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孫振凱 Ceasar Sun National Center for High-Performance Computing Free Software Lab Q4, 2011 自由軟體與開放原始碼軟體 過去、現在、未來

Cluster OS and Toolsdrbl.nchc.org.tw/lecture/20111203_NCU_EMBA100/FS-OSS_v2.pdf · – Network Security Packet Analysis Class C, 網路封包互動判讀, 1-14, August 2006 ... Bruce

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Page 1: Cluster OS and Toolsdrbl.nchc.org.tw/lecture/20111203_NCU_EMBA100/FS-OSS_v2.pdf · – Network Security Packet Analysis Class C, 網路封包互動判讀, 1-14, August 2006 ... Bruce

孫振凱Ceasar Sun

National Center for High-Performance ComputingFree Software Lab

Q4, 2011

自由軟體與開放原始碼軟體過去、現在、未來

Page 2: Cluster OS and Toolsdrbl.nchc.org.tw/lecture/20111203_NCU_EMBA100/FS-OSS_v2.pdf · – Network Security Packet Analysis Class C, 網路封包互動判讀, 1-14, August 2006 ... Bruce

中大EMBA資訊與科技管理 Free Software Lab, NCHC 2

Outline

授權模式

過去:發展緣由過去:發展緣由

現況:應用模式現況:應用模式 未來:趨勢與挑戰未來:趨勢與挑戰

核心精神

Free software / Open Source Software ( 自由軟體 / 開放原始碼軟體 )

Q&A

Page 3: Cluster OS and Toolsdrbl.nchc.org.tw/lecture/20111203_NCU_EMBA100/FS-OSS_v2.pdf · – Network Security Packet Analysis Class C, 網路封包互動判讀, 1-14, August 2006 ... Bruce

中大EMBA資訊與科技管理 Free Software Lab, NCHC 3

講師簡介● 現職 國家高速網路與計算中心 副研究員● 學歷

– 中山大學資訊管理研究所– 彰化師大數學系

● 經歷– DRBL/Clonezilla 課程講師 / 叢集環境計算課程講師

– K12 自由軟體課程講師

– 2008 年行政院傑出科技貢獻獎得主

– 2008 年黃金企鵝獎得主

– 2009 年開放原始碼創新應用開發大賽得主● 參與專案

– DRBL/Clonezilla/DRBL-winroll/Tux2live/Cloudboot/

● 其他

– Red Hat Certified Engineer (RHCE): Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4. October 15, 2006

– Network Security Packet Analysis Class C, 網路封包互動判讀 , 1-14, August 2006

– Principles of Project Management (36PDU) 專案管理法則 , November 24-December 3, 2008

Page 4: Cluster OS and Toolsdrbl.nchc.org.tw/lecture/20111203_NCU_EMBA100/FS-OSS_v2.pdf · – Network Security Packet Analysis Class C, 網路封包互動判讀, 1-14, August 2006 ... Bruce

中大EMBA資訊與科技管理 Free Software Lab, NCHC 4

Outline

授權模式

過去:發展緣由過去:發展緣由

現況:應用模式現況:應用模式 未來:趨勢與挑戰未來:趨勢與挑戰

核心精神

Free software / Open Source Software ( 自由軟體 / 開放原始碼軟體 )

Page 5: Cluster OS and Toolsdrbl.nchc.org.tw/lecture/20111203_NCU_EMBA100/FS-OSS_v2.pdf · – Network Security Packet Analysis Class C, 網路封包互動判讀, 1-14, August 2006 ... Bruce

中大EMBA資訊與科技管理 Free Software Lab, NCHC 5

Polling有聽過自由軟體/開放原始碼軟體 ?

妳用過商業軟體嗎?妳曾經付過商業軟體的版權嗎?

有使用過自由軟體/開放原始碼軟體 /免費軟體?

使用Linux/BSD 作為伺服器、開發環境或桌面使用?

知道自由軟體/開放原始碼軟體 /免費軟體的差別?

自由軟體/開放原始碼軟體 你一定曾經接觸過目前網際網路上功能穩定、擁有高度普及性的伺服器工具,如:Apache 、 MySQL 、 BIND.... 購票系統、飛航娛樂系統 (NZ Airline, 華航 )...

