Contracultura y Resistencia, más que un discurso político y subversivo

7/23/2019 Contracultura y Resistencia, más que un discurso político y subversivo

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dfeuful 86 mf 5?85') jhmh jhbegl kfafuheh avfthz dlubhz mf ufihjgúa) w fz pufjgzhbfa}f)

ehnl çz}f gamgjgl xvf }lbh dvfu~h fi gmfhi puf}famgml plu xvgfafz }lbhula fa huugfaml ilz :

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jvhi zf tf ufdifnhmh fa fi jhbpl zljghi! ]vuafu il fsplaf bvw egfa fa zv igeul Ih

ha}ulplilkâh mfi pfudlubhajf #873;') fa fi jvhi fzpfjâdgjh xvf fz}hz ufihjglafz #mf

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w fi çs}hzgz hu}âz}gjl jlgajgmâha fa ilz fz}vmglz zljgljvi}vuhifz‒ #]vuafu) 873;) p! 88'!

_huh ]vuafu #873;) p!8?;') }ha}l ih tgmh lumgahugh) jlbl ih fz}uvj}vuh zljghi zla fa

zâ bgzbhz va pfudlubhajf mlamf nvkhblz ulifz) ljvphblz fz}h}vz w fz}hblz fa va nvfkl

jlaz}ha}f valz jla l}ulz! _hu}gfaml mf fz}h hdgubhjgúa) fi uli xvf zf nvkú fa fi fmgdgjgl dvf

phuh hikvalz fi ufzvi}hml mf ’va fuulu fa fi zgz}fbh‒ #Kvz}htl Blulx) jlbvagjhjgúa

pfuzlahi) 86 mf bhu~l mf 5?85' xvf pfubg}gú xvf fz}lz kuvplz w ufihjglafz

fspfugbfa}huha) tgzjfuhibfa}f) avfthz dlubhz mf tgtgu nva}lz }uh}haml mf hifnhuzf mf ih

gaz}g}vjglahigmhm) ilz puhkbh}gzblz w ihz ufpufzfa}hjglafz hjhu}lahmhz mf ih hjhmfbgh! Fa



;

fi gagjgl mfi puljfzl w fa ih puldvamgmhm mf fzf mfzfl mf fzjhpf zf fajvfa}uha jla xvf ’fi

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}çubgalz phuh PmfdgaguilzR‒ #Efw) 8778) p!='! ’Jufâblz fa ihz ^lahz Hv}úalbhz

]fbpluhifz mf Ch`gb Efw) xvf fz vah }fluâh xvf mgjf xvf chw xvf ulehuif fzphjglz hi

jhpg}hi) #․') plu ihz dgzvuhz xvf fi jhpg}hi mfnh w xvf zla fzphjglz mf igefu}hm‒ #Higs

Ifzbfz) jlbvagjhjgúa pfuzlahi) :8 mf hklz}l mf 5?88'! Hva hzâ) zf fadufa}hula h zvz

jla}uhmgjjglafz jvhaml fi zgz}fbh ilz fajla}uú!

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ftgmfajgha vah }uhazgjgúa) l va fz}hml igbgahi= xvf ufdifsglah zleuf ilz fuulufz w hjgfu}lz

mf il xvf dvf fi mfzfl w ilz zfa}gbgfa}lz xvf gbpvizhula vah zfugf mf jufhjglafz jlifj}gthz

chjgh vah dlubh hi}fuah}gth mf pfazhuzf w ufihjglahuzf fa zljgfmhm! Jhef hjihuhu xvf fz}h

dlubh hi}fuah}gth dvf igbg}hmh plu ilz mlkbhz f gmflilkâhz xvf jlaz}ugøfula fzlz gbpvizlzw mfzflz fa}uhøheifz!

Fa pugbfu ivkhu fi }fs}l alz jla}fs}vhig~h zleuf ih cgz}lugh mfi fmgdgjgl) alz vegjh

kflkuèdgjh w }fbpluhibfa}f phuh hzâ mhu phzl h ih mfzjugpjgúa mf jhmh val mf ilz jlifj}gtlz

w pulwfj}lz pfuzlahifz xvf }lbhula hifh}lughbfa}f ilz pgzlz fa huugfaml! Fa fz}f pugbfu

pva}l alz hjfujhblz h ih aljgúa mf fzphjgl jufhmh plu ilz Ufhi Zg}vhjglagz}hz) fa}uf 876; w

87;5) ih jvhi jlazgmfuh vah aljgúa mgaèbgjh mfi fzphjgl fa ih xvf fi jlaljgbgfa}l w ih

hjjgúa jufha avfthz dlubhz mf cheg}hu #Hamufl}}g fa Hamufl}}g $ Jlz}h) 8774) p! 8='!

Fa zfkvaml ivkhu) fsplakl ihz bl}gthjglafz mf jhmh jlifj}gtl) pufzfa}haml ihz

jlzhz jlbvafz xvf }vtgfula fa zv eþzxvfmh w hxvfiil xvf mgdfufajgl zvz mfzflz w

hj}gtgmhmfz! Fa fz}f pva}l heluml fi }fbh mf ih dlubhjgúa w lukhag~hjgúa ehzhmh fa ih

afjfzgmhm mf jlifj}gtg~huzf w mf dlubhu) dgahibfa}f) ufmfz mf }uhehnl! Gkvhibfa}f) hahig~l

Ilz jlajfp}lz mf Igbgahigmhm w Jlbbvag}h ilz jvhifz) phuh fi hv}lu)

’al zla }ha zúil fi pulmvj}l mf gbpvizlz egliúkgjhbfa}f cfufmhmlz

w igeufz mf }lmh }ugev jvi}vuhi) zgal xvf bèz egfa zla pulmvj}l mfdhjvi}hmfz ga}uâazfjhz mfi clbeuf) fa}uf ihz xvf zf gajivwfa ihuhjglahigmhm) ih tligjgúa w ih bfblugh) xvf zf mfzhuuliiha jla ihfspfugfajgh mf ih tgmh fa zljgfmhm! Ih gmfh mf xvf fsgz}f va tâajvilkfaçugjl fa}uf ilz clbeufz) hzâ jlbl fi zfa}gbgfa}l ufihjglahml mf

= ’Ih igbgahigmhm fz ih zvzpfazgúa mf ih ufhigmhm jl}gmghah! Fz fi fz}hml mf }uhazdlubhjgúa fa fi xvf plmfblz)l al) pfazhu zleuf avfz}ul jlbplu}hbgfa}l w avfz}ulz zfa}gbgfa}lz fa ih tgmh mghugh‒ #]vuafu) 873;) p! 8?5'!



3

99jladuh}fuagmhm11) al zla fpgdfaúbfalz mf hikþa }gpl mf gaz}ga}lkufkhugl zgal pulmvj}lz mf clbeuf fa}ufkhmlz fa jvfupl w hibh!

Ih igbgahigmhm) ih bhukgahigmhm w ih gadfuglugmhm fz}uvj}vuhi zlajlamgjglafz fa ihz xvf jla dufjvfajgh zf kfafuha bg}lz) zâbelilz)ug}vhifz) zgz}fbhz dgilzúdgjlz w leuhz mf hu}f‒ #]vuafu) 8733 P8747R)

p! 8:='!

Fa }fujfu ivkhu) cheil mf ihz hjjglafz fa }çubgalz mf Muhbh zljghi w _fudlubhajf

mf ]vuafu phuh xvgfa ’fi muhbh zljghi }gfamf h jlatfu}guzf fa vah dlubh mf fz}uvj}vuhu il

jl}gmghal! Gbpigjh jladigj}lz mf pugajgpglz w alubhz) w hi bgzbl }gfbpl }hbegça gbpigjh zv

ufdifsgúa) il xvf chjf xvf ihz pfuzlahz }lbfa phu}f mf va ihml v l}ul‒ #]vuafu) 873;) p!

8?:'! Fi pfudlubhajf) fa fz}f jla}fs}l) zla }lmhz hxvfiihz ’hjjglafz xvf) mf vah dlubh

ufdifsgth) uftfiha fi zfu mf vah pfuzlah! Fa zljgfmhm va kuvpl mf pfuzlahz plmuâha iifkhu h

jlaljfuzf bfnlu fa}uf fiihz h }uhtçz mf ih lezfuthjgúa w,l ih phu}gjgphjgúa mf vapfudlubhajf Pl hjjgúaR kfafuhmh w pufzfa}hmh h l}ul kuvpl mf pfuzlahz‒ #]vuafu) 873;) p!

38'!

Fa jvhu}l ivkhu chkl ufdfufajgh h ihz pufjlajfpjglafz w fz}gkbhz xvf dvfula vahz

mf ihz pugajgphifz uh~lafz plu ihz jvhifz zf jgfuuha ilz fzphjglz! Fa vah zljgfmhm

jlazfuthmluh mlamf ih bluhi w ’fi blml jluufj}l‒ mf chjfu ihz jlzhz zf igkh h ihz evfahz

jlz}vbeufz w h ’ih zfkvugmhm‒ mf ilz jgvmhmhalz0 jvhixvgfu }gpl mf jla}uhplzgjgúa l

jlbplu}hbgfa}l xvf tglif hxvfiihz evfahz jlz}vbeufz w }uhmgjglafz fz gafspigjheif w bhi

tgz}l! Hahig~l fa}lajfz mlz dlubhz mf fz}gkbh ehzhmhz fa ih }fluâh mf Futgak Klddbha

#5??4 P874:R' xvf ga}fuah w fs}fuahbfa}f) jlazjgfa}f f gajlazjgfa}fbfa}f zla ihz xvf

mfegig}ha ih vagúa w mha pâf h ih þi}gbh f}hph mfi fmgdgjgl!

’Ih dvajgúa ftgmfa}f mf ih bhih ufpv}hjgúa fz fi jla}uli zljghi) mfi jvhichw xvf zføhihu mlz plzgegigmhmfz mgz}ga}hz> _ugbful) fi jla}uli zljghi

dlubhi) mlamf fsgz}fa kuvplz mf dvajglahuglz ljvphmlz fa fz}vmghumgz}ga}hz jihzfz mf pþeigjl) fa evzjh mf gamgtgmvlz gmfa}gdgjheifz jvwlzha}fjfmfa}fz zla zlzpfjclzlz w zla evzjhmlz plu ih nvz}gjgh! Fa zfkvamlivkhu) fi jla}uli zljghi xvf gajivwf h jvhixvgfu }gpl mf pþeigjl! _vfz ilz}çubgalz mf evfah w bhih dhbh gbpigjha xvf ih bhzh mf ilz jgvmhmhalzmfef plzffu vah gbhkfa mfi gamgtgmvl! Fz gamvmheif xvf ilz bfmglz mfjlbvagjhjgúa mfzfbpføha hxvâ va phpfi dvamhbfa}hi chjgfaml plzgeifxvf vah pfuzlah 99pugthmh11 zf jlatgfu}h fa vah dgkvuh 99pþeigjh11‒!#Klddbha) #5??4 P874:R') pp! 3;) 33) 37'



7

Jlbl jlbfa}huglz dgahifz bf ufbg}l hi }â}vil mf fz}h gatfz}gkhjgúa! Jlazgmful xvf

ih jla}uhjvi}vuh w ih ufzgz}fajgh zla bèz xvf va mgzjvuzl pliâ}gjl w zvetfuzgtl wh xvf fi

hjjglahu ehnl fz}lz jlajfp}lz zf fajvfa}uh fa va fz}hml }uhazgjglahi fa fi xvf ilz }çubgalz

pliâ}gjlz ljvi}ha zfa}gbgfa}lz) mfzflz) hacfilz) jla}uhmgjjglafz w zleuf }lml jgfa}lz mf

pufkva}hz phuh fi mftfagu gamgtgmvhi w jlifj}gtl! Zga agakvah puf}fazgúa mf ljvi}hu fi

fsjfzgtl jhlz xvf jhuhj}fug~ú il zvjfmgml fa fi fmgdgjgl mf ih :5) ufjvuul hi zljgúilkl

Bgjcfi Bhddfzlig #877;' phuh mhuif dlubh h fz}f jlajfp}l pvfz pgfazl xvf fa bvjchz

ljhzglafz il ’pliâ}gjhbfa}f jluufj}l‒ al alz pfubg}f lezfuthu fi jhlz w ihz jla}uhmgjjglafz

mf vah dlubh hbpigh plu bfmgl mf ih jvhi zf pvfmha pfazhu w ufdifsglahu avfthz dlubhz mf

ufihjglahuzf! ’Fi uhjglahigzbl zf faufmh) pgfumf pâf pluxvf al ch zhegml hpufjghu ih dvfu~h

mf zv jla}uhugl) pluxvf al ch zhegml ga}fkuhuil) phuh }fbpihu zv pvizgúa cfkfbúagjh! Al

litgmfblz xvf bvjchz tfjfz ih lbagpl}fajgh fz fi zâa}lbh mf ih gbpl}fajgh‒ #Bhddfzlig)877;) p! =?'!

G! ’Cheg}hu fz mfnhu cvfiih w mfnhu cvfiih fz fi zfiil mf ih bfblugh‒

[! Efanhbga

Dhjchmh mfiha}fuh mfi fmgdgjgl mf ih :5

Dl}l> Mhtgm Ifúa Dfeuful 5?85



8?

Fa val mf ilz zfj}lufz bèz }uhazg}hmlz mfi jfa}ul mf Elkl}è zf fajvfa}uh vegjhmh)

mfzmf chjf bèz mf 8?? hølz) ih ha}gkvh fmgdgjhjgúa mf }ufz pgzlz xvf fa fi høl 5??= zf

jlatfu}guâh fa va pva}l mf ufdfufajgh phuh fi fajvfa}ul mf bgifz mf nútfafz! Fz}f fmgdgjgl

dvf zfmf mf vah mf ihz fmg}lughifz bèz pufz}gkglzhz mf Elkl}è fa ih jvèi zf ufhig~hula

pveigjhjglafz plu va pljl bèz mf 6? hølz! Zv mvføl) Nlukf Kúbf~ Eluuèz) ahjgml fa

Zha}hamfu) iifkú h Elkl}è bvw nltfa phuh }uhehnhu fa mgtfuzlz pfugúmgjlz mf ih jhpg}hi w fa

87:7 mfjgmgú gamfpfamg~huzf w jufhu zv pulpgh ig}lkuhdâh) Fmg}lughifz @fiiw) vegjhmh mvuha}f

ilz pugbfulz 8? hølz fa ih jhiif 87 jla jhuufuh zçp}gbh!

’Fi zfiil @fiiw PdvfR bvw jlaljgml fa ih egeiglkuhdâh jlilbeghah) w fa}ufilz igeulz xvf wl ufjvfumf) fz}èa thuglz mf Cluhjgl Kúbf~ Hugz}g~èehi) mfHa}lagl Jhjvh _uhmh zleuf Hvufigl Bhu}âaf~ Bv}gz w val }g}vihml Il xvf

fi Xvgamâl if ch hplu}hml h Jlilbegh! Hiiâ }hbegça zf PgbpugbgúR fiElif}âa mf ih Hjhmfbgh Jlilbeghah‒ #_èf~) ufjvpfuhml mf)c}}p>,,{{{!kvz}htlphf~fzjlehu!jlb,zg}f,<p26346'

_lu ilz pugbfulz mâhz mf heugi mf 87=3) Nlukf Kúbf~ mfjgmgú }uhzihmhuzf hi fmgdgjgl

mf ih :5 mlamf }uhehnú chz}h ilz þi}gblz mâhz mf zv tgmh! Fi zfølu Kúbf~ }vtl mlz cgnhz)

hbehz }uhehnhula jla zv phmuf pful jvhaml çi bvugú mfjgmgfula }fubgahu jla fi ifkhml mf

zv }uhehnl w mgfula dga h ih ig}lkuhdâh h bfmghmlz mf ilz 7?! _huh 877;) ihz cfubhahz wh

cheâha hixvgihml fi zú}hal mfi fmgdgjgl h vah phufnh mf hevfilz xvf hþa clw) }gfafa va

phuxvfhmful mf bl}lz! ]hbegça chegig}hula va fzphjgl fa ih fzxvgah mf ih jhiif :5 phuh

huufamèuzfil h Jçzhu Ètgih mvføl mf ih }gfamh Jlbpvzfiilz) w hi jlz}hml mfufjcl mf ih

pvfu}h jfa}uhi chegig}hula va pfxvføl fzphjgl phuh va ufz}hvuha}f " jhdf}fuâh!

_huhmúngjhbfa}f) fz}f fmgdgjgl vegjhml dufa}f hi Jlifkgl Bhuâh Hvsgighmluh) jla

valz mvfølz mf dlubhjgúa jh}úigjh w mf jlz}vbeufz bvw huuhgkhmhz) zf jlatgu}gú fa va dljl

phuh ih nvtfa}vm) ih jufhjgúa igeuf) fi pfazhbgfa}l hahuxvgz}h) ih juâ}gjh zljghi) ih

fspfugbfa}hjgúa w fi jhlz! Mfzmf fi høl 5??= ihz cfubhahz Kúbf~) va pljl fzjçp}gjhz w

jladvzhz jla ih pulpvfz}h jla ih xvf cheâha iifkhml mlz nútfafz mf ih Vagtfuzgmhm Nlukf]hmfl Il~hal mf jufhu va fzphjgl gamfpfamgfa}f w hi}fuah}gtl phuh ih mgdvzgúa mfi hu}f xvf

tfaâha ufhig~haml fz}vmgha}fz mf mgdfufa}fz dhjvi}hmfz fa ih jgvmhm) zf pufz}hula phuh heugu

ihz pvfu}hz mf fz}f fmgdgjgl w ufjgegu h bgifz mf nútfafz mf }lmlz ilz zfj}lufz mf ih jgvmhm)

mf }lmhz ihz jihzfz zljghifz w mf mgtfuzhz zvejvi}vuhz xvf }uhazdlubhula jlbpif}hbfa}f ih

gbhkfa mf fz}f ivkhu!



