Cong Nghe Sx Bot Dinh Dương

5/26/2018 Cong Nghe Sx Bot Dinh D ng

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MC LC

I.TNG QUAN VBT DINH DNG.1.Tm quan trng ca bt dinh dng.2.Khi nim vbt dinh dng3.Phn loi bt dinh dng.II.NGUYN LIU.1.Nguyn liu c ngun gc tng vt2.Nguyn liu c ngun gc tthc vt3.Cc loi nguyn liu khcIII.QUY TRNH CHBIN BT DINH DNG

1.Chbin bt dinh dng ht sen-u nnh.2.Chbin bt dinh dng carot-ng cc.IV.Sn phm to bt dinh dng.4.1.Sn phm sn xut theo phng php to hnh-nng4.2. Sn phm sn xut theo phng php khuy trn, sy mng4.3 Sn phm sn xut theo phng php rang, xay.4.4 Sn phm sn xut theo phng php hha.V.Qu trnh nh lng v phi trnVI.Mt smy mc, thit bsdng1.My mc kiu vt xon2.My trn thng quay3.My trn bt chV4.My trn nghin a nng5.Thit bsy phun sngVII.Gii thiu mt ssn phm


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BT DINH DNG

I.TNG QUT VBT DINH DNG:

1.Tm quan trng ca bt dinh dng:

Dinh dng l g?Dinh dng l qu trnh cung cp nng lng t thc n v chuynha nng lng trong t bo nui dng c th.

Dinh dng chim mt vai tr quan trng trong vic hnh thnh, pht trin c th v gign sc khe ca con ngi. mi thi k pht trin ca mt i ngi, nhu cu v dinhdng hon ton khc nhau, tuy nhin vic p ng nhu cu y mt cch hp l li lun

lun l vn ng ch , v l nn tng ca sc khe. iu ny cng c bit quantrng i vi tr nh, v cc sai lm v dinh dng trong giai an u th c khi gynhng hu qu nghim trng v khng th phc hi ko di n sut i. Dinh dnghp l cn c vai tr phng nga bnh v phc hi sau bnh.

Bt dinh dng c sn xut t nhng nguyn liu c ngun gc t nhin, ngoi rac b sung thm sa, cc vitamin v khong cht cn thit cho s pht trin ca tr, cithin sc khe cho ngi ln. Ngoi ra, sn phm c b sung men tiu ha amylaza nng cao m nng lng khi s dng. Thnh phn hn hp gm cc vitamin vkhong cht cng c phi trn vo bt vi t l thch hp nhm p ng mt phn nhu

cu cc cht dinh dng ny ca tr (30-50% nhu cu khuyn ngh).

Do s phi trn thc n khng hp l hay do thi quen n ung m i khi chng takhng cung cpy cc cht dinh dng cho mnh. Do , ngy nay, nhu cu tiu thcc sn phm dinh dng cn bng ngy mt tng cao, cc sn phm ch bin c thnh

phn dinh dng y , cn i, ph hp cho tng loi i tng ngy cng c ch pht trin. Trong , bt dinh dng l mt sn phm c tiu th kh ph bin.

2.Khi nim v bt dinh dng:

Thc n trong cc ba n hng ngy c chbin tnhiu loi thc phm khc nhau.Htiu ha sphn gii cc loi thc phm ny thnh cc cht dinh dng. Chc chtdinh dng mi c hp thu vo mu. C trn 40 cht dinh dng cn thit cho c thhng ngy nhng nhn chung c th chia cc cht dinh dng thit yu ny ra lm 3nhm chnh :

Nhm cht dinh dng a lng sinh nng lng: Cht bt ng, cht bo, cht mv cht cn. Ngoi vai tr cung cp nng lng cho c th, cc cht dinh dng a


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lng sinh nng lng cn tham gia vo cu trc c th, tham gia vo cc hot nghp thu, chuyn ha, min dch

Nhm cht dinh dng vi lng: Khng cung cp nng lng nhng c vai tr quantrng trong cc qu trnh chuyn ha ca c th, c nh hng n sc khe v bnh

tt. Nhu cu hng ngy ca c ththng t, tnh bng miligam, thm ch microgam.Bao gm cc vitamin v khong cht vi lng.

- Vitamin : Gm cc vitamin tan trong nc (B, C) v cc vitamin tan trong cht bo (A,D, E, K).

- Cht khong vi lng : Hin xc nh c khong 10 loi khong cht vi lnghin din trong c thnhng chmi bit c chc nng v chuyn ha ca Zn, Fe, Mg,Cu, I, F, Se.

Nhm nht dinh dng a lng khng sinh nng lng: Bao gm cht khong alng, cht x v nc.

- Cht khong a lng : Canxi, Phosphor, Potassium, Sulfur, Sodium, Cloride,Magnesium

-Nc : L thnh phn chnh yu ca khu phn d t c quan tm.- Cht x : Khng tiu ha, khng hp thu nhng c vai tr quan trng trong i u ha

hot ng ca htiu ha.

Do s phi trn thc n khng hp l hay do thi quen n ung m i khi chng takhng cung cp y cc cht dinh dng cho mnh. Do , ngy nay, nhu cu tiu th

cc sn phm dinh dng cn bng ngy mt tng cao, cc sn phm chbin c thnhphn dinh dng y , cn i, ph hp cho tng loi i tng ngy cng c ch pht trin. Trong ,bt dinh dng l mt sn phm c tiu thkh phbin.

Bt dinh dng l sn phm hn hp giu dinh dng dng bt c cc thnh phnprotein, lipid, glucid vi tlcn i. ng thi cn bsung cc vi dinh dng, khongph hp vi tng loi sn phm cho tng i tng sdng. c sn xut tcc loiht ng cc,v cc loi hi sn giu dinh dng.

Bt dinh dng chyu phc vcho cc i tng cn bsung ngun dinh dng cn

i v cc i tng c khnng tiu ha thc phm km nh trem, phnmang thaiv cho con b, ngi gi, bnh nhn trong giai on phc hi, thanh thiu nin

3. Phn loi bt dinh dng

C nhiu cch phn loi bt dinh dng nh phn loi theo i tng sdng, phn loitheo thnh phn bt, phn loi theo cch sdng v phn loi theo phng thc sn xut:

Theo i tng sdng bt dinh dng chia thnh nhiu loi nh:


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- Bt dinh dng cho trbt u n dm (46 thng tui).- Bt dinh dng cho trt6 thng n mt tui.- Bt dinh dng cho trtmt tui trln.- Bt dinh dng cho phnc thai.- Bt dinh dng cho ngi m.Ty theo nhu cu dinh dng ca tng i tng c thm thnh phn ca cc sn

phm ny c khc nhau. Trong cch phn loi ny, cc sn phm dnh cho trem cbit c ch trng do nhu cu cao ca ngi tiu dng.Cc sn phm cho trphi chm lng dinh dng cao v cn i. c bit ch n hm lng m v st cung cp y cht cho trpht trin v chng thiu mu do thiu st.

Theo thnh phn bt, bt dinh dng c chia thnh cc loi nh:- Bt dinh dng c vngt nh bt dinh dng to, chui, cacao, vani- Bt dinh dng c vmn nh bt dinh dng ruc tht, ruc c, tm, cua- Bt dinh dng c bsung thm vi cht dinh dng nh Ca, Fe, Zn.., to, DHa..Theo cch sdng, bt dinh dng c chia lm hai loi l bt ha tan n lin v bt

cn nu chn. Cch chia ny phthuc vo quy trnh chbin cc sn phm bt dinhdng chng ta c thha tan lin hoc nu chn. Ngy nay, sn phm bt dinhdng ha tan n lin ang chim u thtrn thtrng do tnh tin dng ca n. Bncnh , mt ssn phm bt dinh dng chcn ha tan vi nc lnh cng btu xut hin.

Theophng thc sn xut, bt dinh dng c chia thnh cc loi:- Bt dinh dng ng cc rang nghin.- Bt dinh dng sn xut nhcng nghsy phun- Bt dinh dng sn xut nhcng nghp n.D phn loi theo cch no nhng sn phm bt dinh dng vn phi m cc thng svmt cht lng v gi trdinh dng cng nh scn bng dinh dng cho ngi tiudng.

II.NGUYN LIU:1. Nguyn liu c ngun gc t ng vt:

a.Trng v bt trng- Trng l mt loi thc phm c nhiu cht bo, nhiu m, ng thi giu vitamin v

khong vi lng. y l mn n rt tt cho tr em ang tui ln , bnh nhn ang phchi sc kho.


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- Thnh phn dinh dng ca trng ph thuc vo thc n, ging, mi trng sng,trng thi sc kho v thi gian khai thc gia cm.

Bng 1.1.Thnh phn dinh dng ca trng mt s loi gia cm:(tnh theo %)

Trng

(gia cm)

Nc Protein Lipid Glucid Khong Calo/100g

G 74 12,8 11,5 0,7 1 171

Vt 70 13 14,2 1 1,8 189

Ngng 70,4 13,9 13,3 1,3 1,1 189

G ty 70,4 11,3 11,8 1,7 0,8 189

- Bt trng l sn phm sy kh ttrng ti nhit khong 180oC trong khong 5pht theo mt quy trnh cng nghhin i. Cht lng dinh dng ca bt trng khngkhc g so vi trng ti.

b.Sa v bt sa:

Sa l mt dung dch sinh hc, c to thnh ttuyn sa ca ng vt c v. Sa chay cc cht dinh dng, cc enzyme, hoormon, khong (c bit l Ca v P), vitaminrt cn thit cho spht trin ca c th, c bit l c thcn non. Thnh phn dinhdng ca sa thay i theo ging gia sc, tui, ma v, chdinh dng, kthut vt.

Thnh phn ha hc sa ca mt sng vt v ngi cho bng sau:Bng 1.2. Thnh phn ha hc sa ca mt sng vt v ngi:( tnh theo%)

ng vtProtein

tngCasein Cht bo Carbohydrate Khong

B 3.4 2.8 3.9 4.8 0.8

D 3.6 2.7 4.1 4.7 0.8

Cu 5.8 4.9 7.9 4.5 0.8

Nga 2.2 1.3 1.7 6.2 0.5

Ngi 1.2 0.5 3.8 7.0 0.2

Bt sa l sn phm chbin tsa ti cho hay khng cho thm ng, c b hay lybt b. Thnh phn dinh dng ca sa bt ton phn nh sau: nc 3.5%, lipid 26%,


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khong 6.5%, protein 26.55%, lactoza 38.5%. Hm lng kim loi nng nh ch khngc c mt, ng


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Bng: Thnh phn dinh dng ca tht mt s vt nui:

Loi tht Thnh phn ho hc (g/100g)

Nc Protein Lipid Khong Calo

B 70,5 18 10,5 1 171Ln m 47,5 14,5 37,5 0,7 406

Ln1/2nc 60,9 16,5 21,5 1,1 268

Ln nc 73 19 7 1 143

Tru bp 72,3 21,9 4,9 0,9 118

G 69,2 22,4 7,5 0,9 162

Vt 59,2 17,8 2,8 0,9 276

C: Thnh phn ho hc ca tht c cng tng t nh tht ca cc ng vt khc. Proteinca c thuc loi protein hon thin. Trong c, phn c gi tr nht l nc, trng, gan. Gitr dinh dng v gi tr sinh vt hc ca c c th ngang bng vi cc ng vt munng khc nh ln, b, g

2. Nguyn liu c ngun gc t thc vt

2.1 Cc loi c

a) Khoai ty

C khoai ty c cha hm lng tinh bt cao, l mt trong nhng cy lng thcchnh ca con ngi.

Bng: Thnh phn cc cht ca c khoai ty nh sau (%):

Nc 75

Cht bo 0.2

Tro 0.9

Cellulose 1.1

Hp cht nit 2.1

Cc cht khc 2.2

Hm lng tinh bt 20 - 30


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b)Khoai lang: Gm nhiu loi, thnh phn cc cht trong khoai lang nh sau (%):

Bng: Thnh phn cc cht trong khoai lang:

Nc 68.1

Protein 1.6Glucid 27.1

Cht bo 0.5

Tro 1

Cellulose 0.9

Tinh bt 15- 30

2.2 Cc loi ng cc

a) La

La l ngun lng thc chnh, c trng nhiu ng Nam . Thnh phn ho hcca la ch yu l tinh bt, protein, cenllulose, ngoi ra cn mt s cht khc c hmlng t nh ng, tro, cht bo, vitamin. l mt trong nhng loi ng cc c kh nngsinh nng lng cao nht.