Page 6: Cluster OS and Toolsdrbl.nchc.org.tw/lecture/20111203_NCU_EMBA100/FS-OSS_v2.pdf · – Network Security Packet Analysis Class C, 網路封包互動判讀, 1-14, August 2006 ... Bruce

中大EMBA資訊與科技管理 Free Software Lab, NCHC 6

(The Soft) Revolution● Freedom to use, copy, modify and redistribute 自由地使用,複製,修改與散播

● Legal 合法

● Software almost free of charge 軟體幾乎免費

● Charge service 服務才收費

● “Revolution OS“ video

Page 7: Cluster OS and Toolsdrbl.nchc.org.tw/lecture/20111203_NCU_EMBA100/FS-OSS_v2.pdf · – Network Security Packet Analysis Class C, 網路封包互動判讀, 1-14, August 2006 ... Bruce

中大EMBA資訊與科技管理 Free Software Lab, NCHC 7

Stand On the Shoulder of Giants

站在巨人的肩膀上,是自由軟體發展的理念。其靈活、可自由複製、分享的價值,將有效解決資訊教育的管理成本及商業軟體高成本負擔的問題。

Freedom to (UCMD)

Use, Copy, Modify and re-Distribute

自由軟體自由軟體 (Free Software)(Free Software)

Page 8: Cluster OS and Toolsdrbl.nchc.org.tw/lecture/20111203_NCU_EMBA100/FS-OSS_v2.pdf · – Network Security Packet Analysis Class C, 網路封包互動判讀, 1-14, August 2006 ... Bruce

中大EMBA資訊與科技管理 Free Software Lab, NCHC 8

文書 / 簡報編輯 多媒體播放

網路 /通訊

還可以同時執行很多工作

影像處理

自由軟體的電腦能夠做啥?

Page 9: Cluster OS and Toolsdrbl.nchc.org.tw/lecture/20111203_NCU_EMBA100/FS-OSS_v2.pdf · – Network Security Packet Analysis Class C, 網路封包互動判讀, 1-14, August 2006 ... Bruce

中大EMBA資訊與科技管理 Free Software Lab, NCHC 9

Free Software vs. Open Source● “Free Software” term author – Richard Stallman

● “Open Source” term author – Eric Raymond

– "Open Source Definition" (OSD) – Bruce Perens

● Richard Stallman等 Free Software的擁護者並不同意由 Open Source這個名詞來取代 Free Software

● Free比 Open Source 條件更為嚴格

● Free Software 可視為OSS的部分集合

Page 10: Cluster OS and Toolsdrbl.nchc.org.tw/lecture/20111203_NCU_EMBA100/FS-OSS_v2.pdf · – Network Security Packet Analysis Class C, 網路封包互動判讀, 1-14, August 2006 ... Bruce

中大EMBA資訊與科技管理 Free Software Lab, NCHC 10

GNU – Gnu is Not Unix!

1983/9/27

教主 :Richard Stallmanhttp://www.stallman.org/

Free software manifestohttp://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html

Free means freedom!

Free Software Foundation – FSF

軟體應該是人類的共同智能,屬於公共財!

Page 11: Cluster OS and Toolsdrbl.nchc.org.tw/lecture/20111203_NCU_EMBA100/FS-OSS_v2.pdf · – Network Security Packet Analysis Class C, 網路封包互動判讀, 1-14, August 2006 ... Bruce

中大EMBA資訊與科技管理 Free Software Lab, NCHC 11

Free Software Definition

http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free­sw.html

Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software. More precisely, it refers to four kinds of freedom, for the users of the software:

The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).

The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to your needs (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition for this.

The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor (freedom 2).

The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements to the public, so that the whole community benefits (freedom 3). Access to the source code is a precondition for this.