88

_lu fz}f fmgdgjgl phzhula pfuzlahz mf thughz jgvmhmfz mf Jlilbegh w pfuzlahz mf thuglz

phâzfz jlbl Hukfa}gah) Jcgif) Bçsgjl) Fjvhmlu) Duhajgh) Hifbhagh f Gakih}fuuh!

’Hjè iifkheh kfa}f mf }lml ihml) fuh bvw dèjgi vegjhu fi fzphjgl) cheâhhikl xvf iihbheh h ih kfa}f! Fi èueli }hbegça dvf vah ufdfufajgh bvwevfah) fuh zlil albeuhu ih jhzh mf }ufz pgzlz jla va èueli phuh vegjhu hih kfa}f‒ #Kvz}htl Blulx) jlbvagjhjgúa pfuzlahi) 57 mf nvagl 5?8?'!

Jhmh mâh iifkheha hi fmgdgjgl fa}uf 8? w 5? nútfafz0 w jhmh dga mf zfbhah iifkheha mf8?? h 6??

mfpfamgfaml mf ihz hj}gtgmhmfz xvf uf ufhig~heha! Zv vegjhjgúa) mvuha}f ilz pugbfulz hølz mf

ljvphjgúa) dvf vah kuha tfa}hnh plu fi dèjgi hjjfzl w pluxvf h zv hiufmfmlu al cheâh ahmh bèz xvf

fi jlifkgl) hzâ xvf fi uvgml mf ihz dgfz}hz w ih kuha hdivfajgh mf kfa}f dufa}f hi fmgdgjgl al dvf va

puleifbh mvuha}f ilz pugbfulz hølz! Hva hzâ) bèz hmfiha}f) ih vegjhjgúa zf jlatgu}gú fa vah

mfztfa}hnh plu ilz pihafz mf ufalthjgúa vuehah6 xvf zf fbpf~hula h mfzhuuliihu mfzmf fi 5??; fa fi

jfa}ul mf ih jgvmhm!

’Ih bhwluâh mfi }gfbpl xvf wl fz}vtf fbpf~hula h jlaz}uvgu) bèz lbfalz mfzmf fi 5??4 l 5??;! Jvhaml iifkvç P5??=R al cheâh ahmh)zlihbfa}f fuha jhiifnlafz w il}fz ehimâlz mf faklumf w cheâh bvjclzgamgkfa}fz xvf jvhaml fbpf~hula h jlaz}uvgu ilz fbpf~hula h zhjhutglifa}hbfa}f w hzâ mf dufa}f mfzpih~hbgfa}l vuehal! Jvhaml fz}vtgfuladvfuh) thilug~hula }lml fzl! Fzf }hbegça dvf val mf ilz bl}gtlz plu ilzxvf alzl}ulz mfjgmgblz zhigu! Wh fuh bvw dèjgi fajla}uhualz w cheâh xvfbv}hu‒ #Dfmfugjl Kúbf~) jlbvagjhjgúa pfuzlahi) 54 mf hklz}l 5?88'!

_huh Cfaug Ifdfetuf #87;4) p!:8' ilz fzphjglz zgfbpuf cha zgml pliâ}gjlz w

fz}uh}çkgjlz! Fz}lz hi zfu vzhmlz w ljvphmlz) }uhfa jlazgkl bhujhz mf puljfzlz xvf mfal}ha

vah zfugf mf gmflilkâhz! Fz}h zg}vhjgúa alz iifth h pfazhu fa ilz mgdfufa}fz vzlz xvf mgfula)

jlbl bfajglaç fa ih ga}ulmvjjgúa) jvh}ul jlifj}gtlz w }ufz pulwfj}lz pfuzlahifz hi fmgdgjgl!

Hvaxvf mvuha}f fzlz zgf}f hølz zlil mlz pfuzlahz vzhula fi ivkhu plu bvw jlu}l }gfbpl

jlbl tgtgfamh) ilz }ufz pgzlz dvfula cheg}hmlz jlaz}ha}fbfa}f plu xvgfafz huufamhula ilz

fzphjglz w plu xvgfafz iifkheha fzpla}èafhbfa}f h fz}lz! Zgfbpuf jla zvz pvfu}hz hegfu}hz)

ih hpulpghjgúa mf ilz fzphjglz mfpfamâh mf ih jlatgjjgúa mf xvgfa hzgz}âh! ’Hi pugajgpgl fuh

6 Fz}lz pihafz mf ufalthjgúa ufzplamfa hi albeuf mf _iha Jfa}ul) xvf ’fz va jlanva}l mf gagjgh}gthz pþeigjhz) pugthmhz wjlbvag}hughz xvf zf fnfjv}ha h jlu}l) bfmghal w ihukl pih~l fa jhef~h mf ih Hijhimâh Bhwlu mf Elkl}è) fa jllumgahjgúajla ih Fbpufzh mf Ufalthjgúa Vuehah #FUV' w thughz fa}gmhmfz mfi Mgz}ug}l! Fi zvz}fa}l nvuâmgjl mfi _iha Jfa}ul }gfafuhâjfz fa fi Mfjuf}l =75 mf lj}veuf,5??;) alubh}gtgmhm fz}heifjgmh plu fi _iha mf Lumfahbgfa}l ]fuug}lughi #_L]'‒!Ufjvpfuhml mf c}}p>,,{{{!jvi}vuhufjufhjglawmfplu}f!klt!jl,plu}hi,almf,:53:



85

va pljl mgdâjgi pluxvf ih kfa}f al fa}famâh xvf mf va mâh phuh l}ul hphufjgfuh va fzphjgl fa

fi xvf }f mfjâha) tfa fz}l fz }vwl) w il þagjl xvf }gfafz xvf c hjfu fz jvgmhuil‒ #Jihvmgh

Bhefzlw ]!) jlbvagjhjgúa pfuzlahi) = mf altgfbeuf mf 5?88'!

Xvgful plu bfmgl mfi zgkvgfa}f kuèdgjl hjihuhu xvgçafz w mvuha}f xvç pfuglmlz

}vtgfula hixvgihmlz ilz }ufz pgzlz mfi fmgdgjgl>

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mfi fzphjgl jlbl jla}fafmlu afv}ul mf ihz ufihjglafz zljghifz) pulplagfaml fa zv ivkhu)

vah aljgúa mgaèbgjh mfi PfzphjglR jlbl jlaljgbgfa}l w hjjgúa ufihjglahmlz jla avfthz

dlubhz mf cheg}hu #․'‒ #Hamufl}}g fa Hamufl}}g w Jlz}h) 8774) p!8='!

‥]FUJFU _GZL

Jlifj}gtl _gzl ]u:z , 5??= " 5??7

‥]FUJFU _GZL

_ulwfj}l Zvu [hw , 5??7 " 5?8?

‥ZFKVAML _GZL

Jlifj}gtl Khifuâh BHU , 5??= " 5??6

‥ZFKVAML _GZL

Jlifj}gtl Jufhjjgúa Fzphjglz , 5??6"5??;

‥ZFKVAML _GZL

Jlifj}gtl Zhibúa Jvi}vuhi , 5??; " 5??7

‥_UGBFU _GZL

_ulwfj}l _gzl 8 , 5??6 " 5??4

‥_UGBFU _GZL

Ehu Healj}l , 5??; " 5??7



8:

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fzphjgl0 }fujful ilz fzphjglz mf ufpufzfa}hjgúa! _huh fi hv}lu) ihz puèj}gjhz fzphjghifz zf

ufdgfufa h ihz mgdfufa}fz dlubhz fa xvf fi fzphjgl fz kfafuhml) vzhml w pfujgegml plu va

jvfupl jlifj}gtl l plu va gamgtgmvl! Fz}hz puèj}gjhz fz}èa ufihjglahmhz jla ihz fspfugfajghz

mf ih tgmh jl}gmghah w ihz bfblughz jlifj}gthz bèz âa}gbhz! Ihz ufpufzfa}hjglafz mfi

fzphjgl zf ufdgfufa h júbl zla jlajfegmlz ilz fzphjglz h phu}gu mf jgfu}hz iúkgjhz

phu}gjvihufz mf puldfzglahifz l fspfu}lz) wh zfha jgfa}âdgjlz) vuehagz}hz l gakfagfulz

zljghifz! Ilz fzphjglz mf ufpufzfa}hjgúa zla hxvfiilz zâbelilz) zfa}gbgfa}lz) fspfugfajghz

w zgkagdgjhmlz) mf ivkhufz jlaz}uvgmlz w blmgdgjhmlz plu hj}lufz zljghifz mvuha}f va ihukl

pfuglml! ’Ilz fzphjglz mf ufpufzfa}hjgúa al afjfzg}ha lefmfjfu h ufkihz mf jlazgz}fajgh l

jlcfzgúa! Iifalz mf fifbfa}lz gbhkgahuglz w zgbeúigjlz) }gfafa zv lugkfa fa ih cgz}lugh) mfPihz jlifj}gtgmhmfzR w fa ih cgz}lugh mf jhmh gamgtgmvl‒ #Ifdfetuf ) 8778) p!:8'!

Lezfuthufblz xvf mfi 5??= hi 5?8? dvfula thughmhz ihz dlubhz mf hpulpghjgúa mf

ilz mgdfufa}fz pgzlz mfi fmgdgjgl mf ih :5) }ha}l fa ufdfufajgh h zv vzl #puèj}gjhz fzphjghifz'

jlbl h ilz zâbelilz w zgkagdgjhmlz xvf zf jlaz}uvwfula hiiâ #fzphjglz mf ufpufzfa}hjgúa'!

Gkvhibfa}f tfufblz xvf ihz hpufjghjglafz xvf zf }faâha mfi ivkhu jhbeghula jvhaml plu

pliâ}gjhz fz}h}hifz mf ufalthjgúa mfi zfj}lu zf kfafuhula l}uhz tgzglafz fs}fuahz mfi ivkhu

#ufpufzfa}hjglafz mfi fzphjgl'! Ih thugfmhm mf pulwfj}lz w mf ilz puljfzlz plu ilz xvf

phzhula jhmh val mf ilz zgf}f fzphjglz xvf ljvphula fi fmgdgjgl mf ih :5 }uhazdlubhula

mfdgag}gthbfa}f ih cgz}lugh mf fzf ivkhu! Mf fz}h bhafuh) fi fmgdgjgl mf ih :5 al zúil zf

jlatgu}gú fa fi ufjvfuml mf vah pufz}gkglzh gbpufa}h elkl}hah) zgal fi ivkhu mlamf zf

hkilbfuú va bltgbgfa}l) mlamf zf jlazligmú vah jlaz}uvjjgúa jlifj}gth nvtfagi xvf) fa

}çubgalz mf ihz }fluâhz Zg}vhjglagz}hz4 ) heugú va fzphjgl mlamf fuh

’#․' plzgeif ufmvjgu fi }gfbpl mfi }uhehnl fa efafdgjgl mfi }gfbpl igeuf!

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8=

zvz}g}vguilz plu ilz mfzflz gbpvfz}lz mf ih jvi}vuh mlbgaha}f! Mf fzfblml zfuâh plzgeif jlaz}uvgu avftlz fzphjglz mf igefu}hm> zf plmuâh chjfuufhigmhm fi zilkha zg}vhjglagz}h> 99Cheg}hu fz fz}hu fa jhzh fa }lmhzphu}fz11! #Jhufug) 8774) p!88?'

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hjgfu}lz! Fi hpufamg~hnf w ih ufdifsgúa xvf zf pvfmf gadfugu mfi mfzfl plu jlaz}uvgu avfthz

dlubhz mf cheg}hu al zf pvfmf afkhu! Zfkþa Kvw Mfelum)

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GG! Jlbbvag}hz> Bl}gthjglafz w jlifj}gtlz

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Xvgfa zhef zg mvuhuèa) xvgça zhef zg zvz albeufz zfuèa hjfp}hmlz plu }lmlz) # ․') _ful hcâ fz}èa) mhaml kvfuuh‒!

Zføhifz xvf pufjfmfuèa fi dga mfi bvaml!Wvug Cfuufuh



86

Dgfz}h mf jgfuuf Zvu [hw


Fi bltgbgfa}l xvf zf kfz}ú fa fi fmgdgjgl mf ih :5 al dvf bèz xvf fi ufzvi}hml mf ih

gmfh ufhig~hmh mf jufhjgúa jlifj}gth! Jhmh val mf ilz ; fzphjglz xvf dvajglahula fa fi

fmgdgjgl zf pfazhula w zf jufhula h phu}gu mf ih afjfzgmhm mf fz}hu nva}lz) mf jlbphu}gu #phuh

egfa l phuh bhi' zvfølz) gmfhz) mfzflz w hj}gtgmhmfz jla jla}fagml pliâ}gjl) zljghi l mf

ljgl! Zg egfa fa Elkl}è mfzmf ih mçjhmh mfi ;? zf cheiheh mfi jlajfp}l jufhjgúa jlifj}gth

zleuf }lml fa fi hu}f w fa pfxvfølz bltgbgfa}lz zljghifz xvf zf kfz}heha) fa zv bhwluâh)

fa ihz dhjvi}hmfz mf jgfajghz cvbhahz mf ihz vagtfuzgmhmfz pþeigjhz l fa ehuuglz jla

cgz}lugh mf ivjch pliâ}gjh0 al zf cheâh tgz}l va fzphjgl xvf ufvagfuh hbelz fzjfahuglz w xvf)zleuf }lml) ufvagfuh h nútfafz mf }lmlz ilz zfj}lufz w jihzfz zljghifz! Ha}fz mf ih hphugjgúa

mf ilz fzphjglz xvf zf mfzhuuliihula fa fi fmgdgjgl mf ih :5) ilz ivkhufz xvf zf pufz}heha phuh

fz}f }gpl mf fajvfa}ul fuha iljhig~hmlz w zf igbg}heha h kuvplz pfxvfølz) jihul fz}è)

jlbphuèamlil jla ih kuha hdivfajgh mf kfa}f xvf iifkheh h ih :5!

Iihbh ih h}fajgúa xvf dufa}f h ih afjfzgmhm mf ufvaguzf phuh }uhehnhu zleuf hikþa

lenf}gtl fa jlbþa) mgtfuzlz kuvplz zf albeuhuha chjgfaml çadhzgz fa fi }çubgal

’jlifj}gtl‒ jlbl zg çz}f ufhdgubhuh w if mgfuh pfzl h zv hjjglahu! Fa fi fmgdgjgl mf ih :5) al

zúil dvfula ilz = jlifj}gtlz mf ehzf) w ilz : pulwfj}lz gamgtgmvhifz ilz xvf pl}fajghula fi

bltgbgfa}l) zgal ih avbfulzh zfugf mf hkuvphjglafz xvf iifkheha hi ivkhu jla ih afjfzgmhm

mf fajla}uhu va fzphjgl phuh iifthu h jhel zv }uhehnl) phuh mgdvamguil w jlbphu}guil!



84

’Wl jufl xvf _gzl ]u:z bèz hiiè mf ilz }ufz jlifj}gtlz jla ilz xvf gagjghblzdvf bgifz mf jlifj}gtlz! _lu fnfbpil) fi bgzbl Elkl}uhs al fuh phu}f mfalzl}ulz w fz xvf dvfula }ha}lz xvf hcluh al bf hjvfuml) plu fnfbpil fibgzbl JufHjjgúa w ilz 5? phujcfz; mf JufHjjgúa xvf h ih dgahi dvfulaavfz}ul phujcf) }lmlz ilz pva`gz) ilz cgpclpfulz) ilz chumjlufulz w }lmlz ilzphujcfz mf fifj}uúagjh jlbl Elkl}è Fifj}uúagjh) Elkl}è _ulnfj}) Ufzf}) ¼zg<)

}ha}lz w }ha}lz phujcfz xvf dvf il xvf al mfnú hjhehu fi fzphjgl pluxvfzgfbpuf cheâh vah pulpvfz}h w vah jlzh xvf bltfu! Hmfbèz ih kfa}f iifkhehh blz}uhu}f) bguh bg pulwfj}l) w evfal chw xvf blz}uhuil w zgfbpuf cvelbl}gtlz mf fzlz phuh jla}gavhu‒ #Higs Ifzbfz) jlbvagjhjgúa pfuzlahi) :8mf hklz}l mf 5?88'!

Jçzhu Fuafz}l Hkvmfil) bhfz}ul fa hu}fz pièz}gjhz mf ih Vagtfuzgmhm Ahjglahi) fa fi

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mf gatfz}gkhjgúa }fúugjh xvf zf cha ufhig~hml fa ih jgvmhm zleuf ih gmfh jla}fbpluèafh mf

’jlifj}gtl‒! Fa fz}f fazhwl) pveigjhml plu fi Gaz}g}v}l Mgz}ug}hi mf Jvi}vuh w ]vugzbl w ihKfufajgh mf Hu}fz _ièz}gjhz mf Elkl}è) Jçzhu Hkvmfil) helumh mgtfuzhz fspfugfajghz mf

hkuvphjglafz mf pfuzlahz xvf cha }uhehnhml mfa}ul mfi jhbpl mfi hu}f jlilbeghal)

}lbhaml fa jlazgmfuhjgúa ih gmfh mf %jufhjgúa jlifj}gth% pultfagfa}f mfi }fh}ul xvf

fbfukgú fa ih mçjhmh mf ilz zf}fa}h! Ih pufkva}h pfu}gafa}f hxvâ fz ¼pluxvç uf}lbl fi

fazhwl mf Hkvmfil phuh fspigjhu ihz bl}gthjglafz mf xvgfafz }lbhula fi fzphjgl mf ih :5<

_vfz egfa) fi }uhehnl mf Hkvmfil fa pugbfu ivkhu) fsplaf mlz çpljhz zgkagdgjh}gthz fa ilz

puljfzlz mf jufhjgúa jlifj}gth fa ih jgvmhm xvf alz zgutfa mf fnfbpil phuh fa}famfu ihz

bl}gthjglafz mf ilz nútfafz mfi fmgdgjgl mf ih :5! Fa zfkvaml ivkhu alz hjfujh) zga xvfufuil

w zga zgxvgfuh hpulsgbhuzf h ih leuh mf Tgj}lu ]vuafu) h ih fspiluhjgúa zljghi xvf chjf fi

ha}ulpúilkl mfzmf hikvalz jlajfp}lz }fh}uhifz jlbl ’fi muhbh zljghi‒ w ’fi pfudlubhajf‒

xvf zføhihuç fa fi zgkvgfa}f hphu}f!