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Bng 2.3.Cc thnh phn ha hc ny thay i ty theo ging, chcanh tc vtrng trt.

Thnh phn Thc Go lt Go xt Cm Tru

Glucid (g) 64 73 7387 7789 3462 2234

Cellulose (g) 7.210.4 0.61.0 0.20.5 711.4 34.545.9

Protid (gNx5.95) 5.87.7 7.18.3 6.37.1 11.14.9 2.02.8

Lipid (g) 1.52.3 1.62.8 0.30.5 15.019.7 0.30.8

Tro (g) 2.95.2 1.01.5 0.30.8 6.69.9 13.221.0

Ca (mg) 1080 1050 1030 30120 60130

P (g) 0.173.1 0.170.43 0.080.15 1.12.5 0.030.07Fe (mg) 1.46.0 0.25.2 0.22.8 8.643.0 3.99.5

Zn (mg) 1.73.1 0.62.8 0.62.3 4.325.8 0.94.0

Phytin P 0.180.21 0.130.27 0.020.2 0.92.2 0Go l mt trong nhng loi ng cc sinh nng lng kh cao. Bn cnh , hm lng

protein trong go cng tng i tt hn trong cc loi lng thc khc. Trong go tnti 20 loi acid amin trong thnh phn ca protein. La go cung cp 10 loi acidamin khng thay thcho ngi. Mc khc, protein la go dhp thu vo c th. Khnng tiu ha protein la go trong c thl 8490%

Hm lng lipid trong la go cao hn la mch v la m nhng thp hn k, ng v htyn mch. La go cung cp ch yu l vitamin nhm B. Tuy nhin, s lng vitamintrong la go khng nhiu v thp hn cc loi lng thc khc. So vi cc loi ht khc,la go c t cellulose hn (tri mch) v c thnh phn khong cao hn.

Tuy nhin, trong thnh phn ht c nhng hp cht tc ng khng tt n c th conngi nh phytin, antitrypsin, hemagglutinin v oryzacystain. Trphytin, cc thnh phn

k trn u c bn cht protein nn dbin tnh nhit cao. Cc cht ny tp trungchyu phi v lp aleuron. Do , khi chbin bt go cn lu loi bcc cht ny.

b) Bt m

La m l mt trong nhng ht ng cc c gi trsdng cao nht trong i sng conngi. Tla m, chng ta c thlm ra cc sn phm khc nhau nh bt m v tinh bt


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mTrong , bt m l sn phm c gi trnht ca la m. Bt m c lng protein caov y cc acid amin khng thay th. Khng nhng c calo cao m cn dtiu ha.

L nguyn liu c dng ph bin trong cng ngh thc phm.

Bng: Thnh phn ha hcca cc loi bt

Loi bt Protein Lipid Glucid Cenllulose tro

Thng hng 10,8 0,9 73,6 0,2 0,5

Loi 1 11,0 1,1 72,9 0,3 0,7

Loi 2 11,5 1,4 71,3 0,8 1,0

Loi 3 11,8 1,5 69,6 1,6 1,5

c) Bp bt bp:

Bt bp c cha hm lng protein cao, nhng kh tiu ha hn protein ca tht, c,trng, sa v cc lai ng cc khc nhng kh nng sinh nng lng ca n rt cao dovy ng l 1 cc ngun cung cp nng lng chnh cho c th con ngi.

Bp dng ch bin bt phi m bo cht lng: ht kh khng c tp cht, t l ht bnhkhng qu 2%. Thnh phn ha hc ca bt bp (g/100g):

Protein : 6 Lipid : 20.5 Glucid : 73 Cellulose : 0.3 tro : 0.7

2.3Ht sen

Thnh phn ha hc ca ht sen:- Trong 100g ht sen ti c: 9.5g protid, 30g glucid, cung cp cho c th 162 cal, ngoi

ra cn c vitamin A, B1, B2, PP, C - Trong 100g ht sen kh c: 20g protid, 2.4g lipid, 58g glucid, cung cp cho c th 342

cal v mt s mui khong quan trng ( Ca 89mg%, P 285mg%, Fe 6.4mg%...) Mt s cng dng ca Ht sen.

- Ht sen l thc phm dng ch bin nhiu mn n ngon c gi tr dinh dng caonh: Ch sen, mt sen, tht g hm ht sen, mng gi hm ht sen


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- Ngoi gi tr dinh dng, ht sen cn l v thuc qu c tn Lin t, c ng ydng ch yu lm thuc bi dng c th v cha bnh mt ng, thn kinh suynhc. Liu dng mi ngy l 20-30g di dng thuc sc hay thuc bt. Trong thct, ht sen cn c dng phi hp nhiu loi v thuc trong cc n thuc bi dng

c th thng dng. Ngoi ra, trong nhiu sch thuc c cn ni n tc dng cha lca ht sen.- Gia ht sen c mt mm xanh, Khi n ta phi ly ht mm xanh ny ra v mm c v

ng. Nhng mm xanh ny li l v thuc hay vi tn gi Lin tm, c tc dngthanh nhit, an thn, h huyt p. Dn gian dng lin tm cha bnh mt ng, liudng mi ngy 5-10g di dng thuc sc hoc pha ly nc ung nh pha tr

- Ht sen c v ngt tnh bnh, b dng an thn; tim sen c v ng tnh hn, tr st cao,m sn, huyt p cao; gng sen v ng sp, tnh nht sen l v thuc qu, c tcdng b dng li an thn, c bit chng tiu chy ko di v suy dinh dng.

- Ht sen c tc dng tng cng t v, bo m dinh dng cho ton thn, iu ha sthu np thc n, tiu c v mt s bnh ph n. Trong th gii tho dc, t c loicy no m cc b phn u l loi thuc qu nh cy sen.

- Ht sen cha cc cht dinh dng nh: tinh bt, ng, protein, cht bo, Ca, P,Fel thc n b dng tm, ch thn, kin t, nhng ngi lao ng tr c qu cngthng, tm thn bt n hay s st.

2.4. ng Saccharose

Saccharose l ng ph bin trong thin nhin. C nhiu trong c ci, ng, ma, l,

thn, r ca nhiu loi thc vt. Trong cng nghip ngi ta thng s dng c ci nghoc ng ma sn xut v chng cha 20-25% Saccharose. Saccharose d ha tan,n c ngha rt quan trng i vi dinh dng ca con ngi.

Cng thc phn t C12H22O11.

V cu to Saccharose l loi disacarit cu to t glucose v fructose lin kt vi nhaunh hai nhm OH glucozit ca chng. Saccharose khng c tnh kh. Khi thy phn bngaxit hoc enzym invertaza, s gii phng glucose v fructose. Trong phn t saccharosegc glucose dng piranoza, cn gc fructose dng furanaza, lin kt xy ra C1 caglucose v C2 fructose, do saccharose cn c gi l -D-glucopiranozid.

Trong thc phm c PH axit thun li cho s to ng nghch o ( sn phm to thnhkhi thy phn saccharose) chng cng thng c trong mt ong. S d n mang tn ny vdung dch saccharose ban u c []D bng 66.60nhng sau khi b thy phn quaycc li bng -200ngha l c s thay i gc quay cc t bn phi sang bn tri. Tronghn hp glucose v fructose hnh thnh []D ca glucose l 52.5 cn []D ca fructosel -92.4 v do dung dch ng nghich o c []D bng -20. S nghch o cng lm


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tng cht kh ln 5.26%, ng thi tng nh v ngt v tng ha tan ca ng trongdung dch. Dung dch ng nghch o thng t nht hn so vi dung dich saccharosekhi dng mt trng lng kh ngang nhau. S tng tnh ha tan gy ra nh qu trnhnghch o ng l do tnh ha tan cao ca ng fructose cng nh tnh kh kt tinh

ca ng glucose so vi ng saccharose.Tnh ht m ca ng nh hng n mt s kt cu ca mt s thc phm. V tnhcht ht m so snh gia cc loi ng nhn thy ng glucose, maltose, cc siroglucose l nhng cht c tnh kh cao nn thng c tnh ht m km hn so visaccharose nht so vi ng nghch o v fructose. Khi cn duy tr mt m nhtnh trong thc phm th s c mt ca cht ht m l cn thit. Ngoi loi ng c thdng cc polyacol nh sorbitol, manitol, glixerolTuy nhin trong mt s trng hp cc ch phm mt ko nu tn ti trng thi v nh hnh th s c mt ca cc cht htm li khng c li v khi c s hp th nc s lm tng nhanh qu trnh kt tinh

ng v lm cho ch phm tr nn dnh. khc phc tnh trng trn ta gim bt lngng nghch o v thm siro glucose. Trong nhiu loi thc phm cha mt lngnc thp, ng tn ti dng v nh hnh c nht cao do cn tr qu trnh kttinh ng. Tuy nhin trng thi ny khng bn v ht m vn rt cao.

ng cho vo sn phm nhm mc ch to v cho sn phm vtng kh nng bo quncho sn phm.

2.5. Cc ht thuc h u

a. u nnh.

u nnh hay cn gi l u tng c tn khoa hc l Glycine max l loi cy h uFabaceae. Ht u c nhiu hnh dng khc nhau nh: hnh dc, trn di, trn dp. Musc htu cng khc nhau: Vng, xanh, xm, en v cc mu trung gian nhng phn lnl mu vng.

Thnh phn ha hc v dinh dng ht u nnh- u nnh l loi nng sn thc phm quan trng v 2 thnh phn protein v cht bo

ca n c phm cht tt, t l caov gi thnh r- u nnh c gi tr dinh dng rt cao, hn hn so vi cc loi u thng dng khc

v tng ng hoc vt hn cc thc phm c ngun gc t ng vt.- Ngoi thnh phn m rt ln, u nnh c t l cht bo kh cao, nhiu sinh t v

mui khong cn thit cho c th.


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Bng: Thnh phn ha hc ca u nnh.Thnh phn T l khi lng

%Thnh phn ha hc ( % cht kh )

Protein Lipid Carbohydrat Tro

Nguyn ht 100 40.3 21 34 4.9

Ni nh 90.3 43 23 29 5

Phi 7.3 8.8 1 86 4.3

V ht 2.4 41 11 43 4.4

- Ngoi thnh phn chnh l protein, lipid, glucid, ht u nnh cn cha nc, vitamin (A, B1, B2, B6, B12, PP, C, E ) v mui khong ca cc nguyn t Fe, Cu, Mn, Mg,Ca, Zn.

- Thnh phn ha hc c gi tr dinh dng cao nht l protein v lipid. Ni nh ca unnh l ni cha hu ht 2 loi thnh phn ny. Thng thng hm lng protein tngth hm lng lipid gim, hm lng protein tng 1% th hm lng lipid gim 0.5%

- Thnh phn ha hc ca u nnh thay i ty theo ging, t ai, kh hu trng trt,iu kin, phng php thu hoch v bo qun.

Bng : Thnh phn dinh dng trong 100g ht u nnh cc loi.

Loi ht ng lngcal

Protein(g)

Lipid (g) Glucid(g ) X (g) Tro (g)

Ht xanh 436 39.8 17.9 30.8 6 5.3Ht trng 444 39 19.6 31.5 3.7 5.5

Ht vng 439 38 13.1 39.3 4.9 4.6

- Protein: u nnh ng u v m c ngun gc t thc vt. Protein l cht quantrng trong thnh phn ha hc ca u nnh. Khng nhng c hm lng protein caom protein trong u nnh l hon ho, v n c y cc acid amin khng thay thvi t l cn i v hm lng cao tng ng vi hm lng cc acid amin c trong

tht, do c th thay th protein ng vt trong ba n hng ngy. Hm lng lysineli tng i cao, n t thc n ng cc thiu lysine th s pht huy c tc dng htr b sung protein, nng cao t l tn dng protein.