其他規範 ...● See Richard_Stallman_-_What_is_free_software_.flv

Page 12: Cluster OS and Toolsdrbl.nchc.org.tw/lecture/20111203_NCU_EMBA100/FS-OSS_v2.pdf · – Network Security Packet Analysis Class C, 網路封包互動判讀, 1-14, August 2006 ... Bruce

中大EMBA資訊與科技管理 Free Software Lab, NCHC 12

Copyleft vs. CopyrightCopyright保護智慧財產權

Copyleft保護智慧財產權,更保護公共使用權

開發者與使用者能夠自由的 U 、 C 、 M 、 D

Copyleft不同於傳統的公共領域( public domain)Lawrence Liang

What is copyright? What is copyleft?

How can we share culture in a world where everything has a license?

Scientists, writers, designers, artists, musicians and others are increasingly interested in making their work available in 'the public domain'. This booklet is an overview of the ways in which this has been done and a guide to the growing area of Open Content Licenses through which people design and safeguard access to their work.

http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/copyleft.html http://pzwart.wdka.hro.nl/mdr/research/lliang/open_content_guide

Page 13: Cluster OS and Toolsdrbl.nchc.org.tw/lecture/20111203_NCU_EMBA100/FS-OSS_v2.pdf · – Network Security Packet Analysis Class C, 網路封包互動判讀, 1-14, August 2006 ... Bruce

中大EMBA資訊與科技管理 Free Software Lab, NCHC 13

Open Source●傳教士 Eric S. Raymond

– http://www.catb.org/~esr/

– Open-source 一詞的發明人

●著作– The Cathedral & The Bazaar

– The Art of UNIX Programming

– A Brief History of Hackerdom

– Netscape 對 Navigator 原始碼的開放

Page 14: Cluster OS and Toolsdrbl.nchc.org.tw/lecture/20111203_NCU_EMBA100/FS-OSS_v2.pdf · – Network Security Packet Analysis Class C, 網路封包互動判讀, 1-14, August 2006 ... Bruce

中大EMBA資訊與科技管理 Free Software Lab, NCHC 14

The Open Source Definition

Bruce Perens 整理● Free Redistribution - 自由再散布● Source code - 原始碼● Derived works -衍生著作● Integrity of the author's source code - 原創作者程式原始碼的完整性● No discrimination against person or groups -不得對任何人或團體有差別待遇

● No discrimination against fields of endeavor -對程式在任何領域內的利用不得有差別待遇

● Distribution of license - 散布授權條款● License must not be specific to a product - 授權條款不得專屬於特定產品

● License must not contaminate other software - 授權條款不得限制其他軟體

● License Must Be Technology-Neutral - 授權條款必須技術中立

http://www.opensource.org/docs/definition.php , http://www.openfoundry.org/

Page 15: Cluster OS and Toolsdrbl.nchc.org.tw/lecture/20111203_NCU_EMBA100/FS-OSS_v2.pdf · – Network Security Packet Analysis Class C, 網路封包互動判讀, 1-14, August 2006 ... Bruce

中大EMBA資訊與科技管理 Free Software Lab, NCHC 15

The Cathedral & The BazaarCase study● Linus Torvalds' Linux● Esr's fetchmail● Netscape, Mozilla● Many many more!把你的使用者視為協同發展人 , 可以讓你傷最少的腦筋 ,但做到原始碼的快速改善 , 程式的除錯有績效 .

中文翻譯版:http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/

Page 16: Cluster OS and Toolsdrbl.nchc.org.tw/lecture/20111203_NCU_EMBA100/FS-OSS_v2.pdf · – Network Security Packet Analysis Class C, 網路封包互動判讀, 1-14, August 2006 ... Bruce

中大EMBA資訊與科技管理 Free Software Lab, NCHC 16

[格言 1] 好軟體都是起源於程式發展者要解決切身之痛 .

[格言 2] 優秀的程式師知道要寫程式 ,偉大的程式師知道要改寫 (和重覆利用 ) 程式 .

[格言 5] 當你對一個問題不再感興趣時 , 你最後的責任就是找位能勝任的接棒人 .

[格言 7] 儘早 , 經常發表新版本 ,並且傾聽使用者的意見 .

