Cng ngh bo qun v ch bin rau quTrng i hc Cng ngh ng NaiGing vin: Nguyn QuangEmail: quang.nguyen.3487@gmail.comquang.nguyen3487@yahoo.com.vnPhone number: 01689.034.127

Ni dung mn hcChng 1: Tng quan v rau qu trc v sau thu hochChng 2: S h hng ca rau qu v cc sn phm t rau quChng 3: Phng php bo qun rau quChng 4: Cng ngh ch bin rau qu nc ng, rau qu mui chuaChng 5: Cng ngh ch bin hp nc rau quChng 6: Cng ngh ch bin mt quChng 7: Cng ngh ch bin rau qu sy, rau qu lnh ng

Ti liu tham khoSch, gio trnh chnhPGS TS. L Vn Tn (Ch bin), GS TS. Nguyn Th Hin, TS. Hong Th L Bng, TS. Qun L H, Cng ngh bo qun v ch bin rau qu, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v k thut.Ti liu tham kho[1] Bi ging cng ngh bo qun v ch bin rau qu (lu hnh ni b).[2] Quch nh, Nguyn Vn Tip, Nguyn Vn Thoa, Cng ngh sau thu hoch v ch bin rau qu, Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut H Ni, 1996.[3] Quch nh, Nguyn Vn Tip, Nguyn Vn Thoa, Bi ging cng ngh ch bin rau qu, i hc Cng nghip Thnh ph H Ch Minh, 2008.[4] Nguyn Th Bch Khu, Cng ngh ln men rau qu, i hc Bch khoa Thnh ph H Ch Minh, 2008.

Gii thiu mt s loi tri cy

Gii thiu mt s loi tri cy

Gii thiu mt s loi tri cy

Gii thiu mt s loi rau

Bn phn b vng trng rau qu ti Vit Nam

Cng ngh bo qun rau quMc tiu: sau khi hc xong phn ny, sinh vin c kh nng:Bit c cc thnh phn dinh dng c trong rau qu. Xc nh c nguyn nhn gy h hng v s h hng ca rau qu.Nm vng c nhng nguyn tc v phng php bo qun c bn. ng thi tm hiu mt s thit b thng s dng bo qun rau qu.

Chng I. Tng quan v rau qu trc v sau thu hoch1.Gii thiu2.Gi tr dinh dng ca rau qu3.Nhng bin i trong qu trnh chn ca qu

1. Gii thiuNhng vi cht no c th cn rt t nhng li khng th thiu trong c th?Rau qu l ngun cung cp vitamin v cht khong chnh cho c th, c bit l cht x gip gii cc c t pht sinh trong qu trnh tiu ha thc n v chng to bn.V vy chng ngy cng tr nn quan trng v l mt phn khng th thiu trong ch dinh dng ca con ngi.

2. Gi tr dinh dng ca rau qu2.1. Nc2.2. Glucid2.3. Vitamin2.4. Khong cht2.5. Cc acid hu c2.6. Cht mu2.7. Cht bo2.8. Enzym2.9. Hp cht khc

NcTheo cc bn, nc trong rau qu chim t l bao nhiu?Rau qu c hm lng nc rt cao, trung bnh 80-90%, c khi n 93-97%. Nc ch yu dng t do, 80-90% trong dch bo, phn cn li trong nguyn sinh cht v gian bo. mng t bo, nc lin kt vi protopectin, hemicenllulose v cellulose.Lng nc phn b khng u trong cc mNc ng vai tr quan trng trong chu k pht trin v thi gian bo qun, tiu th.

NcTrong t bo rau, nc tn ti cc dng sau:Nc t do: nc ha tan c mt trong t bo, ha tan cc cht khong, cht hu c Nc dng keo: c mt trong mng, cytoplasm v nhn nh tc nhn lm trng cho cc cht cu trc dng keo. Kh mt khi sy hoc dehydrat haNc lin kt: gn trc tip vo thnh phn phn t ha hc, kh mt khi sy.

