Coastal Nav

8/8/2019 Coastal Nav.

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References:References:1) Nicholls s Concise Guide1) Nicholls s Concise Guide2) Modern Chart Work2) Modern Chart Work3) Bridge procedures guide3) Bridge procedures guide4) STCW Convention4) STCW Convention

5) The ship master s business companion5) The ship master s business companion


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1. Log Book1. Log Book1.1. Ability to keep a proper Log: Ability to keep a proper Log:1.1 considering national / international laws such as STCW,1.1 considering national / international laws such as STCW,

MARPOL, SOLAS, COLREG, ISM Code, PSC, FSC, VettingMARPOL, SOLAS, COLREG, ISM Code, PSC, FSC, VettingInspection, Surveys, etc.Inspection, Surveys, etc.

1.2 general rules including required entries whether routine or1.2 general rules including required entries whether routine oradditionaladditional

1.3 different log books including official log books, Deck &1.3 different log books including official log books, Deck &Engine Log, GMDSS Log, Oil Record Book, Garbage RecordEngine Log, GMDSS Log, Oil Record Book, Garbage Recordbook, etc.book, etc.

2.2. Importance of Log Books:Importance of Log Books:

2.1 to the Interest of Owners2.1 to the Interest of Owners2.2 Legal Proceedings and professional privilege2.2 Legal Proceedings and professional privilege2.3 Supplementary documents to Log books as an evidence2.3 Supplementary documents to Log books as an evidence

required by different parties in case of any claims against required by different parties in case of any claims against Owner.Owner.

2.4 Amending or Canceling entries2.4 Amending or Canceling entries


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Log b ookLog b ook

Depending on the log book or record bookDepending on the log book or record bookto be filled, relevant rules/regulations andto be filled, relevant rules/regulations andany national requirements shall beany national requirements shall be

considered while entries going to beconsidered while entries going to bemade.made.In doing so it shall be noted that entriesIn doing so it shall be noted that entries

must prove the compliance with relevant must prove the compliance with relevant rules/regulations of the convention and orrules/regulations of the convention and orof the national legislations.of the national legislations.


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Log b ookLog b ook

-- All entries sh o u ld mad e ne a t ly, ca refu lly, All entries sh o u ld mad e ne a t ly, ca refu lly,fa ithfu lly, p recise ly a n d t o the fa ct .fa ithfu lly, p recise ly a n d t o the fa ct .

-- Ro utine entriesRo utine entries-- An y add iti on al entries require d be yo n d a b ov e An y add iti on al entries require d be yo n d a b ov e

-- No ex agg er a ti o n o f the entries such a s w e a ther No ex agg er a ti o n o f the entries such a s w e a ther co n d iti o ns t o be mad e .co n d iti o ns t o be mad e .-- Entries fo r extr a o rd in a ry h app enin g s a n d allEntries fo r extr a o rd in a ry h app enin g s a n d all

ma tters a ffectin g ow ners interests sh all be mad e .ma tters a ffectin g ow ners interests sh all be mad e .-- Fa ir cop ies o f the log b ook s a n d o ther su ppo rtin gFa ir cop ies o f the log b ook s a n d o ther su ppo rtin g

do cu m ents .do cu m ents .-- Ha n d in g ov er the log b ook sHa n d in g ov er the log b ook s-- Si g nin g a n d w itnessin g entriesSi g nin g a n d w itnessin g entries


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Pa ss ag e P la nnin gPa ss ag e P la nnin g

P a ss ag eP a ss ag e pla nnin gpla nnin g o ro r voyag evoyag e pla nnin gpla nnin g isis aa p roce d urep roce d ure t ot o d e ve lopd e ve lopaa compl etecompl ete d escri p ti ond escri p ti on o fo f aa v esse l' svesse l' s voyag evoyag e fr omfr om st a rtst a rt t ot ofinishfinish .. TheThe pla npla n inc lu d esinc lu d es le av in gle av in g thethe do ckdo ck a n da n d h a rb o urh a rb o ur a re a,a re a,thethe enen--r o utero ute po rti onpo rti on o fo f aa voyag e ,voyag e , app roa chin gapp roa chin g thethed estin a ti o n ,d estin a ti o n , a n da n d mooringmooring ,, thethe in d ustr yin d ustr y ter mter m fo rfo r thisthis isis 'berth'bertht ot o berth 'berth '.. Acc o rd in g Acc o rd in g t ot o intern a ti on alintern a ti on al law,law, aa v esse l' svesse l' s cap t a incap t a inisis le gallyle gally res po nsib leres po nsib le f o rfo r pa ss ag epa ss ag e pla nnin g,T hepla nnin g,T he d ut yd ut y o fo fpa ss ag epa ss ag e pla nnin gpla nnin g isis usu allyusu ally d e le ga te dd e le ga te d t ot o thethe shi p' sshi p' sn av iga ti o nn av iga ti o n o fficer ,o fficer , t yp icallyt yp ically thethe sec o n dsec o n d o fficero fficer onon m erch a ntm erch a ntshi p sshi p s ..


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Pa ss ag e pla nnin g ( co nt )Pa ss ag e pla nnin g ( co nt )

Stu d iesStu d ies sh owsh ow th a tth a t hu ma nhu ma nerr o rerr o r isis aa fa ct o rfa ct o r inin 8080p ercentp ercent o fo f n av iga ti o n aln av iga ti o n ala cci d entsa cci d ents a n da n d th a tth a t inin ma n yma n y

ca sesca ses thethe hu ma nhu ma n mak in gmak in gthethe err o rerr o r h adh ad a ccessa ccess t ot oinf o rma ti o ninf o rma ti o n th a tth a t c o u ldco u ld h av eh av ep re vente dp re vente d thethe a cci d enta cci d ent .. TheThep ra cticep ra ctice o fo f voyag evoyag e pla nnin gpla nnin gh a sh a s e volv e de volv e d fr omfr om p enci lin gp enci lin glineslines onon n a utic aln a utic al ch a rtsch a rts t ot o aap rocessp rocess o fo f ris kris kma n ag e m entma n ag e m ent ..


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Passage planning consists of Passage planning consists of fourfour stages:stages:appraisal, planning, execution, andappraisal, planning, execution, andmonitoringmonitoring . These stages are specified in. These stages are specified inInternational Maritime OrganizationInternational Maritime OrganizationResol ution A.893(21), Guidelines ForResolution A.893(21), Guidelines For

Voyage Planning, Voyage Planning, which are, in turn,which are, in turn,reflected in the local laws of IMO signatoryreflected in the local laws of IMO signatorycountries. Thecountries. The GuidelinesGuidelines specify fiftyspecify fiftyelements of passage planning, some of elements of passage planning, some of which are only applicable in certainwhich are only applicable in certainsituations.situations.