[格言 8]足夠多的人來看程式 , 所有的錯誤都變得淺顯 - Linus 定律

The Cathedral & The Bazaar

Page 17: Cluster OS and Toolsdrbl.nchc.org.tw/lecture/20111203_NCU_EMBA100/FS-OSS_v2.pdf · – Network Security Packet Analysis Class C, 網路封包互動判讀, 1-14, August 2006 ... Bruce

中大EMBA資訊與科技管理 Free Software Lab, NCHC 17

Legal Issues● http://www.gnu.org/licenses/

針對

– 程式 (執行檔、函式庫、原始碼 ...)● GPL – General Public License● LGPL – Lesser General Public License

– 文件 (手冊、說明文件 ...)● FDL – Free Documentation License

●非官方中文翻譯

– http://www.gnu.org/licenses/licenses.zh-tw.html

Page 18: Cluster OS and Toolsdrbl.nchc.org.tw/lecture/20111203_NCU_EMBA100/FS-OSS_v2.pdf · – Network Security Packet Analysis Class C, 網路封包互動判讀, 1-14, August 2006 ... Bruce

中大EMBA資訊與科技管理 Free Software Lab, NCHC 18

各種 Licenses 比較Name Copyleft ? Used by

Apache License No Apache, GNU General Public License Yes Yes GNU, Linux kernel, MySQL

Yes YesNo Yes

Intel Open Source License (OSI) No YesMIT License No YesX11 License No YesPublic domain No Yes

Mozilla Public License (MPL) No Mozilla and Mozilla FirefoxIBM Public License Yes NoOpen Software License Yes No

Yes NoNetscape Public License Yes NoApple Public Source License No No Apple's Darwin operating systemQ Public License No No Qt v3Original BSD license No No NetBSDNokia Open Source License No

GPL compatible ?

Yes for GPLv3

GNU Lesser General Public License

glibc and many other libraries, themes and icons

EU DataGrid Software License

X.orgX.orgSQLite

Yes (limited)

Common Development and Distribution License Sun's OpenSolaris

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_FSF_approved_software_licenses

Page 19: Cluster OS and Toolsdrbl.nchc.org.tw/lecture/20111203_NCU_EMBA100/FS-OSS_v2.pdf · – Network Security Packet Analysis Class C, 網路封包互動判讀, 1-14, August 2006 ... Bruce

中大EMBA資訊與科技管理 Free Software Lab, NCHC 19

Software Wars

Page 20: Cluster OS and Toolsdrbl.nchc.org.tw/lecture/20111203_NCU_EMBA100/FS-OSS_v2.pdf · – Network Security Packet Analysis Class C, 網路封包互動判讀, 1-14, August 2006 ... Bruce

中大EMBA資訊與科技管理 Free Software Lab, NCHC 20

Video about GNU● Richard Stallman - What is free software?

– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uJi2rkHiNqg

● Richard Stallman - Free Software Song

– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1BH7poMtPVU

● Richard Stallman - Free Software,Free Society

– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=35V0kdQ8vIM&feature=PlayList&p=65CA10D0F42E48FD&playnext_from=PL&index=0&playnext=1

● Revolution OS , 2001● The code , linux

Page 21: Cluster OS and Toolsdrbl.nchc.org.tw/lecture/20111203_NCU_EMBA100/FS-OSS_v2.pdf · – Network Security Packet Analysis Class C, 網路封包互動判讀, 1-14, August 2006 ... Bruce

中大EMBA資訊與科技管理 Free Software Lab, NCHC 21

Outline

授權模式

過去:發展緣由過去:發展緣由

現況:應用模式現況:應用模式 未來:趨勢與挑戰未來:趨勢與挑戰

核心精神

Free software / Open Source Software ( 自由軟體 / 開放原始碼軟體 )

Page 22: Cluster OS and Toolsdrbl.nchc.org.tw/lecture/20111203_NCU_EMBA100/FS-OSS_v2.pdf · – Network Security Packet Analysis Class C, 網路封包互動判讀, 1-14, August 2006 ... Bruce

中大EMBA資訊與科技管理 Free Software Lab, NCHC 22

自由軟體範疇● 辦公套件● 瀏覽網頁● 郵件管理● 即時通訊● 影音娛樂● 美工繪圖● 燒錄光碟● 列印支援● 掃瞄支援● 同步軟體● 程式開發● 網頁製作● 視訊會議● ....

