Cii-icf Report 2010

8/9/2019 Cii-icf Report 2010

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Content

1) Background 1

2) Why Understanding Climate Change Impact is Important ? 5

3) India’s position in climate change combat 11

4) Meeting Climate Change Challenge at the State level 27

5) Conclusion 30



1

Background:

Climate Change debate has graduated tremendously since it first surfaced on the international

debates in the 1990s. Climate Change causes and impacts are no longer subjected to contest.

Scientists, policy makers, academicians have broadly agreed that climate change is an outcome

of anthropogenic activities. There is no doubt that climate change is one of the most discussed

topics in today’s world and the discussion covers wide spectrum of humankind. And, why would

not people be talking about climate change issues if it is believed to pose one of the greatest

problems to the humankind. Human civilization and aggressive path to economic prosperity is

held culprit in the climate change discourse. International Climate Change regime has divided

the world into three categories – Developed, Developing and Least Developed countries, on the

basis of nature of responsibility to combat the climate change. The developed countries, also

referred to as Annex I countries in Kyoto Protocol – trailblazer international climate changeagreement, have contributed largely to what has happened today in global climate. Linkages

are drawn between increased frequency of natural calamities and climate change. The impact

of climate change has been witnessed at different levels across the world; however, the

magnitude of impact varies depending upon the resilience capacity of the recipients. In other

words, the poor are more vulnerable to the impending climate change impacts. Incidentally,

high density of vulnerable population resides in the climatically vulnerable areas such as coastal

area in developing

countries. This

accentuates the riskof appalling climate

change impacts on

global poor and

vulnerable. Climate

Change debates

seem to have

“North-South

Divide” along the

cause and effectterms. North is

primarily held

responsible for

climate change

globally and the

Chronology of major climate change negotiations

Adoption of the UNFCCC

Adoption of the Kyoto Protocol

Adoption of Marrakech Accords

Kyoto Protocol entry into force

1st Conference of Parties/Meeting

of the Parties (COP/MOP 1)

Bali Action Plan

Adoption of Copenhagen Accord

May 1992

Dec 1997

Nov 2001

Feb 2005

Dec 2005

Dec 2007

Dec 2009



2

Major highlights of the Copenhagen Accord

Stabilize concentration of GHG gases to limit the temperature rise below 20C

Achieve the peaking of global and national emissions as soon as possible

recognizing that the time frame for peaking will be longer in developing

countries

Low-emission development strategy is indispensible to sustainable

development

Enable and support the implementation of adaptation actions aimed at

reducing vulnerability and building resilience in developing countries

Developed countries to provide adequate , predictable and sustainable

financial resources, technology and capacity building to support

implementation of adaptation action in developing countries

Annex I countries to implement quantified economy-wide targets for 2020

Delivery of reductions and financing by the developed countries will be

measured, reported and verified (MRV) as per the COP guidelines

Non Annex-I countries to implement mitigation actions in the context of

sustainable development ; mitigation actions will be subjected to domestic

MRV and communicated every two years through National Communication

(NATCOM)

Mitigation actions will be voluntary and support based for least developed

countries and small island states

Nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) seeking international

support will be recorded in the registry along with the type of support

sought for; the supported NAMAs will be subjected to international MRVs

Reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation is crucial;

mechanisms like REDD plus required to mobilize funds from the developedcountries

Incentives to the developing countries to follow low-carbon path

Scaled up, new and additional predictable and adequate funding as well as

improved access to the developing countries to enable and support

enhanced mitigation actions, including reduction of emissions from

deforestation and degradation (REDD +)

Copenhagen Green Climate Fund to be established as an operating entity of

the financial mechanism to support projects, programs, policies and other

activities in the developing countries related to mitigation including

REDD+, adaptation, capacity building, technology development and

transfer

Establish Technology Mechanism to enhance action on technology

development and transfer

Assessment of the implementation of The Copenhagen Accord to be

completed by 2015 including consideration of strengthening the long term

goal referred to by the science

South is the one which is

hit the most by the dire

consequences of the

climate change.

Developing countries alsoreferred to as Non-Annex I

countries in Kyoto

Protocol, blame Annex I

countries and expect them

to finance the mechanisms

to enable the affected and

target population adapt to

the changing climate. Non-

Annex I countries use per

capita emissions in support

of their argument. There is

no doubt that high-carbon

growth path is directly

responsible for the climate

change, irrespective of

where this growth is taking

place. This understanding

has led to the agreement

that developing countries

will undertake nationally

appropriate mitigation

actions to reduce carbon

emissions. This action in

turn will help the

implementing countries to

reduce emissions of gases

other than greenhouse

gases (GHG).

Climate change imparts

multi pronged threats to

people, ecology,

economies and wildlife.



3

The impacts are direct such as glacial meltdown and indirect such as increase in flood.

Agriculture, wildlife, forests, drought, water resources, energy, sea level, health, precipitation,

temperature, disease spread are some of the major areas which will witness severe impacts

due to climate change. In a way the impacts are cyclic - meaning that one impact leads to

another. Glacial meltdown due to increase in temperature causes floods and landslides, whichin turn damages agriculture, soil quality, water quality, livelihood and culminates in sea level

rise which again have consequent impacts.

Increasing awareness about the impacts of climate change and possible ways to mitigate the

cause and adapt to the changing environmental conditions, international community has met in

Copenhagen in December 2009. Copenhagen Climate Summit, 15th

Conference of Parties, was

expected to decide the fate of Kyoto Protocol. Though no successor of the Kyoto Protocol is

decided, an accord – Copenhagen Summit culminated in Copenhagen Accord which indicates at

achieving core mantra of Kyoto Protocol – “Common but differentiated responsibilities”. In a

way, Copenhagen had resulted in stronger alliance between the member parties towards

mitigation of the emission sources. Developing countries agreed to undertake mitigation

activities as per the national interest and capacity to do so. As the world is heading to

COP16/CMP6 in Cancun, more concrete roadmap and plausible actions from both the

developed and developing countries is expected.



4

Why Understanding Climate Change Impact is Important?

Developing countries are the most vulnerable to climate change because of their limited ability

to combat it. These countries have limited social, financial, and technological resources. Climate

change may have serious far reaching affects on development initiatives of these countries and

hamper their recent rapid growth. Hence, climate change adaptation becomes high priority forthe governments and businesses of such vulnerable economies. For India’s economic

development, since many sectors of the economy are dependent on climate, climate plays an

extremely important role. Hence the concerns about climate change and corresponding

mitigation and adaptation measures need to be more pronounced in India since it has high

vulnerability towards climate change as illustrated below1.

With the northern region being home to nearly 32% of the population and having extreme

climatic conditions, has high susceptibility towards climate change in most of the region.

