Contoh Proposal PTK Bahasa Inggris

Ini adalah contoh Action Research atau PTK (Penelitian Tindakan kelas) yang pernah saya buat waktu mengikuti matakuliah Research in English Education bersama Mr. Bambang M.Kartono di Universitas wiralodra tahun 2011 yang lalu.Silakan anda jadikan referensi, bukan untuk di copy paste semua, karena isinya pun belum tentu benar hehehe

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A.    Background of Study

In Indonesia, English is one of the subjects that’s examined for graduation at the unit level of

education both junior and senior high school level, Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 20

of 2003 states that in order to control the quality of national education evaluation as a form of

accountability of education providers to the parties concerned. Further stated that the evaluation

conducted by an independent institution on a regular basis, a thorough, transparent, and to

systematically assess the achievement of national education standards and the monitoring

process evaluation should be conducted on an ongoing basis. There are four subjects examination

for junior high school and six for senior high school and one of them is English, in this situation

students inevitably have to follow the standardization of government that required students to

pass all subjects invariably.

General, learning English has been taught in all unit education. The average student has

spent six years learning English from junior high school up to senior high school. some students

have received extra English language education after regular school. Even so, but still, for most

students learning English is the most difficult to understand, let alone when it's afraid to

vigorously study it like it is difficult for the student, it is commonly found in country that use

English as foreign language (EFL) not as daily communicative language, so in this case I will

track the student's interest to the English language that will be the topic discussion of issues and

their relevance to the achievement of the result of learning process, so that when the subject

matter and has found the solution it is expected that there will be significant and sustainable

development, students motivation and interest are generally influenced by various interrelated

aspects ranging from family background, social class communities to environmental groups,

including patterns of thought and interesting in something.

In this classroom action research would involve many participants and collaborate with other that

have relevance and relationship with students, either directly or indirectly, I really hope it will

obtain a complete data to answer problem related to students' interest and motivation towards

learning English, the main reason for this action research is derived from real problem in the

classroom (David Nunan:1992) and try to look comprehensive and integrated to find out

correlation between motivation and students’ learning achievement.

B.     Identification of Problem

Having define generally I consider to write the important identification of problem below:

1.      Is the motivation has correlation towards students’ learning achievement?

2.      How to develop students’ motivation in order to get better learning achievement?

3.      What things are influence students’ achievement except motivation?

C.    Limitation of Problem

In my action research study I use qualitative and quantitative approach, the target population

all students in the class room (n=35) second grade social class in SMAN 1 Indramayu, there are

many party that will be invited and engaged in this research because this research also all

students exactly population like mentioned above will be considered culture of learning among

them, such as students’ learning habit, pair group interaction, work ethic, and motivation for

education will be examined. In addition the researcher (me) may affect data and interpretation

conducting action research (Tomal:2003), therefore this research reduce the gap in language

teachers’ taking action and developing appropriately language learning atmosphere affecting

participants’ motivation to learn English in an EFL classroom.

D.    Formulation of Problem

To guide my action research I make this following formulation study/question research:

1.      What will the researcher and partners do to motivate students with low achievement in learning

English?

2.      How is the way to implement some model of cooperative learning instruction for EFL students?

3.      Is students’ motivation be able to be as solution to fastest-rising achievement?

E.     Purpose of Study

Based on the reason above, through this research I want to prove and find out correlation that

the students’ motivation implication towards learning English and to help myself and other

teachers to motivate students with low achieving in learning English or for EFL learner so that

build up students’ motivation to be better in their learning achieving.

F.     Significance of Study

Hopefully after this research the students are able to increase their motivation in learning

English, and they be able to apply with learning together with his/her friend to arise self

motivation to be better build the concept of themselves, hopes it can dig the student’s interest in

English because the research try to find solution of the current problem.

In addition I hope students will be more attracted in learning English without under

pressure feeling and forced from the teachers and or their parents, so they will be enjoy in

learning English by increasing their motivation, and for the teacher, The teacher can motivate

students to encourage their learning achievement through some models of problem solving,

motivating and brainstorming technique. Teaching English will be easier to do if the students

enthusiastic for learning English and feel fun, so, it is able to improve student’s interest.

