
orks
on
all
devi
ces,
incl
udin
g sc
reen
so
Not
sui
tabl
e fo
r ed
itin
g
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om36
Tabl
e of
con
tent
oIn
trod
ucti
onW
hat
is a
doc
umen
t an
d wh
at is
the
pro
blem
oD
ocum
ent
cont
ent
Text
ual c
onte
nts,
str
uctu
re, m
eta-
data
, lin
ks, e
ncod
ing
of c
onte
nto
Doc
umen
t pr
oduc
tion
Crea
te, m
odif
y, t
rans
form
oD
ocum
ent
deliv
ery
and
publ
icat
ion
Med
ia, f
orm
at, s
tora
ge o
rgan
izat
ion,
inde
, pro
filin
g, c
lass
ific
atio
n,
DRM
(dig
ital
rig
hts
man
agem
ent)
oD
ocum
ents
sto
rage
Vers
ioni
ng, a
rchi
ving
, rem
oval
oW
orkf
low
Man
agin
g th
e do
cum
ent
proc
ess
oPa
per Brid
ging
the
gap
wit
h pa
per
docu
men
ts
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om37
Doc
umen
t Pr
oduc
tion
Crea
te a
nd M
odif
yTr
ansf
orm
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om38
Doc
umen
t Ed
itin
gSi
ngle
Use
r ed
itin
go
Text
edi
tor
Forc
es y
ou t
o se
para
te c
onte
nt a
nd r
epre
sent
atio
n fr
om p
rese
ntat
ion
Long
er le
arni
ng c
urve
(not
bec
ause
of
the
edit
or b
ut b
ecau
se o
f th
e ab
ove)
Oft
en t
he p
refe
rred
cho
ice
by e
xper
ienc
e us
ers
-fa
ster
, mor
e po
werf
ul c
omm
ands
, tr
ansp
aren
t (y
ou u
nder
stan
d wh
at is
goi
ng o
n)N
o bu
gsEx
ampl
e: E
mac
so
WYS
IWYG
edi
tor
Alt
houg
h it
allo
ws y
ou t
o se
para
te c
onte
nt f
rom
pre
sent
atio
n, it
is n
ot o
ften
use
d th
at w
ayQ
uick
to
lear
n th
e ba
sics
Lack
s in
tra
nspa
renc
y, c
ompl
ex o
pera
tion
s no
t al
ways
eas
y to
do
Oft
en b
uggy
(or
at le
ast
uncl
ear
com
man
d st
ruct
ure)
Exam
ple:
Wor
do
Out
line
edit
ing
Wor
k hi
erar
chic
ally
, e.g
. mov
e be
twee
n se
ctio
ns, i
mpl
ode/
expl
ode
text
sec
tion
sVe
ry u
sefu
l for
larg
e do
cum
ents
–if
you
insi
st t
o ke
ep t
hem
in o
ne f
ileN
ow o
ften
ava
ilabl
e as
a w
orki
ng m
ode
in s
tand
ard
edit
ors
(Em
acs,
Wor
d,…)
Re-a
ppea
ring
in X
ML-
edit
ors
oO
ther
use
ful f
eatu
res
Spel
l che
cker
Chec
k of
wel
l-for
med
ness
(e.g
. for
HTM
L or
XM
L ed
itin
g)
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om39
Doc
umen
t Ed
itin
gM
ulti
ple
Use
r ed
itin
g
oM
any
docu
men
ts h
ave
mul
tipl
e au
thor
s, a
nd
sync
hron
izat
ion
of in
put
need
s to
be
hand
led
Clas
sica
l ap
proa
ch:
The
docu
men
ts is
cir
cula
ted
(mai
l or
pape
r). A
utho
rs m
ake
chan
ges
(pap
er o
r fi
le).
An
edit
or in
tegr
ates
cha
nges
, an
d ci
rcul
ates
aga
in, a
nd
agai
n, a
nd a
gain
,…
Tim
e co
nsum
ing
Dif
ficu
lt t
o m
ake
chan
ges
with
glo
bal i
mpa
ct
Hea
vy e
ffor
t fo
r th
e ed
itor
Use
ful t
ool:
‘dif
f’
Oft
en u
sed
in o
rgan
isat
ions
, un
less
pro
fess
iona
l do
cum
enta
tion
wri
ting
is t
heir
co
re b
usin
ess
Split
int
o files:
Ever
y au
thor
tak
es
resp
onsi
bilit
y fo
r on
e pa
rt,
whic
h is
kep
t in
a s
epar
ate
file
.
A t
able
of
cont
ent
is a
vaila
ble
cent
rally
, fro
m w
hich
an
up-
to-d
ate
snap
shot
can
be
cons
truc
ted
from
all
part
s
Nee
ds d
esig
n of
con
tent
up
fron
t (w
hich
is p
roba
bly
usef
ul a
nywa
y)
Dif
ficu
lt t
o m
ake
chan
ges
with
glo
bal i
mpa
ct
Oft
en u
sed
in t
he s
cien
tifi
c co
mm
unit
y
Shar
ed e
diting
:M
ulti
ple
user
s wo
rk m
ore
or
less
at
the
sam
e ti
me
on t
he
docu
men
t, w
hich
is a
vaila
ble
on a
net
work
Gran
ular
ity
of c
ontr
ol v
arie
s:
1.Tot
al f
reed
om t
o ch
ange
ev
eryw
here
at
any
mom
ent
2.Lo
ckin
g of
par
agra
phs
or
sect
ions
, e.g
. Zop
e/W
iKi-
mod
el: o
ne u
ser
lock
s a
“pag
e” (a
sec
tion
)
3.Ch
eck-
in/c
heck
-out
of
docu
men
t fr
om d
atab
ase
1 &
2 m
ainl
y fo
r gr
oup
shar
ing,
3 f
or m
ore
“ser
ious
” us
e, b
ut t
hing
s ev
olve
.