Figure 1: Climate Change Vulnerability Map (TERI, 2003)

1Coping with Global Change: Vulnerability and Adaptation in Indian Agriculture, TERI, 2003



5

The presence of complex river basin system in the northern region is by virtue of glaciated

mountains. The glacial melt water and monsoonal precipitation provide a significant

component of water resources for these rivers leading to prospering agricultural belt. Climate

change is expected to have a detrimental effect on the glaciers. This will not only influence

future water availability but also result in additional threats and pressures on the sensitivemountain ecosystem, species and peoples.

A warmer climate, with its increased climate variability, will increase the risk of floods.

Agricultural productivity in the northern region can be affected by climate change in two ways:

first, directly, due to changes in temperature, precipitation and/or CO2 levels and second,

indirectly, through changes in soil, distribution and frequency of infestation by pests, insects,

diseases or weeds. This sector is considered to be the most vulnerable to climate change due to

low level of accessibility to resources for climate change adaptation purposes and highly

climate sensitive output. With a significant amount of agriculture produce still dependent on

monsoons, climate change, in the form of scanty, untimely, or heavy rainfall, can seriously

hamper productivity of this sector.

The industrial/manufacturing sector because of better access to resources and high capacity to

adapt is considered to be relatively less vulnerable to climate change than others, say,

agriculture or health. Industrial activities are, however, vulnerable to direct impacts such as

temperature and precipitation changes. Energy sector is particularly sensitive to climate change

– energy demand as well as energy production is likely to be affected. For instance, increasing

hot weather spells this year, particularly in NR, saw tremendous spurt in peak electricity

demand. Such abrupt increase in demand puts undue pressure on our inadequate

infrastructure leading to high deficits. Climate change can seriously impact energy productionand supply. For example, hydro based power generation is sensitive to the amount, timing and

geographical pattern of temperature and precipitation. Northern region which has over 30% of

hydro-based capacity may be seriously affected facing reduction in water supplies.

Industries dependent climate sensitive inputs for their raw materials, such as the food

processing, pulp & paper, and other agro-based industries are likely to be more sensitive to

climate change then other industries. In the longer run, with impacts of climate change

becoming more pronounced, these industries may face higher risks of increase in input costs,

supply chain disruption and change in regional pattern of production. Apart from the organized

industrial sector, India is also home to a huge base of small scale and traditional enterprises.

Extent of impact of climate change on small scale and cottage industry is likely to be dependent

on location in vulnerable areas (such as mountains, deserts, near river basins etc.), high

dependence on agro-based inputs, and access to resources to adapt to climate change2.

2Industry, settlement and society, Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, IPCC (2007)



6

Retail and commercial services have not been given enough attention in climate change impact

studies. Various links in retail supply chain – transportation, distribution etc. – may be seriously

disrupted due to extreme weather conditions such as heavy rains, storms, cyclones, drought

etc. Cost of transportation and distribution of perishable commodities (such as food items and

other agricultural based produce) may become increase as higher quality of storage would be

required in events of extreme weather conditions.

Impact on tourism industry and on those who are dependent on it for livelihoods may be quite

significant. In northern region particularly, Himalayan states, J&K, Himachal Pradesh, and

Uttarakhand experience maximum tourist footfalls and a large part of their economy thrives on

tourism. Nature based tourism such as white water rafting, trekking, camping is likely to be

affected due to the climate change impacts on rivers, forests, etc. A large population which

earns its livelihood from this industry may be adversely affected with extreme weather

conditions hampering the transport and communications infrastructure in these regions.

In addition to the factors mentioned above, the effects of climate change will be more

pronounced in the northern region as most of the area experiences extreme weather

conditions during the year. Since the region encompasses major agricultural and industrial hubs

of the country, it is important to access the vulnerability of the region towards climate change.

The impacts of climate change in a region are determined not only by rise in temperature

degrees but also by the vulnerability of the region and its population.

Vulnerability to climate change in India

Geographical and social factors determine the vulnerability towards climate change. The table

below discusses how climate change has severe environmental repercussions and how it will

affect the social and economic condition of the country. Most of these factors are applicable

pan India; those in black are also specific to the northern region.

Geographical factors

Melting glaciers

affecting water

resources

• the Himalayan glaciers are retreating faster than any other glaciers3

• heavy dependence on the glacial melt waters from the Himalayan glaciers

• decline in glacier mass balance means less water available for rivers affecting the water supply

for irrigation

• the receding glacier trend could lead to the Ganga, Indus, Brahmaputra and other rivers in

northern India becoming seasonal rivers

Rising sea levels

•

Land loss and population displacement.• Increased flooding of low-lying coastal areas.

• Agricultural impacts (like, loss of yield and employment) resulting from inundation,

salinization, and land loss.

• Impacts on coastal aquaculture.

• Impacts on coastal tourism, particularly the erosion of sandy beaches4

3Ibid

4India’s National Communication to UNFCCC, 2004, MoEF, Govt. of India, New Delhi



7

Geographical factors

Flooding and

flood frequency

• Warming leads to change in the seasonality of river flows – in September 2008, rains caused

havoc in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh killing several people and forcing millions to flee their homes

• As more glaciers retreat due to global warming, river flows are increased in the short term:

• Human encroachment into flood plains is increasing leading to lack of flood response plans

which further increases the damage potential

Fall in

agriculture

productivity

• Agricultural productivity is sensitive to two broad classes of climate-induced effects—(1) direct

effects from changes in temperature and precipitation & (2) indirect effects through changes

in soil moisture and the distribution and frequency of infestation by pests and diseases

• loss in net revenue at the farm level is estimated to range between 9% and 25% for a

temperature rise of 2 °C–3.5 °C

• a 2°C rise in mean temperature and a 7% increase in mean precipitation would reduce net

revenues by 12.3% for the country as a whole

• losses are expected from major food-grain producing regions of Punjab, Haryana, and western

Uttar Pradesh

Altered

configuration

and

productivity of

forest eco-

systems

• forests in NR account for about 14% (95 million sq. km.) of the geographical area with nearly

200,000 forest villages

• with temperature rise of 1-2°C most ecosystems and landscapes are expected to be impactedthrough changes in species composition, productivity and biodiversity

• forest ecosystems for the two greenhouse gas emission scenarios for 2085, showed that 68

per cent and 77 per cent of forested grid are likely to experience shifts in forest vegetation

type5

• large-scale mortality of tree species is likely under the changed climatic conditions

• Increase temperatures could increase the rate of multiplication of insect pest, thus increasing

their destructive potential

• over half of the vegetation is likely to find itself less optimally adapted to its existing location,

making it vulnerable to adverse climatic conditions and to biotic stresses6

Extreme

weather

conditions

Increasing frequency and intensity of extreme events particularly:

• droughts during the summer months

• increase in extreme rainfall and winds associated with tropical cyclones in• intense rainfall events causing landslides and severe floods;

• heat waves/hot spells in summer of longer duration, more intense and more frequent

Impact on

Indian Desert

Desert regions are likely to experience large scale climatic changes especially in rainfall and

temperature patterns leading to:

• Hotter and very dry north west Rajasthan and adjoining Punjab

• Hotter and slightly wetter eastern fringe of arid Rajasthan and adjoining Haryana

• Higher temperature in association with reduced rainfall will desiccate the soil further and

reduce chances of crop survival

Climate change over the past 25 years has caused temperatures to rise faster in the deserts, up

to 2OC, than the global average of 0.45

OC. The study also found that most deserts will see

temperature rise by 5-7OC by the end of the century and rainfall drop 10-20%

7.