The research result can be applied for all purposes English learning to increase student’s

skill. It is not only for one teacher only but for all that has a similar problem in order to students

be able to improving writing , speaking, listening, and reading skill.

For the institution motivation can help students in general to develop their English

capabilities so the School (the institution) gets the achievements and prestige among the

education institution. The research finding and build motivation so that improving students’

ability in increasing their achievement, hoped, it can be followed by another teacher in teaching

learning English activity.

CHAPTER II

THORITICAL REVIEW

A.    Learning habit

“Habits are safer than rules; you don't have to watch them. And you don't have to keep them,

either. They keep you.” Dr. Frank Crane’s Four Minute Essays (1919), as the teacher and or

researcher who willing to emphasize students to have enhancement motivation developing

learning habit is important one to be focus on problem solving, every student has different habit

each other, their habit has built since she/he was first elementary school, but not a little number

that have improved and be better, the learning habit also be able be seen by students background,

urban students has different motivation than the rural student motivation but this condition is not

warranty, because if we talk about motivation all always begin from inside and environment, I do

not know well which one that most dominant, depend on convergence joining two theory that

students has motivation from him/her self but also can be stimulated from outside(Murip

Yahya:2008), it has interrelation inside motivation and outside stimulation in building students’

learning habit and also learning achievement.

B.     Rewards and Punishment

Desire can be define as a interest of people to do something, students who have interesting in

learning language especially Learning English are became centre of watch to analyze, learning

English for some of people are too difficult and may be so very frighteningly, other motivation

theory mention that someone will do or not do because from outside stimuli like punish and

reward, in classroom condition occasionally students are enjoy and feel fun when the teacher is

friendly and often give an appreciation to the students, rewards are not always as gift or thing but

appreciating and reinforcement to students also are meant as the rewards, but students also feel

inconvenience if the teacher angry in classroom because of something that maybe caused

students or maybe own problem (personal experience). Rewards as thing usually will build

competitive atmosphere in the classroom if the teacher giving gift in good moment, but it also

will make students to be sitting pretty to the smart student, all thing has negative and positive

pint, but punish and reward are one of the way to build students motivation.

C.    Students Centre and Teacher Centre Principle

Teacher-centered: Methods, activities, and techniques where the teacher decides what is to be

learned, what is to be tested, and how the class is to be run.  Often the teacher is in the center of

the classroom giving instruction with little input from students. The teacher decides the goals of

the class based on some outside criteria.

Taken also from Hsiao Thesis that in the collaborative learning environment, the teacher

acts as facilitator; and students are expected to take responsibility for their own learning.

Nokelainen, Miettinen, Kurhila, Floreen, and Tirri (2005) studied a shared document-based

annotation tool to support the learner-centered collaborative learning approach. In their study the

instructor gave an orientation to the topic through initial lectures and provided some information

and sources for students to construct new knowledge. In contrast the cooperative learning

approach is considered more a structured model by teachers, who closely monitor every stage in

the completion of the task by students.

Johnson and Johnson (1988) clarified the teacher’s role in cooperative learning, stating

that a teacher typically introduces the lesson and assigns students to groups. A teacher delivers

resources or information so students complete their tasks within the time limit and also build a

well-arranged and comfortable climate during the process of working on the task. Of course, the

teacher is available to predict the final outcomes. In other words, the instructor possesses

ownership and guides students during the learning process, practicing the teacher-centered

principle.

Panitz (1996) also clarified the difference between collaborative and cooperative learning

involving curriculum. He claimed that teachers adapt a collaborative learning approach for

higher-level students instead of using a cooperative learning approach with first-stage learners.

In other words, in a cooperative team, group members are given clear objectives and instructions

by the teacher to show their abilities, reach desired goals, and run the task smoothly, especially

for students without cooperative teamwork experience.