Zfkþa Hkvmfil #5??6' fa Jlilbegh fsgz}fa mlz çpljhz bvw ufiftha}fz fa ihz jvhifz

zf ch bhujhml humvhbfa}f ih jliheluhjgúa hu}âz}gjh!

’Ih pugbfuh) ilz zf}fa}h) pfuglml fa fi xvf zf ga}ulmvjfa fa fi phâz gmfhzpliâ}gjhz zljghigz}hz xvf pfubfha bvjchz gaz}hajghz mf ih zljgfmhm zleuf}lml ihz ga}fifj}vhifz) gajivwfaml ihz hu}fz! Ih zfkvamh) jlbgfa~h fa ilzaltfa}h w iifkh chz}h avfz}ulz mâhz w fz}è mhmh plu ih afjfzgmhm mfufalthjgúa) plagfaml fa bhujch pulpvfz}hz hi}fuah}gthz fa }lmhz ihz

; Blmgzbl jlilbeghal xvf chjf ufdfufajgh hi kuvpl mf hbgklz jfujhalz!



8;

jhphz zljghifz f ga}fifj}vhifz! Fi hu}f zf chjf phu}âjgpf jla pulpvfz}hzaltfmlzhz w mf hv}lkfz}gúa‒ #Hkvmfil) 5??6) p! 6:'

Ih afjfzgmhm mf jufhu fzphjglz hi}fualz h ih jvi}vuh gaz}g}vjglahi) hdgubh Hkvmfil) zf

plpvihug~h fa Jlilbegh #fa fi jhbpl hu}âz}gjl' pvfz fa avfz}ul phâz fsgz}f va hu}fcfkfbúagjl xvf }gfamf h plafu mf ufigftf zúil hikvalz albeufz w h fnfujfu bvjch pufzgúa

zleuf ih jlazfuthjgúa mf blmfilz gaz}g}vjglahifz) fz mfjgu) va hu}f xvf ’PjlazfuthR ihz

fig}fz xvf zf dlubha hiufmfmlu mf gaz}g}vjglafz jlbl fi Zhiúa Ahjglahi) jgujvg}lz jfuuhmlz

xvf pugtgifkgha jgfu}l }gpl mf hu}f) mfnhaml uf~hkhml w zga plzgegigmhm mf ufalthjgúa fi

jhbpl hu}âz}gjl‒ #Hkvmfil) 5??6) p!6:'! Hvaxvf fi hv}lu jlazgmfuh) w fz}lw mf hjvfuml jla

çi) xvf ihz gaz}hajghz gaz}g}vjglahifz zla gbplu}ha}fz fa ih bfmgmh xvf pulbvftha ’ih

hphugjgúa mf hi}fuah}gthz hi zgz}fbh tgkfa}f) al PzúilR fa dlubh mgufj}h) fz mfjgu

hplwèamlihz fjlaúbgjhbfa}f) zgal fa ih bfmgmh fa xvf PpulplakhaR va mgèilkl xvf

pufzfutf ih }uhmgjgúa phuh hzâ plmfu }uhazkufmguih w ufalthuih jlaz}ha}fbfa}f‒ #Hkvmfil)

5??6) Zhitfmhm! p!6:'0 mfefblz }fafu jihul xvf fz}h aljgúa jliheluh}gth fa}uf fa}fz

fz}h}hifz w kuvplz hi}fuah}gtlz zf mfzhuuliih fa kuvplz jlifj}gtlz xvf al puf}famfa

gatlivjuhuzf l fajhzgiihuzf pþeigjhbfa}f fa vah gmflilkâh pliâ}gjh! Hj}vhibfa}f çz}h

jliheluhjgúa zf fajvfa}uh ehz}ha}f pulphkhmh pvfz mfzmf mfi 5?88 fi Gaz}g}v}l Mgz}ug}hi mf

ihz Hu}fz w fi Bgagz}fugl mf Jvi}vuh) jlbfa~hula h ldufjfu va kuha hplwl f gajfa}gtl phuh

ih kfafuhjgúa w bha}fagbgfa}l mf fz}lz fzphjglz hi}fuah}gtlz fa ih jgvmhm!Fa fi jhzl mfi fmgdgjgl mf ih :5) fz}hz ufihjglafz dvfula mgdfufa}fz) al zúil plu xvf

fa fzh çpljh chz}h hcluh zf fz}heha chjgfaml tgzgeifz fz}f }gpl mf fzphjglz) zgal pluxvf

hmfbèz ihz gmflilkâhz pliâ}gjhz w ilz pfazhbgfa}lz uhmgjhifz xvf mheha tgmh h ilz mgdfufa}fz

jlifj}gtlz xvf hixvgihula fi fmgdgjgl al pfubg}âha kfafuhu fzlz hjfujhbgfa}lz jla fi Fz}hml

h bfalz xvf dvfuha hplwhmlz plu ilz phu}gmlz pliâ}gjlz highmlz! Fz}f }fbh zgfbpuf dvf va

pva}l mf jla}uhmgjjglafz wh xvf fi hv}lmfalbgahuzf jlbl fzphjglz ’hv}lkfz}glahmlz‒ zf

plaâh fa }fih mf nvgjgl jvhaml hikvgfa pulplaâh hjvmgu h fa}fz pugthmlz l fz}h}hifz phuhevzjhu dgahajghjgúa! Fi }fbh mf ih hv}lkfz}gúa dvf fa fzf blbfa}l) phuh xvgfafz ljvphula

fi fmgdgjgl) va }fbh mf ufjvuzgtgmhm w fzpla}hafgmhm phuh plmfu ufhig~hu il xvf zf pulplaâha

fa pifah igefu}hm!

Jlbl bfajglaç) Hkvmfil alz cheih mf mlz jgjilz ufdfufa}fz hi }fbh mf

jliheluhjgúa hu}âz}gjh> _ugbfu jgjil #Hkvmfil) 5??6) p!66'> H bfmghmlz mf ilz hølz ;?) fa



83

ih Vagtfuzgmhm Ahjglahi mf Jlilbegh zf igeuhula dvfu}fz eh}hiihz pliâ}gjhz) il xvf cg~l xvf

fz}h gaz}g}vjgúa zf jlatgu}gfuh fa fi ehz}gúa mf ih g~xvgfumh ga}fifj}vhi! Fz}h zg}vhjgúa zgutgú

jlbl }fiúa mf dlaml phuh ih hphugjgúa mf fzphjglz mf jufhjgúa hu}âz}gjh w uèpgmhbfa}f zf

fbpf~hula h ufhig~hu hj}gtgmhmfz pliâ}gjhz fabhujhmhz fa pulpvfz}hz hu}âz}gjhz! Val mf ilz

bfnlufz fnfbpilz fz fi kuvpl mf }fh}ul Ih Jhamfihugh mf Zha}ghkl Khujâh3) xvf dvf val mf

ilz kuvplz pglafulz fa piha}fhu bf}lmlilkâhz mf %jufhjgúa jlifj}gth%) jlajfp}l

gamvmheifbfa}f igkhml jla zvz pugajgpglz pliâ}gjlz #zljghigz}hz'! Fz}f kuvpl fz}vtl hj}gtl

fa}uf 87;4 w 8736! %Fi }uhehnl kuvphi zf }luah haúagbl w) hjlumf jla fi pfazhbgfa}l mf ih

çpljh) bèz jfa}uhml fa fi jla}fagml w fa zv gajgmfajgh fa fi }fuufal zljghi xvf fa fi jhbpl

fz}ç}gjl%! Jh}èilkl Jlilbegh) hølz ;?! Uftgz}h mf hu}f jlilbeghal) Zhih mf fsplzgjglafz

HZHE) Elkl}è) GMJ]) 5??:) pp! ;8";:! Zfkvaml jgjil #Hkvmfil) 5??6) p!45'> Fz}h zfkvamh

f}hph jlbgfa~h h dgahifz mf ilz hølz 7? w zf fs}gfamf chz}h clw! Val mf ilz bl}gtlz) al fibèz gbplu}ha}f) dvf fi jvfz}glahbgfa}l mf ilz jgujvg}lz mlbgaha}fz fa ih fzdfuh hu}âz}gjh

jlilbeghah! Zf jlbfa~ú h cheihu mf ih ga}fumgzjgpigahugfmhm w ih hi}fuah}gtgmhm! Hikvalz

kuvplz ufpufzfa}h}gtlz mf fzh çpljh h ilz xvf Hkvmfil chjf ufdfufajgh zla> Aúbhmh) H"

Jila) Jhzh Kvgiifubl) Cfifah pulmvjjglafz LAK) Ihz Bhihz hbgz}hmfz #Cvbefu}l Nvajh w

Bhavfi @hibhaltg}~') Ahmgf Lpgah w _fxvføh Dhbgigh Bhujh Ufkgz}uhmh #877:') zleuf ih

xvf Hkvmfil fadh}g~h zv fazhwl!

]fagfaml fa jvfa}h xvf ih jlajfp}vhig~hjgúa mf ih jliheluhjgúa hu}âz}gjh fz}vtl

bhujhmh }ha}l plu fi fa}lual pliâ}gjl jlbl plu ih ufhig~hjgúa af}hbfa}f hu}âz}gjh) al alz

mfef zlupufamfu xvf }lmhz ihz hjjglafz mf }ga}f pliâ}gjl xvf zf kfafuhula fa fi fmgdgjgl mf ih

:5 fz}vtgfuha h}uhtfzhmhz plu mgtfuzlz hjjglahufz hu}âz}gjlz jlbl ih bþzgjh) ih pga}vuh) fi

}fh}ul) ih mha~h w ih ahjgfa}f pulphkhjgúa mfi hu}f vuehal fa ih jgvmhm! Zg egfa ilz puljfzlz

xvf zf kfafuhula fa fi fmgdgjgl mf ih :5 al dvfula ilz pugbfulz puljfzlz mf jufhjgúa

jlifj}gth jla va hjjglahu zljghi w hu}âz}gjl) jlbl il jlbfa}h Bhavfi Jchjúa)

3 Hj}lu mf jgaf w }fh}ul) muhbh}vukl) mgufj}lu mf }fh}ul w pga}lu ahjgml fa Elkl}è) fa 8753! Zv fa}ufahbgfa}lhj}luhi il jlbfa~ú fa 876; fa Elkl}è) jla fi mgufj}lu nhplaçz Zf`gZhal) mfzpvçz il jla}gavú fa ihVagtfuzgmhm mf _uhkh) fa fi Hj}lu+z Z}vmgl mf Avfth Wlu` w) fa 874:) fa ih Vagtfuzgmhm mf ]fh}ul mf ihzAhjglafz fa Tgajfaafz #Duhajgh'! Mfzmf 873:) chz}h fi pufzfa}f høl mgugkf fi }hiifu pfubhafa}f mfgatfz}gkhjgúa w dlubhjgúa }fh}uhi) w fz bgfbeul fnfjv}gtl mf ih Jlupluhjgúa Jlilbeghah mf ]fh}ul! Fa>c}}p>,,{{{!ehaufpjvi}vuhi!luk,eihhtgu}vhi,eglkuhdghz,avbful8!c}b



87

’H dgahifz mf ilz 7? bf mg jvfa}h mf xvf al fuh fi þagjl․ xvf cheâhbvjcâzgbh kfa}f xvf fz}heh fa ih bgzbh mgaèbgjh w fuh bèz dvfu}f faehuuglz jla cgz}lughz mf ivjch! ]f fz}lw cheihaml mfi Avftl Jcgif) mfiehuugl _ligjhuph Zhihthuugf}h) mf _h}gl Elag}l) Eug}high) Elzh) evfalehuuglz xvf wh }gfafa vah cgz}lugh mf lukhag~hjgúa w ivjch) w xvf fz}hz

kfafuhjglafz mf nútfafz xvf fz}èa fa fz}lz ehuuglz hmlp}ha fa ihzbþi}gpifz fspufzglafz hu}âz}gjhz jlbl va jhahi phuh }uhazbg}gu) phuhpulplafu) phuh jug}gjhu w }hbegça }fubgah jlatgu}gçamlzf fa va puf}fs}lmf fajvfa}ul mf }lmh ih jlbvagmhm l zfh ihz bgzbhz kfa}fz mfi ehuugl xvfzf hjfujheha h tfu jla xvf zhiâha fz}lz jcgalz iljlz pful }fubgahehatgfaml xvf ilz pfihmlz al fz}heha fahnfahmlz fa hezliv}l) zgal ilzpfihmlz zfkvâha jlbl kvfuufhaml pful mfzmf ihz fspufzglafz hu}âz}gjhz‒#Bhavfi Jchjúa) jlbvagjhjgúa pfuzlahi) 87 mf hklz}l mf 5?88'!

Fz}lz puljfzlz zâ dvfula ilz pugbfulz fa chegig}hu va ivkhu mf vah kuha hbpig}vmhuxvg}fj}úagjh w jla va dvajglahbgfa}l jlazfjv}gtl hiufmfmlu mf zgf}f hølz! _lmfblz

mfjgu) xvf fz}hz mlz jhuhj}fuâz}gjhz zla ihz xvf alz iiftha h pfazhu fa ih jufhjgúa mf va

bltgbgfa}l xvf zf hjjglaú fa ufmfz mf }uhehnl) bvjchz tfjfz) ehnl ih jihamfz}gagmhm!

Mf ilz zgf}f fzphjglz mfi fmgdgjgl mf ih :5) jgajl mf fiilz fz}vtgfula dvfu}fbfa}f

tgajvihmlz jla puljfzlz zljghifz w hjhmçbgjlz xvf zf tfaâha kfafuhaml fa ih Vagtfuzgmhm

Ahjglahi w l}uhz vagtfuzgmhmfz pþeigjhz jlbl ih Vagtfuzgmhm _fmhkúkgjh w ih Jfa}uhi! _gzl

]u:z) JufHjjgúa Fzphjglz) _gzl 8) Zvu [hw w fi Zhibúa Jvi}vuhi) jla}heha jla fi hplwl mf

puldfzlufz w mf lukhag~hjglafz al kvefuahbfa}hifz xvf pul}fkâha h fz}lz nútfafz pvfz ilz

}fbhz xvf }uhehnheha jlajfeâha juâ}gjhz w mfavajghz mgufj}hz zleuf hikvalz fa}fz w hikvahz

hjjglafz pliâ}gjhz mfi klegfual mf fzlz hølz! Hvaxvf fz}lz fzphjglz avajh xvgzgfula zfu

fajhzgiihmlz jlbl bltgbgfa}lz mf g~xvgfumh) plu ih bgzbh jlaal}hjgúa xvf fz}f }çubgal

}gfaf fa avfz}ul gbhkgahugl jlifj}gtl) al jhef mvmh mf xvf zâ zf ehzheha fa gmfhz

jla}uhjvi}vuhifz) juâ}gjhz w mf lplzgjgúa h jvhixvgfu }gpl mf ufpufzgúa! Thif ih pfah zveuhwhu

xvf fi pfuglml fa xvf fz}lz nútfafz cheg}hula fi fmgdgjgl jlgajgmgú jla val mf ilz klegfualz

bèz jla}ultfu}gmlz mfi phâz> fi klegfual mfi fspufzgmfa}f Èithul Vugef Tçif~ xvf) ehnl zvpliâ}gjh mf Zfkvugmhm Mfbljuè}gjh

7) hvbfa}l zga bfmgmh ih dvfu~h pþeigjh w pulplujglaú

dvfu~h h ilz mgzjvuzlz mf fs}ufbh mfufjch!

7 _liâ}gjh mfi klegfual mf Vugef Tçif~ jvwl ’fnf fz ilkuhu fi jlbpif}l jla}uli mfi }fuug}lugl plu phu}f mfiFz}hml phuh hzfkvuhu fi pifal gbpfugl mf ih ifw) ih klefuahegigmhm w plu famf fi dlu}hifjgbgfa}l mfi Fz}hml mfMfufjcl‒ #Bhu}ch Ivjâh Uhbâuf~ mf Ugajúa) pufzfa}hjgúa mfi _iha mf Zfkvugmhm Mfbljuè}gjh) 5??:) p! 7



5?

Ilz l}ulz mlz fzphjglz) Khifuâh BHU w Healj}l> fi pugbful) tgajvihml h ih juâ}gjh

zleuf ih fig}g~hjgúa mf ihz hu}fz mgufj}hbfa}f chjgh ihz fzdfuhz jfuuhmhz mf ih pulmvjjgúa

hu}âz}gjh0 w fi zfkvaml) xvf al pulplaâh va fzphjgl phuh ih ufdifsgúa zljghi l pliâ}gjh) pful

fa hikvahz ljhzglafz pulplaâh vah ufdifsgúa hu}âz}gjh mgufj}hbfa}f ufihjglahmh jla ih

zvejvi}vuh kú}gjh8?) }hbegça jlbphu}gfula fi ga}fuçz w ih afjfzgmhm mf ufvaguzf fa }lual h

fz}f fzphjgl mf fspfugbfa}hjgúa!

’Wl jufl xvf il xvf alz iiftú h }lmlz w h }lmhz h fzf ivkhu dvf ihafjfzgmhm xvf }faâhblz fa fzf blbfa}l mf ufvagualz) ih afjfzgmhm mfjlazfkvgu va ivkhu fa fi xvf pvmgçuhblz fajla}uhualz w mhu phzl h ilzpulwfj}lz xvf jlbl jlifj}gtlz tfaâhblz }uhehnhaml mfzmf chjf bvjclzhølz‒ #Jihvmgh Bhefzlw ]!) jlbvagjhjgúa pfuzlahi) = mf altgfbeuf mf5?88'!