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Pa ss ag e pla nnin g ( co nt )Pa ss ag e pla nnin g ( co nt )TheThe GuidelinesGuidelines specify three key items asspecify three key items as objectivesobjectives totoconsider in the practice of voyage planning:consider in the practice of voyage planning:having and using a voyage plan is "of essentialhaving and using a voyage plan is "of essentialimportance for safety of life at sea, safety and efficiencyimportance for safety of life at sea, safety and efficiency

of navigation and protection of the marine environment,of navigation and protection of the marine environment,voyage planning is necessary for all types of vessels onvoyage planning is necessary for all types of vessels onall types of voyages, andall types of voyages, andthe plan's scope should be based on all informationthe plan's scope should be based on all informationavailable, should be "berth to berth," including whenavailable, should be "berth to berth," including when

under pilotageunder pilotage , and the plan includes the execution and, and the plan includes the execution andthe monitoring of progress.the monitoring of progress.


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Voyage planning starts with the Voyage planning starts with the appraisal stageappraisal stage . Before. Beforeeach voyage begins, the navigator should develop aeach voyage begins, the navigator should develop adetaileddetailed mental modelmental model of how the entire voyage willof how the entire voyage willproceed. The appraisal stage consists of gathering andproceed. The appraisal stage consists of gathering and

contemplating all information relevant to the voyage. Muchcontemplating all information relevant to the voyage. Muchof this appraisal is done by consultingof this appraisal is done by consulting nautical chartsnautical charts ,,nautical publicationsnautical publications and performing a number of technicaland performing a number of technicaltask s such as weather forecasting, prediction of tides andtasks such as weather forecasting, prediction of tides andcurrents, and checks of local regulations and warnings.currents, and checks of local regulations and warnings.Nautical publications are a valuable guide to localNautical publications are a valuable guide to localconditions and regulations, but they must be updated andconditions and regulations, but they must be updated andactually read to be of any use. These publications couldactually read to be of any use. These publications couldincludeinclude Sailing DirectionsSailing Directions andand Coast PilotsCoast Pilots or similar textsor similar textsproduced by other authorities.produced by other authorities.


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Following points to be taken into account:Following points to be taken into account:-- Condition and state of the vessel, its stability,Condition and state of the vessel, its stability,

equipments, any operational limitations, etc.equipments, any operational limitations, etc.-- Any special characteristics of the cargo, its stowage, Any special characteristics of the cargo, its stowage,

distribution and etc.distribution and etc.-- Provision of a competent and well rested persons.Provision of a competent and well rested persons.-- Up to date charts and publicationsUp to date charts and publications-- Any additional up to date information such as: Any additional up to date information such as:

weather info, routing and reporting system of the vessel,weather info, routing and reporting system of the vessel,

VTS, volume of the traffic, area of pilotage, available VTS, volume of the traffic, area of pilotage, availableport info,port info,-- An overall appraisal of the intended voyage or passage An overall appraisal of the intended voyage or passage

should be made and shall provide a clear indication of allshould be made and shall provide a clear indication of alldanger areas.danger areas.



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The next stage of the process is known as theThe next stage of the process is known as theplanning stageplanning stage . On the basis of the fullest . On the basis of the fullest information is possible/gathered and consideredinformation is possible/gathered and consideredafter appraisal, the navigator can begin theafter appraisal, the navigator can begin theprocess of actually laying out the voyage. Theprocess of actually laying out the voyage. Theprocess involves projecting various future eventsprocess involves projecting various future eventsincluding landfalls, narrow passages, and courseincluding landfalls, narrow passages, and coursechanges expected during the voyage. Thischanges expected during the voyage. Thismental model becomes the standard by whichmental model becomes the standard by whichthe navigator measures progress toward thethe navigator measures progress toward thegoal of a safe and efficient voyage, and it isgoal of a safe and efficient voyage, and it ismanifested in a passage plan.manifested in a passage plan.


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A good passage plan will include a track line laid out upon the best A good passage plan will include a track line laid out upon the best- -scale charts available. This track is judged with respect to at least scale charts available. This track is judged with respect to at least nine separate criteria given in thenine separate criteria given in the GuidelinesGuidelines including underincluding under- -keelkeelclearance, safe speed, the use of routing and reporting services,clearance, safe speed, the use of routing and reporting services,and the availability of contingencies in case of emergency, courseand the availability of contingencies in case of emergency, coursealterations points, positions where a change in machinery status isalterations points, positions where a change in machinery status isrequired, frequency of position fixing, contingency plans forrequired, frequency of position fixing, contingency plans foralternative action to place the vessel in deep water or proceed to aalternative action to place the vessel in deep water or proceed to aport of refuge..port of refuge..The navigator will draw and redraw theThe navigator will draw and redraw the track linetrack line until it is safe,until it is safe,efficient, and in line with all applicable laws and regulations. Whenefficient, and in line with all applicable laws and regulations. Whenthe track is finished, it is becoming common practice to also enter it the track is finished, it is becoming common practice to also enter it into electronic navigation tools such as ainto electronic navigation tools such as a Electronic Chart DisplayElectronic Chart Displayand Information Systemand Information System , a, a chartplotterchartplotter , an, an ARPA ARPA system, or asystem, or a GPSGPSunit.unit.When working in a team environment, the passage plan should beWhen working in a team environment, the passage plan should becommunicated to the navigation team in a precommunicated to the navigation team in a pre- -voyage conference invoyage conference inorder to ensure that all members of the team share the sameorder to ensure that all members of the team share the same

mental model of the entire trip.mental model of the entire trip.


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The third stage of passage planning is theThe third stage of passage planning is theexecution stageexecution stage which is the time of departurewhich is the time of departureand time of arrival is known. The IMO wasand time of arrival is known. The IMO wascareful to include execution as part of thecareful to include execution as part of theprocess of passage planning. This underscoresprocess of passage planning. This underscoresthe fact that thethe fact that the GuidelinesGuidelines list a number of list a number of tasks that are to executed during the course of tasks that are to executed during the course of the voyage. It also reiterates the captain'sthe voyage. It also reiterates the captain'sresponsibility to treat the plan as a "livingresponsibility to treat the plan as a "livingdocument" and to review or change it in case of document" and to review or change it in case of any special circumstances that should arise.any special circumstances that should arise.


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The fourth and final stage of voyageThe fourth and final stage of voyageplanning is theplanning is the monitoring stagemonitoring stage . Once the. Once the

voyage has begun the progress of thevoyage has begun the progress of thevessel along its planned route must bevessel along its planned route must bemonitored. This requires that the ship'smonitored. This requires that the ship'sposition be determined, using standardposition be determined, using standardmethods includingmethods including dead reckoningdead reckoning ,,celestial navigationcelestial navigation ,, pilotagepilotage , and, andelectronic navigationelectronic navigation ..


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According to the According to the Guidelines,Guidelines, the passage plan shouldthe passage plan shouldalways be available to thealways be available to the officer on watchofficer on watch on theon thebridge. Thebridge. The GuidelinesGuidelines also specify that deviations fromalso specify that deviations from

the plan should be clearly recorded and be consistent the plan should be clearly recorded and be consistent with other provisions of thewith other provisions of the Guidelines.Guidelines.