5Climate Change Impacts on Forestry in India, Ravindranath N. H.

6Ravindranath N. H., N. V. Joshi1, R. Sukumar and A. Saxena (2006) Impact of climate change on forests in India

Current Science, VOL. 90, NO. 3, pp 354-3617

Global Desert Outlook, UNEP



8

It is important to understand that while geographical and topographical conditions have a

bearing on climate change repercussions, certain socio-economic factors may further aggravate

its impact. Vulnerability to climate change may significantly be affected by the factors discussed

below.

Social Factors

Lack of

infrastructure

• In a developing country like India, lack of resources and limited governmental support

makes it difficult for the people to adapt to rising temperatures

• Infrastructure like shelters and sea walls to protect people from extreme weather events

and sea level rise lack adequate funding

• majority of the population is poor and subsistence is dictated by their daily challenges and

they don’t have the luxury or the facilities to prepare for future risks and to adapt to

dangerous climate change

Heavydependence on

agriculture

Among India’s population of more than one billion people, about 68% are directly or

indirectly involved in the agricultural sector. And agriculture is expected to be effected

majorly by climate change:

• adaptability of farmers in India is severely restricted by the heavy reliance on naturalfactors and the lack of complementary inputs and institutional support systems

• farmers with lesser resources only afford land in regions which are drought prone, while

settlements of poor in the rural and urban area can be found close to rivers and creeks,

exposing their shelters and farmland to floods

• further decrease in already scarce resources like arable land and water, poor populations

are going to be pushed further to, or even over the edge

Poor health

facilities

• little access to a functional health system, poor people are also more susceptible to vector

borne diseases like malaria or dengue. lack of infrastructure and access to emergency

health services

• transmission windows (TWs) for malaria are predicted to increase with climate change

• access to health service centers might be severely disrupted due to natural calamities

aggravated by climate change• heavy rains, floods bring with them scare of epidemics like, malaria, diarrhea etc.

Acute water

scarcity

Climate change can affect the quantitative and qualitative status of water resources by

altering hydrological cycles and systems, which, in turn affect different variables at local level

including:

• Surface and ground water availability and demand

• Water quality including temperature and nutrient content

• Intensity and frequency of floods and droughts

Energy security

• With a growing economy, energy and electricity needs have also grown rapidly. Under XI

Plan, plans of adding thermal based capacity of approx. 55 GW- indicates increasing

reliance on fossil fuels to meet energy demand

• Climate change is likely to affect both energy use and energy production. For eg. Cooling

needs are going to amplify in case of temperature increases implying rise in electricitydemand. This could put further stress on our weak infrastructure

• Hydropower may be adversely affected due to climate change – reduced stream flows

may jeopardize hydropower generation

Livelihood

challenges due to

limited income

sources

• Nature based tourism such as white water rafting, trekking, camping will be affected due

to the climate change impacts on rivers, forests, etc.

• The livelihood of the population dependent on the tourism will be marginalized, especially

in the Himalayan ecosystem which is home to huge biodiversity is likely to be affected by

anthropogenic activities.



9

Most of the states in northern region have higher

adaptive capacity vis-à-vis the states in other

regions. Hence, as the adaptive capacity of this

region is high (as shown in the figure below),efforts made for adaption can yield rich dividends

when compared to the investments that they

demand. Policy makers at state level should

consider geographical as well as socio-economic

factors, as discussed above, while formulating

adaptation strategies.

Figure 2: Adaptive Capacity - a combination of

biophysical, social and technological vulnerability

indices (TERI, 2003)



10

India’s position in climate change combat

India has maintained a strong position in the international climate regime. India is one of the

most important stakeholders in the ongoing climate change negotiations. India’s view on the

climate change has also evolved with time. India’s acceptance of the Copenhagen Accord

stands as an evidence of this evolution. The Kyoto Protocol speaks about “common but

differentiated responsibilities”, which puts responsibility of combating climate change on all the

countries party to the convention. However, Non-Annex I countries were exempt from the

legally binding actions. India, as per the Kyoto Protocol, does not have legally binding

commitment to implement mitigation measures. India’s position since the ratification of Kyoto

Protocol has changed. India has been proactive in combating climate change on both fronts –

mitigation and adaptation. India achieved one of the major milestones with the release of

National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) in June 2008. India has voluntarily committed

to reduce 20-25% of its total emissions against 2005 baseline till 2020. This commitment has

shifted India’s position from no-quantification-of-mitigation-targets to real targets of GHG

emissions reduction. This shift in India’s position puts India on both sides of combat against

climate change impacts. India is host to more than 500 successfully registered Clean

Development Mechanism (CDM) projects; thus occupying 1/4th

of the total registered projects

worldwide. This makes India

the country with the largest

number of offset projects. In

other words, India has

considerable number of clean

and low-carbon intensity

activities being implemented in

different sectors generating 42

million tonnes of carbon

emissions reductions annually

contributing to neutralizing

10% of total emissions by 2012.

With the advent of low carbon

technology, India’s carbon intensity has gone down by 17.6 percent between 1990 and 2005.This downward trend in national carbon intensity is very encouraging and to a larger extent,

CDM projects are responsible for this progress. Now with evolution in India’s position to take

voluntary emissions cut, the carbon intensity can be expected to go further down.

Figure 3: Registered CDM Projects in the Northern Region



11

The Copenhagen Accord requires all the major

developing countries party to the accord to

provide nationally appropriate mitigation actions

(NAMA) to the UNFCCC. India has approved the

Copenhagen Accord and hence is required toimplement NAMAs. National Action Plan on

Climate Change (NAPCC) provides guidelines to

mitigate as well as adapt to climate change.

NAPCC has eight missions, out of which four

missions focus on mitigation, three on adaptation

and one on capacity enhancement to mitigate andadapt.

Per capita emission for India is much lower than

that of the developed countries. The proposed

mitigation measures are hence voluntary

commitments which will be translated to achieve

low carbon growth. Path to low carbon growth

implies the reduction of GHG emissions without

compromising the national interest of achieving

higher economic growth. Implementation of

mitigation measures through offset projects and

low carbon technology reinforce India’s

commitment of never exceeding per capita

emissions of the developed countries.