H jla}gavhjgúa) fsplakl euftfbfa}f jvèifz dvfula ihz bl}gthjglafz w ihz dlubhz

fa ihz xvf ilz zgf}f fzphjglz lukhag~heha fi }uhehnl xvf pl}fajgl zv hjjglahu) phuh ivfkl

uftgzhu zvz mgdfufajghz w zgbgig}vmfz! Fi lumfa fa xvf pufzfa}huç ilz jlifj}gtlz) ufzplamf

julaliúkgjhbfa}f hi blbfa}l mf iifkhmh mf jhmh mf jhmh val mf fz}lz hi fmgdgjgl>

pèuuhdl 5'! Tfu fi pulwfj}l mf _liâ}gjh mf Zfkvugmhm Mfbljuè}gjh fa>c}}p>,,{{{!jlilbeghfbe!ai,fz,zfkvugmhm,pli\zfkvugmhm\mfbljuh}gjh!pmd

8? Fz}h zvejvi}vuh ahjf fa fi Ufgal Vagml h pugajgpglz mf ilz 3? jlbl vah mfugthjgúa mfi plz} pva`! Hehujhthuglz zvekçafulz bvzgjhifz) thuglz fz}gilz fz}ç}gjlz w jvi}vuhifz xvf h zv tf~ mgtgmfa fz}h zvejvi}vuh fathuglz kuvplz mfpfamgfaml zvz kvz}lz w zvz dlubhz mf fspufzgúa! Fa}uf ilz bgfbeulz mf ih iihbhmhzvejvi}vuh kú}gjh hþa fsgz}fa mgzjufphajghz plu ih thugfmhm mf kçafulz xvf zf fajvfa}uha! Zf pvfmf mfjgu xvfil þagjl xvf jlbphu}f fz zv kvz}l plu fi jlilu afkul w zv jfujhaâh jla il alz}èikgjl mf vah çpljh phzhmh!#Jlajfp}l jlaz}uvgml h phu}gu mf ihz fa}uftgz}hz ufhig~hmhz h Kheugfi Uhbâuf~) Igjjg Kvfuuh w Nvha Jhbgil mfJhz}ul ‚ altgfbeuf mf 5?88'



58

Khifuâh BHU #Bvjclz Hu}gz}hz Ufvagmlz'

Zfugf mf dl}lz }lbhmhz fa Khifuâh BHUJlu}fzâh> Bhvugjgl Kv}gçuuf~ 5??6

Zf jladlubú fa fi høl 5??8 jvhaml mlz fz}vmgha}fz mf efiihz hu}fz mf ih

Vagtfuzgmhm Nlukf ]hmfl Il~hal) Bhvugjgl Kv}gçuuf~ #Hu}Gz' w Uhdhfi Zèajcf~ zf

ufvagfula phuh cheihu mf va pulwfj}l mf hv}lkfz}gúa xvf fa hikþa ivkhu ifz pfubg}gfuh

’jufhu vah ufm il bhz kuhamf plzgeif mf hu}gz}hz) pugajgphibfa}f ufihjglahmlz hi hu}f w ih

bþzgjh phuh mgz}hajghualz mf ilz jgujvg}lz jlatfajglahifz w fig}gz}hz mfi bfmgl‒ #Bhvugjgl

Kv}gçuuf~) jluufl fifj}uúagjl) 5 mf dfeuful mf 5?85'! Fa mgjgfbeuf mf 5??: fajvfa}uha fi

fmgdgjgl mf ih :5 w fz fa faful mf 5??= xvf huugfamha fi zfkvaml pgzl! Zv bl}gthjgúa> Vah

ivjch jlaz}ha}f jla}uh ih fig}g~hjgúa mf ihz hu}fz! Jufhu ufmfz mf hu}gz}hz phuh pfaf}uhu

mgdfufa}fz fz}hbfa}lz w mgzjgpigahz! Dlubhu vah fbpufzh mf hu}f fa ih xvf ihz plzgegigmhmfz

mf ga}fuufihjglahuzf w ilz pulwfj}lz dvfuha jhmh tf~ bèz kuhamfz! Eèzgjhbfa}f evzjheha

jufhu vah fbpufzh jvi}vuhi fa ih xvf al fsgz}gfuha iâbg}fz phuh fi fajvfa}ul) phuh ih

fsplzgjgúa mf ilz }uhehnlz ag phuh fi hjjfzl h ilz bgzblz! Hvaxvf hi pugajgpgl dvfula mlz

pfuzlahz ihz xvf pfazhula fa huufamhu fi ivkhu) pljl h pljl zf dvfula zvbhaml l}ulzjlifj}gtlz mf hu}f xvf ifz hwvmhula h ufalthu fi pgzl xvf cheâh fz}hml hehamlahml plu jhzg

mgf~ hølz!

’]lmlz }lbèehblz ihz mfjgzglafz) mf il xvf zf geh h chjfu fa fi ivkhu) zgcheâh va ftfa}l il jlazvi}èehblz w alz ufphu}âhblz fi }uhehnl! Jlbl



55

zvehuufamhblz fi ivkhu h ilz jlifj}gtlz xvf }uhehnhula jla alzl}ulz)}lmlz }faâhblz xvf fz}hu mf hjvfuml jla ilz ftfa}lz w hj}gtgmhmfz xvf zfiiftheha hjhel! _lu zvpvfz}l }vtgblz puleifbhz) bvjchz tfjfz ihzufzplazhegigmhmfz xvf hzgkaèehblz al ihz jvbpiâhblz plu ih dhuuh 88) lpluxvf cheâh uhwfz85 ga}fualz pluxvf al }lmlz if mfmgjèehblz fi bgzbl}gfbpl hi fzphjgl‒ #Bhvugjgl Kv}gçuuf~) jlbvagjhjgúa tâh z`wpf) 8? mf

dfeuful mf 5?85'!

Khifuâh BHU dvf vah khifuâh mf hu}f phuh nútfafz hu}gz}hz! Jhmh zfbhah zf chjâha

fsplzgjglafz mf dl}lkuhdâh) pga}vuh w hu}fz pièz}gjhz! Fspfugbfa}hula fa ih ufhig~hjgúa mf

tgmflz w mf bþzgjh) ’fa fzpfjghi fspfugbfa}èehblz jla fi uvgml) heuâhblz fi fzphjgl phuh

jvhixvgfu }gpl mf ehamhz) al alz gbplu}heh xvf dvfuh pva` jla jla}fagml pliâ}gjl ag ahmh mf

fzl) hi dga w hi jhel il xvf chjâhblz fuh fspfugbfa}hi w pliâ}gjl zga xvfufu zfuil‒ #Hamuçz

Evz}hbha}f) jlbvagjhjgúa pfuzlahi) 57 mf zfp}gfbeuf mf 5?88'!

_gzl ]u:z

]lxvf ‚ dgfz}h pva` fa _gzl ]u:z

Jlu}fzâh> Higs Ifzbfz 5??;

Fa hklz}l mf 5??= }ufz jlifj}gtlz ‚ Dvamhbfa}hi #= pfuzlahz') Fjlbv}vhi #5

pfuzlahz') TgtlHu}f #= pfuzlahz'" w ’Zlblz‒ va jcgjl xvf }uhehnú jla va kuvpl mf nútfafz

88 Blmgzbl xvf zf vzh phuh ufdfuguzf h vah dgfz}h!85 Blmgzbl xvf zf vzh phuh ufdfuguzf h pfifhz l bhi hbegfa}f!



5:

fa }lual h va fzphjgl uhmghi fa 8773 iihbhml Zlblz Zvmhjhz mfjgmfa huufamhu fi }fujfu pgzl

mfi fmgdgjgl mf ih jhiif :5 jla ih gmfh mf ’pugbful }fafu va fzphjgl phuh mfzhuuliihu avfz}ulz

pulwfj}lz pfuzlahifz w mfzpvçz zg mhuif fzphjgl h va pþeigjl fs}fual‒ #Higs Ifzbfz)

jlbvagjhjgúa pfuzlahi) :8 mf hklz}l mf 5?88'! Hikvalz mf fiilz fz}vmgha}fz mf jgfajghz

zljghifz mf ih Vagtfuzgmhm Ahjglahi) l}ulz hv}lmgmhj}hz fa hu}fz) bfmglz mf jlbvagjhjgúa w

bþzgjh0 jlatljhula mvuha}f 6 hølz h nútfafz) puldfzlufz w hj}gtgz}hz h chjfu phu}f mf ’va

fzphjgl xvf alz pfubg}gfuh zhigu mf ihz hvihz w fspfugbfa}hu fa ih tgmh ufhi }lmhz ihz }fluâhz)

gmfhz w hjjglafz xvf }faâhblz fa bfa}f w xvf wh cheâhblz fbpf~hml h bltfu fa ih

vagtfuzgmhm zleuf igefuhjgúa) ufzgz}fajgh) gamfpfamfajgh w pulpvfz}hz hi}fuah}gthz mf

higbfa}hjgúa) jlbvagjhjgúa w jlazvbl‒ #Dfmfugjl Kúbf~) jlbvagjhjgúa pfuzlahi) 54 mf

hklz}l mf 5?88'! Zv bl}gthjgúa> Zhigu mfi jhbpl hjhmçbgjl w hjjglahu fa il jl}gmghal!

Igefuhu fzphjglz) dlubhu ufmfz) jufhu pih}hdlubhz) heugu pvfu}hz) fazføhu w hpufamfu mf ihzhjjglafz gamgtgmvhifz) jlifj}gthz w igeufz!

’Hi pugajgpgl) jhmh val zf mgtgmgú fi fzphjgl) ilz mf Tgtl Hu}fbla}hula zv fz}vmgl mf bþzgjh) alzl}ulz cgjgblz ilz jvi}gtlz fa fi}fjcl) cgjgblz }lmh vah cvfu}h }hbegça fa Khifuâh Bhu) mfzmf fizfkvaml pgzl chz}h fi }fjcl w ilz mf Dvamhbfa}hi bla}hula zvz`h}f phu` fa fi zhiúa jfa}uhi! Dvajglaèehblz fa hzhbeifh) ihzmfjgzglafz ihz }lbèehblz nva}lz) zfa}hmlz cheihaml! Alz

ufphu}âhblz ihz ufzplazhegigmhmfz) fi pugbfu høl dvajglaú bvwhzhbeifhugl! Mfzpvçz dvf mgdâjgi plu xvf _gzl ]u:z alz hezluegú fi}uhehnl mf ilz jlifj}gtlz) wh al fuh fi }uhehnl mfi bfmgl hbegfa}f)fi }uhehnl mf ilz z`h}fuz) fi }uhehnl mf Tgtl Hu}f jlbl jlifj}gtl_liâ}gjl mf Ufzgz}fajgh! Zgal xvf fuh va fzjfahugl hegfu}l hipþeigjl) w fuh va fzjfahugl mf jlajgfu}lz w dgfz}hz‒ #Higs Ifzbfz) :8mf hklz}l mf 5?88'!

Fi }fbh mf ihz dgfz}hz fifj}uúagjhz mf ihz jvhifz phu}gjgpheha ilz bgfbeulz mf _gzl]u:z mfzmf dgahifz mf ilz 7?) cg~l xvf fi fzphjgl zf jlatgu}gfuh fa va pfxvføl dljl mf ih

fzjfah uhtf8: fa Jlilbegh! _huh fi 5??4 ilz jlifj}gtlz gagjghifz zhigfula mfi pulwfj}l w

8: ’Fi uhtf zvplaf va avftl }gpl mf fzpfj}èjvil fa va fa}lual xvf ufdlubvih ih fspfugfajgh mf ih bþzgjhfifj}uúagjh w ih ufihjgúa mfi kuvpl xvf ehgih h zv ug}bl! Fi uhtf fz va fzdvfu~l plu jlatfu}gu jhmh ftfa}l favah fspfugfajgh þagjh w bfbluheif mlamf ih bþzgjh mf ilz mgzjlz wh al zfh va pleuf zvz}g}v}l mf ih tgtfajgh



5=

zúil jla}gavhula jla fi pulwfj}l Higs Ifzbfz w Dfmfugjl Kúbf~! Jla ihz dgfz}hz iifkú fi

fsjfzl mf mulkhz w hijlcli) xvf igkhml h ih gmflilkâh hahuxvgz}h mf bvjclz mf ilz xvf

hzgz}âha hi fzphjgl }uhnl fi jhlz) fi fsjfzl w fi igefu}gahnf! Hi gkvhi xvf Khifuâh BHU) _gzl

]u:z bha}vtl fi fzphjgl kuhjghz h ihz dgfz}hz w hi gakufzl xvf ifz mheh ih tfa}h mf igjlu!

Hvaxvf fa va pugajgpgl al evzjheha zlz}fafuzf plu bfmgl mf fz}lz ufjvuzlz) fi mgaful xvf

le}faâha mf fz}hz hj}gtgmhmfz fuh jla fi xvf phkheha fi huugfaml mfi ivkhu!

_gzl Val

]lxvf z`h fa _gzl Val

Jlu}fzâh> Bhavfi Jchjúa 5??6

Fi pugbfu pgzl mfi fmgdgjgl dvf hixvgihml plu Bhavfi Jchjúa h pugajgpglz mfi 5??6!

Bhavfi) cgnl mf Bhavfi Kvz}htl Jchjúa Zhubgfa}l8=) iifkh hi fmgdgjgl mf ih jhiif :5

mfzpvçz mf va ihukl tghnf xvf cg~l h Jveh! Jvhaml tvfitf h Elkl}è mfzjveuf ih plzgegigmhm

mf hixvgihu fi pugbfu pgzl mfi fmgdgjgl mlamf) fa fi zfkvaml pgzl) dvajglaheh Khifuâh Bhu w)

fa fi }fujfu pgzl) dvajglaheh _gzl ]u:z nva}l h ilz jlifj}gtlz Tgtl Hu}f w ih ehamh Z`hu}fi

bvzgjhi pifah) jlbl pvfmf zfuil fi fzjvjchu hi ga}çupuf}f fa mgufj}l‒! KHBFIIH) Nvha D w Èithuf~) Hu}vul!Ihz Uv}hz mfi Çs}hzgz> Mulkhz mf zâa}fzgz w avfthz jvi}vuhz nvtfagifz! Hugfi) Ehujfilah! 8777) p! 8:=!8= Bhavfi Jchjúa Zhubgfa}l> ’Hu}fzhal) plf}h) nvkihu w jhugzbè}gjl f gbplu}ha}f mgugkfa}f pliâ}gjl mf ihJllumgahmluh _lpvihu mf Ehuuhajhefubfnh xvgfa dvf hzfzgahml fa 8733 plu ihz ehihz mfi phuhbgig}hugzblFz}h}hi‒! Fa>c}}p>,,{{{!bfblughwmgkagmhm!luk,gamfs!pcp<lp}gla2jlb\jla}fa}$tgf{2hu}gjif$gm267>bhavfi"jchjla$jh}gm2:4>hzfzgah}lz"mfdfazlufz$G}fbgm243



56

h xvgfafz Bhavfi jlaljâh mf hølz h}uèz! Mfzpvçz mfi hzfzgah}l mf zv phmuf) h dgahifz mf

873?) Bhavfi w zv cfubhal) jlbgfa~ha h jhahig~hu }lml fi mvfil mf ih tglifajgh w mfi

mfzpih~hbgfa}l h }uhtçz mf ihz fspufzglafz hu}âz}gjhz) jlbgfa~ha h hjfujhuzf h l}ulz nútfafz

jla ilz xvf fbpgf~ha va puljfzl mf }uhazdlubhjgúa mfzmf ih bþzgjh) ih dl}lkuhdâh) fi tgmfl)

fi }fh}ul w ihz hu}fz pièz}gjhz0 fz}l iifth h Bhavfi h cheihu mf ’va hu}f jlazjgfa}f) va hu}f

xvf al fz hnfal h ih ufhigmhm xvf tgtgblz‒ #Bhavfi Jchjúa) jlbvagjhjgúa pfuzlahi) 87 mf

hklz}l mf 5?88'! Mfzmf xvf fuh bvw nltfa Bhavfi fbpf~ú h }fafu va pfazhbgfa}l pliâ}gjl

bhujhml w tgajvihml jla ihz fspufzglafz hu}âz}gjhz) h dgahifz mf ilz 7?½z jufh nva}l h zv

cfubhal ih ehamh ’Fi Dvugevaml Zfuah‒) vah ehamh mf z`h) xvf nva}l h l}uhz ehamhz mf ih

çpljh jlbgfa~ha h chjfu phu}f mfi bltgbgfa}l Z`gacfhm Ha}gdhzjgz}h mf Jlilbegh

#U!H!Z!C'86! Zv bl}gthjgúa> Jufhu va fzphjgl mf }lifuhajgh phuh ihz jvi}vuhz) phuh fajla}uhuzf

jla pfuzlahz xvf }vtgfuha gagjgh}gthz zljghifz w jufhu va pfazhbgfa}l jlazjgfa}f dufa}f h ihufpufzgúa) fi hevzl mf ih hv}lugmhm) ih mgzjugbgahjgúa) fi chbeuf) w ilz puleifbhz zljghifz xvf

hdfj}ha fi phâz!

’Jlbl fi fzphjgl fuh }ha pfxvføl) h jlbphuhjgúa mf ilz l}ulz pgzlz)hjlblmf ih bg}hm phuh xvf ehamhz hbgkhz }ljhuha hiiâ) phuh xvfpfuzlahz jla gmfhifz pliâ}gjlz pvmgfuha fajla}uhuzf phuh cheihu)mgzjv}gu) fzjvjchu bþzgjh) }lbhuzf vah jfutf~h w zleuf }lmljlazpguhu) pihafhu) gmfhu w fspufzhu zv pfazhbgfa}l juâ}gjl! Hxvâ alz ufvagblz thughz tfjfz jla ih U!H!Z!C w jla hikvalz hbgklz

pva`fulz) fi puleifbh dvf xvf ivfkl mf va høl mf kvfuufhu ih pih}hphuh fi huugfaml h pva}h mf jfutf~h fzl }fubgaú jlatgu}gçamlzf fava }lbhmful w fzl alz nlmgú) jlbl xvf al fuh il xvf xvfuâh wjlbfa~ú vah jugzgz w jfuuç fi ivkhu‒ #Bhavfi Jchjúa) jlbvagjhjgúapfuzlahi) 87 mf hklz}l mf 5?88'!