- Lipid: Cht bo chim khong 20% trng lng kh ca ht u nnh, gm2 thnhphn:

Du triglyceride chim 96% trng lng cht bo th, trong hn 80% l cc acidbo khng no.


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Lecithine: Chim 2% lng du th, l loi phospholipid phc tp v c s dngnhiu nh l cht nh tng v cht chng oxi ha trong ch bin thc phm (Maragin, chocolate, bnh ko..), dc v m phm.

Ngoi ra cn c 0.5% acid bo t do v 1 lng nh cc pigment mu ( carotenoid)Bng: Thnh phn acid bo c trong u nnh.

Acid bo no Acid bo khng no

Lauric 0.0-0.2% Palmitoleic 0.42-1.6%

Myristic 0.1-0.4% Oleic 10.9-60%

Palmatic 5.5-5.6% Linoleic 25-64.8%

Steric 2.4-5.5% Arachidonic -

Arachidic 0.2-0.9% Linolenic 0.3-12.1%

Tng cng 15.0% Tng cng 85%

y l loi du n c hot tnh sinh hc cao. Cc acid linoleic v acid linolenic c vai trchuyn ha cholesterol trong c th nn ngn nga bnh tim mch, ko di tui th.- Glucid: Glucid chim trung bnh khong 34% trng lng cht kh ca ht u nnh.

u nnh tng i cha t ng bt hn so vi cc loi u khc, gm 2 nhm:ng tan ( > 10% ) v khng tan (20%). Do lng tinh bt khng ng k (


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- Cht khong v vitamin Cht khong chim t l thp trong u nnh (4-5% trng lng cht kh). Cht

khong trong u nnh hu nh cha y cha tt c cc nguyn t a lng, vilng v siu vi lng, cn thit cho c th con ngi nh: Ca, Na, P, Mg, K, S, Fe,

Cu, Zn, Al, I, Cl. u nnh cha hu ht cc vitamin ch yu. Ngoi vitamin tan trong nc hin din

vi mt lng ln, cn c vitamin K, l mt vitamin tng i him thc vt. ngthi sn phm ln men u nnh cn tm thy vitamin B12.Cc vitamin c rt t trongu nnh v hu nh b tn tht trong qu trnh ch bin.

- Enzym: u nnh c cha cc enzym urease, lipoxitase, v mt anti enzym lantitrypsin, enzym urease trong u nnh sng c c tnh cht li s hp thu cc chtm qua mng rut. Do , khng nn s dng u nnh sng. Khi nu hay rang chncc enzym ny b ph hy, u nnh tr nn d tiu v b dng.

- Cc cht c c trong u nnh:u nnh c cha mt vi cht c hi trong c th. Trc tin phi k n acid phytic,hay phytate, c tmthy trong lp v cm ca cc loi ht v u , m nhiu nhtl u nnh. Acid phytic ngn chn s hp thu qua rut ca mt s cht khong rtquan trng nh Mg, Ca, Fe v Zn, thng thy r nhng ngi n chay trng. Bncnh hm lng phytate cao, u nnh cn rt bn vng trc cc k thut phn hy

phytate. Ngoi ra cn c cht c ch hp thu trypsin v hemagglutinin.

Cht c ch trypsin: c ch enzym trypsin tiu ha ca protein ng vt. Cht c chtrypsin s b v hot bi nhit, gia nhit bnghi m s hiu qu hn l sy. un trong

nc si khong 20 pht s v hot hu ht cht c ch trypsin . Nu u nnh ngmtrong 8h th ch cn chn 5 pht l . Cht c ch trypsin s nh hng n s phttrin ca c th. Do ta phi n u nnh chn.

Hemagglutinin: Rt c i vi ng vt. Chng c kh nng kt hp vihemoglobulin nn lm gim hot tnh ca hemoglobulin. Tuy nhin chng cng ddng b phn hy bi nhit, khng nh hng n gi tr dinh dng ca u nnh

b.Cc loi u khc.Cc loi u ht kh cung cp vitamin B, kali, st v cht x, t cht bo khng ccholesterol. Ngoi ra, cc loi u ht c cho l gip ngnnga ung th rut kt vlm gim cholesterol trong murt cn thit cho trem v phntrong giai on mang

bu.Cc loi u nh u H Lan, u xanh, u trng, u en, u vn l nhng ngun giutinh bt.T l thnh phn dinh dng:


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Bng 2.4 T l thnh phn dinh dng ca mt s loi u.

Loi uHm lng % so vi cht kh

Tro Cellulose ng Tinh bt Protein LipidH Lan 3.0 6.5 4 50 28 2

Vn 3.2 4.4 4 66 29 2

en 4.1 5.2 3 55 28 2.4

Phng 1.84.6 2.04.5 622 2034 4060

Cc thnh phn dinh dng:

Nhm cht dinh dng a lng cung cp nng lng : Gm cht ng bt, cht bo,cht m.

- Cht ng bt (carbohydrate) l cht cung cp nng lng chnh cho cc hot ngca cc tbo trong c th, nht l cc hot ng thlc ca c bp v cc hot ngtr tuca cc tbo no. Mi gam cht ng bt cung cp 4kcalo. Mi ngi cn60% cht ng bt cho nhu cu nng lng hng ngy. Cht ng bt c chiathnh hai loi chnh l ng phc tp v ng n gin. ng phc tp (complexcarbohydrates): l loi ng c ttrn 2 phn tng n gin, bao gm tinh bt

(dng dtrglucose thc vt), glycogen (dng dtrglucose ng vt), v chtx (non-starch polysaccharides). Cht x l mt dng polysaccharide nhng khngtiu ha, khng hp thu vo mu, v vy khng cung cp nng lng nn c xp vonhm thc phm a lng khng cung cp nng lng. ng n gin (simplecarbohydrates) : bao gm 3 loi monosaccharide l glucose, fructose, galactose v 3loi disaccharides l maltose, sucrose, lactose.

- Cht bo (lipid): l ngun cung cp nng lng rt quan trng, gip c thhp thu vchuyn ho cc vitamin tan trong cht bo. L nguyn liu hnh thnh tbo nht l t

bo thn kinh, nguyn liu to hormone steroide nh hormone sinh dc, thng

thn... Mi gam cht bo cung cp 9kcalo. Trcng nhnhu cu cht bo cng cao.Trnh nhi cn 50% nng lng khu phn (tng ng lng cht bo trong sa m).Trla tui nh trmu gio cn 20-30% nng lng khu phn. Ngi ln th tuthtrng, trung bnh 15-25% nng lng khu phn. Ngi cao tui cn 12-15% nnglng khu phn. C 3 thnh phn chnh trong cht bo l Triglyceride, phosphorlipidv sterol. Triglyceride l thnh phn chnh trong m(cht bo c ngun gc ng vt)v du (cht bo c ngun gc thc vt). Mi phn ttriglyceride c to thnh bi


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1 glycerol v 3 acide bo. Acid bo c xem l cu trc c bn ca cht bo. Cnhiu cch phn loi acide bo. Theo s lng cacbon trong chui : acide bo chuidi (12-24 cacbon), chui trung bnh (6-11 cacbon) v chui ngn (


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- Cht khong vi lngcng nh cc vitamine, l nhng cht c thcn vi slng rtt nhng ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh sng m cho n nay khoa hc cngcha khm ph ht hoc cha bit ht cng dng ca chng vi ssng.

Nhm nht dinh dng a lng nhng khng cung cp nng lng : gm chtkhong a lng, cht x v nc.- Cht khong a lng l cc cht khong nhng nhu cu hng ngy tnh bng n v

gam tr ln. Cc cht ny c vai tr khc nhau vi c th. C 7 cht khong a lng c xc nh vai tr bao gm Canxi, Phosphor, Potassium, Sulfur, Sodium,Cloride, Magnesium

- Cht x gip iu ha nhu ng rut, iu ha hot ng ca h tiu ha, gim tobn, gim s hp thu cholesterol v cc cht bo. Cht x gm hai loi: cht x tan

trong nc : gm, oligofructose...v cht x khng tan trong nc : cellulose - Nc: l mt thnh phn ht sc quan trng ca chdinh dng mc d rt hay b

b qun. Nhu cu nc hng ngy ca mt ngi trung bnh khong 1500-2000ml,c cung cp qua nc ung, sa, cc ba n... Nhu cu ny tng ln khi hot ngnhiu, m hi nhiu, hay khi b bnh, st, tiu chy... hoc nhng ngy thi titnng bc nhu cu nc cng scao hn.

3. Cc loinguyn liu khc

Cc loi rau xanh, tri cy l ngun cung cp vitamin, khong cht, cht x cn thit cho

s pht trin ca c th. Mt s loi bt rau qu thng dng trong ch bin bt dinhdng l: bt to, cam, bng ci, chui, da, c rt, cn ty, b , c chua, u

III. QUY TRNH CH BIN BT DINH DNG.

3.1. Ch bin bt dinh dng ht sen - u nnh.

3.1.1 Quy trnh ch bin


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2.1.2.Cs l thuyt cc qu trnh c bn trong qu trnh ch bin bt dinh dng ht

sen- u nnha.Qu trnh ngm ht

Trong qu trnh ngm, nc dn dn ngm vo trong ht. Nhc nc m ht mitrng ln. Khi ht u btrng th cc phn tnc c tnh lng cc stn cngvo cc lin kt ca cc phn ttrong ht u gm c: protein, lipid, glucid,cellulosethng qua hai giai on:

Ht

sen

La chn

Ngm

Hp chn

Sy s b

Nghin

Sy

Ry

Nghin

Sy

Ry

La chn

Ngm, i v

Hp chn

Sy s b

u

nnh

Phi trn

ng gi

Sn

phm

Nghin ng


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3.1.2. C sl thuyt cc qu trnh c bn trong qu trnh chbin bt dinh dnght sen- u nnh

a. Qa trnh ngm ht

Trong qu trnh ngm ht, nc dn dn ngm vo bn trong ht. Nhc nc m htu mi trng ln. Khi ht u trng ln th cc phn tc tnh lng cc stncng vo cc lin kt ca cc phn tc trong ht u gm: protein, lipid, glucid,cellulosethng qua hai giai on.

- Giai on 1: gy ra hin tng Solvat ha, lc ny c slin kt gia cc phn ttrong ht u bph v, chng cn trng thi keo ng.

- Giai on 2: Cc phn tnc tip tc tn cng, ph vcc lin kt ca cc phn ttrong ht u, lm chng chuyn ttrng thi keo ng chuyn sanh trng thi dch thkeo, linh ng nm trong cc tbo ht u.

Qu trnh ngm ht u trong nc th c ba yu tlin quan mt thit vi nhau:lng nc ngm, thi gian ngm v nhit nc ngm.

- Lng nc ngm: Lng nc qu cao hoc qu thp u khng tt. nu lng ncngm qu cao slm cho cc thnh phn trong ht u dha tan trong nc gy nhhng cc cht kh trong ht. Mt khc, sdng nc qu nhiu gy lng ph . Nulng nc ngm qu t lm cho ht u ngm nc khng u, btrng ln dn ngim hiu sut thu hi protid

- Thi gian ngm:+ Thi gian ngm c nh hng trc tip n hiu sut thu hi protid trong ht u.+ Nu ngm ht trong thi gian qu ngn th ht u cha bph vlin kt, cn ngmtrong thi gian qu di th cht kh trong ht u bha tan, gy tn tht cht kh. ngthi ngm thi gian qu lu th ht u sbchua, gy tn hi ln n cht lng ht u- Nhit ngm+ Bnh thng khng nn ngm nhit cao v nh vy tc trng ca ht u

nhanh hn nhng trng li nhdn n cc thnh phn trong ht u trng thikeo ng cha chuyn sang dch thkeo, nn kh ha tan.

+ Nhit ngm tt nht l 20-250C.

+ Bn cnh , qu trnh ngm lm cho cht c hi c thot ra ngoi nh Raffinosev Stachyose. Cc loi ng ny sau khi n sphi khng c c thhp thu mnm rut, sbln men bi vi khun ng rut v sinh hi kh chu

+ Trong qu trnh ngm, m ca ht tng, tinh bt trng nln, ng thi mt senzym trli hot ng chuyn ha mt phn tinh bt thnh dextrin.