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om40
Doc
umen
t Tr
ansf
orm
atio
n
Exam
ples
:o
Conv
ersi
onE.
g. X
ML
to L
atex
oRe
stru
ctur
eRe
-org
aniz
e, e
.g. m
ove
tabl
e of
con
tent
to
the
end
Mod
ify
stru
ctur
e, e
.g. f
use
sect
ions
fro
m 4
thle
vel a
nd b
eyon
d in
to p
arag
raph
sSe
lect
cer
tain
par
ts, e
.g. k
eep
only
tit
le, a
bstr
act
and
ToC
oSc
an p
aper
to
elec
tron
ic f
orm
ato
Reco
ver
logi
cal s
truc
ture
fro
m p
rese
ntat
ion
stru
ctur
eE.
g. H
TML
to X
ML
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om41
Tran
sfor
mat
ion
Mod
el (X
erox
XRC
E)
Logica
l pre
mises
Know
ledg
e re
pres
enta
tion
lang
uage
s
Text
, Ar
twor
k
Lang
uage
, Pict
orial,
Mus
ical,
Gest
ure
DTD
.doc
, .w
pf,
.rtf
SGM
L
Styles
heet
, DT
D
Font
s
Tiff
, Gi
f, b
mp,
Mpe
g, w
av
Page
size,
Scr
een
Reso
lution
Pape
r, S
ound
, Vi
deo,
Voice
Scre
ens,
CD,
Aud
io c
asse
tte,
VHS,
Minidisc,
DVD
Mea
ning
Inte
nt
Know
ledg
e
Basic
Cont
ent
Form
Logica
lSt
ruct
ure
Sty
led
Cont
ent
Stru
ctur
ed
Cont
ent
Pres
enta
tion
Fo
rmat
Out
put
Repr
esen
tation
Reso
urce
s
Raw
Imag
e
Med
ia P
rope
rties
Phys
ical
Repr
esen
tation
Dev
ice
Prop
erties
what
you
hav
e
what
you
add
form
at
exam
ple
Hor
izon
tal a
nd v
erti
cal
tran
sfor
mat
ions
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om42
Doc
umen
t Tr
ansf
orm
atio
n
oCo
nver
sion
E.g.
XM
L to
Lat
exo
Rest
ruct
ure
Re-o
rgan
ize,
e.g
. mov
e ta
ble
of c
onte
nt t
o th
e en
dM
odif
y st
ruct
ure,
e.g
. fus
e se
ctio
ns f
rom
4th
leve
l and
bey
ond
into
par
agra
phs
Sele
ct c
erta
in p
arts
, e.g
. kee
p on
ly t
itle
, abs
trac
t an
d To
Co
Scan
pap
er t
o el
ectr
onic
for
mat
oRe
cove
r lo
gica
l str
uctu
re f
rom
pre
sent
atio
n st
ruct
ure
E.g.
HTM
L to
XM
L
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om43
Xer
ox X
RCE
iWra
p
oM
any
info
rmat
ion
sour
ces
avai
labl
e th
roug
h th
e we
b pr
oduc
es v
ery
regu
larl
y st
ruct
ured
info
rmat
ion
oIn
HTM
L th
e in
form
atio
n is
str
uctu
red
for
pres
enta
tion
(<
h2>,
<b>,
…), b
ut t
he m
eani
ng o
f th
e st
ruct
ure
is lo
sto
It is
pos
sibl
e, b
ut t
ime
cons
umin
g to
wri
te c
onve
rsio
n pr
ogra
ms
oW
e ha
ve n
o co
ntro
l of
the
sour
ces,
and
the
ir s
truc
ture
(la
yout
) may
cha
nge
over
nig
ht =
> im
poss
ible
to
rely
on
for
prof
essi
onal
use
oiW
rap
uses
mac
hine
lear
ning
to
build
con
vert
ers,
“w
rapp
ers”
, aut
omat
ical
ly. I
t al
so v
erif
ies
that
wra
pper
s ar
e up
-to-
date
(to
a de
gree
of
cert
aint
y)
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om44
iWra
pfo
r W
eb in
form
atio
n an
alys
is
otitle:
Sof
twar
e re
flex
ion
mod
els…
oau
thor
(s):
Mur
phy,
Not
kin,
Sul
livan
opu
blicat
ion:
Sof
twar
e En
gine
erin
g,
tran
sact
ions
ovo
lume:
vol
ume
27, i
ssue
4
oda
te: a
pril
2001
oac
cess
_to(
abst
ract
)
oac
cess
_to(
fullP
aper
, PD
F)Th
e X
RCE
The
XRC
E iW
rap
iWra
pal
lows
end
allo
ws e
nd-- u
ser
to g
ener
ate
Web
user
to
gene
rate
Web
wrap
pers
fro
m s
ampl
es, u
sing
mac
hine
wrap
pers
fro
m s
ampl
es, u
sing
mac
hine
-- lea
rnin
g te
chni
ques
lear
ning
tec
hniq
ues
Sem
anti
c in
form
atio
n
Bund
led
with
the
ask
Onc
epr
oduc
t
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om45
Wha
t m
akes
str
uctu
re r
ecov
ery
so d
iffi
cult
oTh
e m
eani
ng o
f a
tag
need
s to
be
infe
rred
, e.g
<h3>
m
eans
tit
le o
f pa
per
in t
he e
xam
ple
abov
eo
The
mea
ning
of
a ta
g de
pend
s on
the
con
text
whe
re it
ap
pear
s, e
.g. <
a hr
ef…>
may
mea
n a
link
to a
n ab
stra
ct, t
o a
file
, or
som
ethi
ng c
ompl
etel
y di
ffer
ent,
e.g
. at
the
bott
om o
f th
e pa
geo
The
regu
lari
ty is
oft
en n
ot p
erfe
ct, e
.g. t
here
are
cas
es
with
mis
sing
par
ts, e
.g. i
f th
ere
is n
o PD
F fi
le f
or a
re
fere
nce,
the
n th
e co
rres
pond
ing
<a h
ref…
> may
be
mis
sing
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om46
Tabl
e of
con
tent
oIn
trod
ucti
onW
hat
is a
doc
umen
t an
d wh
at is
the
pro
blem
oD
ocum
ent
cont
ent
Text
ual c
onte
nts,
str
uctu
re, m
eta-
data
, lin
ks, e
ncod
ing
of c
onte
nto
Doc
umen
t pr
oduc
tion
Crea
te, m
odif
y, t
rans
form
oD
ocum
ent
deliv
ery
and
publ
icat
ion
Med
ia, f
orm
at, i
ndex
ing,
pro
filin
g, c
lass
ific
atio
n, D
RM (d
igit
alri
ghts
m
anag
emen
t)o
Doc
umen
ts s
tora
geVe
rsio
ning
, arc
hivi
ng, r
emov
alo
Wor
kflo
wM
anag
ing
the
docu
men
t pr
oces
so
Pape
r Brid
ging
the
gap
wit
h pa
per
docu
men
ts
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om47
Doc
umen
t D
eliv
ery
Med
iaFo
rmat
Inde
and
