Coastal and Ocean Management: Balancing Local and Large-Scale

2007 OMRN Conference Ottawa, October 24-27, 2007 1

Coastal and Ocean Management:

Balancing Local and Large-Scale

Roland Cormier, DFO-MPO, Gulf Region, MonctonMike Chadwick, DFO-MPO, Gulf Region, MonctonTony Charles, Saint Mary’s University, HalifaxDan Lane, Telfer School of Management, uOttawa


Key Issues to be Considered

What is the current balance of management between coastal & ocean? Where are the ‘hot spots’ in the needs for management intervention? At what spatial scale are the ‘hot spots’ found and/or best approached? To what extent can public and community involvement be utilized to increase efficiency of management in each of coastal and ocean efforts? To what extent might jurisdictional challenges reduce management efficiency of coastal and ocean efforts? What are risks of this happening? What are the opportunities for “scaling-up” from coastal initiatives to large-scale ocean management, or alternatively, “scaling-down” from a large-scale to coastal efforts? In specific cases, what social, economic, cultural, ecological or biophysical factors must be considered in impacting on the potential for success of coastal versus ocean efforts?


Oceans versus Coastal

Local Community Objectives

EcosystemObjectives

RiskAssessment

Risk Management

Options

LocalEconomic

Profile

Best Management

Practices

Community of Interest

Objectives

Integrated Management

Plan

CollaborativeAgreements

RegulatoryPolicy

Alignment

EcologicallyBiologicallySignificant

Areas

EcosystemConservation

Objectives

Socio-Economic Objectives

EcologicalOverview

AssessmentReport

CoastalBottoms-up

Large Oceans Area Top-down

Local EcosystemRisk ProfileOperational

Planning Approach

CollaborativePolicy Approach


Risk Analysis Decision-making Process

Ecosystem ObjectivesSocio-Economic Objectives

RiskManagement

Options

Risk Assessment

Level Playing Field

Analysis of Management

Options

Regulatory FrameworkPolicies and BMP

Economic Profile Local Capacities

RiskManagement

DecisionCommunity of InterestLocal Community

RiskManagement

ImplementationRisk Communication Education and Training

CollaborativePrograms

BMP’s PoliciesRegulationsEnforcement

EcosystemMonitoring

PerformanceIndicators

Risk AnalysisInitiation

Socio-Economic Profile Ecosystem Profile

PerformanceAudits


CMA Process

Ecosystem

RiskCharacterization

Socio-Economic

Sector SpecificCharacterization

Jurisdictional

Cross-Jurisdictional

CharacterizationPlanning

Management

Options

Risk Analysis Decision-Making Process

Integrated

Management Plan

Planning

CollaborativePrograms

BMPIntegration

ComplementaryPolicies

ComplementaryRegulations

Planning

Consultation

Sector Specific

Community


Ecosystem Evaluation: Illustration

Toward Coastal and Ocean valuation and performance evaluation

Identification of important dimensions in the “system”

Assignment of ecosystem effects Example: Bay of Fundy Case Study


Study Area

Grand Manan IslandNew Brunswick


Biological/Ecosystem Resources

Urchins

Herring:Day/Night

Scallops

Lobster

Socioeconomic Activities

ScallopurchindragsLobster traps

Herring Weirs

Fish Farm Sites

Habitat

CurrentFlow

SaltMarshes

Rockweed

BenthicStructures

Effluents

LandOriginEffluent

ActivityBased Effluent

MarineOriginEffluent

CMA Ecosystem Components

Recreatio

nal Use


Ecosystem GoalEcosystem Goal

Resources Habitat Effluents Activities

Level 1Goal

Level 2components

Level 3Sub-Components

Level 4Alternatives

R1R2 R3R4 R5 H4H3H2H1 C3C2C1 A2 A3 A4 A5A1

Alternative 1 Alternative 2

Hierarchical problem formulation: Participant dependent/Marine site independent


Potential for Ecosystem Component Interaction


General Component Ecosystem Interaction Rules


Interactive Impacts


Linear Example

Y(i) = f (Y0p(i), ∆Yj

q(i)) = areai * yield/unit areai * IE(C1,C2)


Grand Manan Coastal Aquaculture Analysis


DAFA ACCEPTS APPLICATION

ASSOCIATIONS’ COMMENTS

(INFLUENCE)

SHOW STOPPER?

NO

YESEND

INTER-AGENCY REVIEW

PUBLIC COMMENTS

APPLICATION REVIEWED BY

ASEC

FINAL RECOMMENDATION

BEGIN

DAFA ADVISES ASSOCIATIONS

LAND OWNERS AND PUBLIC

NOTIFIED

The Aquaculture Siting Problem Process in the Bay of Fundy

Stage 1

Stage 2 Stage 3


Attributed weights of the 5 participants on the 4 components: R, H, E and A

(Resources, Habitat, Effluents and Activities)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

LocalCommunities

FederalScientists

IndustrialOrganizations

NGO ProvincialGovernments

R

H

E

A


Evaluation summary of 5 participant groups in comparing 4 marine stategies


Start

1

22

3 3

No Yes

4

5 5

End

4

EndEnd

3

3

4

4

55 End

End

AHP Combined

AHP

End

Group Evaluation

44

5

EndEnd

Group Evaluation

WSM

5

End

Group Evaluation

End

WSMFuzzy AHP Group

Fuzzy AHP Combined

Fuzzy AHP

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

YY

YY

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

N

N

NN

N

N

N N

N

N

NN

Group Decision Making


Balancing Coastal and Ocean Management Initiatives

On the one hand, there is clearly a connection between coasts and oceans. Both ocean management and coastal management involve the balancing of multiple uses within an ecosystem approach. Maybe those involved in ocean management should automatically include coasts...

On the other hand, there are key differences between “ocean” and “coast”. The latter necessarily must deal with:

jurisdictional concerns, the land/sea interface, and impacts of one on the other

the reality of human settlements, large and small, the fact that on the coast, there is more scope for

community-based and/or participatory management.


Two Realities

There are typically greater human complexities to be faced in management on the coast, but also a greater potential to draw on existing human institutions and community support for management.

This implies that benefits and risks will each differ between a focus on coast vs. on open ocean, in terms of management.

Suppose that a certain jurisdiction is involved in ICOM, and wishes to optimize its balance of coastal and ocean initiatives

This balance may be holistic, strategic, i.e. seeking an overall balance among all activities, or of a ‘marginal’ nature, i.e. given a certain current balance, to decide where to direct subsequent incremental expenditures.


Key Issues to be Considered What is the current balance of management between coastal & ocean? Where are the ‘hot spots’ in the needs for management intervention? At what spatial scale are the ‘hot spots’ found and/or best

approached? To what extent can public and community involvement be utilized to

increase efficiency of management in each of coastal and ocean efforts? To what extent might jurisdictional challenges reduce management

efficiency of coastal and ocean efforts? What are risks of this happening?

What are the opportunities for “scaling-up” from coastal initiatives to large-scale ocean management, or alternatively, “scaling-down” from a large-scale to coastal efforts?

In specific cases, what social, economic, cultural, ecological or biophysical factors must be considered in impacting on the potential for success of coastal versus ocean efforts?

Documents

Coastal and Ocean Management: Balancing Local and Large-Scale