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b.Qu trnh hp ht.Khi hp, ht tip tc hp nc. Vi sinh vt v trng hi btiu dit han ton, cc hotng sinh l ca bn thn ht btiu dit hon ton.

Bn cnh , mt sthnh phn cht c trong ht btiu hy nh acid phytic, cht cchtrypsine, hemagglutinineTinh bt bchuyn ha. Tinh bt thc vt d amylo hay amilopectin c dng b si,cc b si lin kt rt mnh. Do , nc, enzym, acid rt kh xm nhp vo cu trcny, loi tinh bt ny rt kh tiu ha. Sau qu trnh ngm v hp tinh bt sht ncv trng ln, cc phn tlinh hot hn, do cc b tinh bt tan r, cc phn ttinh

bt ti ra, Tinh bt sc hha, dtiu ha hn.

c.Qu trnh sy.Bn cht ca qu trnh: L sbc hi ca sn phm bng nhit nhit bt k, l qutrnh khuch tn do chnh lch m bmt v bn trong vt liu, hay ni cch khc dochnh lch p sut hi ring phn bmt vt liu v mi trng xung quanh.Mc ch v phm vi sdng: Trong sn xut thc phm qu trnh sy c sdngrng ri nhm mc ch sau y:

- Chun b: l stch bt nc ngm tm cc dung dch, p hng, sy gimkhi lng sn phm chuyn ch.

- Khai thc: Tng hm lng cht kh, sy phn ln cc sn phm thc phm nh sysa bt, bt ha tan, sy ng cc loi, c ph, m chnh, m si, sy men bnh m,cc loi quv cc loi rau.

- Chbin: Sy tngdn, do, gic tnh c trng ca sn phm v dsy ccthc phm nh rau, cci, su ho, sy ng tan, c ph tan, ch v cc sn phm tiudng khc nh jambon, lp xng

- Bo qun: sy n lng nc ti thiu, vi sinh vt kh pht trin bo qun snphm c lu. Sy n hot ca nc: aw = 0.25-0.35, v l im bo qun tiu ca sn phm c tnh sinh hc khi khng sdng lnh.

- Hon thin: Sy kh vt liu trc khi dung bt, sy m bo mu sc sn phmv sng bng ( cc sn phm dng ht, tinh th, rn), tng bn sn phmCc bin i trong qu trnh sy

- Bin i vt l:+ C hin tng co thtch, khi lng ring tng ln- gim khi lng do lng nc

bay hi.


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+ C thc hin tng nng chy v ttp cc cht ha tan ln bmt lm nh hngn bmt sn phm v chng lm tc nghn cc mao qun thot nc, km theo lsng rn trn bmt.

- Bin i ha l:Khuch tn m: trong giai on u ca qu trnh sy, m khuch tn tlp ngoi votrong vt liu do dn nv nhit. y l sdi m gy nn do schnh lch nhit cc phn khc nhau ca vt liu sy. Qu trnh ny c thc hin di tc dng canhit khuch tn do kt quco dn ca khng kh trong cc mao qun, nhit cchuyn di theo hng c nhit thp hn, tc l bmt nng nht bn ngoi vosu bn trong vt liu v km theo m: Hin tng dn nhit m lm cn trchuynng ca m ttrong vt liu ra ngoi bmt, tc l cn trqu trnh sy.

- Bin i ha hc:+ Tc phn ng ha hc tng ln do nhit vt liu tng nh phn ng oxi ha kh,

phn ng Maillard.+ Tc phn ng ha hc chm i do mi trng nc bgim dn v dnh mt s

phn ng thy phn. Thng thng trong 2 xu thtrn, xu th1 tri hn.+ Hm m gim dn trong qu trnh sy. Thng m phn bkhng u trong vt liu

nht l cc vt liu ln.- Bin i sinh ha.+ Giai on u ca qu trnh sy, nhit vt liu tng dn v chm to shot ng

mnh mca enzym, nht l cc enzym oxy ha-kh, gy nh hng xu n vt liu,v vy thng dit peoxydase hay polyphenoloxydase trc khi sy.

+ Giai on sy: Hot ng enzym gim v nhit sy ln hn nhit hot ng cachng v lng nc gim.

+ Giai oan sau khi sy: mt senzym nht l enzym oxy ha-khkhng hon ton btiu dit m hot ng yu trong thi gian bo qun v ti mt giai on c thphchi khnng hot ng.

+ Trong thc tcho thy nu cc enzym khng mt hot tnh do xl s bhoc do tcdng nhit trong qu trnh sy c thdn n hiu quto mu ca polyphenol hocthy phn lipid.

- Bin i sinh hc:+ Cu to tbo: thng xy ra hin tng tbo sng bin thnh tbo cht do nhit

lm bin tnh khng thun nghch cht nguyn sinh v mt nc. C thtbo vnphc hi trng thi ban u nhng hn chsinh sn. Ngoi ra cn lm bin i cutrc cc m nht l m che chv m dn.

+ Vi sinh vt: Sy c tc dng lm suy yu hay tiu dit vi sinh vt trn bmt vt liu.Khnng lm yu hot nhiu hn. Cc vi sinh vt sn phm sy thng kh pht


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trin nhng slng vi sinh vt trn mt n vsn phm thng ln hn cc snphm khc.

+ Dinh dng: Sn phm kh thng gim tiu ha. Lng calo tng do gim m, nnc thchsdng lng t nhng calo.

- Bin i cm quan:+ Mu sc:Mt sc thay gim sc tdo tc dng ca nhit ( gi trtuyt i) nhng tng gitrtng i do nc mt i, v vy cng mu tng ln. Ni chung, c mu thm,mu do phn ng caramen ha, phn ng to melanoid v oxy ha cc polyphenol...Chtiu mu sc ca sn phm sy l chtiu quan trng. Khi chn c chsythch hp, qu trnh sy c tc dng cnh mu sc cho sn phm sng v bng hn,

ph hp vi thhiu ngi tiu dng.+ Mi

Mt scht thm bay hi theo m v do nhit phn hy gy nn tn tht cht thm,c bit l cc cht thm ca cc sn phm thc phm c ngun gc sinh hc.Mt shng thm pht huy hoc c to thnh.

+ VDo m gim nn nng cht vtng ln, cng vtng, nht l vngt v vmn. Vchua i khi gim i mt cch tng i do hm lng acid bay hi trong sn

phm sy gim.+ Trng thi

Gn lin vi cc bin i vt l v ha l nh tng tnh n hi, tnh dai, tnh trngn,

tnh vn cc, tnh gin, hoc c bin i vhnh dng.- Cc giai on cng nghca qu trnh sy:

Gm c 3 giai on:+ Chun b: Ty theo loi nguyn liu v yu cu sn phm m khu chun bkhc nhau.

V dchn hoc sl ha hc cc sn phm sy hoa, qu, tch bt nc bng phngphp p trc khi sy.

+ Sy l giai on tch nc l chyu: cho nguyn liu vo sy ng kthut v lmngui to iu kin cho qu trnh bo qun sn phm tt hn.

+ Xl sau khi sy nh nghin, bsung cht thm, cht mu.

- Cc yu tnh hng n tc sy:+ Bn cht vt liu sy, cu trc, thnh phn ha hc, c tnh lin kt m.+ Hnh dng vt liu sy, kch thc+ m ban u, m ti hn ca vt liu.+ Tnh cht ca cc tc nhn sy: Khi sdng tc nhn sy l khng kh, tc sy ph

thuc vo m, nhit v tc vn chuyn ca khng kh trong qu trnh sy.


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+ Tc sy cn phthuc rt ln vo cu to my sy, phng thc v chsy.

3.1.3Gii thch quy trnh:

a.La chnu nnh: Chn nhng ht ng u, my, loi bht lp, ht su bnh v tp cht.Ht sen: Chn ht khng bmt, khng bsu, ng u.Cht lng u ra bnh hng rt ln bi cht lng u vo, cho nn khu la chnnguyn liu l ht sc quan trng.

b.NgmMc ch: Gip tinh bt trng nmt phn, loi btp cht dnh trn ht. i viu nnh, ngm cn gip qu trnh bc vc ddng, ng thi cn c thi giancho cc cht c c thot ra ngoi.

Khi cho ht u vo ngm phi phn loi ht u, vo i sch, loi bht rm, rc,kim loiri mi cho vo ngm ncTin hnh ngm vi cc thng slng nc ngm, thi gian v nhit kho stTrong qu trnh ngm c ththay nc 1-2 ln nc ngm khng bln men lmgim cht lng sn phm.

Ngm: Thi gian 4h, nhit phng 300C, tlu:nc ngm= 1:3c.Hp chn

Mc ch: Gip tinh bt c trng nhon ton ( lm chn ht )Tin hnh hp trong ni hp n khi chn ht, thi gian hp sc theo di

Thi gian hp u nnh l 2h40, i vi ht sen l 3h10d.Sy s b

Tin hnh sy u nnh v ht sen trong tsy chn khng p sut 50mB, nhit 500C trong thi gian kho st.m sau khi sy s bca ht u nnh v ht sen nm trong khong


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Yu cu tnh cht kthut ca nguyn liu: Tnh cht kthut ca nguyn liu c linquan rt ln ti cht lng bt thnh phm. Nhng iu cn trnh

- m: Ht qu m nghin bbt, yu cu m ca ht khi nghin


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- Ung nng: Ha tan mt gi khong 35g vi 120ml nc nng ( 800C ) , khuy tan vthng thc.

- Ung lnh: Ha tan mt gi khong 35g vi 50ml nc, khuy u, cho vo nuthch

2. Quy trnh ch bin bt dinh dngcarot- ng cc

3.2.1 Quy trnh ch bin

Ruc tht

Nc

Nghin

TrnNghin

Bt nn

Trn

Bao gi

Vo hp

Sn phm

Cc cht vi

dinh dng

Bt c

rt

Hha

Sy

Du thc vt

Ng cc

Nghin

Mch

nha

Trn


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3.2.2Thuyt minh quy trnh

Trn: Ta tin hnh trn bt ng cc, mch nha, du thc vt trong thit btrn. Bsung thm nc vo, ng thi gia nhit ttln khong 700C tin hnh hhatinh bt. Thi gian hha khong 15 pht. Lc ny hn hp trong thit btrn dnghuyn phSy: Thit by l thit bsy trc. sau khi hha ta a ngay vo my sy, nhittc nhn sy khong 75-800C. Mc ch ca qu trnh sy l lm chn tinh bt ,ng thi cng lm gia tng gi trcm quan ca sn phm sau ny. Hn hp sau khisy c dng nhng mng tm, m khong 5%.

Nghin: mc chl to ra dng bt mn cho sn phm

Trn: Mc ch ca qu trnh l lm tng ng u cho sn phm. Trong qu trnhtrn ta cho thm ruc tht xl, bt carot, cc cht vi dinh dng, sa bt vo nhmtng gi trdinh dng.Bao gi: Sau khi trn ta c sn phm, em tin hnh bao gi. Bao b sdng l bao b

plastic c trng nhm

IV.PHNG PHP TO BT DINH DNG:

4.1.Sn phm sn xut theo phng php to hnhnng:

Sn phm dhha hay hha mt phn ln c thsdng nc ngui hoc nc m

sdng.

4.1.1Nho


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Mc ch cng ngh:

Phn bnguyn liu thnh mt khi bt nho ng nht, to mng gluten to tnh nhi , tnh do v nht; cch ng nht chun bkhi bt nho cho qu trnh tip theov hon thin mt schtiu cht lng cho bnh thnh phm. Nho trn nhm to nn

ng nht vcu trc, mu sc v sphn bnguyn liu trong ton khi bt nho.Thng qua trnh phn nguyn liu, thi gian v cng nho trn nh sn xut c thiu chnh khi bt nho t c cc yu cu vcng ngh. Bt nho c to hnh

bng cch cn: bt nho phi do, n hi, khng dnh, to c khung gluten kh tt chu lc v gin rng khi cn. c thto mng gluten kh tt bnh cn c hm lngcht bo v ng tng i thp. Qu trnh nho trn ksgip bt tip xc c nhiuvi nc hnh thnh mng gluten. Sau qu trnh nho trn cn thm mt thi gian

bt n nh cu trc mng.