Pro
filin
gCl
assi
fica
tion
DRM (d
igit
al r
ight
s m
anag
emen
t)
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om48
Med
ia
oPa
per Pref
erre
d fo
r re
adin
go
Elec
tron
ic (C
D, D
VD, f
ile t
rans
fer)
for
pri
ntin
gPo
stsc
ript
, PD
FIf
you
kno
w th
e pr
inte
r to
be
used
, you
may
use
TIF
F or
dev
ice-
spec
ific
“r
ippe
d” f
iles
for
fast
er p
rint
ing
Rast
er im
ages
nee
d hi
gh r
esol
utio
n (a
s co
mpa
red
to s
cree
n di
spla
y)Is
sue:
bat
ch p
rint
ing
of m
ulti
ple
file
so
Elec
tron
ic f
or p
rint
ing
and
brow
sing
Sam
e, b
ut u
se P
DF
with
tex
t an
d lin
ks (s
earc
h, li
nks,
tab
le-o
f-co
nten
t)o
Elec
tron
ic f
or o
n-lin
e vi
ewin
gU
se h
yper
-tex
t fo
r re
fere
nces
and
link
sLo
w-re
solu
tion
ras
ter
grap
hics
can
be
used
or H
TML/
XM
L wi
th s
tyle
-she
ets
for
form
at
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om49
Form
at
oSe
para
tion
of
cont
ent
from
pre
sent
atio
n al
lows
fo
rmat
ting
to
be a
pplie
d se
para
tely
oTh
e sa
me
sour
ce d
ocum
ent
can
be g
iven
dif
fere
nt
appe
aran
ces
usin
g di
ffer
ent
form
atti
ng r
ules
oTw
o le
vels
:M
aint
aine
d st
ruct
ure
-on
ly la
y-ou
t ch
ange
s•
Styl
es in
Wor
d•
Styl
e pa
ckag
es in
LaT
ex•
HTM
L/X
ML
CSS
(Cas
cadi
ng S
tyle
She
ets)
–D
ocum
ent
with
out
styl
e sh
eet
–St
yle
shee
t–
Doc
umen
t wi
th s
tyle
she
etBo
th s
truc
ture
and
lay-
out
chan
ges
•X
ML
with
XSL
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om50
HTM
L an
d St
yle
Shee
ts
HTM
L do
cumen
t disp
laye
d in a
br
owse
r wi
th n
o st
yle
shee
t
The
sty
le s
heet
des
cribes
how
va
riou
s HTM
L elem
ents
sho
uld
be
disp
laye
d (f
ont,
colou
rs,
back
grou
nd c
olou
rs,
…)
The
sam
e HTM
L do
cumen
t disp
laye
d in a
bro
wser
whe
n st
yle
shee
t is u
sed
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om51
XM
L an
d CS
S st
yle
shee
ts<
?xm
l ver
sion
=“1
.0”?
><
?xm
l-st
yles
heet
type
=“t
ext/
css”
hre
f=“p
oem
styl
e.cs
s”?>
<P
OE
M>
<T
ITL
E>
Dar
est T
hou
O S
oul<
/TIT
LE
><
PO
ET
>W
alt W
hitm
an<
/PO
ET
><
ST
AN
ZA
><
VE
RSE
>D
ares
t tho
u no
w O
sou
l</V
ER
SE>
<V
ER
SE>
Wal
k ou
t with
me
tow
ard
the
unkn
own
regi
on<
/VE
RSE
><
VE
RSE
>W
here
nei
ther
gro
und
is f
or th
e fe
et…
</V
ER
SE>
</S
TA
NZ
A>
</P
OE
M>
<?x
ml v
ersi
on=
“1.0
”?>
<?x
ml-
styl
eshe
etty
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“tex
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s” h
ref=
“poe
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?><
PO
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><
TIT
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>D
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l</T
ITL
E>
<P
OE
T>
Wal
t Whi
tman
</P
OE
T>
<S
TA
NZ
A>
<V
ER
SE>
Dar
est t
hou
now
O s
oul<
/VE
RSE
><
VE
RSE
>W
alk
out w
ith m
e to
war
d th
e un
know
n re
gion
</V
ER
SE>
<V
ER
SE>
Whe
re n
eith
er g
roun
d is
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the
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…<
/VE
RSE
><
/ST
AN
ZA
><
/PO
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>
POE
M{d
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ay: b
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;}T
ITL
E{d
ispl
ay: b
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tyle
: sol
id;}
VE
RSE
{dis
play
: blo
ck; m
argi
n-le
ft: 1
4pt;
}
POE
M{d
ispl
ay: b
lock
;}T
ITL
E{d
ispl
ay: b
lock
; fon
t-si
ze: 2
0pt;
font
-wei
ght:
bold
; col
or: #
FF00
00;}
POE
T{d
ispl
ay: b
lock
; mar
gin-
botto
m: 1
4pt;}
STA
NZ
A{d
ispl
ay: b
lock
; mar
gin-
botto
m: 1
4pt;
bord
er-s
tyle
: sol
id;}
VE
RSE
{dis
play
: blo
ck; m
argi
n-le
ft: 1
4pt;
}
XM
L do
cum
ent
CSS
Styl
e sh
eet
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om52
XM
L an
d CS
S st
yle
shee
tsTh
e no
tion
of Co
ntex
t
BO
DY
{dis
play
: blo
ck; f
ont-
fam
ily:
Tim
es; f
ont-
size
: 10p
t;}C
OD
E{d
ispl
ay: b
lock
; fon
t-fa
mil
y: C
ouri
er; f
ont-
size
: 10p
t;}T
XT
{dis
play
: blo
ck; f
ont-
size
: 12p
t;}T
XT
CO
DE
{fon
t-si
ze: 1
2pt;}
BO
DY
{dis
play
: blo
ck; f
ont-
fam
ily:
Tim
es; f
ont-
size
: 10p
t;}C
OD
E{d
ispl
ay: b
lock
; fon
t-fa
mil
y: C
ouri
er; f
ont-
size
: 10p
t;}T
XT
{dis
play
: blo
ck; f
ont-
size
: 12p
t;}T
XT
CO
DE
{fon
t-si
ze: 1
2pt;}
“CODE”
in
cont
ext:
COD
E el
emen
t in
side
a T
XT
elem
ent
disp
lays
wit
h fo
nt s
ize=
12
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om53
XM
L an
d X
SL
The
XSL
tran
sfor
mat
ion
can
be a
pplie
d:•
As
a “b
atch
” filt
er t
o ge
nera
te a
new
file
(eg.