Computer software can greatly simplify the passageComputer software can greatly simplify the passageplanning process and ensure that nothing important isplanning process and ensure that nothing important isoverlooked. Passage planning software may includeoverlooked. Passage planning software may includefunctions such as waypoint management, distancefunctions such as waypoint management, distancecalculators, tide and tidal current predictors, celestialcalculators, tide and tidal current predictors, celestialnavigational calculators, consumables estimators for fuel,navigational calculators, consumables estimators for fuel,oil, water, and stores, and other useful applications.oil, water, and stores, and other useful applications.


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Bridge organization for monitoring of positions:Bridge organization for monitoring of positions:-- Composition of the Navigational watch and watchComposition of the Navigational watch and watch

keeping arrangements.keeping arrangements.

-- The bridge team.The bridge team.-- New personnel and familiarization.New personnel and familiarization.-- Prevention of fatigue.Prevention of fatigue.-- Monitoring the progress of the shipMonitoring the progress of the ship

-- Plotting positions by different methods.Plotting positions by different methods.-- Navigational policy and company procedures.Navigational policy and company procedures.-- Master s standing orders.Master s standing orders.


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Pa ss ag e pla nnin g ( co nt .)Pa ss ag e pla nnin g ( co nt .)

Navigation in coastal or restricted waters:Navigation in coastal or restricted waters:-- Margins of safety can be criticalMargins of safety can be critical-- Manoeuvring characteristicsManoeuvring characteristics-- Route selectedRoute selected-- Speed to be followed considering squat Speed to be followed considering squat -- Coastal weather bulletinesCoastal weather bulletines-- Visual and radar monitoring techniques Visual and radar monitoring techniques-- Most suitable charts to be usedMost suitable charts to be used-- Relevant publications to be consultedRelevant publications to be consulted-- Plotting positions in frequent short intervalsPlotting positions in frequent short intervals-- Reporting systemReporting system-- Familiarity of all bridge team of area of navigationFamiliarity of all bridge team of area of navigation-- Whether pilot onboardWhether pilot onboard-- Considering COLREGConsidering COLREG-- Any navigational warnings Any navigational warnings


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Navigation in restricted visibility in coastalNavigation in restricted visibility in coastalwaters or areas of heavy traffic in addition towaters or areas of heavy traffic in addition towhat :what :

-- Proper use of RADAR / ARPA as per COLREGProper use of RADAR / ARPA as per COLREG

-- Use of engines and proceeding on safe speedUse of engines and proceeding on safe speed-- Steering controlsSteering controls-- Manoeuvring dataManoeuvring data-- Proper and extra look out Proper and extra look out -- Reporting proceduresReporting procedures-- Pollution preventionPollution prevention-- Using equipmentsUsing equipments-- Position fixingPosition fixing-- etcetc


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Plan navigation in ice:Plan navigation in ice:-- Type of iceType of ice-- Ice limitsIce limits-- Information availableInformation available-- Visibility Visibility-- Ice detection by RADARIce detection by RADAR-- CoastlinesCoastlines-- Look outsLook outs-- Readiness of engine and proceeding at safe speedReadiness of engine and proceeding at safe speed-- Traffic densityTraffic density-- etcetc



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Navigation in traffic separation scheme:Navigation in traffic separation scheme:



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Navigation in area of extensive tidal effects:Navigation in area of extensive tidal effects:The most important difference betweenThe most important difference between in la n d a n d coa st al s a ilin g is in la n d a n d coa st al s a ilin g is

the ti d ethe ti d e , which can, which can a ffect almo st e ver y pa rt o f yo ur s a ilin ga ffect almo st e ver y pa rt o f yo ur s a ilin g . It . It can dictate where and when you get afloat, where you can go andcan dictate where and when you get afloat, where you can go andhow long it will take you to get there. Whenhow long it will take you to get there. When re la te d t o w in dre la te d t o w in dd irecti o n , it ca n e ven d ict a te h ow ro u g hd irecti o n , it ca n e ven d ict a te h ow ro u g h or uncomfortable theor uncomfortable thepassage will be.passage will be.

The practice of navigation is complicated by the presence of tidalThe practice of navigation is complicated by the presence of tidaleffects and ocean currents. These effects, which may beeffects and ocean currents. These effects, which may be favo ra b le favo ra b le o r unf avo ra b leo r unf avo ra b le , tend to deflect the vessel from its charted course, tend to deflect the vessel from its charted courseand reduce or increase its speed. A comparison of deadand reduce or increase its speed. A comparison of dead- -reckoningreckoningpositions and fixes reveals the extent of such effects and often helpspositions and fixes reveals the extent of such effects and often helpsthe navigator to predict and adjust for future influences.the navigator to predict and adjust for future influences.



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Ocean passage planning:Ocean passage planning:-- Use of charts, pubs, etc.Use of charts, pubs, etc.

-- Type of route planningType of route planning-- Purpose of planning consideringPurpose of planning consideringeconomical points, shortest route and etc.economical points, shortest route and etc.

-- Owner s preferencesOwner s preferences-- Weather (met route)Weather (met route)-- Equipments and navigational aidsEquipments and navigational aids



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Using different checklists as perUsing different checklists as perrequirements of conventions for safety of requirements of conventions for safety of navigation from berth to berth such asnavigation from berth to berth such asarrival, departure, pilot onboard,arrival, departure, pilot onboard,navigation in various areas e.g. heavynavigation in various areas e.g. heavy

weather, changing over the watch,weather, changing over the watch,anchoring, etc.anchoring, etc.



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True courseTrue course : is the angle at the observer: is the angle at the observerbetween the direction of the true north and that between the direction of the true north and that of being measured.of being measured.Magnetic courseMagnetic course : is the angle at the observer: is the angle at the observerbetween the direction of the magnetic north andbetween the direction of the magnetic north andthat of being measured.that of being measured.

Compass courseCompass course : is the angle at the observer: is the angle at the observerbetween the direction of the compass north andbetween the direction of the compass north andthat of being measured.that of being measured.

CHART WORK EXERCISECHART WORK EXERCISE


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Variation Variation : at any place is the angle between the true and: at any place is the angle between the true andmagnetic meridian. This is because the magnetic north is not magnetic meridian. This is because the magnetic north is not in line with the true north. It is named East or west in line with the true north. It is named East or west depending upon the direction of the disturbance of the northdepending upon the direction of the disturbance of the northend of the compass needle from the true meridian.end of the compass needle from the true meridian.DeviationDeviation : is the angular deflection of the compass needle to: is the angular deflection of the compass needle toone side of the magnetic meridian. Its value changes withone side of the magnetic meridian. Its value changes withevery new direction given to the ship s head and caused byevery new direction given to the ship s head and caused bymagnetic condition of the ship, her equipment and cargo. it ismagnetic condition of the ship, her equipment and cargo. it isthe angle between magnetic meridian and the compassthe angle between magnetic meridian and the compassneedle.needle.Compass errorCompass error : Is the combined effect of variation and: Is the combined effect of variation anddeviation, is the angle between the True meridian and thedeviation, is the angle between the True meridian and thecompass needle. If possible it should have been obtained bycompass needle. If possible it should have been obtained bydirect observation than extracting from deviation card, suchdirect observation than extracting from deviation card, suchas taking transit bearings, bearing of a distant object and oras taking transit bearings, bearing of a distant object and orbearing of an astronomical body (eg; amplitude).bearing of an astronomical body (eg; amplitude).