Cc bin i ca nguyn liu:Bin i vt l:

- Trong qu trnh nho trn, ma st gia cc phn tnguyn liu vi nhau v vi thit bcng nh cc phn ng ha hc din ra lm nhit ca khi bt tng dn,hay nicch khc l do nng lng c hc chuyn thnh nng lng nhit nng nn nhit khi bt tng ln.Nhng nu cnh khoy khong 25-40 vng/pht th nhit khi

bt tng khng ng k.nht, tnh do,n hi ca khi bt tng ln.- Tcc vt liu ban u cn ri rc trthnh mt khi bt ng nht c tnh do v

n hi cao.- Trong khi bt nho to thnh cc pha:pha lng do nc them vo v nc tdo,pha

kh c to nn trong qu trnh nho bt.Bin i ha l:

- Ht tinh bt ht nc trng n,protein ht nc to trng thi do ca khi bt.Khilng ring v tng.

- Thnh phn chnh trong vic hh thnh mng gluten l gliadin v glutenin,khi nho bt2 thnh phn ny ht nc tng tc vi nhau v vi cc thnh phn khc c trongkhi bt to thnh cc si mnh v mng mng bao ly cc ht tinh bt thm nc tothnh hmisen keo.

- C s hp thu cht bo ln b mt misen keo,lm lin kt misen keo gim dn ngim n hi nhng tng xp.

Bin i ha hc:- Do nht trong qu trnh nho bt l khng ln nn t xy ra cc bin i ha hc

chyu l hnh thnh cc lien kt hydro,cu ni dissunfua , tng tc a bo.


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- L to nn nhng lin kt ha hc yu trong qu trnh hnh thnh mng li gluten.Cc gliadin, glutenin lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt hidro bng lin kt tnh in giacc phn tmang in tch tri du, bng cu disulfide v bng tng tc a bo. Cctng tc ny sto nn n hi cho bt nho. C thxy ra hin tng oxy ha

cht bo di tc dng ca oxy hay hin tng bin tnh protein di tc dng chc. Nu c sdng thuc nnh NaHCO3, NH4HCO3 th c thxy ra phn ngphn hy mt phn nhthuc nto xp cho bt nho

Bin i ha sinh:- Qu trnh ny hnh thnh di tc cezyme protease, amyase v lipase cc ezyme

ny lm ph vcu trc lin kt proit lm nh hng n cu trc ca khi bt; ccezyme thy phn protit c nh hng nhiu hn cc ezyme thy phn tinh bt.

Phng php nho trn:Qu trnh nho trn bt bao gm 3 bc:

Bc 1: xy dng cng thc nho trn. Ty theo tng loi bt dinh dng cho cc itng khc nhau m c cng thc nho trn khc nhau. V dbt dinh dng dnh chongi gy th khi phi trn phi c tlsa bo, cc loi bt, ng c tlthch hp,

bt dinh dng dnh cho ngi n king th thnh phn sa bt phi l sa gy phi trnvi cc thnh phn khc theo tlthch hp.

Bc 2: chun bnguyn liu: gm phi trn cc phgia thnh cc dng thch hp c thtrn u vo khi bt nho. Qu trnh ny bao gm ha tan cc mui v cc phgia tan trong nc thnh mt dung dch gi l nc trn bt. Cn lu l nc trn bt

by gic ttrng, nhit , v khnng lin kt vi cc thnh phn ha hc trong btnho khc vi nc nguyn liu ban u. C thbsung bt nNaHCO3, Na2CO3toxp cho bnh khi nng vi t l0,7%. Nu dng vi t l< 0,7% khi nng bnhkhng c ci tin xp nhiu, nu tlbt n> 0,7% bnh nng sc vchua

Bc 3: nho trn: phi trn cc thnh phn chun bbc 2 hnh thnh khibt nho. Mc ch ca bt nho l lm sao bt nho c c tnh lu bin thch hpnht. Trnh tphi trn ca nguyn liu snh hng ln n tnh cht lu bin ca btnho v bt dinh dng thnh phm. Ty loi sn phm m trnh tphi trn skhcnhau nhm t c khi bt nho c tnh cht lu bin mong mun. Trnh tny khngcnh m sbin i ty theo cht lng bt nho

Vai tr chyu to nn tnh cht lu bin ca bt nho chnh l khung gluten. V vy,la chn phng php phi trn no l ty thuc mc ch pht trin ti a hay km hmqu trnh hnh thnh mng gluten. Trong cht bo cn trkhnng hnh thnh khunggluten nn thi im v dng cht bo phi trn vo l c bit quan trng. n hica bt ph thuc ch yu vo qu trnh protein lin kt vi nc to khung gluten.


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Trong sn xut bt dinh dng th cc thnh phn ng, sa bt, mui c chia lm 2phn. Mt phn cho vo vi nguyn liu khi nho trn, mt phn cho vo qu trnh phitrn trc khi sy kim tra.

Cc thng scng ngh:

Qu trnh nho trn bt trong sn xut bt dinh dng thng chdin ra trong 20 400C. Nhit thay i ty theo cht lng bt nguyn liu v tnh cht lu bin ca btnho. i bt nho c khung gluten kh tt, nhit khi bt nho duy tr 400C. Cni vi loi bt nho c mng gluten yu th nhit nho thp, 25 300C.Trong thigian 30-40 pht

Tng tc nho slm gim thi gian nho trn. Nho nhanh skhin khi bt nhomau u, cc mi lin kt dbt gy, bm dnh, n hi cng nh c qunhca bt nho cng gim. Bt dinh dng thng nho vi tc nhanh

Trn gin on: trn tng mcc cu tkhc nhau thnh hn hp ng nht. Trongtrn gin on thng dng 2 thit bm bo cng sut. Qa trnh trn gin onthng c 3 qu trnh: chuyn dch cc nhm phn t ln cn tnhm ny sang nhmkhc trong hn hp c cc phn ttrt ln nhau (trn i lu), phn bli cc phn tqua gii hn mi (trn khuch tn), tp trung cc phn tc khi lng v kch thcgn nhau do tc dng ca lc qun tnh v trng lc.

Trn lin tuc: cc my trn lin tc c chia lm 3 nhm: nhm my trn c cu tdch chuyn dc theo trc m khng c dch chuyn dc tng i ca cc phn t, nhm

my trn m cc cu tdch chuyn dc theo trc nhng cc phn tdch chuyn dctng i, nhm my trn m cc cu t chuyn ng hn lon trong ton b th tchtrn

Thit b:

Nguyn l chung ca cc thit bnho trn l cc thit bc bn cha c cnh khoytrn bt.c thnm ngang hoc ng,cnh khoy c nhiu loi khc nhau ty theo tngloi cnh m c quo trn cng khc nhau.

Cc dng my nho trn hot ng theo nguyn tc dng lc ca cnh khuy phn

b cc nguyn liu dng rn vi nguyn liu dng lng. trong qu trnh nho trn btnho c hin tng tng c qunh v ckt theo thi gian. c qunh lmgim tc chuyn ng ca vt liu trong thng trn nn cng sut ca ng c my tr

phi ln, cu to ca cnh khuy phi chc m bo phn lc ca bt. ckt vbm dnh lm cho khi bt chuyn ng thnh tng khi khng u trong my nn mytrn bt nho phi dkin c schuyn chca khi bt nguyn liu tkhu vc trn


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mnh lit sang khu trng v c bin php phn tn khi bt ny. Thng dng mynho trn hot ng lin tc

My nho trn hot ng lin tc c cu to nh mt tang trng hnh tr t nmngang, bn trong c rotor v c chia thnh cc khoang nh. Trn thnh khoang c cc

stator htrcho tng qu trnh thch hp nh phi trn, phn tn, ha trn kh v nho.Bn ngoi tang trng c lp vo c chia thnh tng khoang vi cc nhit khcnhau. Bng cch iu chnh chiu di tang trng, thay i thi gian lu ca bt v thigian nho trn ta c th thu c cc loi bt vi cht lng khc nhau. Thit bhotng theo nguyn tc sau: nguyn liu kh v nc c nhp vi mt lng chnh xcv lin tc vo mt u ca thit b, ha trn s bvi nhau v i vo khu vc nho trnv cui cng i ra ti u kia ca thit b: ngay ti u ra bt nho sc chia thnhtng phn bng nhau i vo cc cng on chbin tip theo (dao ct hot ng vich c ci sn). Ngoi ra cng c loi thit bliu c nhp nhiu vtr khc

nhau trn khp chiu di ca thit bnho trn. Thit bny cho sn phm c cht lngn nh, khng cn nhiu nhn cng. Tuy nhin qu trnh lp t my phc tp, vic nhpliu lin tc cng kh c th thc hin c v quan trng l mi khoang nho (gmstator v rotor) chthch hp cho mt cng thc no . My nho trn hot ng lin tcthch hp cho cc nh my chbin chmt loi bt nho

4.1.2.To hnh:

Mc ch: chun b. Chun bl chia nhkhi lng bt thnh tng ming nhckch thc tng i ng nht ph hp theo yu cu cho qu trnh nng tip theo.

Cc bin i ca nguyn liu: trong qu trnh to hnh cyu l cc tc dng c l lnnguyn liu do nhng bin i trong qu trnh to hnh thng khng nhiu, chyul cc bin i vvt l. Cu trc v tnh cht c l ca sn phm thay i

Thit b: to hnh cho bt nho dai: phng php cn, ct

My cn bt 2 trc:

- rng trc cn 620mm- ng knh trc 240mm- dy lp bt 0,75mm- Cht liu thp tm dy 20 mm- To thnh cc tm bt c kch thc ph hp chun bcho qu trnh nng.- c im mng gluten:tnh n hi ca gluten gim, mch phn tgluten tng

do cc lin kt c ni li.


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4.1.3.Nng

Mc ch: Chbin v bo qun sn phm. nng l qu trnh gia nhit lm chnbnh to cho bnh c mu sc, mi v, cu trc c trng, gim m v gip tiu ditvi sinh vt,tiu dit cc ezyme gip cho bt c mi vc trng v bo qun c lu.

Chnng bnh c c trng bng 3 thng s:

- m tng i ca hn hp khng kh v hi trong bung nng-Nhit v cc vng trong vng nng

- Thi gian nng

Hnh 3.2.Bin i nhit theo qu trnh nng bnh

Cc bin i ca nguyn liu:

Giai on 1:Khi ming bt c a vo l nng nhit ban u ca ming btbng khong 300C v m t1825%. Nhit ca l nng cao hn 1000C,khong180-185 0c.Do hin tng truyn nhit m, nhit s chuyn dn tngoi vo trong lp


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bt v hi nc cng chuyn tngoi vo trong theo nhit , do bmt ming bt sbkh. khc phc hin tng ny :

+Giai on u ca qu trnh nng, l nng cn c gi nhit thp.Nhit bung nng thch hp l 180-185 0c

+m thch hp l khong 60-75%.