Xal
an)
•O
n th
e fl
y by
a W
eb s
erve
r (e
g. A
pach
e wi
th X
alan
as s
ervl
et)
•In
the
HTM
L br
owse
r (s
uppo
rted
e.g
. by
Mic
roso
ft E
xplo
rer)
XM
L do
cumen
t•
Stru
ctur
ed d
ata
XSL
spe
cifica
tion
•X
ML
or H
TML
docu
men
t in
“rea
ding
ord
er”
•El
emen
ts c
onta
in r
ules
tha
t m
atch
es a
nd
extr
acts
dat
a fr
om t
he X
ML
docu
men
t•
Refe
renc
e to
CSS
sty
le s
heet
CSS
style
shee
t
XM
L or
HTM
L do
cumen
t•
Read
ing
orde
rXM
L or
HTM
L do
cumen
t•
Fina
l doc
umen
t fo
r re
nder
ing
in B
rows
er
In t
he B
rows
er
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om54
Inde
and
Pro
filin
go
IND
EXIN
G =
The
prob
lem
of
how
to d
escr
ibe
docu
men
ts f
or e
ffic
ient
ret
riev
al
Thi
s is
an
open
-so
urce
Jav
a pr
ogra
m f
or
inde
do
cum
ents
wri
tten
in
Eng
lish…
1.Br
eak
up in
to lo
wer-
case
wor
ds{t
his,
is, a
n, o
pen-
sour
ce, j
ava,
pro
gram
, for
, in
dexi
ng, d
ocum
ents
, wri
tten
, in,
eng
lish}
2.Re
mov
e “s
top
word
s”{o
pen-
sour
ce, j
ava,
pro
gram
, ind
exin
g,
docu
men
ts, w
ritt
en, e
nglis
h}3.
Stem
wor
ds{o
pen-
sour
ce, j
ava,
pro
gram
, ind
ex,
docu
men
t, w
rite
, eng
l}4.
Wei
ght
word
in r
elat
ion
to d
ocum
ent
colle
ctio
n{o
pen-
sour
ce: 8
, jav
a: 1
, pro
gram
: 1, i
ndex
: 10
, doc
umen
t: 6
, wri
te: 7
, eng
l:8}
5.In
sert
into
inde
x
1.Br
eak
up in
to lo
wer-
case
wor
ds{t
his,
is, a
n, o
pen-
sour
ce, j
ava,
pro
gram
, for
, in
dexi
ng, d
ocum
ents
, wri
tten
, in,
eng
lish}
2.Re
mov
e “s
top
word
s”{o
pen-
sour
ce, j
ava,
pro
gram
, ind
exin
g,
docu
men
ts, w
ritt
en, e
nglis
h}3.
Stem
wor
ds{o
pen-
sour
ce, j
ava,
pro
gram
, ind
ex,
docu
men
t, w
rite
, eng
l}4.
Wei
ght
word
in r
elat
ion
to d
ocum
ent
colle
ctio
n{o
pen-
sour
ce: 8
, jav
a: 1
, pro
gram
: 1, i
ndex
: 10
, doc
umen
t: 6
, wri
te: 7
, eng
l:8}
5.In
sert
into
inde
xLi
ngui
stic
pro
file
In a
doc
umen
t co
llect
ion
with
Jav
a pr
ogra
ms,
“jav
a” h
as
littl
e di
scri
min
atin
g po
wer
•In
a s
earc
h fo
r “o
pen-
sour
ce in
dexi
ng F
renc
h C+
+”, t
his
docu
men
t ob
tain
s 8+
10=1
8 va
lue
poin
ts.
•Th
e se
arch
fun
ctio
n pr
esen
ts a
list
of
docu
men
ts w
ith
decr
easi
ngva
lues
.
