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7/31/2019 Chuong 4 Lanh Dong 3746
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CHNG 4K THUT LM LNH NG
NGUYN LIU THU SN
Bo qun v ch bin sn phm thy sn
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NI DUNG4.1. Mc ch ngha4.2. C s KH ca KT l{m lnh ng
4.3. Thi gian l{m lnh ng4.4. Phng ph|p l{m lnh ng
4.5. Bin i ca VTS khi lnh ng
4.6. X l nguyn liu sau l{m lnhng
4.7. L{m tan gi| v{ l{m m nguyn liu
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4.1. MC CH NGHA
4.1.1. Khi nimLm lnhng (freezing) l qu trnh a
nhit ban ucavtsxungdiim
ng bng, ti -80C - 100C v c thxungthphn: -180C, - 300C hay -400C.
imngbngcaVTS: di 0oC
im qu lnh (super cold temperature):hintngncchakt tinh thnh khidi 0oC, phthuc vo nngcht tan,
cuto mng TB v tchnhit.
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Qu trnh hnh thnh im ng bng
im ng bng
im qu lnh
T pht
t0C
-1,45
-5
0
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imngbngtuyti (absolutelyfreezing point hay Eutectic point):nhit ti thiu ton b nc
trong t bo TS ngc (-550C n -650C).
Trong cng nghip ch bin lnh TS,ch cn -400C l m bo chtlngsnphm.
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Quan h gia lng nc ng bng
trong thu sn v nhit lm lnh ng
Nhit (0C)
Lng ncng bng
(%)
Nhit (0C)
Lng ncng bng
(%)
-1 0 -14 86,9-1,5 8 -18 88,4
-2 52,4 -20 89,0
-3 66,5 -26 90,0
-4 73 -30 90,3
-5 76,7 -36 90,5
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4.1.2. Mc chLm chm s h hng ca nguynliu sao cho n khi r ng sau thi
gian bo qun lnh, ta khng thphn bit c thu sn ng lnhv thusn tisng lc chaavo lm lnh ng (gi nguyn tica nguyn liu).
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4.1.3. ngha
Gicti nguyn liu qua giaiontntr,vnchuyn v phn phi.
Kpthiiu ho v phn phimini,mi lc cc loi thu sn cht lngcao v gi cnnh.
Phcv nhu cuxutkhu cc VTStng thu nhpquc dn.
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4.1.4. Cng on trong lm lnh ng
X l nguyn liu -> (Bao gi) -> Lmlnh ng -> (M bng/bao gi) -> Bo
qun kho lnh -> R ng (Tan gi) ->Lm m -> S dng (ch bin)
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4.2. C S KH CA KT LM LNH NG4.2.1. CchngbngNguyn tc: Khi h nhit di 00C, cc
dngnc trong VTSngbngdn tumc lin ktca chng trong t bo, linktyu th nhit lnhng(tl) cao, linktmnh th nhitlnhngthphn.
- Nct do cu trc, tl = -1 -1,50C.
- Ncbtng,tl = -1,5 -200C.
- Nc lin kt,tl = -20 -650C.
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Qu trnh lm lnh ng c 3 giai on:
- Giai on 1 : lm lnh ti im ngbng.
- Giai on 2 : qu trnh ng bng bng im.
- Giai on 3 : tip tc lm lnh ng
n nhit bo qunlnh ng.
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+ Giai on 1:-im qu lnh lm xuthinmm tinh th gian bo (khong trng gia cc tbo) m khng xut hin trong t bo v
nngcht tan trong nc t do gianbo rtthp so vi trong t bo.
- Khi nimngbngaphnnct
do gian bo kt tinh v lm tngnngcht tan ln, cao hnnng trong t bo.
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+ Giai on 2:
Ty tc lm lnh m s hnh thnhtinh th khc nhau:
- Nu h nhit chm: tinh th hnhthnh gian bo v lndn ln
- Nu h nhit nhanh: tinh th hnh
thnh c gian bo v trong t bo,kch thcnh v phn bukhp.Thi gian ngbng rt ngnhn.
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A: Lnh dng chm B:Lnh ng nhanh
S hnh thnh cc tinh th ln v nh
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Thi gian hnh thnh tinh th
T pht
Lnh ng chm
Lnh ng nhanh
0
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+ Giai on 3:- B dy ca sn phm nh hng ns phn bnhitt ngoi vo trong.
- Tip tc h nhit n khi t cnhit mong mun trung tm snphm
- Boqun trong kho lnh
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4.2.2. Cc hnh thc lm lnh ng
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Lm lnh ng chm:
- Nhit qu lnh: -50
C -60
C, tc lnhng 0,5 cm/h, thi gian lnh ng > 10h.
