19 6

H06018

CRIEPI i

1 2 3

4

Key WordsLightning Protection Wind Power Wind Turbine Lightning Stroke Winter Lightning

Study on Lightning Outage Mechanism of Wind Turbine Blades and Evaluation of Lightning Protection Methods for Them

by Shigeru Yokoyama, Atsushi Wada, Akira Asakawa and Takatoshi Shindo

Abstract

Lightning attachment experiments using 3 m blade samples were conducted to study the lightning damage and

effectiveness of various types of protection techniques employed for wind turbine blades.

Regarding non-conductive blade, creeping discharge occurred frequcntly in polluted condition, and sometimes penetrative

destruction was also observed. In the case of horizontally arranged blades with a single-receptor and a down conductor,

discharge frequently penetrated the blade. A vertically or obliquely arranged blade involved the risk of being damaged at edge

of the blade since the discharge progressed on the surface of the blade to the receptor. The blade covered with conducting-cap

at the top of the blade showed relatively high protection efficiency.

From the experimental results, it is important to find the testing mcthods of lightning attachment in order to evaluate the

actual performance of protective methods for wind turbines.

(Electric Power Engineering Research Laboratory Rep.No.H06018) 19 3 30 *1 *2 *3 *4

CRIEPI ii

100 kW

2

(1) 25

(2)

(3) 3 4

(1)

(2)

CRIEPI iii

50()

(a) (b) (c)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

Blade Polluted blade Metallic pipe

50%F

OV

(kV)

()

4

3

50

(k

V)

CRIEPI iv

1

1

2.1 1

2.2 1

2.3 2

2

3.1 2

3.2 2

3.3 50 4

3.4 5

3.5 5

5

4.1 6

4.2 9

12

5.1 12

5.2 12

5.3 12

5.4 13

5.5 14

5.6 16

5.7 19

5.8 20

21

6.1 21

6.2 21

6.3 21

6.4 22

CRIEPI v

6.5 22

6.6 23

25

7.1 25

7.2 25

26

8.1 26

8.2 27

8.3 28

28

10. 30

11. 31

12. 31

33

CRIEPI 1

,,

,1996,1.4kW

10 100 kW

,,

1000kW

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100m ,

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100 48

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19911998 1498 738 8.0

19901998 2839 851 3.9

19921998 428 86 5.8

2.2

NEDO

34 35 ,

,, 11

2 , 27

8 3

7 ,

,,

,

2.1 (2)Table 2.1 Outage statistics of wind power

station in European countries

CRIEPI 2

2.3

45,

,,

1

2

3

4,

5

6

7

8,

9

,

,,

12MV

3.1

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1.2/50s

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4.1 80/2500s

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3.2

3.2

3.2.1 ALPS

3.3

ALPS

,

ND

,

12 ,

3.2.2 , ,,

,

,,

CRIEPI 3

(a)

(b)

3.1 12MV

Fig. 3.1 12MV Impulse voltage generator in Shiobara testing laboratory and generating circuits impulse voltage tests

CT

,,

,

3.2

Fig.3.2 Impulse voltage waveforms

3.3

Fig.3.3 Arrangement of measuring instruments

3.2.3 ALPS ALPS (Automatic Lightning Progressing

Feature Observation System:

),

,1983

(a) scc

85

(b)

CRIEPI 4

3.4 ALPS

Fig.3.4 Setup of the ALPS

a (b) ALPS

3.5 ALPS Fig.3.5 Example of discharge manner observed

by the ALPS

678

,

0.1s

6636 , 1

,,

1616256 ,

11

ALPS 3.4

,ALPS 3.5

ALPS 3.6

,

ALPS , O/E

3.6 ALPS

Fig.3.6 Configuration of the ALPS

, A/D,

,

ALPS ,

0

100,15

,0.1s50s,

32,765 ,s

,

3.3 50 ,

,,50

SOV50

SOV

50SOV

50SOV

1

d(kV)

,

d(kV),

GPS

GPS

2

1

AC100V AC100V

AC100V

CRIEPI 5

,

n

,3040

50 %SOV 9

3.4

,,,

,3

,

,

60

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40m ,

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3.5

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4.1.1, 4.1.2

4.2 ,

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(111213,),

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CRIEPI 6

,

,

,

4.1 50

75mmmm

4.1.1

2m

50SOV

4m

4.1

(a)