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om55
Oth
er w
ays
to in
dex
docu
men
ts
oCo
ntex
t of
use
Dur
ing
whic
h ac
tivi
ty, t
oget
her
with
whi
ch o
ther
doc
umen
tso
Perc
eive
d va
lue:
Collabo
rative
filt
ering
if b
oth
of u
s lik
ed A
, B, a
nd C
and
you
like
D, t
hen
it is
pro
babl
e th
at I
will
like
D t
oo. E
xam
ple
XRC
E Kn
owle
dge
Pum
p
Reco
mm
enda
tion
•in
itia
l rat
ing
•co
mm
ent
•hy
perl
ink
Sear
ch
•Use
r Pr
ofile
sFe
edba
ck•
rati
ng•
com
men
t
Sugg
esti
ons
•co
mm
ents
& r
atin
gs•
pred
icte
d va
lue
•hy
perl
ink
Know
ledg
e Kn
owledg
e Pu
mp
Pump
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om56
Clas
sifi
cati
on
oCl
assi
fica
tion
rel
ies
on T
axon
omie
so
A T
axon
omy
is a
hie
rarc
hica
l st
ruct
ure,
whe
re n
odes
hav
e pr
ofile
s si
mila
r to
the
doc
umen
t pr
ofile
so
Doc
umen
ts a
re a
ssoc
iate
d wi
th le
af-
node
s ac
cord
ing
to t
heir
bes
t fi
to
In s
ome
clas
sifi
cati
ons,
a d
ocum
ent
belo
ngs
to o
ne c
lass
oTh
e “b
elon
gs t
o” r
elat
ion
can
also
be
weig
hted
so
that
a d
ocum
ent
belo
ngs
to s
ever
al c
lass
es
The
DM
OZ
Ope
n Direc
tory
Pro
ject
is
the
larg
est,
mos
t co
mpr
ehen
sive
hu
man
-edi
ted
dire
ctor
y of
the
Web
. It
is c
onst
ruct
ed a
nd m
aint
aine
d by
a
vast
, glo
bal c
omm
unit
y of
vol
unte
er
edit
ors.
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om57
Xer
ox P
ARC
: Pla
cele
ss D
ocum
ents
oM
y pr
esen
tati
on:
C:\c
hris
ter\
pres
enta
tion
s\Ec
oleD
esM
ines
\Doc
Man
.ppt
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om58
Xer
ox P
ARC
: Pla
cele
ss D
ocum
ents
oM
y pr
esen
tati
on:
C:\c
hris
ter\
pres
enta
tion
s\Ec
oleD
esM
ines
\Doc
Man
.ppt
Loca
tion
: lap
top
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om59
Xer
ox P
ARC
: Pla
cele
ss D
ocum
ents
oM
y pr
esen
tati
on:
C:\c
hris
ter\
pres
enta
tion
s\Ec
oleD
esM
ines
\Doc
Man
.ppt
Loca
tion
: lap
top
Aut
hor:
chr
iste
r
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om60
Xer
ox P
ARC
: Pla
cele
ss D
ocum
ents
oM
y pr
esen
tati
on:
C:\c
hris
ter\
pres
enta
tion
s\Ec
oleD
esM
ines
\Doc
Man
.ppt
Loca
tion
: lap
top
Aut
hor:
chr
iste
r
Genr
e: p
rese
ntat
ion
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om61
Xer
ox P
ARC
: Pla
cele
ss D
ocum
ents
oM
y pr
esen
tati
on:
C:\c
hris
ter\
pres
enta
tion
s\Ec
oleD
esM
ines
\Doc
Man
.ppt
Loca
tion
: lap
top
Aut
hor:
chr
iste
r
Genr
e: p
rese
ntat
ion
Foru
m: E
cole
des
Min
es
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om62
Xer
ox P
ARC
: Pla
cele
ss D
ocum
ents
oM
y pr
esen
tati
on:
C:\c
hris
ter\
pres
enta
tion
s\Ec
oleD
esM
ines
\Doc
Man
.ppt
Loca
tion
: lap
top
Aut
hor:
chr
iste
r
Genr
e: p
rese
ntat
ion
Foru
m: E
cole
des
Min
es
Subj
ect:
Doc
umen
t M
anag
emen
t
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om63
Xer
ox P
ARC
: Pla
cele
ss D
ocum
ents
oM
y pr
esen
tati
on:
C:\c
hris
ter\
pres
enta
tion
s\Ec
oleD
esM
ines
\Doc
Man
.ppt
Loca
tion
: lap
top
Aut
hor:
chr
iste
r
Genr
e: p
rese
ntat
ion
Foru
m: E
cole
des
Min
es
Subj
ect:
Doc
umen
t M
anag
emen
t
Form
at: P
ower
Poi
nt
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om64
Xer
ox P
ARC
: Pla
cele
ss D
ocum
ents
oM
y pr
esen
tati
on:
C:\c
hris
ter\
pres
enta
tion
s\Ec
oleD
esM
ines
\Doc
Man
.ppt
Loca
tion
: lap
top
Aut
hor:
chr
iste
r
Genr
e: p
rese
ntat
ion
Foru
m: E
cole
des
Min
es
Subj
ect:
Doc
umen
t M
anag
emen
t
Form
at: P
ower
Poi
nt
Wit
h Pl
acel
ess
Doc
umen
ts y
ou b
oth
stor
e an
d re
trie
ve d
ocum
ent
base
d on
the
ir p
rope
rtie
s
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om65
Dig
ital
Rig
hts
Man
agem
ent
oD
igit
al R
ight
s M
odel
Dev
elop
ed b
y X
erox
Par
c 19
94 (S
tefi
k)o
Key-
play
ers
Mic
roso
ft t
hrou
gh X
erox
spi
n-of
f Co
nten
tGua
rd w
hich
was
acq
uire
d in
200
0A
pple
: iTu
nes
mus
ic s
tore
. Man
y ot
hers
fol
lowi
ng
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om66
DRM
Arc
hite
ctur
e M
odel
Co
nte
nt
Se
rve
rC
lien
t
DR
MP
ack
ag
er
DR
MC
on
tro
ller
Lic
en
se S
erv
er
En
cryp
tion
Ke
ys
Ide
ntit
ies
DR
ML
ice
nse
Ge
ne
rato
r
En
cryp