Highlights of NAPCC

• National Solar Mission

a. Solar power generation

b. Solar Photovoltaic generation

c. R&D

• National Mission for Enhanced Energy

Efficiency

a. Mandatory decreases in energy

consumption in 9 sectors

b. Policy options and capacity building

• National Mission on Sustainable Habitat

a. Energy Efficiency in Residential and

commercial sectorsb. Municipal Solid Waste management

c. Urban Public transport promotion

• National Water Mission

a. Surface, ground and fresh water resources

management

b. Wetland conservation

c. Development of Desalination technologies

• National Mission for Sustaining the

Himalayan Ecosystema. Enhancing conservation of Himalayan

ecosystem

b. Adopt “best practice” norms in all aspects

of development

• National Mission for a Green India

a. Increase in forest cover

b. Biodiversity conservation

• National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture

a. Risk Management

b. Dryland agriculture

c. Access to information

d. Biotechnology



12

Most of the missions in the NAPCC have specific targets to be achieved through

implementation of the activities prescribed in the action plan. Figure XX gives a brief summary

of the different targets envisaged by the NAPCC.

The Copenhagen Accord: What does it mean to India and the Northern India

The Copenhagen Accord received mixed reactions, especially by the parties who were expecting

decision on the Kyoto Protocol successor and more tangible emissions reduction targets for

developed countries. On the other hand, anticipators have welcomed the decision towards

actual implementation of common but differentiated responsibility by all the countries

irrespective of being Annex I or Non-Annex I countries.

India is a party to the Copenhagen Accord and this association brings with it lot of responsibility

to India. The emissions- emitted and averted will be under international radar. Most the tenets

of the Copenhagen Accord have repercussions on India – some require immediate action, some

require commitment with no specific time frame while others provide window of opportunity

to implement the measures committed voluntary by India. Following are the Copenhagen

Accord tenets which will have direct relevance and impact on India and Indian companies:

Achieve the peaking of global and national emissions as soon as possible recognizing that

the time frame for peaking will be longer in developing countries

Low-emission development strategy is indispensible to sustainable development

Enable and support the implementation of adaptation actions aimed at reducing

vulnerability and building resilience in developing countries

Developed countries to provide adequate , predictable and sustainable financial resources,

technology and capacity building to support implementation of adaptation action in

developing countries

Non Annex-I countries to implement mitigation actions in the context of sustainable

development; mitigation actions will be subjected to domestic MRV and communicated

every two years through National Communication (NATCOM)

Nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) seeking international support will be

recorded in the registry along with the type of support sought for; the supported NAMAs will

be subjected to international MRVs

Reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation is crucial; mechanisms like REDD

plus required to mobilize funds from the developed countries

Incentives to the developing countries to follow low-carbon path



13

Scaled up, new and additional predictable and adequate funding as well as improved access

to the developing countries to enable and support enhanced mitigation actions, including

reduction of emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD +)

Copenhagen Green Climate Fund to be established as an operating entity of the financial

mechanism to support projects, programs, policies and other activities in the developingcountries related to mitigation including REDD+, adaptation, capacity building, technology

development and transfer

Establish Technology Mechanism to enhance action on technology development and

transfer

In response to the Copenhagen Accord, India has updated its national GHG inventory. First

inventory was done using 1994 data in the first National Communication (NATCOM) to the

UNFCCC in 2004. Indian Network of Climate Change Assessment (INCCA) under aegis of Ministry

of Environment and Forests, Government of India published India’s greenhouse gas emissions

inventory in the report titled ‘India: Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2007’. India has thus become

the first non-Annex I country to publish such updated numbers and the decision of updating the

emission inventory is also the first of its kind by a developing country. This only shows

government’s commitment towards combating climate change and protecting vulnerable

sectors affected by it.

Developing countries will have an obligation of charting out and implementing NAMAs to

combat climate change. The targets and activities envisaged in the NAPCC can be considered to

be NAMAs for India. Hence, the implementation of the mitigation oriented NAPCC missions will

help India meet its international commitment. To make this effort more wide spread and havedistinctive impact, these targets needs to be translated to the state and even local level. In

other words, the state and local governments will have additional responsibility towards

attaining mitigation targets and comply with the NAPCC requirements. The states with higher

energy intensity will have to take more aggressive measures to reduce their carbon and energy

footprint. The states should be able to charter state appropriate mitigation action (SAMA)

under its low carbon growth agenda.

Copenhagen Accord mentions establishment of a Copenhagen Green Climate Fund to help

developing countries to combat climate change through mitigation as well as adaptation

activities. This will have direct implication on India as the implementation of NAMAs and SAMAs

will be facilitated with the external funding. Apart from this fund, the accord promises to

provide incentives to developing countries to follow low carbon growth.

Green India Mission is one of the very optimistic missions of the NAPCC. The Copenhagen

Accord has special provisions for the forestry related carbon activities. NAPCC targets to

increase the forest cover and make it 1/3 of the total geographical area of the country. The



14

current efforts of protecting forest from degradation and deforestation can also lead to carbon

benefits to India through REDD and REDD+ path. REDD is one of the central agendas in the

Copenhagen Accord – be it on technology transfer, or allocation of Copenhagen green climate

fund or channelizing the other funds from the developed countries. Northern India, especially

Uttarakhand, Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh, havecomparatively large area under forests. Northern region comprises of Himalayan as well as dry

areas – both these extremes are highly vulnerable from climate change perspective. The

environmental stress in these regions has higher impact owing to their fragile ecosystem. NAP

aims to maintain two-thirds of the mountainous area under forest cover in order to prevent

erosion and land degradation and ensure the stability of the fragile ecosystem. Through the

provisions stipulated in the Copenhagen Accord, protection of forest against degradation and

deforestation along with biodiversity conservation can be funded through multiple funding

sources on REDD/REDD+ programmes.

India along with other major developing countries has taken very strong stands in the

negotiations. India advocated for collaborated research on low carbon technology, REDD+ and

monitoring and verification protocol for NAMAs. Being an active member of BASIC countries,

India has more responsibilities in implementing the activities it advocated and being agreed

upon as Copenhagen Accord. Technology mechanism has been proposed for systematic

transfer of technologies from the developed countries to undertake mitigation activities in the

developing countries. India has voluntary committed to reduce 20-25% GHG emissions by 2020

against 2005 levels. Technology mechanism can provide opportunity to import state-of-the-art

emission reduction technology to help meet the target. NAPCC envisages developing and

establishing integrated facilities photovoltaic at the rate of 1,000 MW per annum. The solarpanel technology is still in nascent stage in India as compared to that of the developed

countries. The technology mechanism of the Copenhagen Accord can serve as the path to

attaining national solar mission goals.

Similarly, the energy efficiency measures to be exercised in the industries can also be

transferred to India. Businesses in the Northern region such as agriculture, infrastructure, auto

industry can import energy efficiency and low-polluting technology to reduce energy intensity

thereby reducing GHG emissions and hence help in meeting targets set by the NAPCC.