GlucidGlucid l g?Glucid l thnh phn cht kh ch yu ca rau qu. Hm lng glucid trong cc loi rau qu khc nhau cng khc nhau. Glucid chia lm 3 nhm: Monosaccaride (Glucose, fructose,)Oligosaccaride (saccharose, maltose,)Polisaccaride (tinh bt, cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin)

Glucidc im ca ng: glucose, fructose, maltose v saccharose c nhng c tnh khc nhau, lin quan n cng ngh ch bin rau qu:Cung cp nng lng.D dng ln men bi vi sinh vt.Nng cao ngn nga s pht trin ca VSV, c th dng nh cht bo qun.Gia nhit chuyn sang mu caramel (Mailard)Kt hp vi amino acid (alanin, glycine, asparagin,) cho mu nu (phn ng Melanoidin).

Glucidc tnh ca tinh bt:Cung cp ngun nng lng.Trong qu cn non hm lng tinh bt thng nhiu hn so vi qu chn. c tnh ca cellulose v hemicellulose:Cu trc v t bo Khng tan trong nc nng, lnh.Kh tiu ha, cht x (c nhiu trong rau).

Glucidc tnh ca pectin v cc hp cht dng gum:Pectin tn ti trong v gia cc thnh t bo.L 1 cht khng c mi vPectin tr thnh dng gel (to ng) khi thm ng v acid. y l c s sn xut mt.Kh nng to ng ph thuc: ngun gc thu nhn, phn t lng ca pectin v mc metoxyl ha.

Glucidc im ca pectin:L hp cht polygalacturonicPectin c tnh keo, nht v bn ko ln, gy kh cho qu trnh lc, lm trong, c c.C kh nng b kt ta bi cnPhn loi pectin: c 2 dng:Pectin ha tan: acid pectic, acid poligalacturonicPectin khng ha tan: protopectin

GlucidCh s c trng ca pectin:Ch s metoxyl (MI): biu hin t l metoxyl ha, l phn trm khi lng nhm metoxyl (-OCH3) trn tng khi lng phn t. C 2 dng:LMP: l loi pectin c di 50% nhm COOH b metoxyl ha.HMP: l loi pectin c trn 50% nhm COOH b metoxyl ha.

VitaminHy k tn mt vi loi vitamin m em bit?Nhiu vitamin ch tng hp c trong thc vt do vy rau qu l ngun cung cp Vitamin quan trng v rt cn thit cho con ngiRau qu c nhiu vitamin:C, B1, B2, PP,K, tin vitamin A (Caroten)

Khong chtC mt trong mui ca acid v c, hu c hoc c trong cc hp cht hu c phc tp (chlorophyl, lecithin, etc.) Ha tan trong dch bo.Rau c nhiu khong cht hn qu. Hm lng cht khong khong 0,6-1,8% v hn 60 nguyn t khong, ch yu l:a lng: Ca, Na, K, PVi lng : Fe, Mg, Mn, I, Bo, Zn, CuSiu vi lng: U, Ra, Th (%,0/00).

Cc acid hu cTo mi v ni bt ca rau quTrong rau qu tn ti dng t do, mui, esteHm lng acid hu c trung bnh: 1%Chanh: 6-8%, Cam: 0,4-1,8%pH trung bnh: 5.5-6.5pH acid: 2,5-4,5

Cc acid hu c acid ca rau qu ph thuc vo nhng yu t no? acid ca rau qu ph thuc vo ging v chnAcid tartric: c nhiu trong nhoAcid oxalic: c nhiu trong chuiAcid citric: c trong qu h c miAcid malic: nhiu trong camV chua ca rau qu ph thuc vo hm lng ng v acid hu c

Cht muChlorophyl (dip lc t): rau xanhCarotenoid (cam, vng, ): c rt (6-14mg%), o, mn, gc (caroten), c chua (licopin) v xantofin.Anthocyanin (tm, xanh): c dn, v nho, mn tm - c tnh khng sinh cao.Flavon (vng, da cam) - nhm mu glycozid. Vecxitin (tm): v hnh kh.