● LAMP– Linux+Apache

Server+MySQL+PHP

● FTP Server● Samba/NFS file server● DNS/Mail /Video streaming● TFTP ,NIS, LDAP ….

自由軟體獨家軟體

功能範疇

制約於使用者習慣...

Page 23: Cluster OS and Toolsdrbl.nchc.org.tw/lecture/20111203_NCU_EMBA100/FS-OSS_v2.pdf · – Network Security Packet Analysis Class C, 網路封包互動判讀, 1-14, August 2006 ... Bruce

中大EMBA資訊與科技管理 Free Software Lab, NCHC 23

高速計算產業● Operating system Family share for 6/2011

Operating system Family

Count Share %

Rmax Sum (GF)

Rpeak Sum (GF)

Processor Sum

Linux 459 91.80 38587202 58399775 5146933

Windows 5 1.00 412590 509350 59072

Unix 19 3.80 1399566 1796003 109970

BSD Based 1 0.20 122400 131072 1280

Mixed 16 3.20 3151334 3819110 1155072Totals 500 100% 43673092.54 64655310.70 6472327

http://www.top500.org/stats/list/

●Operation system Family/Performance

 Linux, 91%

Page 24: Cluster OS and Toolsdrbl.nchc.org.tw/lecture/20111203_NCU_EMBA100/FS-OSS_v2.pdf · – Network Security Packet Analysis Class C, 網路封包互動判讀, 1-14, August 2006 ... Bruce

中大EMBA資訊與科技管理 Free Software Lab, NCHC 24

歷史統計● Operating system Family Share Over Time

Page 25: Cluster OS and Toolsdrbl.nchc.org.tw/lecture/20111203_NCU_EMBA100/FS-OSS_v2.pdf · – Network Security Packet Analysis Class C, 網路封包互動判讀, 1-14, August 2006 ... Bruce

中大EMBA資訊與科技管理 Free Software Lab, NCHC 25

商業市場需求● OLPC– One Laptop per Child

– International project by MIT, USA– Runs Linux (default Fedora)

● Asus– Eee PC(Xandros Linux)– Eee Pad (Android 3.x)

● Dell– XPS M1330 (Ubuntu), SUSE Linux

● HP– Mini-Note 2133(SUSE Linux)

● Smart phone/Pad/Netbook– Android

● 節省作業系統授權費用

Page 26: Cluster OS and Toolsdrbl.nchc.org.tw/lecture/20111203_NCU_EMBA100/FS-OSS_v2.pdf · – Network Security Packet Analysis Class C, 網路封包互動判讀, 1-14, August 2006 ... Bruce

中大EMBA資訊與科技管理 Free Software Lab, NCHC 26

商業應用模式 ● 惠普科技 (Hewlett-Packard Development Company, HP) Linux 部門的副總裁 Martin Fink 所著《 The business and economics of Linux and open source 》一書,指出其多年觀察所得的七類自由軟體商業模式

● 服務性收費模式– 早期提供特定版本的Linux作業系統封包販售,近年已轉將收費項

目深化於軟體應用諮商及支援服務如人才訓練課程

– Red Hat、 Novell SuSE、 Mandriva、 Ubuntu

● 嵌入式硬體販售模式– Embedded System

– Easy customize、 license payment

● 雙重授權模式– 兼採自由軟體授權條款及傳統的商業授權條款併行釋出

– MySQL 、 Trolltech(挪威行動 Linux軟體專業開發商)

http://www.openfoundry.org/index.php?option=com_content&Itemid=347&id=1449&lang=en&task=view

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中大EMBA資訊與科技管理 Free Software Lab, NCHC 27

重要指標● 1984: RMS 開始 GNU 計劃● 1991: Linus Torvalds 在網路上公開自己撰寫的 Linux 核心● 1997: Eric Raymond (ESR) 倡議改名為 "Open Source

Software" ( 現在多稱為 FLOSS: Free Libre / Open Source Software)

● 1998: 網景公司釋放其瀏覽器原始碼 , 業界開始跟進● 2002: 各國政府開始考慮推廣自由軟體之使用● 2006: Oracle v.s RedHat; Microsoft 與 Novell "結盟 ";