Comparison between Teacher centered and Learner-Centered Instruction

Teacher-Centered Learner-Centered

Focus is on instructor Focus is on both students and instructor

Focus is on language forms and

structures (what the instructor knows

about the language)

Focus is on language use in typical situations (how

students will use the language)

Instructor talks; students listen Instructor models; students interact with instructor and

one another

Students work alone Students work in pairs, in groups, or alone depending

on the purpose of the activity

Instructor monitors and corrects every

student utterance

Students talk without constant instructor monitoring;

instructor provides feedback/correction when questions

arise

Instructor answers students’ questions

about language

Students answer each other’s questions, using

instructor as an information resource

Instructor chooses topics Students have some choice of topics

Instructor evaluates student learning Students evaluate their own learning; instructor also

evaluates

Classroom is quiet Classroom is often noisy and busy

Table 2.1 Comparison between students centered and teacher centered

D.    Motivational Personality Development

The most influential humanist psychologist Abraham Maslow explained more about the

relationship between motivation and personality development. Maslow’s (1970) hierarchy of

needs was divided into five layers. The first or bottom layer includes physiological needs, and

the second layer comprises the need for safety and security.

At the third level of Maslow’s hierarchy is the need for love and belonging, followed by the

fourth-level, the need for esteem. At the top or fifth level is the need for self-actualization.

Maslow contended that individuals will not pursue so-called “higher” needs until basic needs are

fulfilled and satisfied. A student, for instance, who finds the study of English a frustrating

experience, is unlikely to view the classroom as a secure and welcoming environment.

Nevertheless, a teacher’s solicitous behavior can help to create a caring environment in which

students are more likely to meet their basic emotional needs and move on to the higher needs

reflected in academic achievement.

An exploration of Maslow’s (1970) hierarchy of human needs reveals that motivation is one

of the primary determining factors in classroom success. R. C. Gardner (1985a) noted, “Attitude

and motivation are important because they determine the extent to which the individual will

actively involve themselves in learning the language” (p. 56). For the purpose of this study on

student motivation in an EFL classroom learning community, various definitions of motivation

have been outlined in the following section.

E.     Motivation

1.      Definition

According to Oxford Dictionary fourth edition motivation, make somebody to do

something and motivate itself is the reason why somebody does something (page 286),

“motivation is encouragement from inside of people” (Mario Teguh:2010), the other said from

Keller (1983) clarified four components of motivation—interest, relevance, expectancy, and

outcomes in the educational theory of motivation. He cited “the choices people make as to what

experiences or goals they will approach or avoid and the degree of effort they will exert in that

respect” (p. 389). H. D. Brown (1994) defined motivation as “the extent to which you make

choices about goals to pursue and the effort you will devote to that pursuit” (page 34).

I consider that the motivation as the power of some body that influence to do or not to do

something caused by interesting, passion, desire, and idea to achieve what he/she wants, and

motivation will influence attitude, mental, think paradigm and many more

2.      Motivation of Language Learning

As well-known that the main concept motivation has divided into intrinsic and extrinsic

types: Deci and Ryan (1985) stated that people who are intrinsically motivated pursue given

tasks for the sake of personal interest, satisfaction, and curiosity, not external pressure.

Conversely, people who are extrinsically motivated pursue tasks for reasons that do not involve

personal interest (page 35); outside motivation like rewards and punishments can stimulate for

motivation in the process of completing a task. While psychologists have tended to divide

motivation into two basic categories: expectation and value. Feather (1982) divided students

motivation into expectancy and value models in a study of reading instruction in second-

language education. From the expectation model, he explained that students are motivated to

complete a task because of desired goals. By contrast the value model suggests that students tend

to do (or not do) things because they evaluate the task as either valuable or without value.

Furthermore, R. C. Gardner and Lambert (1972) distinguished between instrumental motivation

(e.g., motivation inspired by the prospect of a new job or a promotion) and integrative motivation

(e.g., motivation that is self-initiated) in examining learners’ behaviors and attitude

performances. R. C. Gardner (1985a) defined motivation to learn the second language (L2) or the

foreign language (FL) as the extent to which the individual works or strives to learn the language

because of a desire to do so and the satisfaction experienced in this activity). Three components

constitute this scholar’s definition of language-learning motivation: (a) making an effort to

achieve a goal, which means motivational intensity, (b) the desire to learn the language, and (c)

satisfying the task of learning the language.

According to Cambourne’s (1988) model of learning, he considered that learning is an

engagement behavior through immersion, demonstration, expectations, responsibility,

approximations, use, and response for learning development. Applying Cambourne’s model of

learning to the EFL classroom, we can illustrate them in the following conditions.