Hvaxvf ih fspfugfajgh xvf }vtl Bhavfi fa fi _gzl Val al dvajglaú bvw egfa) ilz

fuulufz xvf çi tgtgú w xvf lezfutú mf ihz fspfugfajghz mf Khifuâh BHU w _gzl ]u:z) dvfula

dvamhbfa}hifz phuh ih jlazligmhjgúa mf va avftl fzphjgl iihbhml Fi Fnf Jfa}ul Jvi}vuhi

xvf jufú nva}l h zv phufnh) Zhamg Bluhifz) w l}ulz hbgklz fa fi høl 5??7) fa vah jhzhhehamlahmh jfujh hi Fnf Hbegfa}hi fa fi jfa}ul cgz}úugjl mf Elkl}è!

86 U!H!Z!C ’Fz vah Jladfmfuhjgúa Ga}fuahjglahi dvamhmh fa Af{ Wlu` fa 877:) mf z`gaz jlbvagz}hz w z`gazhahuxvgz}hz) xvf ivjcha plu mfdfamfu ih hv}fa}gjh jvi}vuh z`gacfhm) BVI]GUUHJGHI W MF JIHZFLEUFUH) dufa}f h ih jla}hbgahjgúa mf elafcfhmz #Afl"ah~gz' w bfmglz mf mfzgadlubhjgúa‒! Fa>c}}p>,,uhzce}h!luk,gamfs!pcp<lp}gla2jlb\jla}fa}$tgf{2hu}gjif$gm2548$G}fbgm2:6



54

JufHjjgúa Fzphjglz

Tfa}h mf dha~gafz) uftgz}hz) hdgjcfz w jhu}fifz fa JufHjjgúa

Jlu}fzâh> Jihvmgh ]luufz 5??4

Fa bhu~l mf 5??6 JufHjjgúa Fzphjglz }lbú fi zfkvaml pgzl mfi fmgdgjgl mf ih :5

mfzpvçz mf xvf Khifuâh BHU mfnhuh fi ivkhu! Fa fz}h çpljh fi zfkvaml pgzl bèz xvf va

jfa}ul jvi}vuhi dvf va jfa}ul zljghi) va fzphjgl fa fi xvf ih bhwluâh mf zvz bgfbeulz fuha

bvnfufz pfu}fafjgfa}fz h mgtfuzlz jlifj}gtlz pliâ}gjlz w igefu}huglz! Hi jlbgfa~l) dvfula 5?

pfuzlahz) ihz xvf mfjgmgfula }lbhu fi fzphjgl w huufkihuil mvuha}f valz bfzfz ha}fz mf xvf

dvfuh hegfu}l hi pþeigjl! JufHjjgúa Fzphjglz dvf ’va fzphjgl xvf zf pfazú phuh mfeh}gu w

jladula}hu ih plzgegigmhm mf zfu hv}úalblz pliâ}gjh w zljghibfa}f‒ #Jihvmgh Bhefzlw ]!)

jlbvagjhjgúa tâh z`wpf) 5= mf lj}veuf mf 5?88'! Fiihz w fiilz fa}famâha ih hv}lalbâh

jlbl fi chjfu w fi mgdvamgu zvz gmfhz mfzmf ih hjjgúa igeuf fa ih jl}gmghagmhm w jlbl vah

pliâ}gjh mf fsgz}fajgh bèz xvf jlbl mgzjvuzl l hukvbfa}l }fúugjl! Zv }uhehnl zgfbpuf dvf

hzhbeifhugl) jlatljheha ufvaglafz jhmh ljcl mâhz) w al zf }lbheha mfjgzglafz

hueg}uhughbfa}f zga zfu jlazvi}hmhz! Zv bl}gthjgúa> _ulbltfu dlubhz mf fsgz}fajgh

zligmhughz w jlifj}gthz jla }ufz pulpúzg}lz> ih hv}lalbâh) ih hv}lkfz}gúa w fi

ha}ghv}lug}hugzbl! Heugu va ivkhu mf hu}gjvihjgúa mf bþi}gpifz plzgegigmhmfz w pl}fajghz mf

}uhazdlubhjgúa!

’_huh fi pulwfj}l fuh gbplu}ha}f xvf zf jlazligmhuha hj}gtgmhmfzkuh}vg}hz xvf ldufjgfuha va jgfu}l }gpl mf ufdifsgúa w mgtfuzgúa! Ihz



5;

hj}gtgmhmfz xvf zf pulkuhbheha jlbl dlulz) jgaf jivefz) jlatfuzh}luglz)}hiifufz mf fzjug}vuh) }hiifufz mf ifj}vuh xvf fuha pulpvfz}hz mf l}uhzjlifj}gtgmhmfz pliâ}gjhz) lukhag~hjglafz zljghifz) puldfzlufz w fz}vmgha}fzxvf iifkheha hi fzphjgl zf jlbpifbfa}heh jla avfz}uh egeigl}fjh hegfu}h)fi jhdç w ilz }hiifufz xvf alzl}ulz ldufjâhblz! Jhmh mâh iifkheh hikvgfaavftl hi fzphjgl) jhmh mâh fuh bèz kfa}f ih xvf zf ga}fufzheh plu kfafuhu

pfazhbgfa}lz w hjjglafz juâ}gjhz! Fi puleifbh fz xvf fuh mgdâjgizlz}fafualz w avajh xvgzgblz hjvmgu hi afkljgl mf ihz dgfz}hz phuhdgahajghualz! Zâ cgjgblz dgfz}hz) pful al fuha avfz}ul pulpúzg}l! Whmfzpvçz mf mlz hølz ih zg}vhjgúa fjlaúbgjh fz}heh bvw bhi) wh cheâhblzel}hml bvjch fafukâh w alz cheâhblz mfzkh}hml evzjhaml ufjvuzlz) hzâ xvf mfjgmgblz jfuuhu‒ #Jihvmgh Bhefzlw ]!) jlbvagjhjgúa tâh z`wpf) 5=mf lj}veuf mf 5?88'!

_huh bfmghmlz mf 5??; thughz mf ihz pfuzlahz xvf jlbfa~hula JufHjjgúa lp}hula

plu jla}gavhu jla zvz pulwfj}lz pfuzlahifz) bvjchz zhigfula mfi phâz) hikvahz jla}gavhula

jla zvz fz}vmglz w l}uhz pfuzlahz jlbfa~hula h dlubhu zvz pulpghz dhbgighz il jvhi

gamgjheh l}uh f}hph mf ih tgmh w fz}l bhujheh vah f}hph kfafuhjglahi!

Zhibúa Jvi}vuhi

Ftfa}l mf jgujl ‚ }fh}ul w bþzgjh dlijiúugjh fa Zhibúa Jvi}vuhi

Jlu}fzâh> Mhtgm Ifúa " Bhuâh Nhuhbgiil 5??3

Fa lj}veuf mf 5??; fi jlifj}gtl Zhibúa Jvi}vuhi }lbh fa huugfaml fi zfkvaml pgzl

mfi fmgdgjgl mf ih :5 pljl }gfbpl mfzpvçz mf xvf JufHjjgúa Fzphjglz }fubgah zvz

hj}gtgmhmfz fa fi ivkhu! Fi jlifj}gtl Zhibúa) iifkh mfzpvçz mf mfnhu vah jhzh vegjhmh fa ih



53

jhiif == jla lj}hth ih jvhi heugú zvz pvfu}hz fi 8= mf lj}veuf mfi 5??6) zv puljfzl chjâh

phu}f mf ih fspfugfajgh xvf hikvalz mf ilz ga}fkuha}fz mf ih ehamh Zlblz Zvmhjhz cheâha

ilkuhml fa va }uhehnl jlifj}gtl xvf jlbfa~ú fa 8773 jlaljgml jlbl Ufmzlahajgh fi jvhi

’zf jfa}uheh fa fi phpfi mfi nltfa phuh gajgmgu w fbplmfuhuzf zleuf puljfzlz mf

}uhazdlubhjgúa mf ih jvi}vuh w ih dlubhjgúa mf ufmfz xvf pvmgfuha jhbeghu cèeg}lz mf

jlazvbl‒ #Gtèa Zlblz Zvmhjhz) jlbvagjhjgúa pfuzlahi) 5? mf faful mf 5?85'! Fa fi høl

5??; Gtèa) w l}ulz bgfbeulz mf Zlblz Zvmhjhz) mfjgmfa hzljghuzf jla fi pulwfj}l

pfuzlahi mf Wvug Afguh) va zfølu mf bèz mf =? hølz) h xvgfa fi FZBHM #Fzjvhmuúa Bútgi

Ha}gmgz}vueglz' hzfzgaú h zv cgnl fa ih bhujch mfi 8 mf bhwl mf 5??6! Zv bl}gthjgúa>

Dlubhu pfazhbgfa}l h }uhtçz mf ih jvi}vuh pliâ}gjh! Jufhu va }fuug}lugl igeuf phuh

fspfugbfa}hu w mhu fzphjgl h ih }lifuhajgh " gamgtgmvhi w jlifj}gth" chjgh mgdfufa}fz fz}gilz

mf tgmh) gmflilkâhz w jlajfpjglafz pliâ}gjhz l hu}âz}gjhz! Jla}gavhu jla ilz puljfzlzpliâ}gjlz xvf zf tfaâha mfzhuuliihaml jla ih jhbphøh jla}uh ih euv}higmhm pligjghi!

Fi Zhibúa Jvi}vuhi dvf va hiefukvf phuh bvjclz tghnfulz xvf iifkheha h Elkl}è

jla zv hu}f! ’]uhazg}hula bhihehugz}hz) iâmfufz pliâ}gjlz) tghnfulz mf g~xvgfumh) w l}ulz

zvnf}lz xvf bhujhula mf va jgfu}l jlzblplig}gzbl hi ivkhu! Fz}l }hbegça gadivwú bvjcl fa

ih gbhkfa xvf mfi zg}gl zf }faâh‒ #Jçzhu Mvxvf) jlbvagjhjgúa jluufl fifj}uúagjl) 5; mf

faful mf 5?85'! Ihz mfavajghz mgufj}hz xvf cg~l Wvug Afguh jla}uh ih pligjâh w ih mfbhamh

xvf gaz}hvuú jla}uh fi Fz}hml Jlilbeghal cgjgfula xvf fi fzphjgl dvfuh ufjlaljgml

pþeigjhbfa}f! Wvug zf cheâh jlatfu}gml fa vah pfuzlah pþeigjh w fz}l cg~l xvf fi fzphjgl w

fi fmgdgjgl dvfuha ufjlaljgmlz plu ih lpgagúa pþeigjh! Fi 84 mf faful mf 5??7 fi J]G

#Jvfupl ]çjagjl mf gatfz}gkhjgúa mf ih Dgzjhiâh' w fi MHZ #Mfphu}hbfa}l Hmbgagz}uh}gtl

mf Zfkvugmhm' cgjgfula va kuha hiihahbgfa}l hi fmgdgjgl pvfz jluuâha uvblufz mf xvf fa fi

fmgdgjgl zf fz}heh jufhaml vah pfxvføh jçivih mf ihz Dvfu~hz Hubhmhz Uftlivjglahughz mf

Jlilbegh #DHUJ'!

’Fi hiihahbgfa}l chjf va ellb gbpufzglaha}f) }vtgblz ilz mlz zfa}gmlzmf xvf jgfu}hbfa}f) chjf xvf kfa}f zf uf}guf mf ih jhzh w xvf l}uh kfa}fiifkvf! Ilz xvf zf uf}guha fz jgfu}hbfa}f pluxvf }gfafa bgfml) jla }lmhih uh~úa! _luxvf fz kfa}f mfi Fz}hml) J]G w fi MHZ xvf iifkha jla vahphuh}l bgig}hu gbpufzglaha}f) chjgfaml zv dvajgúa w kfafuhaml }fblu wbgfml) kfafuhaml }fuulugzbl mf Fz}hml! Fa}lajfz cvel kfa}f) jlifj}gtlz)xvf mgnfula 99 ¨cvw() al) bfnlu al alz bf}fblz) wl h vz}fm il xvgfulbvjcl) il ufzpf}l) pful bfnlu bf xvfml plu bg ihmg}l) wl al xvgful xvf



57

bf nlmha11! L}uh kfa}f zg mgnl 99 pufdgful hwvmhuilz11) w fz}vtgfulajla val‒ #Wvug Afguh) jlbvagjhjgúa pfuzlahi) hklz}l 7 mf 5?88'!

Hvaxvf ihz ufihjglafz fa}uf ilz bgfbeulz mfi jlifj}gtl Zhibúa w Wvug Afguh al

dvfula ihz bfnlufz) fi }uhehnl xvf zf kfz}ú mvuha}f fi pugbfu høl hdgubú fi puljfzl xvf fi

Zhibúa tfaâh }uhehnhaml jla nútfafz mf jlbvagmhmfz tviafuheifz) jla nútfafz

vagtfuzg}huglz jla jlazjgfajgh zljghi f gkvhibfa}f zf hdgha~ú fi }uhehnl mf ihz ehamhz xvf

}ljheha fa fi fazhwhmful xvf cheâh bla}hml Kvz}htl Blulx) mf Zlblz Zvmhjhz) fa fi

fzphjgl! H mgdfufajgh mf ilz l}ulz fzphjglz fi Zhibúa Jvi}vuhi al zf lukhag~ú mf dlubh

hzhbeifhugh) Gtèa pulkuhbheh ihz hj}gtgmhmfz mf hjvfuml h ihz pulpvfz}hz xvf if iifkheha

}lmlz ilz mâhz! _huh fi þi}gbl pfuglml) fa fi xvf Wvug zf cg~l jhukl mfi fzphjgl zga jla}hu

jla ilz jlbfa}huglz mf agakval mf ilz bgfbeulz mfi jlifj}gtl Zhibúa) fi fzphjgl pljl h

pljl zf dvf jlatgu}gfaml fa va ehu) pvfz phuh zlz}fafu fi fzphjgl Wvug mfjgmgú chjfu bèz

ftfa}lz mf dgfz}hz w }lxvfz mf ehamhz xvf ftfa}lz hjhmçbgjlz!

Healj}l

Dgfz}h fa Healj}l

Jlu}fzâh> Igjjg Kvfuuh! 5??3

Zga agakvah ufdfufajgh ha}fuglu hi fmgdgjgl) ag h il xvf zvjfmâh fa çi) h bfmghmlz mf

5??;) Kheugfi Uhbâuf~) }uhzihmh fi pugbfu ehu kú}gjl mf Elkl}è) hi pugbfu pgzl mfi fmgdgjgl

mf ih :5! Kheugfi mfjgmgú bhafnhu fi ehu plu zv jvfa}h pvfz zfkþa çi ihz ufihjglafz jla zvz



:?

l}ulz zljglz zf jlbpigjhula wh xvf fi huugfaml mfi ivkhu) ha}fuglubfa}f) fuh bvw jlz}lzl w

al zf fz}heha kfafuhaml ihz khahajghz xvf cheâha pfazhml! Jlbpif}hbfa}f hpliâ}gjl) w

zga agakvah ga}fajgúa bèz xvf ih mf zfkvgu jla zv ehu) mfzmf xvf iifkh Kheugfi) fi fmgdgjgl

}hbegça zf jlatgfu}f fa ufdfufajgh phuh vegjhu ih zvejvi}vuh kú}gjh mf Elkl}è! Ih jvi}vuh

kú}gjh fz ih zvbh mf mgtfuzlz fz}gilz bvzgjhifz w fz}ç}gjlz xvf zf bf~jiha fa mgdfufa}fz

gadivfajghz mfi pva`) fi ufahjgbgfa}l) ih çpljh tgj}lughah w fz}gilz hamuúkgalz! Fz}h

zvejvi}vuh zf ufjlaljf plu pulbltfu fi kçaful bvzgjhi kú}gjl xvf ahjf fa ilz 3? jlbl

mfugthjgúa mfi plz}"pva`) fi mhu`{htf) fi kl}gjbf}hi) afl"dli`) zwa}c plp) fifj}lmhu`)

fifj}uljihzc) jlim"{htf) gamvz}ughi) FEB) fi mhu`jhehuf}) fa}uf l}ulz! Zv bl}gthjgúa>

_ulbltfu ih fzjfah kú}gjh mf Elkl}è) kfafuhaml va fzphjgl xvf al fsgz}âh fa ih jgvmhm!

’Ih gmfh jla fi ehu fuh ufvagu h }lmh ih kfa}f xvf if kvz}heh kú}gjl) fa fzf}gfbpl hþa al alz plmâhblz ufvagu fa agakþa zg}gl fzpfjâdgjl pful zâ zfchjâha dgfz}hz mfzmf ilz 7?! Gkvhi al cheâh va ehu fsjivzgtl phuh ihufvagúa ag phuh ilz ftfa}lz! Ih gmfh }hbegça fuh chjfu khifuâhz wpulbltfu fi hu}f xvf chjâha hikvahz pfuzlahz ¼al< Fi }fbh mf ilz zcl{zzhmlbhzlxvgz}hz w }lml fzl) fuh hikl bvw pugthml jlbl mf ih fzjfah¼al< Bguh) ih fzjfah kú}gjh }hbegça fz bvw igefuhi) fzl fz hikl bvwjcçtfuf! ]þ hjè tfz bvjcl egzfsvhigzbl) ifzeghagzbl) fz vah fzjfahzvpufbhbfa}f igefuhi dufa}f h fz}f }fbh! Ih mfjgzgúa mf chjfu fz}lzzcl{z dvf phuh mhuif va thilu hkufkhml hi fzphjgl pluxvf fa va blbfa}lfbpf~hblz h }fafu fzh jvuglzgmhm‒ #Kheugfi Uhbâuf~) jlbvagjhjgúa

pfuzlahi) altgfbeuf 86 mf 5?88'!