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CC (W)(W) T M CT M C (E)(E)

TT bearingbearing

ErrorError east east compasscompass least least

ErrorError west west compasscompass best best Dev. Is East when compass North is deflected to the right of the Magnetic North, andDev. Is East when compass North is deflected to the right of the Magnetic North, andCalled West when deflected to the left.Called West when deflected to the left.



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position fixing methodsposition fixing methodsTransit BearingsTransit BearingsBearing of distant object Bearing of distant object Positions by cross bearingsPositions by cross bearingsPositions by bearing & distance off Positions by bearing & distance off Position circle by Radar distance off a charted objectsPosition circle by Radar distance off a charted objectsPosition line by bearingPosition line by bearingDirection of course made good by 3 bearings using one object onlyDirection of course made good by 3 bearings using one object onlyPosition line by horizontal anglePosition line by horizontal anglePosition line by vertical anglePosition line by vertical angleDoubling angle on the BowDoubling angle on the BowBeam distance off Beam distance off Transferring position linesTransferring position linesRunning fixRunning fixCo. & Distance made good with tidal stream or current Co. & Distance made good with tidal stream or current Co. to steer allowing for tidal stream or current Co. to steer allowing for tidal stream or current

Actual set and rate of current between two positions Actual set and rate of current between two positionsLeeway due to windLeeway due to windCo. to steer allowing for leewayCo. to steer allowing for leeway


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Position fixing methodsPosition fixing methods

Transit bearingsTransit bearings : it is the easiest method of finding compass error using two charted: it is the easiest method of finding compass error using two chartedobjects in transit and comparing with their true bearing from the chart. Most suitableobjects in transit and comparing with their true bearing from the chart. Most suitablemethod of passing through a channel. A position line on the chart may be drawn bymethod of passing through a channel. A position line on the chart may be drawn bydrawing the line through the two observed objects.drawing the line through the two observed objects.Distant object Distant object : Compass bearing of a distant object can be observed and relative: Compass bearing of a distant object can be observed and relative

error in compare with its true bearing using chart could be find. It will be moreerror in compare with its true bearing using chart could be find. It will be moreaccurate if position of the vessel is known or can be fixed independently of theaccurate if position of the vessel is known or can be fixed independently of thecompass error such as using by horizontal angles method.compass error such as using by horizontal angles method.Cross bearingsCross bearings : point of intersection of position lines is the vessel s position which is: point of intersection of position lines is the vessel s position which isreferred as observed position. Two P/Ls always cross at one point but three andreferred as observed position. Two P/Ls always cross at one point but three andmore may not. So 2 P/Ls will not ensure the accuracy of the fixed position. Goodmore may not. So 2 P/Ls will not ensure the accuracy of the fixed position. Goodangle of cut will minimize the errors. Small angle of cut say less than 30 will affect angle of cut will minimize the errors. Small angle of cut say less than 30 will affect accuracy more so more error than angle of cuts close to 90 which have least erroraccuracy more so more error than angle of cuts close to 90 which have least errorand is more accurate. If 3 or more position lines intersect at one point, meansand is more accurate. If 3 or more position lines intersect at one point, meansaccurate fix has been obtained, if not then their intersection will produce an triangleaccurate fix has been obtained, if not then their intersection will produce an triangleor other known as COCKED HAT which is resulted from combination of ship s speed,or other known as COCKED HAT which is resulted from combination of ship s speed,time intervals between bearings taken, compass error, error of observation. Triangletime intervals between bearings taken, compass error, error of observation. Trianglemay be small and or larger depending on the factors mentioned. The most dangermay be small and or larger depending on the factors mentioned. The most dangerpoint which is the intersection close by land shall be considered.point which is the intersection close by land shall be considered.


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Allowance for wind and tide Allowance for wind and tideDead Reckoning (DR) position: position established by applyingDead Reckoning (DR) position: position established by applyingcourse and speed only.course and speed only.Estimated Position (EP): position established applying co. &Estimated Position (EP): position established applying co. &speed as well as tidal set and drift since a previous knownspeed as well as tidal set and drift since a previous knownposition.position.Ground Track (Course Made Good): Track drawn relative to theGround Track (Course Made Good): Track drawn relative to the

sea bed considering tidal set and drift.sea bed considering tidal set and drift.Rate of Tide: Speed of tidal stream.Rate of Tide: Speed of tidal stream.Drift of Tide: Total distance moved by the tidal stream in a givenDrift of Tide: Total distance moved by the tidal stream in a giventime.time.Leeway: deviation of the vessel from her track by the effect of Leeway: deviation of the vessel from her track by the effect of the wind force on one side. The leeway angle may be observedthe wind force on one side. The leeway angle may be observedas an angle between a vessel s wake and the fore and aft line.as an angle between a vessel s wake and the fore and aft line.Water track: this is the track through the water due to effect of Water track: this is the track through the water due to effect of wind and so sometimes referred as course made good throughwind and so sometimes referred as course made good throughthe water.the water.Beam Bearing: Is that bearing which lies at right angles to theBeam Bearing: Is that bearing which lies at right angles to thecourse (intended heading) of the vessel. Always calculate Beamcourse (intended heading) of the vessel. Always calculate BeamBearings from the course steered.Bearings from the course steered.


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3 bearings problem3 bearings problemIt is a method to find the vessel s ground track but not It is a method to find the vessel s ground track but not her position. This method involves three bearings from aher position. This method involves three bearings from asingle object taken by vessel. It is used when:single object taken by vessel. It is used when:

-- Only one object is availableOnly one object is available

-- Either Speed is not known and or current set and rate isEither Speed is not known and or current set and rate isnot knownnot known-- Knowledge of the ground track is very helpful whenKnowledge of the ground track is very helpful when

finding position using, say, line of soundings.finding position using, say, line of soundings. Accuracy of this method depends on: Accuracy of this method depends on:-- Current or tidal stream is constant throughout Current or tidal stream is constant throughout -- Course and speed is constant throughout Course and speed is constant throughout -- The ratio of time intervals between bearings or the ratioThe ratio of time intervals between bearings or the ratio

of distances between bearings are accurately known.of distances between bearings are accurately known.