15

Targets envisaged by NAPCC

Mission Target

National Solar Mission To deliver at least 80% coverage for all low temperature (<1500C), & at least 60%

coverage for medium temperature (150 to 2500C) applications of solar energy in all

urban areas, industries and commercial establishments over the 11th

and 12th

Plan

periods

To aim for local Photovoltaic (PV) production from integrated facilities at a level of

1000MW p.a.

Establish at least 1000MW of Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) generation capacity.

National Mission for Enhanced

Energy Efficiency in Industry

To enhance overall energy efficiency, the efficiency band-width of industrial sector is

divided into four bands. The energy efficiency improvement target, in %age from

current levels for each unit varies with its band. These targets, as per this paper, would

have to be achieved within a period of 3 to 5 years with in each group.

To restructure fertilizer subsidies to eliminate the absence of incentive to under-take

energy-efficiency investments.

To make specific energy consumption decreases mandatory in large energy consuming

industries and facilities those have been notified as Designated Consumers under the

Energy Conservation Act.

National Mission on Sustainable

Habitat

The National Mission on Bio-Diesel aims in the first (demonstration) phase to establish

bio-diesel plantations in 26 states, while the second phase will lead to production of

sufficient bio-diesel to enable a 20% blend in vehicle diesel in 2011-12

For the transport sector, tightening of regulatory standards such as enforcing fuel-

economy standards for automobile manufacturers has been proposed.

Establishing mechanisms to promote investments in development of high capacitypublic transport systems.

Abandoning of old vehicles to be made illegal with suitable legislation and fixing the

responsibility of handing over the end-of-life vehicle to collection centers on the last

owner of vehicle

Setting up a Combustion research Institute to facilitate R&D in advanced engine design

National Water Mission To manage and regulate ground water resources, govt. plans to make water harvesting

and artificial recharge in relevant urban areas mandatory

Making water assessments and audits mandatory

Regulation of power tariffs for irrigation which would be a step towards management

and regulation of groundwater resources

To formulate and implement a regulatory regime to ensure wise use of wetlands at the

national, state, and district levels



16

As a part of development of Desalination Technologies, desalination has been

recognized as an important cross disciplinary technology area for R&D in the 11th

Plan

where by, various development activities have been initiated in various laboratories in

the country.

National Mission for Sustaining the

Himalayan Ecosystem

Two-thirds of the mountainous area under forest cover in order to prevent erosion

and land degradation and ensure the stability of the fragile ecosystem

National Mission for a “Green

India”

Under the 11th

Plan, the Working Group on Forests plans to increase the annual rate of

planting to 3.3 million hectares from 1.6m hectares during 2001-02 to 2005-06. The

final target under this programme is to bring one-third of the geographic area of India

under forest cover

Under the Greening India Programme, 6 million hectares of degraded forest land

would be afforested with the participation of Joint Forest Management Committees

(JFMCs).

National Mission for Sustainable

Agriculture

To manage the risk factor that agricultural sector, priority has been given to

development of GIS and remote sensing methodologies for detailed soil resource

mapping and land use planning at the level of a watershed or a river basin

Strategic Knowledge for Climate

Change

Setting up dedicated climate change research centers

Developing climate models

Establishing Climate Science Research Fund

Current emission status:

Gross emissions from different sectors in India were 1904 million tonnes of carbon dioxide

equivalent in 2007. Electricity and agriculture sectors were the highest contributors of GHG

emissions. Power generation is the biggest polluter accounting for approximately 38% of thetotal GHG emissions. This is attributed to the thermal power plants, majority of which use old

technology and have very low efficiency. Though this data shows all-India emissions, some cue

can be taken from them for northern region as well. With more than 24 GW8,9

of thermal

capacity in NR, emissions from thermal power stations are the biggest source of emissions in

this region. Agriculture, on the other hand, contributed to 18% of the total national GHG

emissions. Enteric fermentation from the livestock, manure management, rice cultivation, soils

and crop residue are considered in the agricultural sector. Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, and Punjab

fall in the agricultural belt of the country; therefore in this region where over 70% of the people

depend on agricultural activities for their livelihoods, GHG emissions from this sector should becarefully observed while developing mitigation and adaptation strategies.

8As on March 31

st, 2010

9“Power Scenario at a Glance”, Central Electricity Authority, Planning Wing, April 2010



17

Energy Sector

According to INCCA report, emissions from

energy sector are approximately 58% of the

total gross emissions of the country. Energy

sector comprises emissions from electricity

generation (38%), transport (7.5%),

residential (7.2%), and other sources of

energy consumption such as petroleum

refining, commercial sector etc. (5.3%). Total

electricity supply of India is approximately

690 billion kWh which translates into 600

kWh per capita electricity consumption10

.

Per capita electricity consumption in India is

just quarter of the world average. Ministry of

Power aims to increase per capita electricity

consumption to 1000 kWh by 2012. This

unmet need for electricity supply can be

supplied by increasing the share of more

efficient and low carbon technology.

Emission reduction in energy sector can be

looked at from two sides: from energy generation side, and energy consumption side. Under

NAPCC, National Solar Mission, National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency, and National

Mission for Sustainable Habitat deals, directly and indirectly, with emission reduction from

energy segment.

10Power Sector in India- Past, Present and Future. iQuest Solutions.2010.

Figure 4: Sectoral GHG Emission Scenario of India in 2007 (INCAA, 2010)

Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) Market

Northern Region has ample renewable energy

(RE) potential that is yet to be harnessed –

solar and wind in Rajasthan, small hydro in

Himachal, Uttarakhand and J&K, and biomass

in the agricultural belt. With introduction of

guidelines on soon to be launched REC

market, these states now have an additional

incentive to harness their RE potential

beyond the specified Renewable Purchase

Specification (RPS) by the regulator.

REC market would serve as a platform for

buying-selling of renewable power, where

states which do not have enough renewable

potential (eg. Delhi) will be able to buy RECs

from those which are able to produce RE in

excess of their RPS target.



18

To reduce emissions from energy generation side, NAPCC concentrates on adding clean energy

to India’s energy generation mix which would also address the issue of energy security. Solar

Mission envisages deployment of 20GW of grid connected solar power by 2022. Jawaharlal

Nehru Solar Mission (JNSM) has laid down its strategy to achieve this ambitious target in three

phases – it mentions the implementation of mandatory RPS targets along with feed-in tariffsand lays emphasis on enhanced international finance and technology transfer to accomplish

this target.

Since power generation along accounts for around 38% of total emissions of the country and

clean renewable energy only accounts for 28% in the capacity/generation mix, there remains

much scope for reduction in emissions through increase in the renewable energy quotient and

improvement in energy efficiency. Energy Efficiency Mission has been set up with this aim.

Power sector is one of the nine Designated Consumers under the Perform, Achieve and Trade

(PAT) scheme which will force inefficient thermal units to undertake mandatory efficiency

improvement measures.