Hvaxvf Healj}l dvf fi fzphjgl xvf fz}vtl bfalz tgajvihml h ih bltgmh zljghi w

pliâ}gjh xvf zf kfz}heh fa fi fmgdgjgl! Ih ufihjgúa xvf Kheugfi }vtl jla hikvahz pfuzlahz

mf ilz l}ulz fzphjglz zf mgl ehnl va fz}ugj}l zfa}gml mf }lifuhajgh! Hvaxvf al zf dlubhula

ih~lz dvfu}fz Kheugfi phu}gjgpú pufz}haml zv fzphjgl h ilz ftfa}lz mf Elkl}uhs #dgfz}hz

igeufz mf bþzgjh fifj}uúagjh w muvb $ ehzz' xvf ufhig~heh _gzl ]u:z w chjgfaml dhtlufz l

ufplzgjglafz mf igjlu!



:8

Zvu [hw

]lxvf ‚ dgfz}h fa Zvu [hwDl}l> Jihvmgh Ifúa! Nvagl 5?8?

Mfzpvçz mfi jgfuuf mf _gzl ]u:z fa bhu~l mf 5??7 w mfi jgfuuf mfi Zhibúa Jvi}vuhi

w mf Healj}l fa lj}veuf mfi bgzbl høl! Kvz}htl Blulx) xvgfa jlaljâh fi fzphjgl mfzmf

fi 5??6 w xvgfa v}gig~ú va jvhu}l phuh bla}hu vah zhih mf fazhwlz jvhaml dvajglaheh fi

Zhibúa) mfjgmgú jla}gavhu jla fi fzphjgl xvf cheâh mfnhml _gzl ]u:z thjâl! Ha}fz mf

}fubgahu fi Zhibúa) Kvz}htl cheiú jla vah mf ihz cfubhahz mvføhz mfi fmgdgjgl w

hjlumhula xvf fi }lbhuâh fi }fujfu pgzl mfzmf dgahifz mf lj}veuf mf 5??7) plu va høl bèz!

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:5

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Dgfz}h fa Zvu [hw


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:6

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A!K Jhajigag



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Dgfz}h Dfz}gthi Fi Fzpfnl fa Zvu [hw

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blz}uhuihz h l}ulz! Mf hxvâ fi vzl mf zv jlajfp}l pfudlubhajf

’fa fi zfa}gml fa xvf fi clbeuf fz va hagbhi gamgtgmvhibfa}fpfudlubè}gjl) ihz jlzhz xvf ufhig~h zla) fa jgfu}h dlubh) ufdifsgthzw çz}hz uftfiha fi zfu hi zfu bgzbl! Fz}l pvfmf zfu mf mlz bhafuhz>



:3

8' xvgfa hj}þh plmuâh iifkhu h jlaljfuzf bfnlu hzâ bgzbl h }uhtçzmf ih hj}vhjgúa l ih pulbvikhjgúa0 5' va kuvpl mf zfufz cvbhalzplmuâh iifkhu h jlaljfuzf bfnlu h }uhtçz mf ih lezfuthjgúa w,l ihphu}gjgphjgúa fa ihz pfudlubhajghz kfafuhmhz w pufzfa}hmhz plu l}ulkuvpl mf zfufz cvbhalz‒! #]vuafu) 873;) p!38'!

Ihz pfuzlahz xvf huufamhula ilz fzphjglz w xvf ifkhibfa}f fuha vah dgkvuh mf

hv}lugmhm) dvfula xvgfafz bfmghula fz}hz ufihjglafz w xvgfafz nvkhula hbelz ulifz fa }lml

blbfa}l! Hvaxvf ldufjâha fi fzphjgl phuh xvf l}ulz }uhehnhuha fa zvz pulpvfz}hz) fz}hz

pfuzlahz fuha ihz mgufj}hbfa}f ufzplazheifz mf jvhixvgfu jlzh xvf zvjfmgfuh mvuha}f ihz

hj}gtgmhmfz!

’Bguh il xvf gbplu}heh fuh xvf ih kfa}f fa}famgfuh xvf alzl }ulzldufjâhblz fz}f fzphjgl phuh xvf fiilz il hpultfjchuha! Hi pugajgpglalzl}ulz }lbhblz fi fzphjgl phuh }uhehnhu fa avfz}ulz pulpglz pulwfj}lzw il ilkuhblz) chz}h xvf mfjgmgblz heugu ihz pvfu}hz phuh xvf l}ulzpulwfj}lz }uhehnhuha hiiâ) phuh xvf ih kfa}f xvf zúil xvfuâh gu h tfumgzduv}hu mf il xvf ldufjâhblz w il xvf ldufjâha l}ulz jlifj}gtlz) xvf ilcgjgfuha igeuf w }uhaxvgihbfa}f! Jhmh mâh iifkheha pfuzlahz avfthz)pulwfj}lz avftlz w fzl dvf il xvf al mfnú hjhehu fi fzphjgl! Mf }lmhzdlubhz alz mgblz jvfa}h xvf bvjchz tfjfz ih kfa}f al fa}famâh il xvfpulplaâhblz w jufâha xvf fuh va ivkhu phuh phujchu84 w wh‒ #Higs Ifzbfz)jlbvagjhjgúa pfuzlahi) hklz}l :8 mf 5?88'

Ih mgdfufajgh uhmgjheh fa xvf ih bhwluâh mf pfuzlahz xvf zúil hzgz}âha h ihz

hj}gtgmhmfz " dvfuha jchuihz hjhmçbgjhz) ufvaglafz) dgfz}hz l fsplzgjglafz " pljhz tfjfz

fuha jlazjgfa}fz mf xvf xvgfafz pufz}heha fi ivkhu jluuâha jla ufzplazhegigmhmfz! ’Ih

kfa}f al fa}famâh xvf }ljheh igbpghu) xvf cheâh xvf phkhu fi huugfaml) ih iv~) ilz zfutgjglz‒

#Wvug Afguh) jlbvagjhjgúa pfuzlahi) 7 mf hklz}l mf 5?88'! ]lmlz ilz mhølz bh}fughifz

jluuâha plu jvfa}h mf ilz huufamh}huglz w mf xvgfafz pulplaâha pulwfj}lz w hj}gtgmhmfz!

Kfafuhibfa}f fi jvgmhml dâzgjl mf ilz ivkhufz al dvf vah puglugmhm pvfz hvaxvf xvgzgfuha

bha}fafuilz il bèz igbpglz w hkuhmheifz plzgeifz ih kuha hdivfajgh mf kfa}f w ihz hbpighzmgbfazglafz mfi ivkhu chjâha xvf fz}h dvfuh vah humvh }hufh! Agakval puf}famgú jla}ulihu fi

jlbplu}hbgfa}l mf hikvgfa bèz! ’Ih gmfh fuh xvf jhmh pfuzlah dvfuh jlazjgfa}f mf xvf fzf

84 Blmgzbl xvf zf ufdgfuf h jlbphu}gu va }gfbpl jla pfuzlahz jfujhahz!



:7

}hbegça fuh zv fzphjgl) xvf }faâh xvf jvgmhuil w chjfuzf ufzplazheif mf çi! Dgahibfa}f jhzg

ahmgf il fa}famgú‒! #Jihvmgh Bhefzlw ]!) jlbvagjhjgúa pfuzlahi) 5= mf lj}veuf mf 5?88'!

Ihz ufihjglafz jla ihz pfuzlahz xvf phu}gjgpheha zlihbfa}f jlbl hzgz}fa}fz fuha

fdâbfuhz) igtghahz w dvkhjfz! Fz}h zg}vhjgúa jhbegheh jvhaml ihz pfuzlahz) plu va mfzflga}fual) zf hjfujheha) pufkva}heha w zf chjâha phu}âjgpfz mf ihz fspfugfajghz! Ih dlubh bèz

eèzgjh phuh jufhu ufihjglafz dvfu}fz fa}uf ilz xvf hzgz}âha w ilz xvf fuha ufzplazheifz mfi

fzphjgl fuh xvf ilz xvf hzgz}âha pulpvzgfuha jlzhz) dvfuha hegfu}hz) ufzplazheifz fa il xvf

xvfuâha chjfu w xvf fa}famgfuha jvhi fuh fi tfumhmful pulpúzg}l mfi fzphjgl hegfu}l! Fi

pva}l mf kgul fa}uf vah ufihjgúa fdâbfuh jla fi fzphjgl #jlbl hzgz}fa}f fzpluèmgjl' w vah

ufihjgúa mf hpulpghjgúa mfi ivkhu #jladuh}fuagmhm w hpufamg~hnf') ih mheh fi mfzfl ga}fual mf

jufhu) tgajvihuzf w hpulpghuzf mf ilz ivkhufz! _huh Kvz}htl Blulx) phu}gjgpha}f mfi puljfzl

mfi Zhibúa Jvi}vuhi w jufhmlu mfi pulwfj}l Zvu [hw) ih hpulpghjgúa mf ilz fzphjglz zf tf

mgufj}hbfa}f ufihjglahmh jla ilz ldgjglz w jla ’xvfufu chjfuzf ufzplazheif mf il xvf val

chjf‒ #Kvz}htl Blulx) jlbvagjhjgúa pfuzlahi) 57 mf nvagl mf 5?8?'!

’Wl iifkvç hiiâ }hbegça phuh jlazfuthu ih hbgz}hm) il xvf }uhnf dvf Hubúagjh) va ivkhu xvf eugamheh h ihz ehamhz va fzphjgl w ilzgaz}uvbfa}lz phuh fazhwhu) w fa}lajfz }uhnf }lmh bg bþzgjh) bg fz}vmgl)bg }uhehnl xvf fz il xvf bf mh mf jlbfu! ]lml il xvf }uh}ç mf chjfuzgfbpuf dvf hj}vhu w ufzgz}gu mfzmf ih al tglifajgh! Vah jlzh xvf al bfkvz}heh w mfel mfjguil) fz xvf bvjchz tfjfz fa ihz dgfz}hz l fa ilz }lxvfzih kfa}f }fubgaheh mf pfifh! Fzl avajh bf kvz}ú) wl zgfbpuf ifz mgnf hilz bvjchjclz xvf fzl hzâ al fuh) xvf fi phujcf al zf huufkiheh jlatglifajgh‒ #Kvz}htl Blulx) jlbvagjhjgúa pfuzlahi) 57 mf nvagl mf5?8?'!

]vuafu hdgubh xvf ’fa fi pfudlubhajf) fi fzphjgl w fi }gfbpl pvfmfa zfu

jlbphuhmlz jlbl va ih~l fa vah pulkufzgúa igafhi mlamf il zljghi divwf jvutèamlzf chjgh

zâ bgzbl fa ih dlubh tglifa}h mf zv pulpgl mfzhuuliil) zfupfa}fhaml) gatgu}gfaml) chz}h

bga}gçamlalz w plagfaml }lml fa va }lal ufdifsgtl‒ #]vuafu) 873;) p56' ! _lu fzl) fa fz}f}fs}l fspufzl zvplzgjglafz w plzgegigmhmfz xvf nvfkha jla ih ah}vuhif~h mf ilz cèeg}lz! Fa

bfmgl mfi mfzfl xvf bvjchz pfuzlahz }faâha mf xvg}huzf bèzjhuhz) mf mfzavmhu ilz

fz}h}vz) mf ufavajghu h ilz ulifz) mf mfblifu ihz fz}uvj}vuhz) ih ha}gfz}uvj}vuh) ehnl va bhujl

iþmgjl zf kfafuú plu fi mfzfl mf mfzhdghu fi jla}uli w ih hv}lugmhm) mf pulehu fi hv}ljla}uli

w ih ufdifsgúa zleuf ihz hjjglafz!



=?

Dgfz}h Elkl}è _ulnfj} fa Zvu [hw


_huh xvgfafz hixvgihula ilz fzphjglz) w phuh ih bhwluâh mf pfuzlahz xvf hzgz}âha h

fz}lz) ih bfnlu fspfugfajgh dvf al }fafu hv}lugmhmfz xvf ilz jla}ulihuh! ’Al fsgz}âh vah

hv}lugmhm jlbl ih xvf alz gbplaf va pligjâh) vah phpè l va tgkgiha}f! Fa fz}lz jhzlz fuh

mgdfufa}f) }uh}èehblz mf blz}uhu xvf zf }uh}heh mf vah hv}lugmhm jlbphu}gmh‒ #Dfmfugjl

Kúbf~) 54 mf hklz}l mf 5?88'! Ih jla}uhmgjjgúa dvf xvf h pfzhu mf xvf bvjclz xvgzgfula

}uhazbg}gu vah jlazjgfajgh dufa}f h fzh igefu}hm) fz}l al zf ilkuú w ih igefu}hm zf zhigú mf ihz

bhalz) iifkhula ilz fsjfzlz w fz}lz dvfula) mf vah v l}uh dlubh) hpulehmlz jlbl phu}f mfi

puljfzl!

’Bguh) jla}ulihu fi }fbh mf ihz mulkhz dvf bvw mgdâjgi pvfz zgfbpufcheihblz mf ih igefu}hm! Fa}lajfz) ¼júbl jla}ulihu fzl zg avfz}ulfspfugbfa}l fuh fi mf ih igefu}hm< Al jufhz) mf }lmhz dlubhz fzl dvfmfzbl}gtha}f) alz mgblz jvfa}h xvf ih kfa}f hzgz}âh bèz hi fzphjgljvhaml chjâhblz dgfz}hz xvf jvhaml chjâhblz jchuihz l }hiifufz) h ihkfa}f if kvz}heh bèz ih dgfz}h! W pvfz evfal) ih dgfz}h fz afjfzhugh!Hmfbèz ihz dgfz}hz fifj}uúagjhz al zlil zla ihz mulkhz) ilz uhtfz }gfafa}lmh vah jhukh pliâ}gjh w zljghi) fz ih jhphjgmhm mf iifthu fi zlvamzwz}fbw }ljhu) gajivzl al plu fi mgaful! Ih fzjfah fifj}uúagjh chjf fzh jihzf mffzphjglz phuh zli}huzf) phuh ufdifsglahu‒ #Higs Ifzbfz) :8 mf hklz}l mf5?88'!



=8

Zfkþa ]vuafu) lezfutèamlil mfzmf ih dlubhjgúa mf jlbbvag}hz fa ih kfafuhjgúa

efh} w ilz cgppgfz)

’ih v}gig~hjgúa fjiçj}gjh w zgajuç}gjh mf zâbelilz w hjjglafz ig}þukgjhzfs}uhâmhz mf ufpfu}luglz mf mgtfuzhz ufigkglafz w mfi vzl mf mulkhz xvf

99fsphamfa ih bfa}f11) ih bþzgjh ulj`) ih bþzgjh fifj}uúagjh w ihz ivjfzufihbphkvfha}fz) }uh}ha mf fz}heifjfu vah jlbvagúa }l}hi fa}uf fiilz!Fz}l ifz pfubg}âh) l plu il bfalz hzâ il fzpfuheha) jlbvagjhuzf bfmgha}ffi 99 mfufkifbfa} lumlaaç mf }lvz ifz zfaz11 #ih fahnfahjgúa lumfahmhmf ilz zfa}gmlz' fa vah }gfuah) zgifajglzh) jlajuf}h w jlazjgfa}fufjgpuljgmhm‒ #]vuafu) 8733 P8744R) p!8=:'!

Fdfj}gthbfa}f) fz}h ufihjgúa w jlbplu}hbgfa}l ufihjglahml hi vzl mf ihz mulkhz) fa

fz}f jla}fs}l) dvf vah v}lpâh! Fi jlazvbl dvf zgfbpuf vah jvfz}gúa gamgtgmvhi) w zg fuh

kuvphi) fuh jlbphu}gmh jla hxvfiihz pfuzlahz bèz jfujhahz jlbl fspfugfajghz pugthmhz mf

mgjclz kuvplz! Al mgzjv}guç ag bf fs}famfuç fa fz}f }uhehnl zleuf fi pluxvç hikvahz

pfuzlahz }gfamfa hi vzl jlaz}ha}f l jgujvaz}hajghi mf ihz mulkhz) ag zleuf júbl) jvèaml)

múamf w jla xvç dufjvfajgh il chjfa) fz}l al fz phu}f mf bg }uhehnl) hvaxvf zâ fz phu}f mf

bgz pulpúzg}lz blz}uhu xvf fz}hz zg}vhjglafz fsgz}fa w zfkvguèa fsgz}gfaml plu bèz

jhz}gkhmhz l fz}gkbh}g~hmhz xvf zf fajvfa}ufa! Bf ga}fufzh) fa}lajfz) fsplafu fi cfjcl mf

xvf ih eþzxvfmh mf fspfugfajghz }uhazdlubhmluhz) xvf dvfuha h ih uhâ~ bgzbh mf jhmh

pfuzlah w xvf hmfbèz dvfuha vah fspfugfajgh jlbphu}gmh) al dvf plzgeif w jlazgmful xvf

al th h chjfu plzgeif fa }ha}l ihz pfuzlahz) phuh zâ bgzbhz) al fajvfa}ufa w ufdifsglafa

zleuf zvz hjjglafz hi jlazvbgu) zleuf ih bgzbh afjfzgmhm mf zv jlazvbl) zleuf fi vzl xvf

if mha h ihz mulkhz #tfa}h l jlbpuh' w zleuf júbl fz}hz hjjglafz w ihz hjjglafz mf ilz

mfbèz hdfj}ha ih }l}higmhm mf ihz fspfugfajghz jlifj}gthz!