- Tinh th to thnh ch yu dch gian
bo, kch thc ln -> ph v mng tbo, cht lng sn phm gim.
Lm lnh ng nhanh:
- Nhit qu lnh: -70
C -300
C, tc lnhng 1 3cm/h, thi gian lnh ng 2h 6h.
- Tinh th xut hin gian bo v trong
t bo, kch thc nh -> .bo cht lng
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Lm lnh ng cc nhanh
- Nhit qu lnh > -300C, tc lnhng 15cm/h, thi gian lnh ng < 2h.- Tinh th ng lot to thnh mi
ni trong sn phm -> Nguyn vn chtlng sn phm.- Phi dng bng mi l kh nit lng nhit
bay hi p sut thng -1960
C -> hnch qu trnh oxy ho sn phm v dit huht VSV.
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4.3.1. Thi gian lm lnh ng.L thi gian cn thit h nhit sn
phm t nhit ban u n mt nhit mong mun ti trung tm sn phm.
Nhit ti trung tm SP bng nhit tr ng
Ti thiu t -120C th kt thc thi gianlnh ng
4.3. THI GIAN LM LNH NG
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4.3.2. Yu t nh hng n thi gian lnh
ng- Loi m|y ng.
- Nhit vn h{nh m|y ng.
- H thng lnh v{ iu kin vn h{nh.- Tc gi m|y ng thi khng kh.
- Nhit sn phm.
- B d{y sn phm.- Hnh dng sn phm.
- Din tch tip xc v{ mt sn phm.
- Bao gi sn phm.
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4.4. PHNG PHP LM LNH NGLm lnh ng bng hn hp nc
v mui
Lm lnh ng bng khng khLm lnh ng bng qut gi
Lm lnh ng bng nc mui lnh
Lm lnh ng bng tip xc vi tmkim loi
Lm lnh ng cc nhanh
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4.5. BIN I CA VTS TRONG QU TRNH
LM LNH NG4.5.1. Bin i vi sinh vt.
VSV hot ng chm li.
- -100C, VK khng ph|t trin cn men, mccha b c ch.- -150C men, mc ngng ph|t trin.
-> < -150C ngn c phn ln VK v{ men
mc. -10C -50C a s nc t do kt tinh th{nh
|. Nu lnh ng chm, c|c tinh th nc |
to, sc cnh l{m v TB vi khun.
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4.5.2. Bin i ho hc.
Bin i Protein:- -200C: P b ng li, sau 6 th|ng bo qunc ph}n gii nh.
- -10
C -50
C, P b bin tnh, c bit miozinb kt ta. L{m lnh ng nhanh P t bin tnh.
- Di -200C: hu nh khng bin tnh.
Bin i cht bo:C| bo d b oxy ho| cht bo. -120C sau 10tun, ch s perxit tng ln r rt, sau 30 tun:vt qu| quy nh v an to{n thc phm.
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Bin i glucid:
Lnh ng chm, glycogen ph}n gii ra nhiuacid lactic hn lnh ng nhanh. Bin i vitamin:
-t b mt trong giai on lnh ng. a s b
mt trong lc ch bin, ra.- nhit lnh, Vit. A t ra bn vng, B2, PPmt mt t, C mt nhiu khi sn phm mt
nc, chy lnh, E b hao ht to{n b. Bin i khong:Lnh khng nh hng n kho|ng nhng haoht lng ln kho|ng khi r~ ng.
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4.5.3. Bin i l hc.
Tng th tch: nc ng bng lm tng thtch ln 10%
Thay i mu sc: mt nc, hemoglobin ->
methemoglobin, mioglobin -> metmioglobin vhemoxyanin -> methemoxyanin -> mu sm li.
Tinh th nh th nguyn liu c mu nhthn TS tinh th bng to.
Gim trng lng: do bc hi hoc do thit hil hc trong qu trnh lm lnh ng.
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Sau khi l{m lnh ng v{ trc lc
chuyn n kho bo qun, nguyn liu
cn phi c x l. Nu kho BQ ttv{ BQ thi gian ngn th khng cn xl.
C|ch x l:- M bng, hoc
- Bao gi sn phm.
4.6. X LVTS SAU LM LNHNG
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M bng: to nn mt lp bng mng trn
b mt sn phm (phun sng, pht nchay nhng) bo v sn phm, tr|nh mtnc v{ oxy ho|.
