CRed Towards Carbon Neutrality: HSBC Environmental Technology Partnership Can UEA become Carbon Neutral? Keith Tovey (Н.К.Тови 杜伟贤 ) M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE,

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Towards Carbon Neutrality:

HSBC Environmental Technology Partnership

Can UEA become Carbon Neutral?

Keith Tovey (Н.К.Тови 杜伟贤 ) M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnvEnergy Science Director: HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK

Факультет экологических исследований, Университета Восточной Англии, Норидж NR4 7TJ, Великобритания.

汇丰银行低碳创新主管 , 东英吉利大学环境科学院，诺威治 , NR4 7TJ, 英国

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Can UEA become Carbon Neutral?

• How do we define carbon neutrality?

• Can we be sure that ultimately we achieve such an aim?

• What should we consider?

• With the School of Environmental Sciences (a 5** department), can we be sure that our analysis avoids criticism?

• What is extent of carbon footprint at present?

• What our boundaries?

• How should we tackle carbon neutrality?

• Do we need independent verification?

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• Gas consumption– Central Heating Boilers

– CHP generation

– Cooking / laboratories

– Other sites –Village, NAM, remotely heated buildings (EFRY)

• Heating Oil consumption – (backup for boilers)• Electricity Consumption• Transport

What is the extent of Carbon footprint at UEA at present?Where is Energy used?

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Gas, Oil and Electricity Consumption on Campus• How do we track how we are getting on?

• What about expansion? - should we track our performance on a student

unit basis?. - [would allow comparison with other similar institutions].

What is the extent of Carbon footprint at UEA at present?What Boundaries should we use?

What should be included? • teaching and communal areas• what about residences ??

Transport? • activities associated with UEA• how are these defined? What if there is no documentary evidence of travel - e.g. activities paid for by other bodies: Government: British Council etc.• transport to and from home of workforce??

Procurement • equipment purchased• food and drink consumed on premises

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How Could / Should Carbon Neutrality be achieved?

Conversion efficiency improvements

Renewable generation: Solar, Wind, Biomass

Travel plan: Park and Ride, biodiesel

Conservation: technical improvements –

Conservation: by awareness raising

Green Electricity

Direct Action

Indirect Action

Other Offsets

Gold Standard Offsets

Indirect Activities - Can these count?

Planting Trees

Conservation: management improvements –

What if we install renewable electricity generation and sell the ROCs?

We could not then claim this action as carbon neutrality? – double counting

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Results of the “Big Switch-

Off”

With a concerted effort savings of 25% or more are possibleHow can these be translated into long term savings?

Target Day


BUT

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• Spot lights ON in ENV FOYER 24th October 2005

• Next to window• Provide no extra light• Reception Staff are aware• Cannot be switched off except from

within Office• Cause emission of 400 kg of CO2 a year.


Switch has now been taped to prevent it being turned on

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The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994

Conservation: technical improvements –

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Cost 6% more but has heating requirement ~25% of average building at time.

Building Regulations have been updated: 1994, 2002, 2006, but building outperforms all of these.Runs on a single domestic sized central heating boiler.

Would have scored 13 out of 10 on the Carbon Index Scale.

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Quadruple Glazing

Thick Insulation

Air circulates through whole fabric of building

Principle of Operation

Quadruple Glazing

Thick Insulation

Air circulates through whole fabric of building

Mean Surface Temperature close to Air Temperature

Mean Surface Temperature close to Air Temperature

Principle of Operation

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Heater

Diffuser

Supply duct to

hollow core slabs

Two channel regenerative heat exchanger Floor Slabs

Incoming

Air

Exhaust Air

Filter

Exhaust Airfrom rooms

Principle of TermoDeck Operation

• Air is circulated through whole fabric of building • Uses regenerative Heat Exchangers ~ 87% efficient

•Uses regenerative Heat Exchangers ~ 87% efficient•Air is circulated through whole fabric of building

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Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption.

0

50

100

150

200

250

Elizabeth Fry Low Average

kWh/

m2/

yr

gas

electricity

thermal comfort +28%User Satisfaction

noise +26%

lighting +25%

air quality +36%

A Low Energy Building is also a better place to work in

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On rewiring - control for lighting in yellow corridor was solely provided by red switch.Reluctantly contractors agreed to fit blue switch as an afterthought

The Green Corridor

The Yellow Corridor

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Lack of co-ordination can make things go wrong

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Renewable generation: Solar, Wind, Biomass

34 kW Photo-Voltaic array – exports electricity on summer Weekends

Plans for 2 (3?) 1.5 MW Turbines: 1.5 MW Biomass CHP / Trigeneration

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Renewable generation: Solar

Sometimes electricity is exportedInverters are only 91% efficient

Most use is for computers

DC power packs are inefficient typically less than 60% efficient

Need an integrated approach

Peak output is 34 kW

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EngineGenerator

36% Electricity

50% Heat

GAS

Engine heat Exchanger

Exhaust Heat

Exchanger

11% Flue Losses3% Radiation Losses

86%

efficient

Localised generation makes use of waste heat.