Fa fi fmgdgjgl mf ih :5) ih bhwluâh mf pfuzlahz xvf jlazvbâha mgzduv}heha fi jhlz

xvf ih mulkh }uhâh jlazgkl jvhaml zf mfnheha zfmvjgu) pful ’¼w xvç chw bèz gaafjfzhugl

xvf ih mulkh zg }þ al ih afjfzg}hz<‒ #Evuulvkcz) 873?) p! 8:'! H bg phufjfu) ih bhwluâh mf

tfjfz ihz mulkhz hivjgaúkfahz w fi hijlcli jlaiiftha h ih bgzbh afjfzgmhm mf fz}hu dvfuh

mf ih ufhigmhm) mf mfzdlkhu) mf zhigu mf ih uv}gah mf ih tgmh xvf ihz bgzbhz pfuzlahz cha

jufhml! _huh ]vuafu) ’ih clblilkâh xvf zf chjf h bfavml fa}uf ilz zvz}ha}gtlz

99fsgz}fajgh11 w 99çs}hzgz11 ufzvi}h pfu}gafa}f pvfz fsgz}gu fz 99fz}hu dvfuh11) fz mfjgu)



=5

fz}hu dvfuh mf }lmhz ihz plzgjglafz fz}uvj}vuhifz xvf val ljvph alubhibfa}f fa va zgz}fbh

zljghi #․'‒! #]vuafu) 8733 P8747R) p! 8=='!

’Mgkhblz xvf jlazvbgu mulkhz fz }hbegça va pljl fahnfahuzf) fz fz}hubvw egfa fa va blbfa}l pluxvf }f hwvmha h mfzpfu}hu}f) h fz}hu dvfuh mfi

zgz}fbh w mfjgu chw bèz ufhigmhmfz xvf fz}h! _luxvf çz}h ufhibfa}f fz }hahevuugmh xvf }fakl xvf }lbhubf vah jfutf~h l dvbhubf va pluul8;!_ful mfzpvçz) pfuzlahibfa}f) bf mlw jvfa}h xvf wl bgzbh pvfmlkfafuhu fzhz zh}gzdhjjglafz ga}fuahz tgfaml ih tgmh mf l}uh bhafuh) bfmlw jvfa}h xvf il pvfml chjfu wl bgzbh w al mfpfaml mf ahmh) pluxvfmfpfamfu mf hikl fz mfpfamfu mf hikl) mf ih mulkh) mf ih zljgfmhm) mf ihbhbè) mfi jhpg}higzbl) fz mfpfamfu mf hikl) fa}lajfz il tfl hzâ w dvf plufzl xvf }hbegça bf hifnç pluxvf wh al bf zlaheh!‒ #Wfzzgjh Hjlz}h)jlbvagjhjgúa pfuzlahi) 54 mf zfp}gfbeuf mf 5?88'

Fz}h zfugf mf ufhjjglafz w dfaúbfalz jvi}vuhifz xvf clw tfblz w xvf ahjfa fa

}lual h pufkva}hz zleuf ih igefu}hm) ih hv}lalbâh) ihz avfthz dlubhz mf fajla}uhuzf w

zleuftgtgu h fz}f 99bvaml blmfual11 xvf phufjf al fz}hu ufzlitgfaml ih afjfzgmhmfz

ga}fuahz mf vah kuha jha}gmhm mf pfuzlahz) fz il xvf bf iifth h pufkva}hubf zleuf fz}f

bltgbgfa}l mfzmf ilz fz}vmglz mfi pfudlubhajf! Al pvfml afkhu xvf fz}h iâafh zf

fajvfa}uf ga}uâazfjhbfa}f igkhmh h ihz }fluâhz mfi plzblmfuagzbl xvf ahjfa mfi fz}vmgl mf

ihz afjfzgmhmfz w hjjglafz ga}vg}gthz w zfazgeifz! Ih ha}ulplilkâh mf ih fspfugfajgh tf h ihz

pfuzlahz jlbl hkfa}fz hj}gtlz fa va puljfzl cgz}úugjl mlamf fz}hz jlaz}uvwfa zv pulpgl

bvaml! Hxvâ) ihz fspfugfajghz zla ufdifsgthz w ih jvi}vuh fz tgth) zfazg}gth w fbfukfa}f! Fipfudlubhajf fa fz}f jla}fs}l fz vah bf}èdluh xvf phuh Ugjchum Zjcfjcafu #5??5' hehujh

jvhixvgfu }gpl mf hj}gtgmhm cvbhah mfzmf fi ug}l) fi nvfkl) fi mfplu}f) fzpfj}èjvilz

plpvihufz) hu}fz fzjçagjhz) hzâ jlbl hj}vhjglafz mf ih tgmh jl}gmghah jlbl il zla ftfa}lz

zljghifz) ih hj}vhjgúa mf ulifz mf jihzf) kçaful) ilz bfmglz bhzgtlz w fi ga}fuaf}! Fz plu

fz}h uh~úa xvf ufjvuul h ilz fz}vmglz mf ih ha}ulplilkâh mf ih fspfugfajgh pvfz jlazgmful

xvf ufdifnh bvw egfa ih afjfzgmhm mf heugu mgtfuzlz jhbplz hjhmçbgjlz xvf pfubg}ha fi

helumhnf h avftlz dfaúbfalz zljgljvi}vuhifz w hi haèigzgz mf avfthz gmfa}gmhmfz!

8; Blmgzbl xvf zf ufdgfuf h va jgkhuugiil mf bhugkvhah!



=:

GT! Ulbpfu ph}ulafz> Jhbgalz mf ufjlaljgbgfa}l tz fz}gkbh}g~hjgúa

’Ilz jladigj}lz mfi phzhml xvf al iifkha h ufjlajgighuzfw xvf ih jlajgfajgh pþeigjh }uh}h mf zfpvi}hu fa ih givzgúa mf va phzhml ufzvfi}l)

zf pulwfj}ha fa fi pufzfa}f jlbl dha}hzbhz xvf plafa fa }fazgúaihz ufihjglafz fa}uf ih cgz}lugh ldgjghi)ihz bfblughz zvenf}gthz w ih fspfugfajgh mf ih ufhigmhm‒!

Fsplzgjgúa Fs}uhanfuâhzVAHB ‚ Bvzfl Vagtfuzg}hugl mf Hu}f Jla}fbpluèafl

Jgjil Dha}hzbhz mf ih igefu}hm 5?8?"5?88

Dgfz}h mf jgfuuf Zvu [hwDl}l> Jihvmgh Ifúa Nvagl mf 5?8?

’_huh }g ¼xvç fz vah tgmh alubhi< ¼Iftha}hu}f }lmlz ilz mâhz) guhi }uhehnl) phkhu }vz mfvmhz) zvpvfz}hbfa}f }uhehnhu fa il xvf }fkvz}h w tlitfu h jhzh zúil jla khahz mf fjchu}f h mlubgu< Fzhal fz bg tgmh alubhi! Wl jufl xvf hvaxvf chwh jlamgjglafzpufz}heifjgmhz fi agtfi mf tgmh l ih dlubh mf tgtguih al fz il xvfih zljgfmhm if fz}è ldufjgfaml h val! Zg }þ tfz ih jgvmhm zgfbpuf

}f fz}è ldufjgfaml jlzhz pful val fz}è evzjhaml l}uhz! Wl juflxvf chw vah ufhigmhm xvf al }lmlz hjfp}hblz w fz}lwjlatfajgml mf xvf val pvfmf jufhu ilz fzphjglz w ihzlplu}vagmhmfz phuh chjfu il xvf val xvgfuh dvfuh mf }lmh ihzjlzhz xvf if ldufjf ih jgvmhm‒ #Zha}ghkl Xvga}ful)jlbvagjhjgúa pfuzlahi) 5= mf heugi mf 5?88'!

!



==

Ilz pugbfulz hjfujhbgfa}lz xvf }vtl Zha}ghkl jlbl hzgz}fa}f fzpluèmgjl h ih jhzh

il iifthula h ufjlaljfu w h hdgubhu xvf çi al fuh fi þagjl xvf fz}heh mgzpvfz}l h pfazhu w

hj}vhu mf vah dlubh al jlatfajglahi! Zha}ghkl clw fz bgfbeul mf Ih UFMhmh va avftl

fzphjgl fa fi jfa}ul mf Elkl}è xvf ufvagú h thuglz jlifj}gtlz xvf fa fi 5??7 w 5?8?

}lbhula zvz pulpglz fzphjglz pful }vtgfula xvf zfu fa}ufkhmlz h bfmghmlz mf 5?88! Fz}f

nltfa jlaljgú fi fmgdgjgl mf ih :5 fa fi 5??6) zgfaml va jcgjl mf 8; hølz! Mf jihzf bfmgh

ilkuú ulbpfu jla ph}ulafz xvf }gfamfa h fabhujhu h ihz pfuzlahz fa vah fzdfuh þagjh) fa

vah fzdfuh jlazfuthmluh mlamf zg al zf zgkvfa ilz phuèbf}ulz mf evfa jlbplu}hbgfa}l) mf

lefmgfajgh w va plutfagu fsg}lzl xvfmhz dvfuh w fufz jh}hilkhml jlbl iljl) pfumfmlu )

cgppgf l mulkhmgj}l!

’Ha}fz mf jlaljfu JufHjjgúa avajh cheâh tgz}l va ivkhu hzâ) ilpugbful xvf pfazç dvf xvf al fuh va ivkhu alubhi hiiè tfâhz h ihkfa}f xvf fa}uheh w fuha uhulz) al fuha jlbl }lmlz) zf pfgahehauhul) zf tfz}âha mgdfufa}f! Al fuh kfa}f alubhi! Al gbplu}hehmfbhzghml ih plzgjgúa zljghi! Fbpfjç h eluuhu ihz gbèkfafzgbpvfz}hz w fbpfjç h tfu xvf bvjclz evzjheha il bgzbl! ]lbhuih mfjgzgúa mf fa}uhu w mf jlbpufamfu xvç fz il xvf ufhibfa}f valxvgfuf al fz dèjgi! Fa}uhu dvf vah jlzh mf jhbgalz) w al }lml fibvaml fz}è mgzpvfz}l h pfumfuzf‒ #Zha}ghkl Xvga}ful)jlbvagjhjgúa pfuzlahi) 5= mf heugi mf 5?88'!

_huh ^wkbva} Ehvbha ’ih phiheuh jlbvagmhm ftljh }lml il xvf fjchblz mf bfalz

w il xvf alz dhi}h phuh }fafu zfkvugmhm) hpilbl w jladgha~h‒ #Ehvbha) 5??4 P5??:R) p!

TGGG'! Kfafuhibfa}f ihz jlifj}gtgmhmfz fa ihz xvf ihz pfuzlahz zf zgfa}fa hdgafz w }uh}ha mf

fajla}uhu ehzfz phuh zv gmfa}gdgjhjgúa ’fz}èa iifahz mf uvgml w dvugh! _vfz ih gmfa}gmhm

zgkagdgjh mfz}hjhu> zfu mgdfufa}f w þagjl fa tgu}vm mf fzh mgdfufajgh) plu il xvf ih eþzxvfmh

mf fzh gmfa}gmhm al pvfmf zgal mgtgmgu w zfphuhu‒ #Ehvbha) 5??4 P5??:R) p! 8?'!

_huhmúngjhbfa}f ih eþzxvfmh mf gmfa}gmhmfz gamgtgmvhifz afjfzg}ha mf jlifj}gtgmhmfz phuh

’plmfu jlikhu jlanva}hbfa}f ilz }fblufz w hazgfmhmfz xvf zf fspfugbfa}ha mf vah dlubh

gamgtgmvhi‒ #gegm!'! H pfzhu mf ilz mgzjvuzlz zleuf dlubhu fzphjglz phuh ih ufvagúa) fi

}uhehnl jlifj}gtl) ih vagmhm zljghi) f}j!) ih hdgubhjgúa mf Ehvbha ufhdgubh xvf) dgahibfa}f)



=6

zleuf ihz jlifj}gtgmhmfz pugbh ’fi gamgtgmvl‒) fi gamgtgmvl xvf zf mgdfufajgh mf ’ilz l}ulz‒

w xvf ufhdgubh jla hj}lz f gmfhz fzhz mgdfufajghz!

Futgak Klddbha hdgubh xvf ’h phu}gu mf ihz mgdfufajghz jlaz}uvgblz gmflilkâhz phuh

fspigjhu ih gadfuglugmhm w,l mhu jvfa}h mf ilz pfigkulz bvjchz tfjfz ufihjglahmlz jla ih

jihzf zljghi‒ #Klddbha) 5??4 P874:R) p! 8='! Fz}hz mgdfufajghz fz}èa ehzhmhz fa ilz

pufnvgjglz xvf hmxvgugblz h }uhtçz avfz}uhz jlz}vbeufz) avfz}uh cgz}lugh) avfz}uh jvi}vuh) w

plu zvpvfz}l) avfz}ulz bfmglz mf jlbvagjhjgúa! Zfkþa fi hv}lu zf pvfmfa bfajglahu }ufz

}gplz mf fz}gkbhz> Fa pugbfu ivkhu) ihz helbgahjglafz mfi jvfupl ‚ ihz mgz}ga}hz

mfdlubgmhmfz dâzgjhz"! Fa zfkvaml ivkhu) ilz mfdfj}lz mf jhuèj}fu xvf zf pfujgefa jlbl

dhi}h mf tliva}hm) phzglafz }guèagjhz l ha}gah}vuhifz) juffajghz uâkgmhz w dhizhz)

mfzclafz}gmhm! ]lmlz fiilz gadfugmlz h pfu}vuehjglafz bfa}hifz) ufjivzglafz) hmgjjglafz h

ihz mulkhz) hijlcligzbl) clblzfsvhigzbl) mfzfbpifl) ga}fa}lz mf zvgjgmgl w jlamvj}hzpliâ}gjhz fs}ufbgz}hz! Fa }fujfu ivkhu) ilz fz}gkbhz }ugehifz mf uh~h) ahjgúa w ufigkgúa)

zvzjfp}geifz mf zfu }uhazbg}gmlz plu cfufajgh! Fa fz}f fz}vmgl bf fadljl fa ih zfkvamh

dlubh mf fz}gkbh) hxvfiih xvf zf ufihjglah jla ilz ’mfdfj}lz mf jhuèj}fu‒) xvf iiftha h ihz

pfuzlahz h hjfujhuzf jlamvj}hz pliâ}gjhz fs}ufbgz}hz) l xvf ilz iifth h hjfujhuzf h fz}gilz mf

tgmh xvf tha fa jla}uh hi gmfhi kfafuhi mf ’ pulkufzl w çsg}l‒!

’Val al fa}gfamf pluxvç fzlz bvjchjclz if uhwha ihz phufmfz hval) pluxvf zf jlbplu}ha mf fzh bhafuh! Zg fz xvf al }gfafa ahmhbèz xvç chjfu! H bg bf zlupufamâh tfu iifkhu kfa}f mf ldgjgah)iifkheha mf zhz}uf w zhiâha }lmlz }uhazdlubhmlz! Val al zheâh h xvçfz}heha nvkhaml! Mf }lmhz dlubhz fiilz pvfmfa fz}hu fa ih igefu}hmmf bf}fuzf il xvf xvgfuha) mf ehgihu chz}h ih cluh xvf zfh) pful ¼pluxvç }gfaf val xvf zvdugu ihz jlazfjvfajghz< W pvfz wl fa}gfamlxvf }lmhz ihz pfuzlahz xvf tgagfula }faâha zvz pulpúzg}lz w }lmlzpful fzl fa múamf xvfmú) cgjgfula vahz jlzhz xvfmfdgag}gthbfa}f!!! ihz chjfa zúil pluxvf fz}èa fa kuvpl) fa}lajfzhc( zg fz}f ihz chjf pvfz wl }hbegça! Zleuf }lml xvf fiilz iifkhulaw mhøhula vah gbhkfa‒ #Jçzhu Ètgih) jlbvagjhjgúa pfuzlahi) 6 mfbhu~l mf 5?85'!

Klddbha #5??4 P874:R) p! 86' alz mgjf xvf juffblz plu mfdgagjgúa xvf ih pfuzlah

xvf }gfaf va fz}gkbh al fz }l}hibfa}f cvbhah w hzâ alz thifblz mf fzf zvpvfz}l phuh

puhj}gjhu mgtfuzlz }gplz mf mgzjugbgahjgúa! H pfzhu mf xvf hi fzphjgl hzgz}gfuha pfuzlahz mf



=4

mgtfuzhz jihzfz zljghifz) al zf pvfmf hgzihu fi cfjcl mf xvf ih bhwluâh mf pfuzlahz xvf

hzgz}âha fuha mf jihzf zljghi bfmgh) w xvf bvjchz tfjfz fa}uf fiilz bgzblz cheâh pufnvgjglz

mf jihzf zljghi! Fa fi gbhkgahugl jlifj}gtl) duhzfz jlbl ’fz xvf ih kfa}f xvf tgfaf h fz}lz

ivkhufz ufhibfa}f al }gfafa pih}h w fa}lajfz al pvfmfa gu h ivkhufz fa ilz xvf tfamha

jfutf~h mf ;!??? pfzlz l xvf }lxvf phkhu vah fa}uhmh mf 86!???‒ #Igjjg Kvfuuh)

jlbvagjhjgúa pfuzlahi) 5= mf lj}veuf mf 5?88') bf chjf pufkva}hubf ¼xvç }ha jgfu}l fz

xvf ih jhigmhm mf tgmh zfh jlbphuheif jla ih jha}gmhm mf jlazvbl< w h zv tf~ ¼pluxvç

juffblz xvf ih jihzf bfmgh w ehnh fz}èa fa vah jlaz}ha}f ivjch plu fi ufjlaljgbgfa}l mf

zvz mfufjclz l pluxvç juffblz xvf nútfafz mf jihzf hi}h al zf ga}fufzha fa hezliv}l plu

fz}f }gpl mf zg}vhjglafz< Fa}lajfz) ¼zg) ehnl vah tgzgúa kfafuhi) ilz lenf}gtlz mf ilz

fzphjglz ufzplamâha h ufvagu w jlifj}gtg~hu h nútfafz mf jihzf bfmgh w ehnh phuh ivjchu plu

zvz ga}fufzfz zljghifz w pliâ}gjlz pluxvç }hbegça hzgz}âha w zf ufvaâha pfuzlahz mf jihzfhi}h) bfmgh w ehnh zga agakval mf fz}lz ga}fufzfz< Bvjclz pufnvgjglz w pufkva}hz mf fz}f

}gpl ulamheha w zf ga}fuplaâha h ih cluh mf jufhu ih~lz w ufihjglafz }uhazphufa}fz!