In the immersion condition, teachers should create an EFL classroom in which a variety

of English media are ready and prepared so that learners can see, touch, feel, and experience

them. That means that students are living in the English-speaking environment which is built by

the EFL teachers. In the demonstrations condition, it seems that teachers use scaffolding to

engage students in learing development. For instance, once students understand how a reading

task is done by observing teachers’ demonstrations, such as using in variety of “skim”, “scan”,

and “context clues” approaches for an unfamiliar word before reaching for the dictionary,

students will be able to use those developing skills when reading to comprehend by themselves.

In the expectations condition, teachers should give positive expectations and responses to the

students so that they are not afraid to make mistakes but are willing to challenge them until the

approximation errors begin to decline and to take responsibility for their own learning. Once

students are immersed in this model of classroom learning, they will engage in learning

development, spinning of Hsiao-san Chen’s paper (page 51).

3.      The Correlation Between Motivation and Learning Language Achievement

These are completely taken from Hsiao-san Chen’s paper. “A series of studies have been

conducted to investigate the role of motivation in FL learning in Taiwan. For instance, C.-L.

Wang, (2005), studied 33 eighth graders, exploring the effects of learning motivation in the EFL

classroom and finding a significant correlation between motivation and achievement. C.-L.

Chen’s (2005) study of 762 students from eight junior high schools in the Yunlin region of

Taiwan revealed that school type, gender, the number of years of learning English affect

students’ motivation to learn. Liao (2000) administered three questionnaires to eighth graders at

a junior high school in central Taiwan, discovering that they lacked the motivation to learn

English and tended to be extrinsically motivation. In actuality intrinsic motivation is the major

factor in successful learning and inspires students to accomplish long-term learning goals.

Ironically, Taiwanese students tend to learn English because they want to compete with others or

pass the Joint Entrance Examination.

S.-C. Chu et al. (1997) studied the attitudes of unmotivated students attending an EFL

class in a 5-year college in Taiwan, finding that 75.3% of the students felt bored in EFL class;

73.5% students considered the English textbook too difficult, impractical, and unattractive. Over

half these students, 56.4%, complained of too many paper-and-pencil tests and lectures in their

EFL class. K.-S. Tsi (2003) completed a valuable statistical analysis on 130,000 Taiwanese high

school students writing a College Entrance Examination in English composition on the topic of

the difficulties with learning English.

Students said that (a) limited vocational hindered reading comprehension; (b) limited oral

and listening abilities resulted in the incorrect pronunciation of words; (c) these factors caused

them to fear speaking English; (d) they were rarely given the chance to speak with native

speakers of English; (e) writing presented another barrier even for students who had had years of

English studies; (f) boredom and lack of interest in attending English class posed problems for

teachers; (g) they felt discouraged when their English test scores always fell below average. A

few students responded bluntly: “I hate my English teacher.” In other words, items (a) through

(e) above illustrate students’ difficulty with listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills,

motivating us to seek better teaching strategies. In summary, the correlations between attitudinal

and motivational factors in L2 or FL learning play an important role. R. C.

Gardner and Lambert (1972) found that attitudes and motivation exert a strong effect on

language achievement. In other words, positive learning attitude affect learners’ progress in new-

language acquisition”. Clearly that motivation bring big influence towards students’ learning

achievement, many reason expose above from Hsiao-Chen, begin from learning English only for

collective register in some college and or high school, difficult to understand English text book,

the unattractive teacher, seldom have a chance to speak with native, I consider this reason has

similar case in Indonesia, because Taiwan and Indonesia are learning English as foreign

language so they will find some similar problem.

4.      The Role of Teachers

Quoted from Hsiao-Chen, Several studies have shown that the behavior of teachers or

supporting in learning process an important factor in facilitating the students' motivation to learn.

First, the students absorbing performance of teachers in terms of praise or criticism were

received of teachers (Graham & Weiner, 1987). For example, students gain praise such as

"Great! You did a good job" or blame as "You are wrong "Indeed, teachers should give more

credit to the students to demonstrate care, attention, and encouragement, for example, "I hope

you can further enhance your skills" At the same time, teachers need to explain to students that

they have to try hard, if not, they can fail.

Second, teachers should help students to deal with their frustrations by giving them the

right help, many examples, or personal experiences that they struggling students can turn failure

into success. For example, students may complained of too much or difficult task, the teacher

should let them know task will help them gain more experience with this subject (C.-S. Wu,

1990). Teachers should provide a clear and simple directions with step-by-step guidance, which

can greatly enhance students' academic outcomes.