Reduces conversion losses significantly


61% Flue Losses

36%

efficient

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1997/98 electricity gas oil Total

MWh 19895 35148 33

Emission factor kg/kWh 0.46 0.186 0.277

Carbon dioxide Tonnes 9152 6538 9 15699

Electricity Heat

1999/2000

Total site

CHP generation

export import boilers CHP oil total

MWh 20437 15630 977 5783 14510 28263 923Emission

factorkg/kWh -0.46 0.46 0.186 0.186 0.277

CO2 Tonnes -449 2660 2699 5257 256 10422

Before installation

After installation

This represents a 33% saving in carbon dioxide

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Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA

Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectivelyMore electricity could be generated in summer

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Condenser

Evaporator

Throttle Valve

Heat rejected

Heat extracted for cooling

High TemperatureHigh Pressure

Low TemperatureLow Pressure

Heat from external source

Absorber

Desorber

Heat Exchanger

W ~ 0

Normal Chilling

Compressor

Adsorption Chilling

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A 1 MW Adsorption chiller

1 MW 吸附冷却器

The Adsorption chiller will save around 700 tonnes CO2

吸附冷却器可为东滩提供空调系统每一个可减少排放 700 吨 CO2

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• Adsorption Heat pump uses Waste Heat from CHP

• Will provide most of chilling requirements in summer

• Will reduce electricity demand in summer

• Will increase electricity generated locally

• Save 500 – 700 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually


• BUT EU – ETS will penalise us for this!!!!!!!!

• Allocations based on recent historic performance

• Penalises early action

• Penalises greater utility (and hence efficiency) of plant

• we will emit more CO2 locally but save overall

• Allocation should be based on unit of performance

• Present system rewards the less efficient plant

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How Green is Green Electricity?

Renewable Compliance by ROCs Renewable Compliance by Buy-Out

93.2% of Renewable Obligation is met by Major Suppliers: 55.8% by ROCs

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

PowerGen nPower EDF BritishGas

Scottishand

Southern

BritishEnergy

ScottishPower

TW

h

Non-Renewable

Renewable

Data from OFGEM Annual Report Feb: 2005

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Online ROC Register Wind farm kW TurbinesMW

CapacityDeveloper Operator Owner

November 2004

R00138RQENBambers Farm/ Mablethorpe II

600 8 4.8 Ecotricity

July 2004 R00131RQEN Ford Motors 1800 2 3.6 Ecotricity

July 2003 R00126RQEN

Swaffham Extension

1800 1 1.8 Ecotricity

June 2002 R00055RQEN Mablethorpe 605 2 1.210 Ecotricity Ecotricity Ecotricity

April 2001 R00016SQSCSainsburys, Langlands Park

605 1 0.605 Ecotricity Ecotricity Sainsburys

July 2000 R00029RQEN Somerton 1800 1 1.8 Ecotricity Ecotricity Ecotricity

August 1999 R00027RQEN Eco Tech Centre 1500 1 1.5 Ecotricity Ecotricity Ecotricity

December 1996

R00028RQEN Lynch Knoll 500 1 0.5 Ecotricity Ecotricity Ecotricity

Accreditation ID Start Number End Number No. ROCs Month Date Issued StatusRegistered

Holder

R00131RQEN 704 3990704 400 01/07/2004 08/11/2004 15:30 Redeemed LONDELEC



R00016SQSC 704 660704 67 01/07/2004 27/10/2004 11:39 Redeemed LONDELEC




How Green is Green Electricity?Data for Ecotricity Wind Farms

Data for July 2004

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• UEA needs to clearly define what it means by Carbon Neutrality.• Boundaries of our consideration need to be addressed.• Significant steps have been taken already.• Further renewable energy projects are planned.BUT we need to • Make awareness more effective.• Further enhance Management issues.• Tackle transport both institutionally and by the individual.• Consider methodology for transport analysis• Think carefully about Green Electricity Tariffs

Conclusions

Lao Tzu (604-531 BC) Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher

"If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading."

Documents

CRed Towards Carbon Neutrality: HSBC Environmental Technology Partnership Can UEA become Carbon Neutral? Keith Tovey (Н.К.Тови 杜伟贤 ) M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE,