Conquest of Peru,Conquest of Peru,1522-1549.1522-1549.

As told by Don As told by Don Guaman Poma de Guaman Poma de Ayala, Ayala, First New First New

Chronicle and Chronicle and Good Good

Government Government (1612)(1612)

(October 14, 1997)(October 14, 1997)

written 1612;written 1612;discovered 1908 in discovered 1908 in Copenhagen;Copenhagen;published 1936published 1936

““a living, angry a living, angry testimony of a testimony of a native Andean”native Andean”

The Conquest of Peru,The Conquest of Peru,1522-1549: Outline1522-1549: Outline

Significance compared with MexicoSignificance compared with MexicoThe Inca empire in 1531The Inca empire in 1531Conquistador: Francisco PizarroConquistador: Francisco PizarroCivil Wars, 1535-1548Civil Wars, 1535-1548Spanish society in PeruSpanish society in PeruSpanish Struggle for Justice: the role Spanish Struggle for Justice: the role

of Las Casasof Las Casas

The death of the The death of the Inca Huana Inca Huana

Capac (1525?) led Capac (1525?) led to civil war to civil war

between his sons between his sons (half-brothers): (half-brothers): HuHuááscar (Cuzco) scar (Cuzco) and Atahualpa and Atahualpa

(Quito)(Quito)

The Inca empire in 1531The Inca empire in 1531

Recent conquests of other peoples in Recent conquests of other peoples in Northern Peru, EcuadorNorthern Peru, Ecuador

Death of Huayna Capac, ca 1525, lead Death of Huayna Capac, ca 1525, lead to civil warto civil war

War of succession between half-War of succession between half-brothers Huascar (Cuzco) and brothers Huascar (Cuzco) and Atahualpa (Quito)Atahualpa (Quito)

Pizarro exploited the dissension, 1531-Pizarro exploited the dissension, 1531-15321532

Spanish Spanish exploration exploration

and and conquest, conquest, 1492-15361492-1536

Ocean Ocean currents currents

and and maritime maritime

routes.routes.Pizarro’s Pizarro’s 1st1st and and

2nd 2nd voyagesvoyages

South South SeaSea

Three difficult Three difficult voyages of voyages of

reconnaissance reconnaissance by Pizarro and by Pizarro and

others others (1522, 1524, 1526) (1522, 1524, 1526)

preceded the preceded the voyage of voyage of

conquest (1531)conquest (1531)

Humble origins, to governor of PeruHumble origins, to governor of PeruIn Hispaniola from 1502, Panama, In Hispaniola from 1502, Panama,

1509, one of founders of Panama City, 1509, one of founders of Panama City, 15191519

““South Sea” voyages of discovery South Sea” voyages of discovery (1524, 1526) and conquest (1530)(1524, 1526) and conquest (1530)

Victory at Cajamarca, Nov. 16, 1532Victory at Cajamarca, Nov. 16, 1532

Conquistador: Conquistador: Francisco Pizarro Francisco Pizarro

(ca. 1478-1541)(ca. 1478-1541)

Francisco Pizarro Francisco Pizarro recruited men recruited men

in Castille, in Castille, 1529-30--and 1529-30--and

gained the title gained the title “governor of Peru” “governor of Peru”

Diego de Almagro Diego de Almagro stayed in Panama stayed in Panama and got “governor and got “governor of New Toledo”!of New Toledo”!

In Peru, tensions In Peru, tensions grew between grew between

Pizarro (backed Pizarro (backed by his brothers by his brothers and kinsmen), and kinsmen),

who raced ahead, who raced ahead, and Diego de and Diego de

Almagro, who Almagro, who was in charge of was in charge of

supplies.supplies.