Third, teachers should encourage students to use learning strategies work for them so

they can find the best way to solve their problems while facing challenge or a difficult task. In

addition, teachers must establish a student-centered instruction so that students can make their

own decisions: Students may participate in choose the topics they want to pursue the depth, or

they may suggest teaching methods to be used to maximize their understanding of the lesson.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLGY

A.    Method of Research

Method of research in my proposal is using action research, what is action research? Action

research is a research tool that potentially facilitates growth and change in an individual or a

group during the research process (Reason, 2004). A number of scholars have explored the

action research method and its application. Arhar, et al. (2001); McNiff, Lomax, and Whitehead

(1996); Stringer (1996); and Winter (1996) have indicated first that action research is closely

linked with theory

and practice as well as reflection. According to the preface to Hwang, Chen, and Yan’s (2002)

Chinese version of Action Research for Teachers: Traveling the Yellow Brick Road by Arhar et

al. (2001), action research serves as a bridge that the practitioner–researcher can use to connect

research theory (the theoretical) and practical action (the empirical).

Second, action research closely links researchers and research participants, including

colleagues, students, or administrators, to form a cooperative working community. During the

process of action research, teachers should listen to their students’ thoughts and feedback to

acquire useful data. Action research resembles cooperative teamwork because it connects the

teacher-as-researcher, students, and colleagues (Arhar et al., 2001) to practice educational

improvement.

Third, action research closely links personal growth and professional development in order to

change the researchers themselves, institutions, or society. When teachers conduct their studies,

they perform as primary researchers and practitioners; their research issues emerge from their

own concerns about what has occurred in their classrooms and among their students (Burns,

1999). The process of action research derived from teachers’ engaging in meaningful reflection

and discussion with colleagues. In other words, its benefit lies not only in the enhancement of the

professional growth of teachers but also in the improvement of the education of students

(Wallace, 1998).

B.     Place And Time of Research

The place of this research will be hold in SMAN 1 INDRAMAYU, second grade of social

class and it takes 35 students in its classroom, generally there are three time English subject

regular in classroom, each meeting 2 x 45 minutes, so in a week 270 minutes or about 4 hours

and 30 minutes, my research will take about 4 week to observe and ask personal review (Michael

J Wallace) from English teacher who teach in that classroom and I will invite them to be engaged

in my research.

C.    Procedure of Research

An action research in my study is going to two cycle, each cycle belong to four steps,

identify problem or diagnosing problem, plan action, action of research, evaluation. That are

procedure of research, and I also make mind concept of research detailed with four phase that

will engage participants in my study.

The first steps: Problem identify, the purpose of problem identify is to understand why

students being lower learning motivation and attitudes in their English subject. From this steps I

should get main problems of students motivation.

The second one: plan action, arrange concept what will I do in my research? It is include

arrange interview, motivation questionnaire before and after study, checklist likert scale,

qualitative data coding and descriptive data statistics.

Thirds: action, doing and action research, it is going to spend four week or a month,

collaborative research me and other teacher to give advice and data about students in that class

by giving checklist observation from teacher and also personal review.

Last: evaluate, after all research and study has been hold, I need help from other party to

evaluate gathering about my research, then I need second cycle to confirm and get best answer of

the problem, so from twice cycle of action research I hope I can obtain fix answer.

For more understanding my action research procedure see on the figure below:

Figure 3.1 Research procedure

D.    Population and Sample

The 35 students in this research, they belong to male and female students, the number of 35

is an estimation in one classroom of social class, exactly second grade social class, so why I

choose social class? Because I consider that open-minded concept from social and exact class, I

am not favoritism one to each other, but problem of motivation is often undergone by social class

whereas they should have good motivation in learning English because they will use it in real job

opportunity like a accounting or the other that has correlation with social class, one of subject in

social class is Sosiologi, so if the social students cannot interact one each other especially with

people from other country it will make them got big question than exact class which is no

Sosiologi subject.