Energy sector also comprises energy consumption from transportation, residential, commercial

and other sources. Sustainable Habitat Mission aims to promote energy efficiency in residential

and commercial sectors and promote public transport. With electricity demand expected to

grow at approximately 7-8% annually in the coming decade and further if significant

investments are made to put adequate systems in place to meet the latent demand. A large

portion of this electricity demand is expected to come from residential, commercial, and

institutional consumers. This mission aims to target energy efficiency measures that reduce

Figure 5: Bachat Lamp Yojana

Salient Features of BLY

Replaces inefficient incandescent bulbs with

CFLs for households only at reduced price

(Rs.15)

Uses CDM to generate CERs thereby recover

balance cost

About 80% energy savings without

compromising lumen intensity

400 million light points presently estimated on

incandescent bulbs could reduce energy

consumption upto10,000 MW

CFL supplier must make arrangements for buy

back of fused bulbs and their safe disposal.



19

emissions from energy use in buildings. The Government has already put mechanisms, such as

Energy Conservation Building Codes (ECBC), standards and labelling programme for electrical

appliances and Bachat Lamp Yojana (BLY) under this mechanism to achieve the identified saving

potential in residential (30% for new buildings) and commercial (40% for new buildings) sectors.

BLY is in the early stages of implementation in most of the states, including Northern states.Bachat Lamp Yojana (BLY) is the first CDM project from India to be registered as a PoA. This

scheme was envisaged under Energy Efficiency Mission of NAPCC. It replaces inefficient

incandescent bulbs with CFLs for households at reduced price (Rs.15) and the remaining cost is

recovered through CER generation. There is still quite a bit of market that remains untapped

under this scheme, as can be seen in the map. Emission reduction from this scheme has been

estimated to be approximately 35,000 MtCO2 per annum which implies a potential reduction of

6,000 MW in electricity demand.

The scope of implementation of BLY and energy saving in the Northern region is high owing to

its dense population. Real estate is one of the booming sectors in the Northern region and

hence implementation of the BLY at the state level can translate into huge energy savings.

These energy savings can be diverted to industrial development and also to mind the gap of

unmet electricity needs.

Industrial Sector

Industries emit approximately 22% of the total GHG emissions of the country, with heavy

industries like, cement and iron & steel being the largest emitters. Northern region does nothave many heavy industries. The industries prevalent in the Northern region are auto mobile,

farm equipment, light engineering. Ministry of Power has identified nine sectors as the most

energy intensive ones and has classified them as Designated Consumers. These nine sectors are

advised to minimise their energy consumption. Northern region does not seem to have large

number of the designated consumers. The designated consumers are thermal power plants,

railways, chlor alkali plants, cement industries, iron and steel industries, aluminium, fertilizers,

textile and pulp & paper industries. Energy Saving Certificates (ESCerts) will be issued under this

programme to those units outperforming their targets. These certificates can be bought by

those unable to meet the energy efficiency benchmarks set for them. By 2015, it is envisagedthat such a scheme will help save about 5 per cent of annual energy consumption and nearly

100 million tonnes of carbon dioxide every year. This also implies avoided generation capacity

installation of more than 19GW11

once the scheme is fully implemented- which is just slight

lower than peak demand of NR12, 13

. There are also plans to introduce a similar mechanism to

11National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency, India Environmental Portal

1221.3GW as on 31

stMarch 2010



20

improve the efficiency of small and medium enterprises. Also, currently whatever standards

and labelling programmes exist in India, they are only for consumer durables, to improve

industry sector efficiency, it is important to introduce such a programme for industrial

equipments and machinery as well.

13“Power Scenario at a Glance”, Central Electricity Authority, Planning Wing, April 2010



Mitigation Options for Designated Consumers

Sector Criterion for

Notification as

designated consumer

Average energy intensity Mitigation measures

Thermal

power

stations

> = 30,000 MTOE14

per

year-

• R&M of old plants

• Advanced generation technologies like Supercritica• Clean coal technologies like IGCC, ISTIG, PFBC

• Combined cycle gas turbine power plants

• DSM measures

Cement>= 30,000 MTOE per

year

Thermal energy consumption (1998-2001):

734 Kcal/kg clinker; Power consumption

(1998 -2001): 89 KWh/ t cement15

• Energy efficiency measures

• Waste heat recovery

• Fuel switch to less carbon intensive fuel

• Production of blended cement

Iron and

steel

>= 30,000 MTOE per

year19.1 GJ/tonne of crude steel

17

• Replacement / switch of carbon intensive fuel (e.gcoal to gas)

• Energy efficiency in the process technology

• Waste processing• Waste heat recovery projects

• Reduction in steam consumption

• Coke dry quenching technology

• Coal dust injection technology

Chlor Alkali>= 12,000 MTOE per

yearBest technology (2003-04) – 2150 KW/ton

18

• Switch to membrane cell technology

• Reduction in process energy consumption

Aluminium >= 7,500 MTOE per year 15,000-16,500 KWH per ton of aluminium19

• Calcination

• Waste heat utilization

14

Metric tonne of oil equivalent15Energy Management Policy – Guidelines for Energy Intensive Industry in India,

Chapter 4, pp 36-65 by Bureau of Energy Efficiency16

2000 Data, TERI at http://www.ccap.org/Presentations/Kumar~India%20Electricity%20and%20Major%20Industry%20Preliminary%

%20Oct%2005~FINAL.pdf 17

FICCI CCTF18

http://www.basic-project.net/data/Johannesburg/Amit_Garg_Indias_approach_to_climate_change_mitigation.pdf 19

BEE, 2004



Sector Criterion for

Notification as

designated consumer

Average energy intensity Mitigation measures

• Operational energy efficicency improvemenst

• Reduced carbon anode consumption per kilogram

produced.

Railways

One traction substation

in each zonal railway,

production unit and

workshops of Indian

railways having annual

energy consumption >=

30,000 MTOE

Electrical energy consumption: 12.8 billion

units in 2006-0720

Diesel fuel consumption: 2080 million litres

• Lower electricity consumption

• Improving rail technology and capacity augmentati

• Freight optimization

• Railways Electrification from diesel use

• Blending of biodiesel

• Using energy efficient lighting

Fertilizer>= 30,000 MTOE per

year

• Gas : 5.42 to 6.86 Gcal/MT

• Naptha : 5.55 to 7.69 Gcal/MT

• Fuel Oil : 7.92 to 8.23 Gcal/MT21

• Energy consumption Urea plants(2002-03):