Bao gi: bo v h{ng ho| v{ tng v m quansn phm nhm thu ht kh|ch h{ng.Yu cu: Bao gi phi kn ngn cn s oxy
ho|. Vt liu l{m bao b phi chng ctho|t hi nc, phi va kht sn phm.
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4.7.1. Lm tan gi
TS lnh ng khi em ra s dng phi cho sn phm tan gi| hay r~ ng(thawing).
Tan gi| l{ qu| trnh ngc li vi qu|trnh lnh ng.
Mc ch chnh ca tan gi| l{ phc hinhng tnh cht ban u ca sn phm,l{m cho | trong sn phm tan ra nc,
cho tht c| mm tr li, phc hi mu sc
4.7. LM TAN GI V LM M TS LNHNG
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Phng php lm tan gi:
* Tan gi trong mi trng kh:+ Tan gi chm trong khng kh: Chonhit khng kh tngt 0oC ln n 6-
8o
C trong vng 3-5 ngy, mtngica khng kh l 90-92%.+ Tan gi nhanh trong khng kh: Dng
khng kh tun hon 15-20o
Cvimkhng kh 55-60%, vn tc gi 6m/giytrong thi gian 15-20gi
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* Tan gi trong nc
- Dng nc v trng 10oC tan gi| trong 20 gihay 20oC trong 10-11gi. Sau khi tan gi| phiem ch bin ngay.
- C th dng dung dch nc mui 4% 40-60oC tan gi| tht c|. Nhc im: rt tnnc, d l}y nhim VSV t sn phm n{y sang
sn phm kh|c.* Tan gi trong chn khng
* Tan gi bng in
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4.7.2. L{m m
L{m m l{ qu| trnh n}ng nhit ca thcphm tan gi| ln n gn nhit bnh thng c th s dng trong ch bin (khng b
lnh tay, khng m t b mt tht c|).Tng nhit t t, lc u hiu s nhit (t
= 4 6oC), v sau c th l{ (t = 6 10oC).
Thc phm sau khi l{m m phi s dng ngay,khng c tip tc bo qun, c bit l{khng cho php l{m lnh hoc lnh ng liln th 2.
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2 Quy trnh sn xut tm
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Nguyn liu
Ra
Phn c, loi
Cn
Xp khun
Chm nc khun
Cp ng
Tch khunM bng
Bao gi
R kim loi
Bao gi, bo qun
X l
Ra
2. Quy trnh sn xut tms v b u ng lnh
dng block
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Boqun
Nguynli
u
Ra
Phnc,lo
i
ro,xp
v
Lmlnh
Hp
Lmr
onc,tchri
tm,cpng
Mbng
Ting
Cn,bao
gi,kimtrakim
loingthng
Xl
Xlng,kimtra
tpcht
Ra
Ngm
Boqun
3. Quy trnh sn xut tm s/tm bc hp ng lnh IQF
Individual Quickly Freezer (cpng nhanh cc snphmri)
Nguyn liu
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Nguyn liu
Ngm mui
Tch khay, kim tra kim loi, ng
thng
Ch ng
Cp ng
Lau kh, vo ti PE, xp khay
Tch xng, lm sch, nh hnh
Kim tra ming c fillet
Phn c
Ra
Fillet
Bo un
Cn
4. Quy trnh sn xut c thufillet ng lnh dng IQF
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Rkimloi
Nguynliu
Xl1
Ra1
Phnloi
Ra3
Xpkhun
Chng
Cpng
Tc
hkhun,mbn
g,baogi
nhhnh
Kimtraksinh
trng
Phnc
Ra2
Xl2
ngthng,ghi
nhn
Boqun
Cn
5. Quy trnh snxut c tra/ba sa fillet nglnh block/IQF
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Baogi,ki
mtrakimloi,
ng
thng
Nguynliu
Ra
Quaymui
Phnc
Ra
Xpkh
un,chmn
c
Chng
Cpng
Tchkhun,mbng
Tchu
,nitng,ltd
a,dim
Lmsch
Boqun
Boqun
Cn
6. Quy trnh sn xut mc ng ng lnh dng block
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Xpkhay
Nguynli
u
Ra
Quaymu
i
Ltmng
nhhnh
Laukh
Vo
tiPE,htch
nkhng
Phnc
Cn
Phncsb,chnla
Ra
Sch
Boqun
Phnloi
Cpng
Tchkhay
Kim
trakimloi,
ngthng
7. Quy trnh sn xut mc nang sashimi ng lnh
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C Cm sn nguyn con C B lt da
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C Basa phi l Tm ng lnh
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Tm vin Cua ti