Khi nhit tng 500C mng gluten bt u bbin tnh, nhnc. Lc ny tinh bt shp thu lng nc do protein nhra cng nh lng nc tngoi khi bt chuyn votrng nv thc hin qu trnh hha. nhit 55600C, mng gluten bin tnhmnh. Nhit phn hy ca bicarbonate ammonium xp x600C, khi kh scgii phng. Mt phn lng kh ny s thot ra ngoi, nhng phn ln sc gi litrong khung bnh nng lm cho ming bt nra theo cphng ngang ln bdy. Tinh

bt bt u hha, ph vcu trc ht, mch tinh bt dn ra v lin kt li vi nhau to

nn cu trc xp. Mt senzyme nh amylase, protease hot ng mnh sinh ra ngkhv acid amin l nguyn liu u vo cho phn ng Maillard. nhit ny nm men

btiu dit

Giai on 2: bt u khi nhit tm ming bt t khong 70 800C, bin i chyu chyu trong giai on ny l qu trnh bc hi m. nhit ny, protein bbintnh hon ton, mi enzyme bv hot, sbin tnh ca gluten sto thnh khung bnh,cc phn ttinh bt bhha slin kt vi khung gluten lin kt trong rut bnh. Khinhit rut bnh t t nhit phn hy ca bicarbonate natri 80900C, lng btnsphn hy ht v bnh tip tc n. Khi rut bnh t 1000C th thtch ming bnhnng t ti a. Rut bnh sginhit 1000C trong sut qu trnh nng lng nctdo trong bt bc hi. pha ngoi ming bt do tip xc vi khng kh nng nn nhittng nhanh hn rut bnh. Sau khi lp vbnh c hnh thnh, nhit tip tc tng.n nhit 1200C, cc phn ng Maillard c tng cng lm vbnh bt u chuynmu vng

Giai on 3: bt u khi vbnh t nhit 1400C, khi phn ng caramen hadin ra nhanh, v vy cn gim nhit ca l nng gim tc truyn nhit. Qatrnh nng skt thc khi lng nc tdo trong khi bt bc hi ht, nhit ca rut

bnh bt u tng trn 1000

CCc thng scng ngh: bnh nng qua 2 giai on

Giai on 1: dng nhit cao lm thay i t ngt khi bt lm sn phm xp sau khinng, nhit nng giai on ny l 2500C, nng trong thi gian 1 pht bnh xp tia


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Giai on 2: nhit nng giai on ny l 1400C, thi gian 5 pht, sn phm vng,p, xp dn, m ti thiu < 6%

Thit b: phbin nht l thit bnng dng hm

Hnh 3.3.Thit b: phbin nht l thit bnng dng hm:

Chiu di l nng dao ng trong khong vi mt n 100 mt, chiu rng khong 1mt. Khoang nng c chia thnh nhiu vng dc theo chiu di ca l nng v cng thi kh mi vng. L nng hm hot ng lin tc, tng nhp v tho sn

phm, khng cn nhiu nhn cng vn hnh. u im chnh l tiu hao nhit t nn t tnnng lng, nng sut cao v c thiu khin nhit trong l nng mt cch chnhxc. Tuy nhin thit bc chiu di ln nn tn din tch nh xng

4.1.4.Nghin:

Bn cht ca qu trnh nghin l lm gim kch thc ca vt liu, thng thng l ccvt liu ri bng cc tc dng ca lc c hc.

Hnh 3.4.My nghin a.

Trong qu trnh nghin, c 3 loi lc cng tc dng ln vt liu: lc nn, lc va p vlc ma st. Tuy nhin ty tng qu trnh sc loi lc chim u th. Trong cc qu trnhnghin th vt liu cng lc nn chim u th. Lc ma st thng chim u thtrong qu


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trnh nghin cc loi vt liu mm. Lc va p thng c ng dng trong cqu trnhnghin th, nghin trung gian v cnghin tinh

Mc ch: chbin: i vi cc loi bt ng cc qu trnh nghin l qu trnh quantrng nht chuyn vt liu tkch thc ln sang dng bt c kch thc nh. Bnh

sau khi nng thng c nghin vkch thc khong 150m

Cc bin i ca nguyn liu: ch yu l bin i vt l: bin i vt l quan trngnht ca qu trnh nghin l kch thc nguyn liu gim, din tch bmt ring tng ln.Di tc dng ca lc nhit cu nguyn liu tng ln

Cc yu tnh hng

Tnh cht ca nguyn liu l yu tnh hng nhiu nht n qu trnh nghin. Vicxc nh tnh cht nguyn liu c tnh cht rt quan trng thc hin qu trnh nghinvi hiu qukinh tcao nht. Trc khi thc hin qu trnh nghin, mt stnh cht sau

y ca nguyn liu cn c quan tm: kch thc, cng, dai, dnh, ma st,nhit nng chy, cu trc, khi lng ring, m, cc thnh phn ha hc km nnh, ng nht, sch

Cu trc ca nguyn liu: bnh sau khi nng c tnh cht gin, dv. Trong qu trnhny lc nn l lc thch hp cho qu trnh nghin.

m ca nguyn liu: m tng i nhsau khi nng


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4.2.Sn xut bt dinh dng theo phng php khuy trn, sy mng

Sn phm hha mt phn nh. Khi sdng cn ha trong nc si hoc nu

4.2.1Khuy trn

Mc ch: to mt hn hp ng nht tcc thnh phn rn khc di tc dng calc c hc lm tng gi trdinh dng ca sn phm, tng sng nht gia cc loi bt,tng thm tnh cm quan cho sn phm, tng gi trsdng cho sn phm

Cc nguyn liu cn phi trn: Cc loi bt giu protein nh tht, c, tm, bt sa, bttrng, cc loi giu cht x nh bt t rau qu, cc cht vi dinh dng nh khong,vitamin, cc loi cht bo nh du m, u phng

Bn cht: y l qu trnh phi trn cc ht vt liu bt ri vi nhau. Cn lu vtrttphi trn v liu lng phi trn

4.2.2.Sy

- Khai thc: qu trnh sy tch bt nc ra khi nguyn liu, lm tng hm lng dinhdng trong mt n vkhi lng sn p- Chbin: qu trnh sy lm bin i nguyn liu v to ra nhiu tnh cht c trngcho sn phm

- Bo qun: qu trnh sy lm gim hot ca nc trong nguyn liu nn c chhvisinh vt v mt senzyme, gip ko di thi gian bo qun sn phm

- Hon thin: qu trnh sy c thlm ci thin mt schtiu cht lng sn phm


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Bin i vt l:Trong qu trnh sy sxut hin gradien nhit trong nguyn liu. Nhit stng cao tivng bmt ca nguyn liu v sgim ti vng tm

Skhuch tn m sxy ra do schng lch m ti cc vng khc nhau bn trong munguyn liu

Cc tnh cht vt l ca nguyn liu sthay i nh khi lng, ttrng, m Nhngbin i vt l slin quan n chtiu cm quan ca sn phm sy

Bin i ha hc:- Khi tng nhit th tc ca cc phn ng ha hc tng. Do trong qu trnh sy

sxy ra nhiu phn ng ha hc khc nhau trong nguyn liu. cc phn ng thng

gp nh: phn ng oxy ha vitamin C lm hm lng vitamin C gim so vi nguynliu ban u. Cc hp cht lipit c bit l cc acid bo tdo khi tham gia phn ngoxy ha shnh thnh nn cc peroxyde v nhiu loi sn phm ph khc lm chosn phm sy ha nu.

- Phn ng Maillard: y l phn ng thng gp khi sy nguyn liu c cha ngkh v cc hp cht c nhm NH2 t do. Phn ng s to ra cc hp chtmelannoidine v lm cho sn phm bsm mu.

- Sinh hc: trong qu trnh sy, s trao i cht ca cc tbo v m nguyn liu sngng li nu nhit tng cao. Ngoi ra cc thnh phn khc nh protein, DNA c

thbbin tnh. Bin i ha sinh:

- Khi nhit tng cao, cc enzyme bv hot v cc phn ng ha sinh sngng liPhng php: thng thng dng cht ti nhit l khng kh nng tip xc vi b

mt vt liu m lm bc hi nc trong vt liu to thnh hn hp khng kh mthot ra ngoi

- Sau khi sy mng l cc qu trnh nghin ry phi trn sy kim tra tng tnh trn

4.3.Sn xut bt dinh dng theo phng phprangxay :

Sn phm c hha mt phn. Cn ha tan trong nc nng trc khi sdng

4.3.1.Rang

Mc ch Chbin: khi rang cc loi ht, mt phn tinh bt c hha.


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Bo qun: qu trnh rang xy ra nhit cao nn c ch h vi sinh vt venzyme, ci thin chtiu vi sinh ca sn phm.

Hon thin: khi rang cc ht ng cc, nhiu hp cht hng c to thnh gpphn to mi vc trng cho sn phm


Bin i vt l: gim th tch tng trng lng ring ca nguyn liu ch yu do sthot m v tn tht cc cht bay hi

Bin i ha hc: mt sphn ng nh phn ng caramen ha, phn ng oxy ha chtbo, phn ng phn hy cc cht mn cm vi nhit nh vitamin c trong nguyn liu

Bin i sinh hc v ha sinh: qu trnh rang schm dt strao i cht ca tbo visinh vt v m thc vt trong nguyn liu, mt vi sinh gim, cc enzyme bv hot

bt thun nghch

Cc yu tnh hng:

-Nhit v thi gian rang. Khi tng nhit rang, cc bin i trong nguyn liu sxy ra nhanh hn, v mc bin i cng xy ra su sc hn, c bit l cc bin iha hc. Nu phn ng ha hc xy ra qu mc th cht lng sn phm sbgimst.

- Khi nhit cng cao th tn tht cc cu tmn cm vi nhit cng ln. Thi gianrang cng di th mc bin i chtiu cht lng sn phm cng ln.

- Thi gian di slm gim nng sut hot ng ca thit brang v lm tng chi phnng lng cho qu trnh

Phng php thc hin: nhit ban u v nhit ca thit bbng nhau khi tipxc vi nhau, sau gia nhit nng nhit dn v gia chng c chnh lch nhitT

Thit bv nng lng

Thit b: c 2 loi cho rang v my rang thng quay bn trong c lp cc bphn otrn kiu tay o hoc cnh tay o xon. Thit bkhng chu p nhng chu nhit

Nng lng: do thit bc un nng trc tip cn nguyn liu c truyn nhitgin tip nn tn hao nhit kh cao, do vy l t cn c bao kn. Nhin liu c thdng: than ci hoc dng hi qu nhit

4.3.2. Xay:

Thit bnghin a:


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Thit bnghin mt a: cu to bao gm mt da quay gn vi mt rotor, bmt ca dac nhng rnh nh. Da c lp t song song vi mt bmt cnh. Khe hp gia dav bmt ny quyt nh kch thc sn phm. Khi thit bvn hnh, nguyn liu siqua khe hp ny, chu tc dng ca lc ma st v lc nn(lc nn thng nhhn nhiu

lc ma st), bvra. ln khe hp c thiu khin, phthuc yu cu kch thc snphm

Thit bnghin hai da: bao gm hai da quay ngc chiu nhau. Bmt a c thccc rnh. Thit bnghin 2 da c lc ma st tc ng ln nguyn liu ln hn thit bnghin mt da. Trn bmt da ngi ta c thkhng to rnh m c thgn thm ccinh t ngn.

Sau khi bt c nghin, th em ry phi trn sy kim tra nh sn phm dngto hnh, nng

4.4.Sn xut bt dinh dng theo phng phphha dch lngto bt:Sn phm c hha mt phn ln, c thha trong nc ngui dng

4.4.1.Hha:

Khi xl nhit cc ht tinh bt trong nc n nhit hha th sxy ra hin tng

hha tinh bt, l hin tng tinh bt ht nc, trn n, tng th tch v khi lngtng ln

Mc ch chbin: di tc dng ca nhit cao nhiu loi nguyn liu bbin ivcu trc, tnh cht ha hoc, l hc lm cho cht lng ca nguyn liu bin i hn.Cu trc ht tinh bt bph v. Nguyn liu tdng ht ri sau khi hha to thnh dngdung dch, lm chn nguyn liu


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Mc ch bo qun: un nng nhit trn 700C trc ht c tc dng lm mt hottnh ca cc loi enzyme c trong nguyn liu, ngn nga c nhng bin i xu.

Nhit cao trn 900C c thtiu dit vi sinh vt c trong nguyn liu.

Bin i vt liu:ht tinh bt khi bt u hha, nc tbn ngoi i vo trong htlm ngng tnc trong mao qun, xy ra phn ng hydrat ha v trng nht. Vht bph v, cc lin kt gia cc phn tamylose v amylopectin r ra, lm t linkt gia cc phn t. Xy ra hin tng phn tn cc phn t t lin kt vo ncto thnh dng dung dch.