6.59 Gcal/t• Energy consumption Ammonia Plants

(2002-03): 9.3 Gcal/t

• N2O emission abatement

• Energy efficiency

• Fuel switching measures

• Recovering Carbon dioxide

Textile >= 3,000 MTOE per year -

• Energy efficient technologies like friction spinningspinning

• Advanced dryinig processes to reduce energy consu30%

• Solar energy for water heating

• Steam conservation

Pulp and

Paper

>= 30,000 MTOE per

year

Heat: 15-30 GJ/t

Electricity (except pulp mill): 800 -1500

KWh/t

• Renewable energy for fuel switch

• Optimization of steam consumption

• Efficiency improvement

• Efficient use of industrial biomass residue

20 http://www.asiapacificpartnership.org/BATF/BATF%20Projects%20Workshops/Energy%20Efficiency/EE%20Procurement%20Rail

21*FAI statistics (2006-07)



23

Agriculture and Land Use Sector

India is one of the highest contributors of GHG Emissions from agriculture sector. Agriculture is

third largest GHG emitting sector in India after energy and industry sector. Livestock emitted

more than 200 million tonnes of GHG whereas paddy fields contributed 70 million tonnes of

GHG in2007. Uttar Pradesh and Punjab are third and fourth largest cultivators of rice

contributing to 11% and 10% of the total rice production respectively. In terms of milk, eggs and

wool production Northern region contributes to 45%, 20% and 62% respectively. In other

words, Northern region contributes significantly to the national GHG emissions from agriculture

sector. Agriculture sector is both cause and victim of climate change. National Mission on

Sustainable Agriculture suggests ways of increase resilience against climate change impacts and

increase production without increasing the carbon footprint.

Because of high vulnerability

of this sector, NationalMission for Sustainable

Agriculture of NAPCC has

been designed more with the

intent of improving

adaptability of agriculture to

the impacts of climate

change. Northern region

which is the agricultural belt

of the country is particularlysusceptible and needs to focus on this mission. Agriculture mission focuses primarily on dry-

land agriculture, risk management, access to information and use of bio technology – all of

which are applicable to NR.

Forests and Biodiversity

Degradation of forests

contributes to about

25% of global GHG

emissions. In India,forest covers about

23% of the

geographical area.

Northern region which

occupies about 32% of

total geographical area

-67.8

-207.52

10.49

-0.038

87.84

-177.03

-250

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

Forest Land Crop Land Grassland Settlements Fuelwood Use Net Removals

M t o f C O 2 e q .

Figure 6: India’s GHG emissions and removals from LULUCF Sector (INCAA, 2010)



24

of the country has only 14% of total forest cover in the region. Forest and cropland covers

function as sinks that sequester the potent green house gas CO2. It is estimated that about 70%

of CO2 potential lies in the forestry sector. As per India’s latest GHG inventory report, LULUCF

(land use, land use

change, and forestry)sector is net sink and

sequestered 177.03

MtCO222

.

The Northern region

is also home to rich

biodiversity as it

spans across

Himalayan,

temperate, desert

and sub tropical

ecosystems.

Himalayan glaciers serve as a major source of fresh water which feeds to a large extent the

hydropower generation capacity and the agricultural production of India. A fast rate of glacial

retreat could endanger already scarce fresh water resources in India. Hence preserving the

Himalayan ecosystem is one of the main needs of India in order to lessen its vulnerability to

climate change impacts. The Himalayan states (mainly Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh,

Uttaranchal, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh) account for 19.4% of the forest cover of India, and

has remained largelyunchanged for this region.

In the Northern region,

Uttarakhand, Jammu and

Kashmir and Rajasthan are

the states which have high

forest cover to land ratio.

National Mission for

Sustaining the Himalayan

Ecosystem aims to protect

the biodiversity of this

region to establish

observation and monitoring

22India: Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2007, Ministry of Environment and Forests (Government of India), May 2010

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%50%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

U

t t a r a

k

h a n d

J & K

R a j a s t h a n

H i m a c h a l

P r a d e s h

U t t a r

P r a

d e s h

P u n j a b

H a r y a n a

D e l h i

F o r e s t C o v e r ( i n 0 0 0 k m . )

Total Forest Cover

Forest Cover as a % Geographical Area

Figure 7: Forest Cover of the States in the Northern Region

Natural

Geological

wealth Water,

ice, snow and

glaciers

Forest

resource and

plant diversity

Micro flora and

fauna, wild life

and animal

population

Traditional

Knowledge

Systems

Himalayan

AgricultureInstitutional

Arrangements

under G-SHE

Figure 8: Proposed Institutional Arrangements for Technical work Functions under

Governance for Sustaining Himalayan Ecosystem (G-SHE)



25

networks, to adopt land use and watershed planning in the Himalayan region, encourage

plantation and sustainable agriculture and involve the local communities in conservation

programs. In September 2009, Ministry of Environment and Forest released guidelines on this

mission. The guidelines cover a wide variety of issues – including urbanization, tourism, water

security, energy, forest management and infrastructure – all of which are highly pertinent asthe Himalaya faces new and increased pressures.

National Mission on Sustainable Himalayas and National Green Mission can be implemented

with strategic roadmap. The central objective of these missions is to increase the forest cover

and hence protect the fragile ecosystem. Avoiding degradation and deforestation of existing

forest can also contribute towards increase in forest cover. Protection of forest not only

increases the natural sink of carbon dioxide but also provide shelter to many endangered and

abundant species. Reduced emissions from avoiding deforestation and degradation (REDD) has

been brought to central table of discussion in the Copenhagen. India has been pushing for

REDD+ and REDD++ issues in the Copenhagen summit. Northern region can comply with the

NAPCC and also implement REDD+ and REDD++.



26

Meeting Climate Change Challenge at the State level

Climate Change is no doubt one of the biggest challenge humankind is facing today. Every GHG

emitting activity counts and every mitigation and adaptation measure adds to the global

combat to climate change. Kyoto Protocol has very rightly coined the term – Common but

differentiated responsibility. Yes, it is every nation, every nation state and every earth citizen’s

responsibility to contribute towards global combat against climate change. India has progressed

significantly on its path to emission reduction commitments and building resilience against

climate change impact. India has been one of the major contributors to the Copenhagen Accord

on behalf of BASIC countries. India has become the first non-Annex I country to report updated

GHG inventory to the UNFCCC since the first NATCOM. India has come up with National Action

Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) in 2008 which lays out mitigation and adaptation measures as

well as strategic knowledge management to mitigate as well as adapt to challenges posed by

changing climate. Now, the responsibility is shifted to the states and the local governments to

translate / adapt these national missions to the micro level. NAPCC requires each state toprepare State level action plan on climate change (SAPCC). States in the Northern region have

been comparatively active in developing SAPCC. Delhi government released its climate change

agenda in January 2009. Himachal Pradesh has constituted state level governing council for

climate change following release of NAPCC in 2008. Some other states have announced that

initiatives have been taken to make these states carbon neutral. Every state can’t apply all the

eight missions of the NAPCC. Some missions are more relevant than the others and hence

should be adapted the first to gain maximum mileage in the low carbon growth path.