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Position Line by Horizontal angle:Position Line by Horizontal angle:

Position circle may be obtained by observation of thePosition circle may be obtained by observation of thehorizontal angle subtended by two charted objects. Thishorizontal angle subtended by two charted objects. Thisangle may be taken as difference between the twoangle may be taken as difference between the twocompass bearings of the objects. The advantage is that compass bearings of the objects. The advantage is that position line is obtained independently of the compassposition line is obtained independently of the compasserror, and after fixing the position the compass errorerror, and after fixing the position the compass errormay be obtained by taking the true bearings from chart.may be obtained by taking the true bearings from chart.In the same segment of a circle, all angles subtended byIn the same segment of a circle, all angles subtended bya chord are equal. On a ship if the horizontal anglea chord are equal. On a ship if the horizontal anglebetween two fixed points is measured from a ship, herbetween two fixed points is measured from a ship, herposition must lie somewhere on the arc of a circle whichposition must lie somewhere on the arc of a circle whichpasses through the two objects and which containspasses through the two objects and which containshorizontal angle observed. Using two objects a positionhorizontal angle observed. Using two objects a positioncircle will be obtained. If 3 objects then two horizontalcircle will be obtained. If 3 objects then two horizontalangles obtained at the same time, two position circlesangles obtained at the same time, two position circlesare obtained, the point of intersection of which is theare obtained, the point of intersection of which is theobserved position of the vessel.observed position of the vessel.


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A vertical sextant angle of a well charted A vertical sextant angle of a well chartedobject can provide navigator with a veryobject can provide navigator with a veryaccurate distance off range. This can beaccurate distance off range. This can behelpful in case of Radar failure.helpful in case of Radar failure.

Position Line by vertical angle:Position Line by vertical angle:


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WHY DO WE DO INTERNALWHY DO WE DO INTERNAL

AUDITS? AUDITS?To achieve certification to the ISM codeTo achieve certification to the ISM codethe company must establish and operatethe company must establish and operatea management system for internal safetya management system for internal safetyaudit to:audit to:

1.1. Verify compliance with planned Verify compliance with plannedarrangementsarrangements

2.2. EffectivenessEffectiveness


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ESSENTIAL FEATURES of AUDITESSENTIAL FEATURES of AUDIT

Verify the management system complies Verify the management system complieswith applicable codes, standards orwith applicable codes, standards or

regulations.regulations. Verify effective implementation of the Verify effective implementation of thecompany safety, management systemcompany safety, management system

Verify effective control of processes or Verify effective control of processes oroperations.operations.


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AUDITS METHODS AUDITS METHODS

All types of audit may be carried out according to All types of audit may be carried out according toestablished methods which depends on theestablished methods which depends on the

purpose of audit. The methods are:purpose of audit. The methods are:1.1. System Audit: has a management systemSystem Audit: has a management systemcomplying with the provisions of requiredcomplying with the provisions of requiredcodes/standards is implemented and is thecodes/standards is implemented and is the

system capable of providing assurance of system capable of providing assurance of effectiveness?effectiveness?

2.2. Process audit:Process audit:


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TERMI NO LOGY TERMI NO LOGY No n No n--c onf o rm it yconf o rm it y

No nNo n--fu lfi lm entfu lfi lm ent o fo f aa s p ecifie ds p ecifie d require m entrequire m ent ..

Ma jo r No n Ma jo r No n--c o nf o rm it yco nf o rm it y A A d e v ia ti ond e v ia ti on th a tth a t po sespo ses aa seri o usseri o us thre a tthre a t t ot o p ers o nne lp ers o nne l o ro r shi pshi ps a fet y,s a fet y, o ro r aa seri o usseri o us ris kris k t ot o thethe en v ir on m ent ,en v ir on m ent , a n da n d requiresrequiresimm e d ia teimm e d ia te c o rrecti veco rrecti ve a cti o na cti o n ..

TheThe la ckla ck o fo f effecti veeffecti ve a n da n d s yste ma tics yste ma tic i mpl e m ent a ti o nimpl e m ent a ti o n o fo f aarequire m entrequire m ent o fo f thethe I SMI SM Cod eCod e ..

Obser va ti onObser va ti on m e a nsm e a ns aa st a te m entst a te m ent o fo f fa ctfa ct mad emad e d urin gd urin g aas a fet ys a fet y ma n ag e m entma n ag e m ent a u d ita u d it a n da n d subst a nti a te dsubst a nti a te d b yb y o bjecti veobjecti vee v id encee v id ence ..


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TERMI NO LOGY TERMI NO LOGY

Compa n y Compa n y (c la use( c la use 11..11..22 )) ...... T heThe ow nerow ner o fo f thethe shi pshi p o ro r a n ya n y o thero ther

o rga niz a ti ono rga niz a ti on o ro r p ers o np ers o n suchsuch a sa s thethema n ag er ,ma n ag er , w h ow h o h a sh a s a ssu m e da ssu m e d res po nsibi lit yres po nsibi lit yfo rfo r op er a ti onop er a ti on o fo f thethe shi pshi p fr omfr om thethe shi pshi pow nerow ner a n da n d w h o,w h o, o non a ssu m in ga ssu m in g suchsuchres po nsibi lit y,res po nsibi lit y, h a sh a s ag ree dag ree d t ot o t ak et ak e ov erov er allallthethe d utiesd uties a n da n d res po nsibi lit yres po nsibi lit y impo se dimpo se d b yb ythethe c od ecod e ..


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THE IM P ACT OF THE C OD ETHE IM P ACT OF THE C OD E

TheThe c od ecod e requiresrequires: :

Ma n ag e m entMa n ag e m ent a n da n d ma stersma sters re v ie w sre v ie w s o fo f thethe s yste ms yste m..

I ntern alI ntern al a u d itsa u d its ..

I ns p ecti o nsI ns p ecti o ns ..

Re po rtin gRe po rtin g a n da n d a n aly sisa n aly sis o fo f a cci d ents ,a cci d ents , h a za rdo ush a za rdo usoccurrencesoccurrences a n da n d n o nn o n--c o nf o rm itiesco nf o rm ities ..

Co rrecti veCo rrecti ve a cti o na cti o n ..

I tI t isis aa s yste ms yste m o fo f se lfse lf--re g u la ti o nre g u la ti o n ..