Cht boCht bo thng tp trung u trong rau qu?Tp trung ht v mmThng kt hp vi sp thnh mng bo v biu b chng thot hi nc v VK xm nhpHm lng: Lc (44%), B (23%), Gc (8%), Vng (46.5%)Bo no (31% palmitic, 4,5% stearic)Bo khng no (Linoleic 53%, Oleic 4,5%, Linolenoic 7%)D tiu, cn thit

EnzymEnzym l g?Enzym l cht xc tc sinh hcEnzym oxi ha kh: Peroxidase (bn nhit, oxi ha c mu sm), poliphenoloxydase (lm sn phm nu sm), catalase, dehydrognenaseEnzym thy phn:Amilase (tinh bt), pectinase (pectin), bromelin (protease - da), papain (u )Enzym tng hp:Photphotase (n - phc)

Hp cht khcGlucozid: To thnh t cc monosaccharide (hexose, pentose) vi cc glucon (-OH, -CHO, phenol, -COOH)To mi thm c trng, v ngCh yu c trong v v htCc glucozid c trng:Qu c mi: Hesperidin, Naringin (bi)Solanin (khoai ty)

Hp cht khcPolyphenol: C hm lng thp trong rau qu (0,1% - 0,2%)To hng v, mu sc.Mt s Polyphenol c hot tnh vitamin.Khi b thng, TBTV to Polyphenol mi oxi ha Polyphenol c tng kh nng khng khun.Tanin, Lignin, MelaninTanin+Fe mu xanh enTanin+Cu mu sm

Hp cht khcHp cht cha NitAmino acid, amit, acid nucleic, amoniac v mui ca chng, mui amon, nitratNit trong rau qu ch yu l nit protein(30% c chua, 40% qu, 50% chui, bp ci)

3. Nhng bin i trong qu trnh chn ca qu3.1. chn3.2. Phn loi3.3. Cc phng php xc nh chn3.4. Nhng bin i trong qu trnh chn

chnL khi nim c trng cho kh nng thu hoch ca qu.Thu hoch qu khi cha t chn yu cu dn ti s ri lon sinh l trong qu trnh bo qun v lm gim cht lng sn phm.Ph thuc vo yu cu v cng ngh ch bin, vn chuyn hoc bo qun m qu s c nhng chn khc nhau.

Phn loi chn thu hoch: L thi k trc khi chn thc dngPh thuc vo mc ch s dng, yu cu th trng, iu kin vn chuyn v bo qun chn sinh l:L chn hon ton v sinh l, nu iu kin v nhit v m ht s ny mmQu trnh tch ly vt cht t cao nht chn ch bin:Ph thuc vo mt hng ch bin m yu cu v chn khc nhau chn ca tng loi nng sn phi ph hp vi tng quy trnh ch bin

Cc phng php xc nh chnPhng php tnh tonPhng php vt lPhng php ha hcPhng php sinh hc

Phng php tnh tonMang tnh tng i nu thi gian ra hoa v thi tit thun li. c nhng tiu chun c th phi kho st qua nhiu v vi tng iu kin c th.Ngy theo lchNgy t lc n hoa ton b cho n ngy thu hoch (DFFB)Cc thit b o nhitGiai on T

Phng php vt lMi loi rau qu c cch xc nh chn theo phng php vt l khc nhau bn quKch thc qu v hnh thi b mtKhi lng quMu sc (v, tht qu, ht) cng ca tht quTng lng cht rn ha tan (TSS)Hm lng dch qu

Phng php ha hc mi giai on pht trin, rau qu s c hm lng cc thnh phn dinh dng tng i n nh. Thng qua kim tra thnh phn cc cht c th xc nh c chn ca rau qu.Chun acidT l TSS/acidHm lng ng (tng s v lng gim dn)T l ng/acidTnh dn in sinh hcHm lng tinh btPhn ng tinh bt iodineHm lng taninHm lng duHm lng dch qu

Phng php sinh hcKhi qu n giai on chn sinh l, hot ng h hp tng r rt lm tng lng CO2 thot ra. Ngoi ra cn to thnh etylen, mt hormon trong qu chn.Tc h hpTc gii phng etylenVi tng loi qu (tr qu khng c qu trnh chn bng 2.14/88) s c mt phng php xc nh chn thch hp.