General roadmap to low carbon growth:

Different states are at different stages on the low carbon growth trajectory. Some have already

formulated plans and have an agenda to follow whereas others are still at the nascent stages of

conceptualizing.

a. Establishment of a state governing council : State needs to establish a dedicated

governing council under the aegis of department of environment and forests. This

council should constitute of the inter-disciplinary members from different departments,

academia, businesses and public forums. This council should be tasked with the

formulation of state climate change agenda.

b. Formulation of state climate change agenda: State climate change agenda should

address all the pounding climate change risks and the areas that are affected the most

by the climate change. NAPCC has addressed Himalayan ecosystem, agriculture,

industry, transportation, municipal waste, residential buildings, power, forests and

water as the vulnerable areas and suggested mitigation and adaptation measures. While



27

formulating the state climate change agenda the authorized agency/council should

balance mitigation as well as adaptation measures. Each state needs to carry out the

inventory of all the environmental problems such as air, water, soil, noise pollution

along with the ecosystem inventory. Mapping of existing environmental conditions will

help to identify the areas that need urgent mitigation and/or adaptation measures. Theproportion of mitigation and adaptation measures to be implemented will depend on

the existing sectors, climatic conditions and the resilience against the climate change.

For instance, Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh would focus more on

Himalayan ecosystem, sustainable agriculture, hydro power generation, increasing

forest cover over the industrial mitigation measures in its climate change agenda.

Punjab and Haryana would focus more on REDD, sustainable agriculture, enhanced

energy efficiency in industries over other missions.

c. Preparation of implementation guidelines: The formulation of climate change agenda

should be followed by implementation guidelines. Agenda alone will not lead to

implementation of mitigation and adaptation measures. Each of the missions/agenda

prescribed in the climate change plan needs to have a robust implementation guideline.

These guidelines will include, inter alia, the mitigation measure implementation

schedule, quantification of each mitigation measure, estimated amount of GHG

emissions reduced, monetary benefits of the corresponding mitigation measure, and

activities to be undertaken to implement adaptation measures. The guidelines should be

state specific and should prioritize the activities on the basis of urgency and

effectiveness of implementation.

d. Develop monitoring plan: Actual benefits of the plan will be attained only through

honest implementation of the activities stipulated in the plan. Strong enforcement plan

and monitoring plan needs to be in place to maximize the effect of implementation. In

the absence of robust monitoring, climate change agenda will not be translated into

action and be deemed an inappropriate policy.

e. Coupling with state environment policy: The climate change agenda should be coupled

with the existing state environment policy and be made its integral part. The

enforcement of the plan should be ensured with the similar or even better level of

stringency. Depending upon the level of implementation urgency, the activities should

be made mandatory.

f. Setting up evolving emission reduction targets: For the states that have high energy

intensive and carbon intensive industries, evolving emission reduction targets need to

be set up. National Mission on Enhanced Energy Efficiency has developed Perform,

Achieve and Trade to provide incentives to increase energy efficiency of the operations



28

in nine designated consumers. If need be, state appropriate targets and similar market

mechanism can be introduced for sectors that are crucial for that particular state.

g. Participating in international climate negotiations: Many initiatives are taken in other

countries at state level. These states participate in the international climate

negotiations. States in India can also follow the similar path. States in India can twin

with local governments in other countries for technology transfer and exchange of

knowledge.



29

Conclusion

World has started witnessing the impacts of climate change. The increase in the frequency and

magnitude of natural calamities like flood, cyclones, landslides, droughts, glacial retreats are

the consequences of climate change. India has also faced many of such calamities in the recent

past, such as drought in 2008-09, floods in Bihar, forest fires. These impacts on natural

calamities translate into losses in human life, crops, biodiversity and businesses. Hence, it is

important for countries and the businesses in those countries to embrace low carbon growth

path. India has released NAPCC and announced voluntary cut in the emissions reduction by

2020. Now, it is the turn for the states to formulate state action plan on climate change and

derive state appropriate mitigation actions.



30

Confederation of Indian IndustrySince 1895

The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) works to create and sustain an environment

conducive to the growth of industry in India, partnering industry and government alike through

advisory and consultative processes.

CII is a non-government, not-for-profit, industry led and industry managed organisation, playing

a proactive role in India's development process. Founded over 115 years ago, it is India's

premier business association, with a direct membership of over 8100 organisations from the

private as well as public sectors, including SMEs and MNCs, and an indirect membership of over

90,000 companies from around 400 national and regional sectoral associations.

CII catalyses change by working closely with government on policy issues, enhancing efficiency,

competitiveness and expanding business opportunities for industry through a range of

specialised services and global linkages. It also provides a platform for sectoral consensus

building and networking. Major emphasis is laid on projecting a positive image of business,

assisting industry to identify and execute corporate citizenship programmes. Partnerships with

over 120 NGOs across the country carry forward our initiatives in integrated and inclusive

development, which include health, education, livelihood, diversity management, skill

development and environment, to name a few.

CII has taken up the agenda of “Business for Livelihood” for the year 2010-11. Businesses arepart of civil society and creating livelihoods is the best act of corporate social responsibility.

Looking ahead, the focus for 2010-11 would be on the four key Enablers for Sustainable

Enterprises: Education, Employability, Innovation and Entrepreneurship. While Education and

Employability help create a qualified and skilled workforce, Innovation and Entrepreneurship

would drive growth and employment generation.

With 64 offices in India, 9 overseas in Australia, Austria, China, France, Germany, Japan,

Singapore, UK, and USA, and institutional partnerships with 223 counterpart organisations in 90

countries, CII serves as a reference point for Indian industry and the international business

community.



31

ICF International (NASDAQ: ICFI) partners with government and commercial clients to deliver

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transportation, social programs, health, defense, and emergency management markets. The

firm combines passion for its work with industry expertise and innovative analytics to produce

compelling results throughout the entire program life cycle, from analysis and design through

implementation and improvement. Since 1969, ICF has been serving government at all levels,

major corporations, and multilateral institutions. More than 3,500 employees serve these

clients worldwide and with revenues in excess of $700 million. We have over 4 decades of

experience and are very active internationally on climate change.

Climate Change has been the core competence of ICF since the mid-1980s and globally,

approximately 300 of ICF’s more than 3,500 employees work full-time for a variety of corporate

and government clients to help devise and implement climate change related strategies. Over

the past two decades, ICF has carefully earned an international reputation in the field of climate

change consulting for its analytical rigour, in-depth market expertise, and technical integrity.

ICF International’s capabilities in Climate Change and CDM have been recognized

internationally since 2006 by Environmental Finance Magazine for three consecutive years, as

the Best Advisory Company in categories such as EU Emissions Trading Scheme, North American

GHG Markets, Kyoto Project Credits, Voluntary Markets, etc.

ICF international maintains fully staffed offices in New Delhi, Beijing, London, Moscow, Rio de

Janeiro, Toronto and 26 offices in different states of US



Documents

Cii-icf Report 2010