ODF 成為國際標準 , 許多國家訂為國家標準 (間接鼓勵 OO.o)

● 2007: 華碩 Eee PC 及其他預載 linux 的可攜式電腦● 2010: 智慧手機市場上 , 成長最快速的是基於 linux 的

Android

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中大EMBA資訊與科技管理 Free Software Lab, NCHC 28

侵權案例● D-Link 在德國遭當地軟體工程師 Welte控告並敗訴 , 2006

– http://www.openfoundry.org/en/legal-column-list/504--gpl-

● SCO 官司遭挫敗 法官裁定 Novell 擁有 Unix 著作權 , 2003 起訴, 2007/8 定案

● SFLC (Software Freedom Law Center; SFLC)對Monsoon Multimedia提出著作權侵權告訴 , 2007/10

– 2009 , 對 14 家公司提出侵權控訴,其中包括合勤科技 http://www.openfoundry.org/en/legal-column-list/2277--busybox-

– http://www.openfoundry.org/tw/worldwide-news/1287,

● Eee PC因採用 Linux 作業系統而使得該產品必須依循 GPL授權條款要求的義務,曾一度因未完全公開硬體控制碼而招致批評,雖未真正挨告,卻也使得華碩開始向所有供應商要求切結保證不會因供應商產品產生侵權問題

● 甲骨文告 Google ,Android + Java , 2010/08/15

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中大EMBA資訊與科技管理 Free Software Lab, NCHC 29

Unix-like history

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中大EMBA資訊與科技管理 Free Software Lab, NCHC 30

Linux History

● Linus Torvalds, Finland

● Just for fun!● Related to Minix● Newsgroup flame● Open source● Internet effect

Linus Torvalds

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Linus 改變歷史的一篇 postFrom: [email protected] (Linus Benedict Torvalds)Newsgroups: comp.os.minixSubject: What would you like to see most in minix?Summary: small poll for my new operating systemMessage-ID: <[email protected]>Date: 25 Aug 91 20:57:08 GMTOrganization: University of Helsinki

Hello everybody out there using minix -I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) for

386(486) AT clones. This has been brewing since april, and is starting to get ready. I'd like any feedback on

things people like/dislike in minix, as my OS resembles it somewhat (same physical layout of the file-system (due to practical reasons) among other things).

I've currently ported bash(1.08) and gcc(1.40), and things seem to work. This implies that I'll get something practical within a few months, and I'd like to know what features most people would want. Any suggestions are welcome, but I won't promise I'll implement them :-)

Linus ([email protected])PS. Yes - it's free of any minix code, and it has a multi-threaded fs. It is NOT protable (uses

386 task switching etc), and it probably never will support anything other than AT-harddisks, as that's all I have :-(.

From: [email protected] (Linus Benedict Torvalds)Newsgroups: comp.os.minixSubject: What would you like to see most in minix?Summary: small poll for my new operating systemMessage-ID: <[email protected]>Date: 25 Aug 91 20:57:08 GMTOrganization: University of Helsinki

Hello everybody out there using minix -I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) for

386(486) AT clones. This has been brewing since april, and is starting to get ready. I'd like any feedback on

things people like/dislike in minix, as my OS resembles it somewhat (same physical layout of the file-system (due to practical reasons) among other things).

I've currently ported bash(1.08) and gcc(1.40), and things seem to work. This implies that I'll get something practical within a few months, and I'd like to know what features most people would want. Any suggestions are welcome, but I won't promise I'll implement them :-)

Linus ([email protected])PS. Yes - it's free of any minix code, and it has a multi-threaded fs. It is NOT protable (uses

386 task switching etc), and it probably never will support anything other than AT-harddisks, as that's all I have :-(.

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Linus 名言

人類進化演進的過程 - Linus三定律● 為求生存● 為求社會地位● 為娛樂, Just for fun!

Examples: Sex 、戰爭、電視、手機、 Linux

Software is like sex, it's better when it's free.

全球性的團隊遊戲 (for developer)

Just for Fun: Linus Torvalds, David Diamond, ISBN 0-06-662072-4

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Linux & Distribution● Linux 是一套自由的 32*位元多人多工 Unix-like 作業系統,同時相容於 System V 與 BSD 並且符合 POSIX標準。

● Ported to other platforms: i386, X86-64, IA64, DEC's Alpha, Sun SPARC, PowerPC, VAX, SGI MIPS etc.