Thc hin: c thhha bng cch gia nhit trc tip hoc gin tip.Cc loi ht khc nhau c nhit hha khc nhau nn ta hha ring cc loi ht

sau trn chung chng vi nhau trong thit btrn. Sau khi trn chung cc dch hhasy phun hoc sy trc to dng bt

4.4.2.Phi trn:Qu trnh phi trn dch lngCc yu tnh hng

Tnh cht nguyn liu: ttrng, nht v tnh cht lu bin ca nguyn liu c nhhng mang tnh cht quyt nh n qu trnh phi trn. Ty theo tnh cht ny, victhit k la chn thit bkhuy trn cng nh la chn nhng phng php thch hpcho qu trnh skhc nhau

Nhit : trong qu trnh phi trn nu nhit cng cao th qu trnh phi trn cngt hiu qucao, cc cu tcng dphn bu vo nhau . ng thi nhit cao lm

gim nht ca cht lng

Phng php thc hin:

Qu trnh phi trn cc loi cht lng c nht cao hoc dng paste. Trong thit bphi trn tng phn tnguyn liu phi tip xc vi phn tphi trn. Do cc phn tnguyn liu khng thchuyn ng nh trong trng hp cht lng c nht thp, ccu phi trn phi di chuyn v tip xc n cc v tr ca thng trn hoc c cu trn

phi to c lc ln lm cc phn t chuyn ng n cc v tr trong thit bphi trn. C thsdng cc loi thit bnh: thit bkhuy trn dng cnh khuy dng

mi cho, thit bkhuy trn dng chu, my nho, thit bphi trn lin tc cho nguynliu dng pase

4.4.3.Sy phun:

Ngi ta sdng thit bsy phun khi nguyn liu dng lng hoc dng paste, snphm thu c l dng bt. Nguyn tc sy gm 3 giai on


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Giai on 1: chuyn nguyn liu dng sy thnh dng sng m nh c cu phunsng trong thit bsy phun. Hin nay c 3 dng c cu phun sng: u phun ly tm,u phun 1 dng v u phun 2 dng. Kch thc cc git lng sau khi phun sng tkhong 10 - 200m

Giai on 2: ha trn sng m vi dng tc nhn sy. y chnh l giai on tch mra khi nguyn liu. Do nguyn liu c sy phun sng nn din tch bmt tip xcgia cc git lng v tc nhn sy rt ln. Nh, m trong nguyn liu c bay hinhanh chng. Sn phm to thnh dng bt mn. Thi gian tch m din ra trongkhong tvi giy n vi chc giy

Giai on 3 tch sn phm ra khi tc nhn sy. Ngi ta c th dng h thngcyclone, ti lc hoc phng php kt ta trong trng tnh in, ph bin nht l sdng cyclone. Hiu sut thu hi sn phm sy phun t9098%

Sau khi sy phun, bt tip tc c em nghin t kch thc ph hp. Cc qutrnh tip theo tng tnh sn phm dng to hnhnng

V.QU TRNH NH LNG V PHI TRN:

- nh lng v phi trn l khu quan trng trong sn xut bt dinh dng. Khu nhlng v phi trn quyt nh mc cn i v ng nht ca sn phm.

- nh lng cc cu tc thdngphng php cn (theo khi lng) hot ong (theothtch). Sai sca phng php ong nh sau:

- Nu lng cu tcn trn di 1%, sai sca php ong khng qu 0.3- Nu lng cu tcn trn trong khong 1-10% th sai sca php ong phi khngqu 0.2

- Nu lng trn trn 10% th sai song phi di 0.1- chnh xc ca php ong cc cu tvi lng l 0.3- chnh xc ca php cn phi t 0.25-0.5

Hiu sut phi trn thng c nh gi bng hskhng ng u Vc

()

Trong x: l gi trtrung bnh ca cu ttrong mu

xi: l mu ca th nghim in: l smu ly

Nu trn u th Vc 0, ngha l hiu sut qu trnh trn rt cao. Ngi ta cnnh gi mc trn ng u ca hn hp

()

Trong VB: l ng u tng i ca hn hp


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n : smu kim traB: l lng ca cu tnhca hn hp trong mu kim tra

- Phi trn nhm m bo cc cu t thnh phn phi c phn phi u trong tonkhi, hn hp bt phi ng nht. Phi trn lm tng gi trdinh dng cho sn phm,tng thm tnh cm quan cho sn phm. ng thi phi trn cn lm tng gi trsdng cho sn phm. Nguyn liu cn phi trn l cc loi bt giu protein nh: bttht, c, tm, bt trng...Cc loi bt giu cht x nh: bt t rau qu ...Cc cht vidinh dng nh khong, vitamin ...Cc loi cht bo, acid bo nh du m, du phng,DHA ...

VI.MT S MY MC, THIT B S DNG:

1.My trn kiu vt xon:

Nguyn tc hot ng: Nguyn liu c a vo my qua ng np liu c l vangiu chnh a vo khong np v trn s b. Bphn trn s bl mt my trn gm2 vt xon nm ngang 4 ng chuyn chuyn ng quay 7 qua hp gim tc 6. tnghiu ququ trnh trn, ngi ta t 2 canh vt 4 ln sang 20mm. Tmy trn s b,nguyn liu c vo vit trn ng. Vt trn ng c cu to t bit chia lm 3 onvt: phn di v trn c ng knh cnh vt l 300mm, cn phn vt gia c ngknh 430mm. Phn cnh vt trn t trong ng ng mang nguyn liu ln pha trn rixung theo phn mng 1. Vic iu chnh thi gian trn di hay ngn c thc hin

bng cch ng mvan tho 10. Khi mun ngng qu trnh trn, chcn mvan 10 v

tho sn phm qua ng 9.


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Hnh 4.1. My trn vt xon thng ng

Cc yu tnh hng n hiu sut trn:

- Tc quay ca vt cp liu v vt trn thng ng- Chiu di trc vtng kch cnh vt, bc vt ca vt trn thng ng- Thi gian trn- Khi lng nhp liu

My trn vit xon nm ngang lm vic gin on: nguyn liu c np vo gu npliu, sau c trn bng cch qua vt ti di ri theo gu ti ln pha trn vo vtti trn, tip tc c vn chuyn vo thng cha v bt li c ny ty thng chaxung vt ti di, cnh thsau khi kt thc qu trnh trn th sn phm c tho rakhi my trn qua ng tho sn phm pha di vt ti di. Trong trng hp sdngmy trn kiu bng xon trn sn phm ri rn v ng thi lm m vt liu th trc

my phi c dng cco t bit


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Hnh 4.2. Cc loi trc vt

My trn vit xon nm ngang lm vic lin tc: nguyn liu c np vo thng hnhtrnm ngang, trn thn c gn cc on cnh vt 3 c tc dng va o trn va vnchuyn nguyn liu. Ngoi ra cn gn cc tm nghin 4 v tr ng tm thng. nghing ca cc tm ny c tnh ton sao cho khi thng quay, nguyn liu trn cctm nghin strc vpha ngc vi hng vn chuyn ca cnh vit to nn sotrn tch cc vi ng i vng vo nhiu ln ca nguyn liu. Lng nguyn liu tho

ra c iu chnh nhtay quay 9, vit 8 v van iu chnh 7 iu chnh c thi giano trn v hiu sut trn.


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Hnh 4.3. My trn vt nm ngang lm vic lin tc

Hnh 4.4. My trn vt nm ngang

2.My trn thng quay

My trn thng quay thng l cc thng hnh tr, hnh nn, hnh su cnh... cchuyn truyn ng quay cc thng cha quanh cc ng tm, ng cho hoc quanhtrc i xng ca thng. Nhc chuyn ng quay m cc nguyn liu cn trn ln cnng ln, xung nhiu ln trong thng chng c phn phi ng u. tng hiuquca qu trnh trn, ngi ta cn gn thm cc cnh o, bng xon ln trc quay cathng hoc ln thn thng.

My trn thng quay lm vit gin on: trc quay trng vi ng cho ca thng.Cmi mt vng quay ca thng, sn phm c hai ln i li trong mt phngng, ng thi khi c trn theo hng trc v v thm bo trn c nhanhchng v c cht lng. Nguyn liu c a vo thng qua hp np liu 3. Di hp

np liu c vt xon 2 vn chuyn nguyn liu vo thng trn, cn vt xon 1 nmtrong mng 7 thng vi ng tho liu 9. Trong thi gian trn cc cnh lc 4 v cnh gt5 va o trn va nng bt ln v xung lm qu trnh trn c hiu quhn. Khi qutrnh trn kt thc, dng tay gt 8 xoay mng gt 7 vpha ng liu. Cc cnh 4 v 5 smang bt sn phm ln vo mng 7 vit xon 1y sn phm ra ng tho 9.

Mt sloi my trn:


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My trn bt dng nm model CH: Hnh 4.5 My trn

bt dng nm modelCH:

Phm vi s dng: My ny uc dng trncc loibtdng ut hoc c dnh caos dng trong ngnh thc phm, dc phm, ha hc.

Nguyn l lm vic: Trc quay hnh ch S s o bng mt c ch dn ng, c ch ny

s y vt liu qua li v trn mt cch ng b , vn hnh bng in, ta c th ci tthi gian trn mt cch t ng v ngt in v th c th ci thin chtlungtrnbttng m .

2.My trn bt ch V


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c im:

- My trn ny dng trncc loi nguyn liu dng ht hoc dngbt trong ngnhdc phm v cc ngnh cng nghip khc- Mybao gm hai tr hnh V c cao khc nhau. Trong sut qu trnh chuyn ngca nguyn vt liu trong ng hnh tr, nguyn liu c thay i v lp i lp lai bngcch hiu qutrns rt u nhau.

- My ny c nhng c im sau: khng c gc cht, khng tch t nguyn liu, tc

cao v thi giantrnthp. Bn trongv bn ngoi my u c lm bng inox.

3.My nghin a nng
http://kiencuong.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/may-nghien-da-chuc-nang-KC.jpghttp://kiencuong.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/may-tron-bot-chu-V-KC.jpghttp://kiencuong.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/may-nghien-da-chuc-nang-KC.jpghttp://kiencuong.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/may-tron-bot-chu-V-KC.jpg


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Hnh4.7 My nghin a nng:

Phm vi ng dng:My ny ch yu uc dng nghincc nguyn liu s dng trongngnh thc phm, dc phm, ha hc.

Nguyn l lm vic:

- Bng chuyn ng quay tung tc gia mt a c th di chuyn v a c nh, nguynliu s ucnghinbi cc tc ng v ma st ca bnh rng v tc ng gia ccnguyn liu vi nhau.

- My ny uc thit k t tiu chun GMP v ton thnmy uc lm bng thp khng

r v c h thng ht bi di km.- My c cu trc n gin, nng sut cao v d dng v sinh, my ny c th coi l thit

bnghinl tung nht hin nay

Thng s k thut chnh:

- Kh nng lm vic: 100-200 kg/h

- mn khinghin: 0.173-0.177 (80- 120 mesh)

- Kch thuc nguyn liu u va: 8 mm

- Tng cng sut: 5.5 Kw

- ung knh ca a: 318 mm

- Kch thuc bn ngoi ca ma: 720 x 653 x 1400 mm

- Trng lung: 320 kg

4.Thit bsy phun sng:


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Phng php sy phun sng:Sdng tc nhn sy l khng kh nng l tc nhnthng dng nht.hi l tc nhn phbin.nhit hi sdng dao ng trn khong150-2500 C. nhit tb ca khng kh nng sdung thp nhit hi khong 10o C.Ccdng thng sdng:

Hnh 4.9.Cc dng my sy phun

Cng chiu:


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Nguyn liu c phun vo cng chiu vi dng khng kh nng. Ht nguyn liu tipxc vi khng kh nng khi chng c m ln nht. Sn phm c sy nhnhng, cnthn, gic phn ln tnh cht ban u.

Ngc chiu:

Nguyn liu c phun vo ngc chiu vi dng khng kh nng t di ln.Nguyn liu tip xc vi dng khng kh nng c nhit tng dn, lng m d bloitrv sn phm c nhit rt cao. Phng php ny thch hp chvi nhng sn phmc khnng chu nhit cao.