tion
Rig
hts
Ke
ys
Lic
en
se
Co
nte
nt
Pa
ck
ag
e
Re
nd
eri
ng
Ap
plic
atio
n
Co
nte
nt
Re
po
sito
ry
Pro
du
ctIn
fo
Fin
an
cia
l&
CR
M
En
cryp
tion
Me
tad
ata
Co
nte
nt
Ide
ntit
y
Fin
an
cia
lT
ran
sact
ion
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om67
Tabl
e of
con
tent
oIn
trod
ucti
onW
hat
is a
doc
umen
t an
d wh
at is
the
pro
blem
oD
ocum
ent
cont
ent
Text
ual c
onte
nts,
str
uctu
re, m
eta-
data
, lin
ks, e
ncod
ing
of c
onte
nto
Doc
umen
t pr
oduc
tion
Crea
te, m
odif
y, t
rans
form
oD
ocum
ent
deliv
ery
and
publ
icat
ion
Med
ia, f
orm
at, s
tora
ge o
rgan
izat
ion,
inde
, pro
filin
g, c
lass
ific
atio
n,
DRM
(dig
ital
rig
hts
man
agem
ent)
oD
ocum
ents
sto
rage
Vers
ioni
ng, a
rchi
ving
, rem
oval
oW
orkf
low
Man
agin
g th
e do
cum
ent
proc
ess
oPa
per Brid
ging
the
gap
wit
h pa
per
docu
men
ts
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om68
Stor
age
Vers
ioni
ngA
rchi
ving
Rem
oval
Not
pre
sent
ed
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om69
Tabl
e of
con
tent
oIn
trod
ucti
onW
hat
is a
doc
umen
t an
d wh
at is
the
pro
blem
oD
ocum
ent
cont
ent
Text
ual c
onte
nts,
str
uctu
re, m
eta-
data
, lin
ks, e
ncod
ing
of c
onte
nto
Doc
umen
t pr
oduc
tion
Crea
te, m
odif
y, t
rans
form
oD
ocum
ent
deliv
ery
and
publ
icat
ion
Med
ia, f
orm
at, s
tora
ge o
rgan
izat
ion,
inde
, pro
filin
g, c
lass
ific
atio
n,
DRM
(dig
ital
rig
hts
man
agem
ent)
oD
ocum
ents
sto
rage
Vers
ioni
ng, a
rchi
ving
, rem
oval
oW
orkf
low
Man
agin
g th
e do
cum
ent
proc
ess
oPa
per Brid
ging
the
gap
wit
h pa
per
docu
men
ts
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om70
Wor
kflo
w
Man
agin
g th
e D
ocum
ent
Proc
ess
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om71
Shor
t D
efin
itio
n
oW
orkf
low
is a
sys
tem
des
ign
tech
niqu
e, s
uppo
rted
by
spec
ific
tec
hnol
ogy,
to
prov
ide
the au
tomat
ion
of
busine
ss p
roce
sses
in
IT s
yste
ms.
oW
ith
work
flow
, doc
umen
ts, t
asks
and
info
rmat
ion
are
pass
ed a
mon
g pa
rtic
ipan
ts in
acc
orda
nce
with
pre
-de
fine
d m
odel
s of
the
bus
ines
s pr
oces
ses.
oM
any
docu
men
t m
anag
emen
t sy
stem
s al
so in
clud
es a
wo
rkfl
ow s
ub-s
yste
m t
o su
ppor
t th
e do
cum
ent
life-
cycl
e pr
oces
s
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om72
Busi
ness
Pro
cess
Exam
ple:
Ins
uran
ce c
laim
pro
cess
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om73
Flow
con
trol
led
by c
ompa
ny r
ules
Am
ou
nt
>2.
000
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om74
Wor
kflo
w ca
n au
tom
ate
all t
he “h
ouse
-kee
ping
” ac
tion
s on
doc
umen
ts
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om75
Typi
cal W
orkf
low
proc
esse
s fo
r D
ocum
ent
Man
agem
ent
oPr
opag
ate
upda
tes
and
chan
ges
oD
ocum
ent
revi
ew a
nd c
lear
ance
pro
cess
eso
Smar
t lo
cks
of d
ocum
ent
part
so
Dis
trib
uted
bui
lds
oTr
ansl
atio
n
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om76
Wor
kflo
w In
tera
ctio
n wi
th U
sers
oM
ost
syst
ems
use
work
list
han
dler
s si
mila
r to
(or
sam
e as
) mai
l clie
nts
oW
ork
item
s ar
e re
pres
ente
d by
for
ms
with
fie
lds
and
butt
ons
for
feed
-bac
k to
the
wor
kflo
w co
ntro
lIn
His
tory
Dat
eD
escr
ipti
on
Pri
ori
ty99
1215
Eva
luat
e pr
opos
alM
9912
18F
ill tr
avel
req
uest
M99
1224
Buy
gift
sH
0001
01R
ecov
erH
0001
12P
repa
re c
heck
sL
Tra
vel R
equ
est
Fo
rm
Nam
e:D
ate:
Pur
pose
:
DO
NE
DO
NE
But
ton
Too
l
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om77
Supp
ort
func
tion
s pr
ovid
ed b
y a
Wor
kflo
w sy
stem
Wo
rkT
o-D
o
•1•1
•2•2
•3•3
Build
ing
proc
ess
mod
els
Enac
tmen
t
Mon
itor
ing
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om78
Wor
kflo
w Pr
oces
s M
odel
ling
oM
odel
-> I
nsta
nce
The
mod
el is
like
a p
rogr
am; i
t ca
n be
app
lied
man
y ti
mes
in
diff
eren
t, b
ut s
imila
r si
tuat
ions
. In
stan
ce: t
he a
pplic
atio
n of
a m
odel
to
a pa
rtic
ular
sit
uati
on.
Vari
able
s in
the
mod
el a
re b
ound
to
real
item
s o
The
mod
el s
peci
fies
:H
uman
res
ourc
es•
Oft
en r
oles
, suc
h as
aut
hor,
rev
iewe
r, t
rans
lato
r, e
tc.