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Review Documents:Review Documents:

The planning and preparation phase is usuallyThe planning and preparation phase is usuallythe most time consuming of all phases duringthe most time consuming of all phases during

audit. Much of that time will be spent audit. Much of that time will be spent researching about auditee s key processes andresearching about auditee s key processes andactivities that directly affect safety and pollutionactivities that directly affect safety and pollutionprevention. This involves obtaining and carefullyprevention. This involves obtaining and carefully

reviewing a range of documentation which mayreviewing a range of documentation which mayinclude:include:


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Preparing Check listsPreparing Check lists

The next step is to prepare a check list. It is anThe next step is to prepare a check list. It is aninvaluable friend which can define the scope and depthinvaluable friend which can define the scope and depthof the audit and will:of the audit and will:

1.1. Clearly identify the elements to be investigated.Clearly identify the elements to be investigated.2.2. Requirements to be met Requirements to be met 3.3. Set appropriate timeSet appropriate time- -scales and help to maintain thescales and help to maintain the

pace of the audit pace of the audit 4.4. Provide available referenceProvide available reference

5.5. When completed, provide a record of facts andWhen completed, provide a record of facts andobservations gatheredobservations gathered


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SAMPLINGSAMPLING

There is never enough time to examine everythingThere is never enough time to examine everythingand so it is necessary to select sample based onand so it is necessary to select sample based on

following considerations:following considerations:-- Relevant to objectives and scope of audit Relevant to objectives and scope of audit -- Impact on safety on environment Impact on safety on environment -- Representative of the activity to be examined.Representative of the activity to be examined.-- Size of sample which is adequateSize of sample which is adequate


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RECORDINGRECORDING

Facts should be gathered and recorded asFacts should be gathered and recorded asthe investigation proceeds. A goodthe investigation proceeds. A good

checklist as well as serving as an aid tochecklist as well as serving as an aid tomemory to focus on significant points, willmemory to focus on significant points, willalso permit notes to be made of thealso permit notes to be made of the

observations on each point.observations on each point.


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REPORTINGREPORTING

The audit report should provide anThe audit report should provide anaccurate and balanced account of what accurate and balanced account of what

was discovered when the audit waswas discovered when the audit wasperformed.performed.


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CORRECTIVE ACTIONCORRECTIVE ACTION

It is the timely action taken to eliminate theIt is the timely action taken to eliminate thecause of an existing NC, defect or othercause of an existing NC, defect or otherundesirable situation in order to prevent undesirable situation in order to prevent recurrence. It is one of the most powerfulrecurrence. It is one of the most powerfulmechanisms for ensuring effective control of NCsmechanisms for ensuring effective control of NCsor defects.or defects.The implementation of a C/A program beginsThe implementation of a C/A program beginswith detection of a problem and immediatewith detection of a problem and immediateaction(s) taken to restore or mitigate theaction(s) taken to restore or mitigate theconsequences of the problem encountered.consequences of the problem encountered.


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CORRECTIVE ACTIONCORRECTIVE ACTION

Longer term actions would be to investigate theLonger term actions would be to investigate thematter, analysis the problem and to determinematter, analysis the problem and to determine

the root cause andthe root cause and

put in place measures toput in place measures toprevent recurrence.prevent recurrence.The measures introduced should be appropriateThe measures introduced should be appropriateto the magnitude of the problem andto the magnitude of the problem and

commensurate with risks encountered.commensurate with risks encountered.C/A is the integral element of SMS & will applyC/A is the integral element of SMS & will applyboth ashore and afloat.both ashore and afloat.


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How C/A Works:How C/A Works:

Applyimmediate C/A

MaintainingImprovement

Detect NC, defect Identify Root Cause

Apply Appropriate

C/A (P/A)

Verify C/A

If effective

Close out

Determineextent


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ResponsibilityResponsibility

Management personnel responsible for areaManagement personnel responsible for areainvolved and should take timely C/A oninvolved and should take timely C/A on

NCs/Deficeincies found.NCs/Deficeincies found.The NCs found in one area or department mayThe NCs found in one area or department maybe due to shortcoming or failure of process inbe due to shortcoming or failure of process inanother area. For example , obsolete documentsanother area. For example , obsolete documents

found onboard may be due to failure of thefound onboard may be due to failure of theshore side office to control and distribute theshore side office to control and distribute thedocuments.documents.


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Deter m inin g extent o f p ro b le m :Deter m inin g extent o f p ro b le m :

In many cases the audit will only haveIn many cases the audit will only haveproduced limited evidence of a NC. Eg:produced limited evidence of a NC. Eg:

1.1. An obsolete document has been found, are An obsolete document has been found, arethere more obsolete documents onboard? Arethere more obsolete documents onboard? Arethere more in other ships?there more in other ships?

2.2. An item of pollution prevention equipment An item of pollution prevention equipment had not been included in the equipmentshad not been included in the equipmentsmaintenance system. Have other types of maintenance system. Have other types of equipment or devices that can affect safety of equipment or devices that can affect safety of operation, pollution prevention been left out?operation, pollution prevention been left out?


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Establishing the root cause:Establishing the root cause:

The defect/NC to be investigated and root The defect/NC to be investigated and root causes to be identified & analyzed properly. Incauses to be identified & analyzed properly. Insome cases these will be obvious but in somesome cases these will be obvious but in someare not.are not.Do not confuse the symptoms of a problem withDo not confuse the symptoms of a problem withthe root cause.the root cause.There are usually several root causes of aThere are usually several root causes of aproblem, identifying the actual root cause mayproblem, identifying the actual root cause maynot be easy in some cases but it is essential if not be easy in some cases but it is essential if the problem is to be eliminated.the problem is to be eliminated.


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Applying C/A: Applying C/A:

Sometimes immediate C/A is not possible.Sometimes immediate C/A is not possible.However C/A to address root causesHowever C/A to address root causes

should always be possible. Clearly theshould always be possible. Clearly theefforts and resources applied to C/Aefforts and resources applied to C/Ashould be appropriate to the risks orshould be appropriate to the risks orconsequences involved.consequences involved.


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Verific a ti o n & follow Verific a ti o n & follow- -u p :u p :It is necessary to check that C/A taken isIt is necessary to check that C/A taken iseffective. This is termed as verification andeffective. This is termed as verification andfollowfollow--up.up.When effectiveness of the C/A taken beenWhen effectiveness of the C/A taken beenverified then NC should be closed out.verified then NC should be closed out.When closed out then the factual evidenceWhen closed out then the factual evidence

supporting this decision to be recorded.supporting this decision to be recorded.In all cases records of C/A must beIn all cases records of C/A must bemaintained in order to provide objectivemaintained in order to provide objectiveevidence of control.evidence of control.


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Benefits o f Au d it:Benefits o f Au d it:

Direct benefits:Direct benefits:1.1. Providing a visible sign of management Providing a visible sign of management

commitment to safety & protection of thecommitment to safety & protection of theenvironment.environment.

2.2. Giving managers a measure of their success inGiving managers a measure of their success inachieving company policies and objectives.achieving company policies and objectives.

3.3. Improving processes that impact on safe shipImproving processes that impact on safe shipoperation and protecting the environment.operation and protecting the environment.4.4. Reducing failure of probability of failure.Reducing failure of probability of failure.


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Benefits o f Au d it:Benefits o f Au d it:

5. Indicating the effectiveness of new or5. Indicating the effectiveness of new ormodified procedures.modified procedures.

6. Providing unbiased, factual information &6. Providing unbiased, factual information &the performance of SMS to topthe performance of SMS to topmanagement.management.


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Indirect benefits:Indirect benefits:

1.1. Improving training by identifying the need forImproving training by identifying the need fortraining and measuring its effectiveness.training and measuring its effectiveness.