E.     Instrumentation

For this study I use instrument that has two approach, qualitative and quantitative approach,

instruments for qualitative are:

Interview: beside using questionnaire I also interview them for knowing their motivation and

their desire in learning English and relate their answer switch to result of previous semester so

will be found first answer and knowing directly from students

An example for interview question below:

1.      When you first time learn English?

2.      Do you like English?

3.      How often do you read English book or other literature? etc

Questionnaire: this method using through survey model provides some basic, my survey style

combine between Likert Scale and question survey, Likert scale that provided question has a

range 1 up to 5 point to give honest answer about students motivation and his/her ability in

English, each point has weight from 1-5with value; poor, low, average, good, strong /

Excellence. hopefully this method obtain real answer from participants,

.Likert Scale like below:

1.      How do you like English 1 2 3 4 5

2.      Are you speak fluently 1 2 3 4 5

3.      How is your reading ability 1 2 3 4 5

4.      How is your listening ability 1 2 3 4 5

5.      How is your writing ability 1 2 3 4 5

6.      How about your desire learning English 1 2 3 4 5

7.      Willing to improving English skill 1 2 3 4 5

Checklist: the teachers and English teacher will be engaged into this research by giving personal

review ( Wallace:1980) and observation checklist as gather obtaining research, personal review

will be written by the teacher based on checklist observation and telling more explanation about

the points that has been given, so that to complete all research as consideration in research

finding, and it also will be evaluated into twice cycle.

F.     Data Analysis and Interpretation Technique

The technique to analyze data is by using two approaches, interpretive approach and statistic

approach, for qualitative approach are like below:

Interview: Patton (1990) claimed that the strategies for analyzing interviews should begin with

individual case analysis, then cross-case analysis. I used an inductive approach to develop coding

categories by reading through individual students’ interview notes repeatedly, and certain

patterns presented to inform my inquiry to the study. The inductive approach provides a systemic

set of procedures for analyzing qualitative data that can produce reliable and valid findings

(Thomas, 2006). I paid considerable attention to analyzing different answers from different

people to common questions throughout this study.

Observation checklists. Observation was one of the common ways for this researcher to provide

more practical and richer information for the action research study (Tomal, 2003). I noted

individual students’ behaviors on the observation checklists, making a tally mark and computing

the mean score so that accurate numerical responses were clarified. For example, half the

students worked on an assignment for another class or slept in the EFL classroom. The

observation checklists were used each time the researcher reviewed the video recording and

completed the observation checklists. In addition, two EFL teachers also helped fill out the

observation checklists when they occasionally visited the researcher’s class with totally three

times. Finally, I identified the most frequent behaviors and then made analysis and interpretation.

Personal Review: for analyzing data, I also write daily observation about review classroom

condition in daily activity in the classroom, this is a sign of the action research, answering

problem by describing condition of the subject, and look holistic problem so that get answer as

well as and real applicable into classroom, this research also giving treatment to the subject in

order to improving their motivation, it will be described in quantitative approach.

This research are gathering two combination, so it needs statistic analysis, in my study need to

know about correlation between motivation and students achievement so it uses t-test with

quantitative approach, like below:

Quantitative approach In the quantitative approach, the results of the t-Test on students’ pretest

and posttest motivation questionnaires and repeated-measures analysis of variance for comparing

all subjects measured during different testing times were analyzed quantitatively, this is using

formula;

: value t observation or t count

: difference mean count result

S : standard deviation

n: sample

In this study, the t-Test can be used to determine differences in students’ motivation to

learn English and performance before and after the instruction. In the first step, data were

counted according to participants’ responses to 35 items. Mean and standard deviation were

presented by running the t-Test. In this way, the researcher analyzed the results to determine any

significant differences with respect to survey responses before and after instruction.

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Alison, McGrath Peirce. And Lank, Elizabeth. (2010). Developing Learning habit

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Dornyei, Zoltan.( 2001). Teaching and Researching Motivation. Malaysia; Longman

Hsiao-san Chen. 2008. Thesis Motivation Issues of Taiwanese Vocational High School

Students in English as Foreign Language Classroom: an Action Research Study. Kent State

University.

Nunan, David. (1992). Research Methods in Language Learning. USA; Cambridge

University Press.

Schmidt, Richard, Boraie, Deena, & Kassabgy, Omneya. (1996). Language Learning

Motivation: Pathways to the New Century. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i.

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