● Linux 是 kernel!● A distribution = Linux kernel + software packages● Linux kernel +基本的 libc utilities + X Window system●最重要的工具集: GNU tools!●嚴格來講、叫做 GNU/Linux● PC 、伺服器、嵌入式系統、手機、家用電器

● 購票系統、飛航娛樂系統 (NZ Airline, 華航 )...

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Linux DistributionsSuse http://www.suse.com/

Debian http://www.debian.org/

Ubuntu http://www.ubuntu.com/

Gentoo http://www.gentoo.org/

Fedora http://fedora.redhat.com

Slackware http://www.slackware.org/

Mandriva http://www.mandriva.com

...

Redhat http://www.redhat.com/

http://distrowatch.com/

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Linux Distributions (Good or Not ?)

●版本眾多●好處

– 不是單一系統 (monoculture) ,降低大規模被入侵或是中毒的的機率

– 在相同的基礎上互相競爭

●缺點– 一致性較低

– 程式發展較費時

http://distrowatch.com/

Last 12 monthsDec, 2011

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Debian GNU/Linux

非商業化、最自由的套件

由全世界 5000 多個志願者共同維護

http://www.debian.org/

安裝難度略高

但容易控制管理

Ubuntu – Debian based

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Outline

授權模式

過去:發展緣由過去:發展緣由

現況:應用模式現況:應用模式 未來:趨勢與挑戰未來:趨勢與挑戰

核心精神

Free software / Open Source Software ( 自由軟體 / 開放原始碼軟體 )

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探討『 Free』:免費or自由?

是自由,不是免費,但是因為可以 U. C. M. D.所以費用趨近於零,免費只是邊際效應

Free beer ? No...

Free speech - By Richard Stallman. (公共財 ,Public good)

No free lunch ?

“Free software is free as limestone, wood and silicon. Those are all elemental substances, freely produced by nature.... Free software is produced by human nature” - By Doc Searls (Linux Journal 的資深編輯).● 自由軟體是建在互惠的基礎上● 自由軟體還是可以收費,不過不能阻止買者再自由傳播散佈自由軟體● GPL軟體可與私有軟體合併,但要所有作者同意

註:

公共財產,在經濟學的解釋裡,是一種財貨;從消費方面的觀點上,具有「非敵對性,或稱非獨享性、共享性」;從供給方面的觀點上,具有「無法排他性」。

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自由與資訊教育● 台灣,大部分個人電腦的作業系統與辦公室軟體均為少數外商的產品

● 至民國 89年底,政府機關與學校單位設置的個人電腦總數為1,229,276部,估計支付外商公司軟體授權費超過新台幣七十億元以上

● 合法,不管使用商業獨家軟體或是自由軟體。不要把盜版當作理所當然

● 教育之所以為教育就是要學生學習能組合與創造的工具,例如數學和英文課程

● 我們的教育,如果只是整天教小孩子昂貴的軟體與作業系統,那學生只有兩條路,不是非常有錢來買軟體,就是作罪犯來盜版。

● 如果我們的老師永遠睜一眼閉一眼,小孩子從小就受這樣的教育,惡小為之,人格必定扭曲。為何要讓學生生活在那樣的環境中?

● 政府機構所採購的電腦,內裝的軟體可能只使用 20%~30%,卻需付 100%的軟體費用,最重要的是沒有 U.C.M.D 的自由

● 身為政府機構,若有能力卻不做,有違我們的認知與良心

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平衡商業獨家軟體與知識教育

知識和軟體都需要讓孩子「帶著走」!