2.2. Reducing risk of: incidents, accidents, lost Reducing risk of: incidents, accidents, lost time, injuries, time off charter, legal action,time, injuries, time off charter, legal action,liability claimsliability claims

3.3. Increasing safety awareness throughout theIncreasing safety awareness throughout theorganizationorganization

4.4. Stimulating contributions to safetyStimulating contributions to safetyimprovement improvement 5.5. Enhancing financial performanceEnhancing financial performance


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Causes of AccidentsCauses of Accidents

Extern al t o the shi pExtern al t o the shi p

Technic al circu m st a ncesTechnic al circu m st a ncesHu ma n Ele m ent (6 0 t o 80%)Hu ma n Ele m ent (6 0 t o 80%)Fa ti g ue e le m entFa ti g ue e le m ent


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Safety IssuesSafety IssuesWhat is Safety?What is Safety?


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Safety DefinitionSafety DefinitionFree dom fr om th o se co n d iti o ns Free dom fr om th o se co n d iti o ns th a t ca n ca use d e a th , injur y,th a t ca n ca use d e a th , injur y,o ccu pa ti o n al illness , damag e o r o ccu pa ti o n al illness , damag e o r

lo ss t o equi pm ent . (M illo ss t o equi pm ent . (M il--St d 88 2 b)St d 88 2 b) A m e a sure o f d e g ree o f free dom A m e a sure o f d e g ree o f free domfr om ris k in a n y en v ir o n m entfr om ris k in a n y en v ir o n m ent

A st a te w here the le ve l o f A st a te w here the le ve l o f RI SKRI SK h a s h a s been re d uce d t o a b a se line o f a s been re d uce d t o a b a se line o f a s low a s re a s o n a b ly p ra ctic a b le low a s re a s o n a b ly p ra ctic a b le (ALAR P) (ALAR P)


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Safety DefinitionSafety Definition

A p ercei ve d qu al it y w hich A p ercei ve d qu al it y w hich d eter m ines t o w h a t extent the d eter m ines t o w h a t extent the ma n ag e m ent , en g ineerin g, a n dma n ag e m ent , en g ineerin g, a n dop er a ti o n o f a s yste m is free op er a ti o n o f a s yste m is free

fr om da n g er t o l ife , p rop ert y,fr om da n g er t o l ife , p rop ert y,a n d the en v ir o n m ent .a n d the en v ir o n m ent .


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How safe are we?How safe are we?Lets have a look at ourLets have a look at our

behaviour:behaviour:


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First some ??? Picis:First some ??? Picis:


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Now, lets look at otherNow, lets look at other

modes of transport modes of transport Newer technology doesnt eliminate error Newer technology doesnt eliminate error


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Impl e m ent a ti on o f Impl e m ent a ti on o f

Ha za rdHa za rd -- R is kRis k -- Sa fet ySa fet y


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Functional VocabularyFunctional VocabularyLoss Loss ---- Av o ida b le wa s te o f a n y re so urce Av o ida b le wa s te o f a n y re so urceRi sk Ri sk ---- C h a nce o f loss Ch a nce o f loss Ri sk Eval u a ti o n Ri sk Eval u a ti o n ---- A n a ss e ss m ent o f the An a ss e ss m ent o f the p ro b a bi lit y a n d s e verit y o f re s u lt s if a h a za rdp ro b a bi lit y a n d s e verit y o f re s u lt s if a h a za rd

s h o u ld re s u lt in loss s h o u ld re s u lt in loss H a za rdH a za rd ---- A co n d iti o n o r p ra ctice w ith the A co n d iti o n o r p ra ctice w ith the p o tenti al fo r a cci d ent al l oss p o tenti al fo r a cci d ent al l oss S a fet yS a fet y ---- C o ntr o l o f a cci d ent al l oss Co ntr o l o f a cci d ent al l oss

Acci d ent Acci d ent ---- A n e vent th a t re s u lt s in An e vent th a t re s u lt s in uninten d e d h a rm o r damag euninten d e d h a rm o r damag eInci d ent Inci d ent ---- A n e vent w hich co u ld o r d o e s An e vent w hich co u ld o r d o e s re s u lt in uninten d e d h a rm o r damag ere s u lt in uninten d e d h a rm o r damag e


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Functional VocabularyFunctional Vocabulary

Loss Control Loss Control ---- An y t hi n g d on e to An y t hi n g d on e to r e d uce loss fro m t he r is ks o f bu s in e ss ,r e d uce loss fro m t he r is ks o f bu s in e ss ,

s uch a s :s uch a s :

The p r e ve nt ion o f loss ex p os u r e s The p r e ve nt ion o f loss ex p os u r e s The r e d uc t ion o f loss w he n loss The r e d uc t ion o f loss w he n loss

p ro d uci n g e ve nts o ccu r p ro d uci n g e ve nts o ccu r The t e r m in a t ion or av o ida n ce o f r is kThe t e r m in a t ion or av o ida n ce o f r is k


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Functional VocabularyFunctional VocabularyMa n ag eme nt Ma n ag eme nt Syst emSyst em ---- TheThe le a d er s hi ple a d er s hi p a n da n dst ruc t urest ruc t ure t h a t t h a t e ns uree ns ure wo rkwo rk is is do n edo n e i n in aa

co ns ist e nt co ns ist e nt m a nn erm a nn er ov erov er t imet ime; ; a n a n o rga n iza t io n a lo rga n iza t io n a l st ra t e g y st ra t e g y fo rfo r t het he u s eu s e o fo fin fo rm a t io n in fo rm a t io n

Lo ss Lo ss C ont rolC ont rol Ma n ag eme nt Ma n ag eme nt ---- TheThe a ppl ic a t io n a ppl ic a t io n o fo f p ro fe ss io n a lp ro fe ss io n a l m a n ag eme nt m a n ag eme nt s k ills s k ills t ot o t het heco nt rolco nt rol o fo f lo ss lo ss


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Loss Causation Model andLoss Causation Model and Analysis Analysis

Lack of Managemen

tControl

Unclear Policy

InadequateManagement

Systems

Sub. StandardRequirements

UnsatisfactoryImprovement

Process

BasicCauses

PersonalFactors

Job Factors

ImmediateCauses

SubstandardActs

SubstandardShip Conditions

Accident/Incident/

HazardousSituation

Undesiredevent thatcould/does

lead to a Loss

Loss/Waste

People

Property

Environment

Ship/Cargo


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IMPLEMENT the plan

A Risk Management System A Risk Management SystemIDENTIFY all loss exposuresEVALUATE the risk in each exposure

DEVELOP a planTerminate Treat Tolerate Transfer

and/or

and/or

and/or

Avoid or Eliminatethe Loss

Exposure

OH&S andLossControl

Activities

AcceptableLevel of Risk

Insurance

Non-

insurance

MONITOR (Measure, Evaluate, Commend and / or Correct)


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Develop a PlanDevelop a PlanTerminate Treat Tolerate Transfer

Eliminatethe riskor loss

exposure

Reduce thefrequency,severity, &probability

Acceptablelevel of

risk

Insuranceand / or non-insurancemethods


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Risk Criteria and ToleranceRisk Criteria and ToleranceHigh Risk

Low Risk

ModerateRisk

IntolerableSignificant

Tolerableif ALARP(As Low asReasonably Practicable); possibly Significant

Negligible


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P E M E RelationshipsP E M E RelationshipsPersonnel

Environment

Material

Equipmen

t

Material


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Perception vs RealityPerception vs Reality


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Can you read the following:Can you read the following:I cd nu ol t b lveiee t a ht I c lu od a u la c lt yI cd nu ol t b lveiee t a ht I c lu od a u la c lt y

ues d n a tnr d wa ht I wa s rda nie g. T he ues d n a tnr d wa ht I wa s rda nie g. T he p h ao n m ne al pw e o r o f the h m u a n m ni d.p h ao n m ne al pw e o r o f the h m u a n m ni d.