Info
rmat
ion
item
s•
Doc
umen
ts, d
atab
ases
, etc
.A
ctiv
itie
s•
Crea
te d
ocum
ent,
rev
iew
docu
men
t, m
odif
y do
cum
ent,
etc
.So
ftwa
re a
pplic
atio
ns•
Wor
d pr
oces
sors
, doc
umen
t re
posi
tori
es, c
omm
unic
atio
n sy
stem
s,
etc.
Rela
tion
s an
d de
pend
enci
es b
etwe
en a
ll th
e ab
ove
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om79
Inte
grat
ion
of
appl
icat
ions
, in
part
icul
ar s
ervi
ces
Pres
enta
tion
to
the
use
r.
Inte
rope
rati
on
with
des
ktop
ap
plic
atio
ns
Des
crib
e fl
ow o
f in
form
atio
nan
d de
cisi
ons.
This
is t
he “r
eal”
proc
ess
Des
crib
e un
its,
rol
es,
resp
onsi
bilit
ies…
Iden
tify
the
pro
cess
es
Org
anis
atio
n
Tea
m p
roce
ss
Indi
vidu
als
IT
A g
ood
work
flow
sys
tem
sho
uld
supp
ort
mod
els
atdi
ffer
ent
leve
lsof
abs
trac
tion
.
Wor
kflo
w Pr
oces
s M
odel
ling
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om80
Exam
ple:
Cap
Gem
ini P
roce
ssW
eave
r
Tok
enT
oken
Pla
ceP
lace
Tra
nsiti
onT
rans
ition
•C
ondi
tion
•A
ctio
n
Mo
del
ling
bas
ed o
n P
etri
Mo
del
ling
bas
ed o
n P
etri
-- net
sn
ets
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om81
Exam
ple
of W
orkf
low
proc
ess
with
Pro
cess
WEA
VER
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om82
Mon
itor
ing
Event
Event
Mon
itor
ing
acti
ve p
roce
ss
inst
ance
s in
volv
es
colle
ctin
g, lo
ggin
g an
d pr
esen
ting
run
-tim
e in
form
atio
n:•
Cond
itio
ns•
Reso
urce
allo
cati
ons
and
usag
e•
Stat
us o
f wo
rk•
Que
ues
•Th
roug
hput
tim
e•
Wai
ting
tim
e•
Cost
s•
…
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om83
Exam
ple:
Nuc
lear
Pow
er s
tati
on m
aint
enan
ce
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om84
Dif
fere
nt p
hilo
soph
ies
in w
orkf
low
oGr
aphi
cal f
lowc
hart
sEa
sy t
o wr
ite
and
unde
rsta
ndLi
mit
atio
ns o
f wh
at p
roce
sses
can
be
expr
esse
d (p
aral
lel p
arts
,…)
oPe
tri-n
ets
Mor
e co
mpl
ete
work
flow
s ca
n be
bui
ltBa
sed
on f
orm
al s
eman
tics
=> c
an b
e fo
rmal
ly a
naly
sed
Mor
e de
man
ding
on
user
so
Coor
dina
tion
/ r
ules
Rule
s sp
ecif
y co
ndit
ions
and
act
ions
. Man
y ru
les
are
acti
ve in
the
sy
stem
and
will
tri
gger
whe
n co
ndit
ions
are
val
idEv
ent-
driv
en, o
ften
fel
t to
be
mor
e na
tura
l to
user
sD
eals
wit
h ex
cept
ions
as
easi
ly a
s wi
th t
he n
orm
al f
lows
Xer
ox X
RCE
has
deve
lope
d a
tran
sact
ion-
base
d ru
le s
yste
m
(CLF
/STI
TCH
), wh
ich
has
been
use
d in
a la
rge
vari
ety
of
work
flow
pro
cess
es
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om85
Tabl
e of
con
tent
oIn
trod
ucti
onW
hat
is a
doc
umen
t an
d wh
at is
the
pro
blem
oD
ocum
ent
cont
ent
Text
ual c
onte
nts,
str
uctu
re, m
eta-
data
, lin
ks, e
ncod
ing
of c
onte
nto
Doc
umen
t pr
oduc
tion
Crea
te, m
odif
y, t
rans
form
oD
ocum
ent
deliv
ery
and
publ
icat
ion
Med
ia, f
orm
at, s
tora
ge o
rgan
izat
ion,
inde
, pro
filin
g, c
lass
ific
atio
n,
DRM
(dig
ital
rig
hts
man
agem
ent)
oD
ocum
ents
sto
rage
Vers
ioni
ng, a
rchi
ving
, rem
oval
oW
orkf
low
Man
agin
g th
e do
cum
ent
proc
ess
oPa
per Brid
ging
the
gap
wit
h pa
per
docu
men
ts
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om86
Pape
r
Brid
ging
the
gap
bet
ween
ele
ctro
nic
docu
men
ts a
nd p
aper
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om87
Doc
umen
ts o
n pa
per
oPa
per
is c
lear
ly t
he p
refe
rred
ch
oice
for
rea
ding
oSt
atis
tics
sho
w th
at m
ore
pape
r is
gen
erat
ed in
the
of
fice
tod
ay t
han
10 y
ears
ago
oPr
oble
m: o
nce
the
docu
men
t is
on
pap
er, t
he li
nk b
ack
to t
he
elec
tron
ic c
opy
mus
t be
kep
t
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om88
Mul
ti-F
unct
ion
Dev
ice
The
Net
work
ed P
hoto
copi
er
Copy
Prin
tFa
xSc
anP
roce
ss
Usi
ng t
his
prin
cipl
e, X
erox
Res
earc
h Ce
ntre
Eur
ope
has
deve
lope
d a
larg
e nu
mbe
r of
pro
toty
pes
for
futu
re
syst
ems
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om89
The
Inte
llige
nt C
opie
r
Ron
And
er(7
16)1
23 4
5
AD
R =
Act
ive
Dep
loym
ent
Rat
io
The
Inte
llige
nt C
opie
r en
rich
es c
opie
s wi
th c
leve
rly
inje
cted
ann
otat
ions
der
ived
fro
m t
he c
onte
xt
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om90
Pape
r Su
mm
ariz
er-E
xpan
der
Dat
aGly
ph t
o fi
nd t
he o
rigi
nal
Ling
uist
ic s
umm
ariz
atio
n pr
oces
sing
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om91
Copy
-Fin
der
oFi
nds
the
orig
inal
and
pri
nts
it
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om92
The
Awa
re O
ffic
eU
sing
RFI
D t
o m
anag
e do
cum
ents
on
pape
ro
The
Awa
re O
ffic
e he
lps
user
s ke
ep t
rack
of
pape
rs a
nd d
ocum
ents
.W
orkf
lows
, ale
rts
and
trig
gers
can
han
dle
phys
ical
doc
umen
ts a
ndre
act
to
even
ts r
elat
ed t
hem
.o
Ubi
quit
ous
sens
ors,
and
in p
arti
cula
r RF
ID t
ags
built
into
pap
erar
e ke
y en
able
rs.