1527: Isla de Gallo 1527: Isla de Gallo TumbesTumbes

1532: Cajamarca1532: Cajamarca1533: Cuzco1533: Cuzco1535: Lima1535: Lima1536: Quito1536: Quito

In Cajamarca, In Cajamarca, Atahualpa agreed Atahualpa agreed

to receive the to receive the Christians, who Christians, who tarried only one tarried only one

day before day before sacking the city sacking the city and seizing the and seizing the

Inca: Inca: Nov. 16, 1532Nov. 16, 1532

““Capture the Capture the leader”:leader”:

Atahualpa was Atahualpa was imprisoned and imprisoned and agreed to fill one agreed to fill one large room with large room with

gold and two with gold and two with silver--for his silver--for his

freedom.freedom.

After Atahualpa After Atahualpa handed over 6 handed over 6

tons of gold and tons of gold and 13 tons of silver, 13 tons of silver, the Christians the Christians

executed the new executed the new convert convert

(July 1533)(July 1533)

Within a year Within a year Cuzco was taken. Cuzco was taken. Native lords were Native lords were

locked in a locked in a building and building and

ordered to deliver ordered to deliver gold and silver. gold and silver. When they did When they did

not, the Pizarros not, the Pizarros burned them aliveburned them alive

Manco Inca Manco Inca organized a organized a

rebellion with rebellion with hundreds of hundreds of thousands of thousands of followers and followers and

besieged Cuzco besieged Cuzco (1536)(1536)

When the When the Christians were in Christians were in greatest need, the greatest need, the

Virgin Mary Virgin Mary interceded and interceded and

threw dust in the threw dust in the eyes of Manco eyes of Manco

Inca’s soldiers. Inca’s soldiers. “That is why they “That is why they were defeated.”were defeated.”

Civil Wars, 1535-1548Civil Wars, 1535-1548

Origins: personal feuds (Diego Origins: personal feuds (Diego Almagro vs. Fco. Pizarro), factionalism Almagro vs. Fco. Pizarro), factionalism (Almagristas vs. Pizarristas), rich vs. (Almagristas vs. Pizarristas), rich vs. poor, well-established vs. newly poor, well-established vs. newly arrived, royalists vs. rebelsarrived, royalists vs. rebels

1535-1541: feuds and factions1535-1541: feuds and factionsThe New Laws of 1542: restrictions The New Laws of 1542: restrictions

on encomiendas and encomenderoson encomiendas and encomenderosRebels vs. royalists, 1544-1548Rebels vs. royalists, 1544-1548

Civil War:Civil War:The Pizarros The Pizarros

executed Diego de executed Diego de Almagro (1538). Almagro (1538).

Then Almagristas Then Almagristas killed Fco. (1541).killed Fco. (1541).Gonzalo Pizarro Gonzalo Pizarro revolted, killing revolted, killing

the viceroy (1546), the viceroy (1546), and finally was and finally was

executed himself in executed himself in 1548.1548.

Spanish society in PeruSpanish society in Peru

Spanish civil society established while Spanish civil society established while civil wars continuedcivil wars continued

Founding of Spanish towns: Tumbes, Founding of Spanish towns: Tumbes, Piura, Cajamarca, Lima (1535), QuitoPiura, Cajamarca, Lima (1535), Quito

Social structure: encomenderos to Social structure: encomenderos to merchants, artisans, etc.merchants, artisans, etc.

Importance of seniority in conquestImportance of seniority in conquestBy 1560, more African slaves than By 1560, more African slaves than

Spaniards in PeruSpaniards in Peru

Significance: champion of human Significance: champion of human rightsrights

From encomendero to defender of the From encomendero to defender of the Indians (1502-1514)Indians (1502-1514)

Defeats in America (1520s) and Defeats in America (1520s) and victories in Europe (1537-1542): the victories in Europe (1537-1542): the New LawsNew Laws

The Devastation of the Indies: a Brief The Devastation of the Indies: a Brief AccountAccount

Spanish Struggle for Justice: Spanish Struggle for Justice: Bartolome de Las CasasBartolome de Las Casas

Defender of the Defender of the Indians:Indians:

The Only WayThe Only Way, , 15371537

ConfesionarioConfesionario, , 15451545

Apologetica Apologetica historica,historica,

The Devastation The Devastation of the Indies: A of the Indies: A Brief AccountBrief Account, ,

15521552

End