Kt hp:

Kt hp u im ca c hai phng php trn. Nghuyn liu c phun ln v chlu litrong vng khng kh nng trong mt thi gian ngn loi trlng m cn st. Trnglc sau sko sn phm vo vng mt hn. Do chlu li trong vng kh nng mt

thi gian ngn, sn phm gic phn ln tnh cht ban u

u im: Thi gian sy nhanh, c thiu chnh c ttrng sn phm, sp c hatan cao(90-100%), m thp(3-4%), vn ng lin tc c thtng hon ton chi

ph nhn cng thp, dvn hnh cng nh sa cha, p dng cho nhiu loi ngun liudd gel, paste, huyn ph,cht liu sp c m bo trong sut qu trnh.

Nhc im: chi ph u t cao, cn nng lng ln loi bhi nc, tht thotcc cht dbay hi

Thit bsy phun:

Thit bc cu to thnh pha trn hnh tr(1) v di hnh nn ct (2). Nguyn liulng qua ng dn (3) vo thit bphun (4), c phun thnh ht nhvo khoang sy.

Thit bphun (4) c th l a quay, vi phun hai dng hay vi phun p su t. Thchhp nht l vi phun p sut, phun nguyn liu to thnh dng hnh nn rng ln. Khnng vo thit bqua ng (5) v thit bphn tn (6).


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Hnh 4.10. Thit b sy phun

Pha di khoang sy lmt lp mng bt (7). Di (7)l mt a l (8) c cung cpkh nng qua ng dn (9) vkhoang (10).

Pha trn khoang sy, thit blc(11) c sp xp thnh vngtrn, c tc dng lc hn hpkh nng - ht nguyn liu.

Kh nng t (6) v (10) v hi mt nguyn liu sau sy qua thit blc v thot ra ngoi quakhoang (12) v ng (13).

Thit b lc phi lm bng vtliu sao cho c kh nng tch btkh ra khi b mt lc d dng.

Bt kh sau s ri thngxung di thit b sy.

Kh nng t ng (6) vo khoangsy, tip xc v tch m rakhi nguyn liu. Cc ht bt ckch thc ln di chuyn vpha thnh (2) v trt dn xung y thit b, trong khi khnng vi cc ht nhhn di chuyn ln trn n thit blc (11) do nh hng ca dngkh nng tlp mng bt (7). Khi dng kh qua lp vi lc, cc ht bt bgili v tomt lp bt trn bmt ngoi vi lc.

Khi cc ht bt di chuyn dn xung phn hnh nn (2), chng s tip xc vi mt

lng m do kh nng mang xung. iu ny gip cho skt dnh gia cc ht bt tonn cc ht ln hn. ng thi, mt lng ln bt kh ttrn trt xung dc thnh (2)cng gip bo vthnh thit bkhi sdnh ca bt m.

Ti lp (7) cng din ra mt phn qu trnh phn loi ht bt do dng kh nng thiln. Sn phm thot ra ngoi qua ca tho (14). Sn phm sau c thc cho quathit bsy mng bt tip tc sy v lm ngui sn phm.


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VII. GII THIU MT SSN PHM:

Hin trn th trng c rt nhiu sn phm bt dinh dng nh nhn hiu ridilac,ninolac, hipp..

7.1.Bt dinh dng Ninolac

Bt n dm Ninolac phc vy 5 hng vGoSaLa m Mt ongChL

Ninolac lbt n dmvi 3 u im vt tri gipsn phmny khng nh c v thtrn th trng th gii: c sn xut bng cng ngh thy phn tinh bt tin tin, chacht x ha tan Prebiotic gip h tr ti u tiu ha cho tr, ng thi y lsn

phmthch hp vi tr t 6 thng tui giai on h tiu ha ca tr cha thc s honthin hp thu thc n dng c.

c sn xut da trn cng ngh thy phn tinh bt,bt n dm Ninolacl thc n cv ngt t nhin, d tiu ha. Cng ngh thy phn tinh bt l phng php tin tin, cquyn ca Belourthe gip gi nguyn cc hm lng dinh dng t nguyn liu, khin

bt tr nn mn hn, gip tr d nut. Cng vi thnh phn Prebiotic c b sung,Ninolac lbt n dmd tiu ha, gia tng kh nng hp thu dinh dng cho tr, thchhp vi c tr mi ch t 6 thng tui, khi h tiu ha cha thc s hon chnh.

Bt n dm Ninolacgiu cc vitamin v mui khong thit yu cho s pht trin ca tr,vi t l Ca/P ti u s gip Canxi, Phospho c hp thuhon ton. c bit vi s bsung DHA du c,bt n dm Ninolacgip pht trin tr no v th lc cho tr nh. S


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dngbt n dm Ninolaccn gip phng chng nn tr tr nh nh thnh phnAminopectin trong hm lng dinh dng.

7.2. Bt dinh dng Mamako.

Bt dinh dng la m, l, chui sa dMamako".Bt n dm Mamako vi salc ny i vi con bn chnh l nguncung cp chnh lng m (ng vt),cht bo, Carbohydrates, nng lng cngnh cc loi Vitamin v khong cht cnthit cho tr. Bt n dm nhn hiuMamako dnh cho tr t 4 thng tui trln c sn xut bng cng ngh hin inht th gii, dng sa d nguyn cht.

Bt dinh dngkiu mch, to, c rt visa d Mamako c y cc cht thityu nht m bo cho s pht trin cacon bn trong giai on tng trng chiucao v c th mt cch ton din.

Bt n dm Mamako l ngun b sungdinh dng, m, nng lng, vitamin, cc khong cht.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=coQRAmNHA7s&list=PL827CA25C8A4643E4

7.3 Btdinh dng Hipp.

Dnh cho tr t 4 thng tui
http://www.tuticare.com/bot-an-dam-bot-ngu-coc-chao-an-dam-hon-hop-an-dam-do-an-cho-be-dong-lo-99.htmlhttp://www.tuticare.com/bot-an-dam-bot-ngu-coc-chao-an-dam-hon-hop-an-dam-do-an-cho-be-dong-lo-99.htmlhttp://www.tuticare.com/bot-an-dam-bot-ngu-coc-chao-an-dam-hon-hop-an-dam-do-an-cho-be-dong-lo-99.htmlhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=coQRAmNHA7s&list=PL827CA25C8A4643E4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=coQRAmNHA7s&list=PL827CA25C8A4643E4http://www.tuticare.com/bot-an-dam-bot-ngu-coc-chao-an-dam-hon-hop-an-dam-do-an-cho-be-dong-lo-99.html


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Dnh cho tr t 6 thng

Dnh cho tr t 8 thng.

Yn mch, sa, go Sa, chui, o

Sa, ng cc, hoa

qutng hp

Sa, du ty


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7.4. Bt dinh dng Ridielac:c nhiu loi sn phm dnh cho tr.

Bt ng cc go sa Ridielac Alpha vi thnh phn chnh tgo vsa, nguyn liu hon ton ttnhin, giu dinh dng, thm ngonv an ton thc phm, c sn xut dng hp thic trn dychuyn cng nghhin i hon ton khp kn tkhu chbin nng gi, thch hp cho b t6-24 thng tui.

Theo cc nh dinh dng hc, ngoi nhng cht albumin, chtbo, tht g cn c cc vitamin A, B1, B2, C, E, a-xt, can-xi,pht pho v st cng ch bin vi cc loi rau c b dng ctrong bt ng cc g rau c Ridielac Alpha gip c b d hpthu v tiu ha, thch hp cho b t 7-24 thng.

Sa, hoa qunhit i,sa chua

Sa, chui, socola


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7.5. Bt dinh dng Nestle

7.6.Bt dinh dngOrganic K-BioGreen.

Organic K-BioGreen c iu ch theo cngthc ca M. Sn phm l ngun thc phmcn bng cc cht dinh dngkhng c cht

ph gia..

Bt dinh dng K-Biogreen l mt thc phmhu c, phi hp ca 58 thnh phn trong tnhin nh u, ng cc, rau qu, rau cu bin,vi khun bifido (vi khun c li) v nhiu


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enzym gi vai tr quan trng trong c th, gip c th lm sch v o thi c t, trha, duy tr cc h c quan thc hin tt chc nng v xy dng h min dch. Khi sn

phm c a vo c th, n cungcp y cc cht dinh dng cn thit cho nhngngi c mc ch n king v gim cn.

Cng dng:

1. Tng cng h min dch2. Tng cng h ni tit3. Lm sch h tiu ha4. Gip lm gim cholesterol5. Gip ngn nga bnh tim mch6. Gip ngn chn cc t bo ung th7. Gii c t bo v mch mu8. Hot ha t bo

9. Thc y chuyn ho vt cht10. iu chnh cc c quan trong c th11. Gim cng thng12. Ci thin tr nh13.Tng s sng khoi v tinh thn, th cht14. Chng li cc cht oxi ho15.Cung cp vitamin, khong cht v y cc cht dinh dng16. Gi m cho da, gip ngn nga d ng da 17. Thc phm n king hu c gip c th thon th.18. Duy tr v p t nhin.

6.7. Bt dinh dng Enaz.

Thnh phn:

GGoo,,uunnnnhh,,mm,,bbttbbppvvnngg,,bbttmmnnggiimmcchh,,mmssaa,,bbootthhccvvtt,,vvaannii,,hhnnhhppvviittaammiinnvvkkhhoonnggcchhtt..

i tng s dng:

BBttddiinnhhddnnggccaaoonnnnggllnnggEEnnaazz,,ddnnggcchhoonnggiillnn

vvttrreemmttrrnn11ttuuii::--TTrreemmssuuyyddiinnhhddnngg--NNggiiggiiyyuu,,ssuuyykkiitt,,nnkkmm..--NNggiiccnnhhuuccuunnnnggllnnggccaaoo,,mmuunnttnnggccnn--DDnnggnnuuiinnqquuaannggtthhnnggddddyycchhoobbnnhhnnhhnnkkhhnnggttnnuunnggcc--DDnnggttttcchhoonnggiibbnnhhccaaoohhuuyyttpp,,ttiimmmmcchh,,mmmmuuccaaoo,,ttiiuunngg..


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7.8 Bt dinh dng Havi.

Bt dinh dng HAVI l mt sn phm c nghin cuphi hp tnh cht dinh dng ca cc loi u v mt stho dc qu nhm tng cng cc cht dinh dng v

phng nga mt s bnh thng thng cho c th conngi........

Ngoi cc loi u nh u xanh, u , u nnh, go ltc nhiu m v vitamin. Ngoi ra sn phm cn phi hpcc dc tho nh hoi sn, d, ht sen v c bit c baloi tho dc qu nh Bch phc linh (Porica cocos Wolf)gip kin t, n mau tiu, an thn, chng lo ha v li tiu.Hong k (Radix Astragali) h tr v phng bnh tiung, b kh, phng chng suy nhc c th, gii c c

th. B t nhn (Semen Biotae Orientalis) gip b no, anthn, dng tm, ngi gi tim thiu mu, hi hp, kh ng tr em ci xng,suy dinhdng.

BBttddiinnhhddnnggHHAAVVIIllllooiibbttccggiittrrddiinnhhddnnggccaaoovvpphhnnggbbnnhhmmttcccchhttoonnddiinn..ccbbiittttrroonnggssnnpphhmmssnnpphhmmccnnccbbtttthhttggccllllooiitthhttggtthhuucccc1188aaxxiittaammiinnttrroonnggcc88aaxxiittaammiinnmmcctthhkkhhnnggttnngghhppcc..

77..99..BBttddiinnhhddnnggGGllyyBBaallaannccee

Thnh phn: u xanh, u nnh,u , u en, u trng, m en,kh qua rng (mp ng), nho ,

bt sn dy,Nano Canxi cacbonate,sa tch b.

Bt c cng thc dinh dng ltng cho nhng ngi c ri lonng huyt. B sung cc khangcht cn thit cho nhu cu hngngy, c bit nhng ngi c ri

lan in gii do bin chng ca tiung.

Ngai ra cn l ngun dinh dng y v cn i, cung cp nng lng hp l, dngthay th hoc b sung choba n. c dng cho nhng ngi n ung km, ngi mim dy, ngi gi yu.


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6.10. Mt s bt dinh dng khc.


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LI KT

Ngy nay bt dinh dng l mt sn phm kh phbin, ph hp vi nhiu i tng s

dng, ttrs sinh n ngi gi. y l loi thc phm bdng

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