oX
erox
doc
umen
t po
rtal
s (p
rint
ers,
sca
nner
s, c
opie
rs, f
axes
) tr
ansp
aren
tly
man
ipul
ate
info
rmat
ion
of t
he R
FID
tag
s.
RFID
“Tag
”
Principles
of
RFID
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om93
RFID
Tec
hnol
ogie
s
oPa
ssiv
e ty
peno
bat
teri
es, u
ses
indu
ctiv
e co
uplin
g to
so
urce
the
tag
shor
ter
rang
eno
pro
cess
ing
when
aw
ay f
rom
rea
der
oA
ctiv
e ty
peon
-boa
rd b
atte
ries
long
ran
geda
ta p
roce
ssin
g in
depe
nden
t of
rea
der
oCa
rrie
r fr
eque
ncy
134
KHz,
“low
fre
quen
cy”
•ra
nge
25 c
m•
low
band
widt
h•
med
ium
to
larg
e si
ze (c
redi
t ca
rd)
•no
col
lisio
n m
anag
emen
t13
.56
MH
z, “h
igh
freq
uenc
y”•
rang
e 1-
2 m
eter
s•
20 K
b/s
•st
icke
r si
ze, c
an b
e em
bedd
ed
e.g.
in p
aper
•co
llisi
on m
anag
emen
t (1
0’s
of t
ags
in s
ub-s
econ
d ti
me)
2.4
GHz,
“ult
ra-h
igh
freq
uenc
y”•
tiny
(few
mill
imet
res)
•1
Mb/
s•
colli
sion
man
agem
ent
(100
0s o
f ta
gs p
er s
econ
d)•
Toda
y’s s
tand
ard
of in
tere
st: p
assi
ve, 1
3.56
MH
z•
Tom
orro
w: u
ltra
-hig
h fr
eque
ncy
with
pri
nted
bat
teri
es:
rang
e 10
met
ers,
pos
itio
ning
to
with
in 1
0-20
cm
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om94
Phys
ical
app
eara
nce
Thin
, hig
h fr
eque
ncy
tags
for
embe
ddin
g
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om95
The
Awa
re F
ile C
abin
et
oD
ocum
ents
and
fol
ders
are
equ
ippe
d wi
th
RFID
tag
s
oRF
ID t
ags
are
dete
cted
by
the
cabi
net
when
a f
olde
r is
inse
rted
. Sim
ulta
neou
s de
tect
ions
pro
vide
ass
ocia
tion
s be
twee
n do
cum
ents
and
fol
ders
.
oIn
form
atio
n is
tra
nsm
itte
d vi
a W
iFi t
o a
Doc
umen
t Tr
acki
ng S
yste
ms
RFID
RFID
ant
enna
and
rea
der
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om96
The
Awa
re D
esk
oRF
ID r
eade
r, c
onne
cted
to
work
stat
ion,
det
ects
doc
umen
ts
oU
ser
iden
tifi
cati
onRF
ID r
eade
r de
tect
s pe
rson
Com
pute
r lo
gin
give
s pe
rson
id
oIn
form
atio
n is
sen
t vi
a LA
N t
o a
Doc
umen
t Tr
acki
ng S
yste
m
oLo
cal a
ctio
ns m
ay b
e ta
ken
by
the
work
stat
ion
(ope
n el
ectr
onic
cop
y, r
elat
ed
docu
men
ts, …
)RF
ID a
nten
na a
nd r
eade
r
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om97
App
licat
ion
of t
he A
ware
Off
ice
oTh
e A
ware
Off
ice
has
been
dev
elop
ed in
par
alle
l wit
h wo
rk p
ract
ice
stud
ies
of p
aten
t la
wyer
so
Lawy
ers
use
pape
r as
the
ir p
rinc
ipal
sou
rce,
bot
h fo
r pr
acti
cal a
nd f
or le
gal r
easo
nso
Han
dlin
g pr
oces
ses
are
very
cle
ar, b
ut t
ake
up lo
ts o
f ti
me
due
to t
he n
umbe
r of
act
ive
file
so
Awa
re o
ffic
e =>
red
uced
eff
orts
, les
s er
rors
Ecol
ede
s M
ines
, Sai
nt-E
tien
ne. D
ecem
ber
2003
Chri
ster
Fer
nstr
om98
Conc
lusi
on
oD
ocum
ent
life-
cycl
e m
anag
emen
to
Repr
esen
tati
on v
s. P
rese
ntat
ion
oTe
xt a
nd S
truc
ture
oM
eta-
data
oD
iffe
rent
enc
odin
gs t
o re
pres
ent
docu
men
tso
Crea
tion
(sin
gle-
user
and
mul
ti-u
ser)
oTr
ansf
orm
atio
no
Med
ia, f
orm
atti
ngo
Inde
, cla
ssif
icat
ion
oD
ocum
ent
work
flow
so
Supp
orti
ng t
he u
se o
f pa
per
docu
men
ts