● 商業獨家軟體授權高成本– 在校學習,也需回家複習

– 學校每台 (平均 )約 6千至 1萬

– 學生家用 (平均 )約 1至 2萬

● 知識與法治的學習– 教育知識,也需教育尊重尊重智財權觀念

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✔ 遇到的問題 - 封閉格式檔案✔ 網頁只針對微軟 IE撰寫,其他瀏覽器無法開啟✔ 檔案只有微軟獨家的程式可以完整的開啟、編輯或執

行,例如 .doc, .exe檔✔ 解決方式

✔ 無障礙的網頁,請遵循W3C標準撰寫網頁✔ 公開空間,提供開放格式的檔案是人人的責任,尤其

政府單位與學校更是有責任與義務做到。這不是技術問題,是公德心問題

✔ 不是反商業軟體,而是反壟斷 - 自由軟體、不自由軟體在開放格式的共通標準下和平共存與公平競爭。這樣社會才有正義,世界才能進步

✔ 舉微軟在歐盟的例子 - 微軟反駁說是類似汽車加新配備,事實是 ...

封閉才是問題

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自由與人性● 免費只是自由的一個要素,只看到『免費』太短視, M$ IE就是一個例子 ... 2003 年 5月 7日M$ IE 程式經理 Bryan Countryman表示 ...

● 亞洲地區盜版率台灣居第三低,根據 BSA 統計,約在 40%左右,略高於日本與新加坡

● 要求『降價』如同向毒梟討價還價,只圖短暫的苟安,不如培養競爭對手,泰國就是一個例子

● 建議政府應該盡量花錢請人寫自由軟體,而不是買封閉或是獨家的軟體

● 尊重少數 / 接納多元 /拒絕盲從 ("允許不同 , 才是相容 ")● 台灣人這麼愛 copy ,為何不發展一個東西讓大家來 copy ,被

copy 的人很爽, copy 的人也拷貝的很爽 ... 自由軟體的精神,符合人性

尊重智慧財產,更促進資訊自由的進步

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雲端?● Lockin 的問題 ? 想像你要把 yahoo 上的所有服務轉換到 google 上 ?

● IEEE 打算建立雲端運算標準 – 20110407 IThome– IEEE 的說明, P2301 希望雲端供應商、服務供應商與使用者在應用程式介面、可攜式介面、管理介面、互動性介面、檔案格式與操作習慣上都能夠有標準化的選擇。 P2302 則是負責定義拓樸( Topological )、功能、互動性管理與聯盟等各面向的標準。

● Open standard, open protocol 為基本要素● 自由,開放原始碼軟體才能被大部份的使用者接受●就像電源線、插頭等,不會只有「台電牌」獨家的電源線或是插頭才能用,而是只要符合規範的,都能使用。如果你不滿意現有的,你也可以依照規格自己製作

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趨勢與隱憂● 自由軟體之父 Richard Stallman對雲端的看法

– http://www.zdnet.com.tw/news/software/0,2000085678,20129420,00.htm

● Richard Stallman 針對 Jobs 過世發言惹爭議– 新潮監獄的先鋒

– NeXT 、 Webkit (Safari)– http://www.openfoundry.org/tw/worldwide-news/8483-stallmans-

provocative-talk-on-steve-jobs-death-invoked-indignation

●權利金中的暴利與軟暴力– 來自宏達電 Android 一季的權利金與等於自家作業系

統權利金

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爭取自由的歷程

First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, then you win.

-- Mahatma Gandhi

First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, then you win.

-- Mahatma Gandhi

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Q&A

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會後補充

● Q:若取用自由軟體修改部分程式後販售是否違法?

● A: 自由軟體及其衍生物 ( 軟體或硬體 )皆可販售,但需遵循其授權條款釋出修改之原始碼。原程式部分如何使用 ( 直接修改或以函式庫、命令呼叫 ) 在各不同授權條款中規範亦不同。

–相關比較與細節可參考:–http://www.openfoundry.org/tw/law-and-

licensing

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Reference● http://www.fsf.org/● http://www.gnu.org/● http://www.opensource.org/● http://www.openfoundry.org/tw/law-and-licensing● http://www.cyut.edu.tw/~ckhung/s/past-future.php● http://ossacc.moe.edu.tw/● http://www.top500.org/● http://slat.org/slat/● http://stallman.org/archives/2011-jul-

oct.html#27_October_2011_%28Steve_Jobs%29● http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/● The Business and Economics of Linux and Open Source, Martin

Fink● Just for Fun: Linus Torvalds, David Diamond, ISBN 0-06-

662072-4