Nhng bin i trong qu trnh chnS gia tng cng h hp v t sn sinh etylen dn n nhng bin i v mu sc, hng v v trng thi ca qu.Trong qu trnh chn, cc enzym s thy phn pectin, polysaccharide trong thnh t bo sang dng ha tan.Qu s c s thay i r rt v cc thnh phn dinh dng.

Tinh btTheo em, trong qu trnh chn hm lng ng trong qu s thay i nh th no?Trong qu trnh chn, hm lng ng trong qu tng.T cy chuyn voThy phn tinh btMt vi trng hp th ngc li (khoai ty, u) khi cha chn hm lng ng cao hn v chuyn thnh tinh bt khi chn.

Acid hu cTheo em, trong qu trnh chn hm lng acid hu c trong qu s thay i nh th no?Khi qu chn, hm lng acid hu c c xu hng gim.ng vai tr lm cht nn h hpTo thnh mui trong t boKh nng tng hp acid khi qu chn gim

Mu scTheo em, trong qu trnh chn mu sc ca qu s thay i nh th no?S thay i d nhn thy nht khi chn l:S gim lng chlorophylTng hp cc cht mu anthocyanin hoc carotenoid.

Cc hp cht thmHng thm ca qu ph thuc vo s tng tc gia ng, acid hu c, phenol v cc cht bay hi.Nhng hng thm c trng ca mi loi rau qu l do nhng cht mi c trng nh este, alcohol, aldehyde, keton

Acid ascorbicDng thng gp ca acid ascorbic trong qu l acid L-ascorbic (vitamin C)Hm lng acid ascorbic tng dn trong qu trnh pht trin ca qu nhng gim dn khi qu chn.

Cc hp cht phenolCc hp cht phenol trong rau qu c tc dng bo v cc hormon thc vt (auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin)Trong t bo non c tc dng c ch hot ng ca enzym IAA oxidase.Hm lng phenol trong qu gim dn khi qu chn.Gip v hot IAA, cht c ch qu trnh chn ca qu.

Acid amin v proteinHm lng acid amin c xu hng gim khi qu chn.S gim acid amin trong giai on pht trin u tin ca qu do qu trnh tng hp cc hp cht phenol.S gim t ngt acid amin trong qu trnh chn l do chng to thnh protein nhm tng hp cc enzym chn.

S h hpH hp l qu trnh lm h hng rau qu sau khi thu hochOxy ha cc hp cht phc tp (carbon hydrate, acid hu c hay cht bo) thnh cc phn t n gin (CO2 v H2O)C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Q

S h hpCng h hp: mg/ml CO2 sinh ra hoc O2 b hp thu ca 1kg rau qu trong 1 h (mg/kg/h)Ph thuc: ging, mc chn, mi trng bo qun, thi gian tn trCng h hp tng t ngt khi qu t n chn sinh l ch s sinh l

S h hpThi gian bo qun ca nng sn ph thuc vo cng h hp v thi im chn.Bo qun nhit thpTc nhn hn ch qu trnh chn nh cc cht ht etylen, auxin, gibberallin.

Tc gii phng etylenTrong qu trnh chn, ngoi tng hm lng CO2 cn c s to thnh etylen (C2H4)Etylen c xem nh l mt hormon chnHm lng etylen cn thit cho qu trnh chn ca cc loi qu rt khc nhau (dao ng 0.1-1.0 ppm)Qu trnh sinh tng hp Etylen (hnh 2.5/94)

Tc gii phng etylenng dng:Thc y qu trnh chnLm chm qu trnh chn c nguyn nhn do etylen:S dng cc cht ht etylen (KMnO4, Ethylsorb, Purafill)iu chnh kho bo qun (nhit thp)S dng cc cht i khng etylen (CO2, Ag, Norbornadine)S dng cc cht c ch (Aminoethoxyvinylglycin v acid aminooxyacetic)

Cu hi n tpHy phn bit rau v qu da vo thnh phn dinh dng ca rau qu.Thnh phn no nh hng n tnh cht cng ngh ca ch bin rau qu?Hy so snh s khc bit gia qu xanh v qu chn.