’Bf fajla}uç jla bvjclz jlifj}gtlz xvf il xvf xvfuâha fuh dgfz}h) uvbehw pih}h! Kfa}f xvf alz iiluheh h alzl}ulz pgmgçamlalz fi zg}gl kuh}gz)99xvf alzl}ulz al }fafblz) xvf alzl}ulz fz}hblz fbpf~haml11! Jihul wwl mfjâh pvfz evfal) pvfz huuhaxvfa al chw agakþa puleifbh! Jvhamlval ilz tfâh iifkhu fa jhuulz) xvf jla}uh}hula ehamh) ih zlih ulph) mfzpvçzbf fajvfa}ul wl jla xvf ihz zlihz el}hz xvf jhukheha jlz}heha =??!???pfzlz) ihz jchxvf}hz) ihz elbpfu) jlz}heha l}ul bla}úa mf pih}h w hzâ plufi fz}gil) ¼júbl if pgmfa ufehnh h val plu vah jfutf~h xvf jvfz}h 5!???pfzlz zg<) xvf if mgjfa h val al }fakl 8!;?? w if phkha h val jla va egiif}f mf 6?!??? pfzlz‒ #Jlbvagjhjgúa pfuzlahi) Wvug Afguh) hklz}l 7 mf5?88'!

Fa zv igeul Fz}gkbh! Ih gmfa}gmhm mf}fugluhmh #5??4 P874:R' Klddbha chjf çadhzgz

fa xvf fsgz}fa mlz uh~lafz âa}gbhz plu ihz jvhifz fz}gkbh}g~hblz> vah) ufjch~hu ihz

hjjglafz w pfazhbgfa}lz xvf alz zla hnfalz! Mlz) lplafualz zleuf hxvfiihz hjjglafz xvf

al fa}famfblz pluxvf al chjfa phu}f mf avfz}ulz pugajgpglz) avfz}ulz kvz}lz) avfz}uluh~lahbgfa}l ag avfz}uh zfazgegigmhm! _huh fz}f jhzl) ilz pufnvgjglz ga}fualz w fs}fualz al

zúil tfaâha fabhujhmlz fa ilz fz}gkbhz mf jihzf zljghi) zgal fa zg}vhjglafz) hjjglafz w

fz}gilz mf tgmh xvf al zf ilkuheha fa}famfu ehnl pfuzpfj}gthz gamgtgmvhifz mf ’evfa tgtgu‒)

’mfi bfnlu fz}gil mf tgmh‒) ’il bèz elag}l‒) ’il bfnlu xvf zf pvfmf chjfu‒0 w mf zfkvugmhm

jlifj}gth!



=;

’Fz}h fz ih kfa}f h xvgfa zf jlazgmfuh jlbpulbf}gmh fa jgfu}l }gpl mfufjch~l jlifj}gtl mfi lumfa zljghi! Zf ilz pfujgef jlbl gajhphjfz mfv}gig~hu ihz lplu}vagmhmfz mf pulkufzl fsgz}fa}fz fa mgtfuzlz jhbgalzhpulehmlz plu ih zljgfmhm0 bvfz}uha va hegfu}l mfzhjh}l h zvz zvpfuglufz!Fiilz ufpufzfa}ha duhjhzlz fa ilz fzxvfbhz bl}gthjglahifz mf ihzljgfmhm‒ #Klddbha) 5??4 P874:R p! 844'

_huh ihz pfuzlahz xvf zgfbpuf fz}vtgfula hifnhmhz mfi fzphjgl ugkfa jlajfp}lz xvf

fz}gkbh}g~ha h ilz nútfafz xvf fz}vtgfula hiiâ hi jhigdgjhuilz jlbl mulkhmgj}lz) tglifa}lz l

jla dvfu}fz tâajvilz h bltgbgfa}lz mf g~xvgfumh w ’puleheifbfa}f kvfuugiifulz l ufefimfz

uftlivjglahuglz‒! Fz}hz hpufjghjglafz al zúil chjfa ufdfufajgh h ilz ’mfdfj}lz mf jhuèj}fu‒

h ilz xvf zf ufdgfuf Klddbha w xvf jlaiiftha h vah pfuzpfj}gth mf jihzf zljghi bfmgh w ehnh)

zgal xvf hmfbèz ufdifnha fi bgfml jlifj}gtl xvf zf }gfaf h ih fbfukfajgh mf kuvplz xvf

zvetgfu}fa ih pliâ}gjh w ih jvi}vuh pufmlbgaha}f! Fz}f }gpl mf fz}gkbhz zla hi}hbfa}f

bfmgh}g~hmlz mfegml h ih gazfkvugmhm jlifj}gth xvf zf }gfaf dufa}f h bltgbgfa}lz

uftlivjglahuglz fa ih cgz}lugh mf avfz}ul phâz ih jvhi ch fz}hml bhujhmh plu va kuha pfuglml

mf tglifajgh!

Vah zg}vhjgúa xvf h}faþh fz}h pufjlajfpjgúa fz ih mfzgadlubhjgúa l fi mfzga}fuçz mf

ilz bfmglz bhzgtlz mf jlbvagjhjgúa chjgh fz}f }gpl mf fzphjglz xvf zg egfa zgkvfa vah

gmflilkâh hi}fuah h ihz gmflilkâhz pliâ}gjhz mf mfufjch) al puf}famfa zfu fajhzgiihmlz jlbl

kuvplz pliâ}gjlz mf g~xvgfumh! Fa fz}f jhzl) fi pljl jlaljgbgfa}l xvf ilz bfmglz }gfafa

zleuf ih jufhjgúa mf fzphjglz hi}fuah}gtlz) gamfpfamgfa}fz w jvi}vuhifz fa ih jgvmhm chjfa

xvf jvhixvgfu cfjcl l hjjgúa ufihjglahml jla hjjglahufz pliâ}gjlz zfha ilz mf bhwlu

ufdfufajgh chjgh fz}lz fzphjglz! Fa vah uftgzgúa h ihz pèkgahz {fe mf }ufz bfmglz

ahjglahifz> Uftgz}h Zfbhah) _fugúmgjl Fi ]gfbpl w _fugúmgjl Fi Fzpfj}hmlu fa evzjh mf

gadlubhjgúa zleuf jfa}ulz jvi}vuhifz gamfpfamgfa}fz fa Elkl}è zgfbpuf zf fajla}uú

mfzhu}gjvihml fi jlajfp}l ehnl ilz }çubgalz jfa}ulz jvi}vuhifz , jfa}ulz gamfpfamgfa}fz ,

jfa}ulz , jvi}vuhifz ú gamfpfamgfa}fz! Agakval mf ilz hu}âjvilz }faâh ufihjgúa jla fi }çubgal

xvf puf}famâh fajla}uhu! Mfi }l}hi mf al}hz uftgzhmhz) zúil fajla}uç ufdfufajghz jfujhahzxvf v}gig~heha fi }çubgal ’gamfpfamgfa}f‒ phuh ufdfuguzf h hikvalz fzphjglz fa Elkl}è)

Bfmfiiâa w Jhig) ilz jvhifz) bèz xvf ’jfa}ulz jvi}vuhifz‒ zla fzphjglz jufhmlz phuh kuvplz

fzpfjâdgjlz) jla va jhuèj}fu jlbfujghi w mgugkgml h vah fig}f zljghi mf}fubgahmh! Fa jvha}l h

ilz }çubgalz mf jla}uhjvi}vuh w hv}lkfz}gúa) agakval mf ilz hu}âjvilz fajla}uhmlz chjf

ufdfufajgh h hikval mf ilz fzphjglz mfi fmgdgjgl mf ih :5) ih bhwluâh mf ufdfufajghz mfi



=3

}çubgal jla}uhjvi}vuh hjfujha h ilz ifj}lufz h bltgbgfa}lz nvtfagifz mf ilz hølz 4? w ;? fa

thuglz phâzfz mfi bvaml w hikvahz ufdfufajghz hi bltgbgfa}l mf Ilz Ahmhâz}hz fa Bfmfiiâa

w fi bltgbgfa}l ig}fuhugl) plç}gjl w jgafbh}lkuèdgjl mf Jhig) ufdfufajghml plu Hamuçz

Jhgjfml! _huh fi }çubgal mf hv}lkfz}gúa) zf chjf ufdfufajgh mgtfuzhz hj}gtgmhmfz

fjlaúbgjhz fa mgdfufa}fz èbeg}lz pful agakvah ufihjglahmh jla fzphjglz jufhmlz phuh

gajfa}gthu fz}f }gpl mf dgahajghjgúa w jufhjgúa hu}âz}gjh l zljghi! H ih cluh mf uftgzhu w

hahig~hu ih gadlubhjgúa xvf }gfafa ilz bfmglz ahjglahifz "fzpfjâdgjhbfa}f" zleuf fi

fmgdgjgl mf ih :5 al fajla}uç agakvah ufdfufajgh chjgh ihz hj}gtgmhmfz hu}âz}gjhz) jvi}vuhifz)

hjhmçbgjhz w hi}fuah}gthz xvf zf ufhig~heha fa fi fmgdgjgl) fi þagjl ufzvi}hml jlajuf}l ufjhf

fa fi hiihahbgfa}l xvf ufihjglah fi fzphjgl jla fa}fz fz}h}hifz! Ilz jlbfa}huglz chjfa

ufdfufajgh h ’va ivkhu mlamf zf kfafuha bltgbgfa}lz zlzpfjclzlz) zleuf }lml fa ihz

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ih fz}gkbh}g~hjgúa mf zvz hj}gtgmhmfz hi al zfu pufzfa}hmhz mf vah dlubh ah}vuhi w hbpigh h

ih zljgfmhm!

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fzphjglz jla ilz bhzzbfmgh! Fa ufihjgúa h fz}l) ih gadlubhjgúa xvf zf pufzfa}h zf jlajfa}uh

fa fi cfjcl mfi hiihahbgfa}l w mf ihz hjjglafz pliâ}gjhz mf Wvug Afguh il jvhi bha}gfaf

tgkfa}fz ilz }heþz mf zvetfuzgúa) g~xvgfumh) }ugevz vuehahz jlbl almlz mf tglifajgh fa ih

jgvmhm) mfzlefmgfajgh jgtgi) f}j!

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Uftgz}h Zfbhah _fugúmgjl Fi ]gfbpl _fugúmgjl Fi

Fzpfj}hmlu

_gzl ]u:z ? hu}âjvilz ? hu}âjvilz ? hu}âjvilz

Wvug Afguh 8 hu}âjvil 8 hu}âjvil ; hu}âjvilz

Zhibúa Jvi}vuhi 8 hu}âjvil ? hu}âjvilz 8 hu}âjvil

Healj}l 8 hu}âjvil 6 hu}âjvilz 8 hu}âjvil

JufHjjgúa Fzphjglz ? hu}âjvilz ? hu}âjvilz ? hu}âjvilz

Khifuâh BHU ? hu}âjvilz ? hu}âjvilz ? hu}âjvilz

83 Tfu fa> c}}p>,,{{{!fifzpfj}hmlu!jlb,gbpufzl,elkl}h,hu}gjvilgbpufzl88:6;7"julagjh"mf"va"mfz}gfuul



=7

Zvu [hw ? hu}âjvilz ? hu}âjvilz ? hu}âjvilz

Bhavfi Jchjúa

#Cgnl'

? hu}âjvilz 8 hu}âjvil zga

ufdfufajghz hi fzphjgl!

Hu}âjvil ufdfugml hi

hzfzgah}l mf zv phmuf

? hu}âjvilz

Jfa}ulz jvi}vuhifz

gamfpfamgfa}fz

846 hu}âjvilz xvf

jla}faâha hgzihmhz

ihz phiheuhz jfa}ulz

,jvi}vuhifz

,gamfpfamgfa}fz!

833!7=6 hu}âjvilz xvf

jla}faâha hgzihmhz ihz

phiheuhz jfa}ulz

,jvi}vuhifz

,gamfpfamgfa}fz!

5!654 hu}âjvilz xvf

jla}faâha hgzihmhz

ihz phiheuhz

jfa}ulz ,jvi}vuhifz

,gamfpfamgfa}fz!

Jla}uhjvi}vuh =: hu}âjvilz

agakval fa ufihjgúajla fi fmgdgjgl

:: hu}âjvilz agakval fa

ufihjgúa jla fi fmgdgjgl

5; hu}âjvilz

agakval faufihjgúa jla fi

fmgdgjgl

Hv}lkfz}gúa =5 hu}âjvilz

agakval fa ufihjgúa

jla fi fmgdgjgl

558!33? agakval

ufihjgúa jla fi fmgdgjgl

83 agakval fa

ufihjgúa jla fi

fmgdgjgl

.Fz}h }heih mf mh}lz dvf ufhig~hmh plu ih hv}luh mf ih gatfz}gkhjgúa! Ih þi}gbh hj}vhig~hjgúa mf ilz mh}lz zfufhig~ú fi 87 mf bhu~l mf 5?85!



6?

T! Jlbfa}huglz dgahifz> Ih afjfzgmhm mf fadufa}huzf jla fi ugfzkl mfi fuulu

Jhmh tf~ guç zga}gfaml bfalz w ufjlumhaml bèz)pful xvç fz fi ufjvfuml zgal fi gmglbh mf ilz zfa}gbgfa}lz)

va mgjjglahugl mf jhuhz w mâhz w pfudvbfz xvf tvfitfajlbl ilz tfuelz w ilz hmnf}gtlz fa fi mgzjvuzl%

Nvigl Jlu}è~hu

’Ih bluhigmhm ch ufz}ugakgml }lml fi nvkl w fafukâh mf ih tgmh h ilz iâbg}fzfz}ufjclz mf ih bfa}f! ]lmhz zvz phv}hz mf jlamvj}h zla

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68

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mlkbhz w phuhmgkbhz mf ih blmfuagmhm!

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bl}gthjglafz w hj}gtgmhmfz xvf zf kfafuheha fa fi fmgdgjgl zgal hjfujhualz h ilz fz}vmglz mf

ihz fspfugfajghz zgbeúigjhz w mf ilz zfa}gbgfa}lz xvf mf fz}lz zf mfzpufamfa! Jlazgmful

xvf bvjchz mf ihz dlubhz fa ihz xvf zf plmuâh helumhu ilz fz}vmglz mf fz}f }gpl mf

jlifj}gtgmhmfz alz ufbg}fa h }fluâhz mf bltgbgfa}lz zljghifz) jla}uhjvi}vuh) zvetfuzgúa w

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puldvamgmhm mf ilz bèz pugbg}gtlz pihjfufz) mfzflz w nvfklz mfi zfu cvbhal! Zhegfaml xvf

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}fluâhz plzblmfuahzR ufcþwf fzf jigbh hjhmçbgjl phuh fi xvf zúil mfef zfu }fagml fa

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gabfuzl fa}uf ih jfu}f~h mf ih pliâ}gjh w ih jladula}hjgúa mf ilz zfa}gbgfa}lz! Zfkþa Bgjcfi

Bhddfzlig) fa zv }fs}l Fi filkgl mf ih uh~úa zfazgeif! Vah tgzgúa ga}vg}gth mfi bvaml

jla}fbpluèafl)

’ilz hdfj}lz mfbvfz}uha ih pfumvuhjgúa mf fzh 99zlbeuh11) fzf99gaz}ha}f lzjvul11 w 99l}uh phu}f bhimg}h11 xvf zf h}ugevâh h il pugbg}gtl) w xvf fi clbeuf jgtgig~hml cheuâh jlazfkvgml fslujg~hu!#․' Fzafjfzhugl) zga fbehukl) zhefu zvpfuhu ihz jh}fkluâhz mf haèigzgz xvf chazgml fiheluhmhz mvuha}f ih blmfuagmhm) al pluxvf chwh xvf afkhuihz) zgalpluxvf chw xvf hbpighuihz) jladfuguifz va jhbpl mf hjjgúa bèz thz}l)mhuifz ilz bfmglz phuh hjjfmfu h mlbgaglz xvf chz}h hcluh ifz cheâha zgml pulcgegmlz> plu fnfbpil) ilz mf il al uhjglahi l mf il al iúkgjl‒!#Bhddfzlig) 877;) p! 47'

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65

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gkvhimhm mfi l}ul) zgal mfzmf ih gmfh mf jlbpufamfu w hjlbphøhu ihz mgdfufajghz xvf

}hbegça alz faugxvfjfa!

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fa jvh}ul f}hphz>

F}hphz Fspfugfajgh fa fi fmgdgjgl Fspfugfajgh mf ufdifsgúa

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6:

Lukhag~hjgúa Hvaxvf ih bhwluâh mffzphjglz }uh}hula mfjladlubhu fz}uvj}vuhzclug~la}hifz mlamf ih bhwlujha}gmhm mf pfuzlahz

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Bv}hjgúa Fi ufzvi}hml mf }lml fi Clw hvaxvf fa ihz hjjglafz



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Zg egfa il hjihuú Tgj}lu ]vuafu)

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fa fi fzphjgl pulmvnfula va puljfzl mghiçj}gjl fa fi xvf mf ’ih gabfmgh}f~ mf ih



66

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ga}fazgúa ufhi fz xvf h phu}gu mf fz}f fz}vmgl mf jhzl) zf zgkha heugfaml pufkva}hz w mfeh}fzzleuf ilz hpufamg~hnfz xvf zf pvfmfa }fafu jlifj}gth f gamgtgmvhibfa}f fa }lual h ihz

hjjglafz w bltgbgfa}lz nvtfagifz) jufh}gtlz) jvi}vuhifz) hu}âz}gjlz f gbpiâjg}hbfa}f

pliâ}gjlz xvf clw zf fs}gfamfa al zúil fa avfz}uh jgvmhm zgal fa mgdfufa}fz phu}fz mfi

bvaml w xvf bha}gfafa fa pgf ilz gmfhifz mf jlbbvag}h fzpla}hafh!

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clw! Zfkþa Bhddfzlig)



64

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