Ao cc d rni g t o a rschee a rch t a e m a t Ao cc d rni g t o a rschee a rch t a e m a t Cma bri gd e Uiner v tis y, it d e o sn ' t m tt a er in Cma bri gd e Uiner v tis y, it d e o sn ' t m tt a er in wa ht o re d r the ltteers in a w rod a re , the ol n ywa ht o re d r the ltteers in a w rod a re , the ol n yip rmoa tnt tihn g is t a ht the frist a n d l s a t ip rmoa tnt tihn g is t a ht the frist a n d l s a t

ltteer

be

in

the

rg

hitp

cla

e. T

he rset

c

an

be

altteer

be

in

the

rg

hitp

cla

e. T

he rset

c

an

be

at ao t l m ses a n d yo u ca n sit ll ra e d it wo uthit at ao t l m ses a n d yo u ca n sit ll ra e d it wo uthit apo rbe lm. T ihs is bcuse a e the hu am n m ni dpo rbe lm. T ihs is bcuse a e the hu am n m ni dd e o s n o t ra e d er ve y l teter b y ist lef , but the d e o s n o t ra e d er ve y l teter b y ist lef , but the

w rod a s a wlo he .w rod a s a wlo he .


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Ms o t plo e p e ca n ra e d tihs ,Ms o t plo e p e ca n ra e d tihs ,a th lhu og it loko s ra ehtr odd. I t is a th lhu og it loko s ra ehtr odd. I t is c lla e d t ypogly ce m ia ( h a h a ) . Yo u c lla e d t ypogly ce m ia ( h a h a ) . Yo u ca n ra e d tihs ee vn w ehn it lkoo s ca n ra e d tihs ee vn w ehn it lkoo s srt a n g e , bce a sue the b a rin d e o s srt a n g e , bce a sue the b a rin d e o s n o t ra e d the wo h le w rod a t the n o t ra e d the wo h le w rod a t the

s ma e t m ie , s o it se m es a s th g u o h s ma e t m ie , s o it se m es a s th g u o h the wdo rs a re se lpl e d cr o rec lt y,the wdo rs a re se lpl e d cr o rec lt y,utni l yo u t ak e a col s o er look.utni l yo u t ak e a col s o er look.


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Factors influencing safetyFactors influencing safety


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Factors influencing safetyFactors influencing safetyDesi g n ( Shi p, Po rt , wa ter way, etc)Desi g n ( Shi p, Po rt , wa ter way, etc)Ed uc a ti o n a n d T ra inin gEd uc a ti o n a n d T ra inin gVoyag e frequenc y, ro ute , shi p t yp e a n d size Voyag e frequenc y, ro ute , shi p t yp e a n d size

Nav iga ti o n al A id sNav iga ti o n al A id sOp er a ti o n al I nstructi o ns & inf luenceOp er a ti o n al I nstructi o ns & inf luenceRe g u la ti on (lo cal, Na ti on al, I ntern a ti o n al )Re g u la ti on (lo cal, Na ti on al, I ntern a ti o n al )Hu ma n I nte g ra ti o n int o Syste mHu ma n I nte g ra ti o n int o Syste m

Aut oma ti o n , a n d ma nnin g l e ve ls Aut oma ti on , a n d ma nnin g l e ve ls


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Fatigue IssuesFatigue Issues


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DEFINITION (2)DEFINITION (2)

A state of feeling tired, weary, or A state of feeling tired, weary, orsleepy that results from prolongedsleepy that results from prolongedmental or physical work, extendedmental or physical work, extendedperiods exposure to harshperiods exposure to harshenvironments, or loss of sleep; theenvironments, or loss of sleep; theresult of fatigue is impairedresult of fatigue is impairedperformance and diminishedperformance and diminishedalertnessalertness


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I / ff fI / ff f


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incre a se d d e p en d ence u po n incre a se d d e p en d ence u po n d ru g s , t o b a cc o, al co h old ru g s , t o b a cc o, al co h ollo ss o f app etite , ga str olo ss o f app etite , ga str o--intestin al p ro b le m sintestin al p ro b le m sincre a se d ris k o f infecti o n incre a se d ris k o f infecti o n hi g her inci d ence o f hi g her inci d ence o f ca rd iova scu la r d ise a seca rd iova scu la r d ise a seincre a se d a cci d ent a n dincre a se d a cci d ent a n dmo rt al it y ra tesmo rt al it y ra tes

Impact/effect on seafarersImpact/effect on seafarers

I / ff i i fI / ff i i f


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Impact/effect on maritime safetyImpact/effect on maritime safety

Ca rgo shi p coll id e d w ith a n o il t a n ker a fter Ca rgo shi p coll id e d w ith a n o il t a n ker a fter the wa tch kee p in g o fficer the wa tch kee p in g o fficer -- w h o h adw h o h ado bt a ine d o n ly 2.5 h ours s lee p in the o bt a ine d o n ly 2.5 h ours s lee p in the

p rece d in g 33 h o urs p rece d in g 33 h o urs -- fe ll a s lee pfe ll a s lee p$4 0 ,000 damag e t o a berth w hen it wa s hit $4 0 ,000 damag e t o a berth w hen it wa s hit b y a shi p un d er the co ntr ol o f a n o fficer b y a shi p un d er the co ntr ol o f a n o fficer w h o h ad s p ent 1 8 h o urs o n wa tch in fogw h o h ad s p ent 1 8 h o urs o n wa tch in foga n d d urin g a ri ver pa ss ag ea n d d urin g a ri ver pa ss ag e


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SleepSleep


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Negativeinterpersonal

relations

Prone toobesity

Symptoms of diabetes

Hypertensionand memoryimpairment


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Sleep HygieneSleep Hygiene

Avoid drinks with caffeine Avoid drinks with caffeine Avoid napping during the day Avoid napping during the day

Comfortable room and bedComfortable room and bed Avoid mental stimulation and emotional Avoid mental stimulation and emotionalstressstress

Warm milky drink, light readingWarm milky drink, light readingNO ALCOHOLNO ALCOHOL