(b)

(c)

4.2 50SOV

50SOV 20

4.1.2

3m

4.2 50SOV

Fig.4.2 50% sparkover voltages (Lightning impulse voltage)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Positive Negative

50%

SOV

(kV

)

PVC pipe Polluted PVC pipe Metallic pipe

12 43 960mbar

(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b) (c)

4.1

Fig.4.1 Discharge on vinyl chloride pipeof 2 meter length

CRIEPI 7

4.1 4.3

4.4 50SOV

10

35m

50SOV

14

()

16

4.1.3

4.1.2 2 50

50

1

4.5

,

38 30

, 50

,WET

10/l

,

, 80s

50

V5020

4.1

Table 4.1 Discharge manner of various objects

4.5

Fig.4.5 Layout of experimental facilities

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

PVC pipe Polluted PVCpipe

Metallic pipe

50%

SOV

(kV)

22.5 80 962mbar

4.4 50%SOV

Fig.4.4 Sparkover voltage (Switching impulse voltage)

(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b) (c)

4.3

Fig.4.3 Discharge on vinyl pipe of 2 meter length (Switching impulse voltage)

CRIEPI 8

2

4.6 50

,

,,

(a)

1)

,50

,

50

,

50

2) ,

,50%

,

3)

50

50

(b)

1)

,50

,,

50

2) ,

,50

,

3)

,50

50

(c)

50SOV

,50

, 4.2

,DRY

,50

,

,

,,

WET

,

4.6 50% SOV

Fig.4.6 50% SOV under various test conditions

CRIEPI 9

4.2 :4 Tf80s

Table 4.2 Discharge manner for various test conditions

a)

Gap m

()

Dry 1 4 4 1 9

Dry 2 12 0 2 14

Dry 1 7 3 15 25 Wet 2 1 7 3 11

Wet 3 3 5 2 10

3 0 0 16 16

b)

Gap m

()

Dry 1 14 1 3 18

Dry 1 0 1 14 15

Wet 1 0 0 16 16 Wet 2 0 0 13 13

3 0 0 10 10

,,

,

,

,

,

,

,,

4.2

12m 3m

,

FRP , 10mm

4.2.1

50SOV , 4m

4.7

3.5

,

50SOV ,

,3m

4.3

4.7

Fig.4.7 Arrangement of insulated-blade tests

CRIEPI 10

28

() 8

14

4.8

,

4.9 ,,

50SOV

,50SOV 10

4.2.2

,

,

4.4

13

,

4.10

,

4.4

Table 4.4 Test results for contaminated insulated-blade

No.

16 7

812

13 ()14, 15

1625

26 (2 )2729

30 (3 )

110 11

1224

4.3

Table 4.3 Experimental result on discharge manners for contaminated insulated-blades

(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b) () (c) ()

4.8

Fig.4.8 Discharge manner on windmill blade(positive switching impulse voltage)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

Clean blade Polluted blade Metallic pipe

50%

SOV

(kV

)

22 82

966 mbar

4.9 50%SOV ()

Fig.4.9 50% sparkover voltage (positive switching impulse voltage)

CRIEPI 11

0.01C

2 4.11 4.12

1

, 3m

10 ,11

4.13

,,

,

4.144.15 , 4.8b,c

ALPS 4.14

,131.8s

5s

,

(b)

(c) a

(d)

4.10

Fig.4.10 Penetration of discharge into inner cavity of contaminated insulated-blade

4.11 2 Fig.4.11 Second penetration of discharge

4.12 3 Fig.4.11 Third penetration

of discharge

a (b)

4.13

Fig.4.13 Damage in edge part of blade

CRIEPI 12

5.1

,

,

, 2

,

,

,

25mm

5.2

, 12m

, 4.2

10mm FRP

5.3 5.1 ,

5.1 ,

,

,

5.2

131.6 [s] Still image 131.8131.7 131.9

4.14 Fig.4.14 Discharge progressing manner of non-contaminated blade

4.15 Fig.4.15 Discharge progressing manner of contaminated blade

190.2 [s] Still image 190.4190.3 190.5

CRIEPI 13

5.1 Table 5.1 Test result on discharge manner

for vertically arranged blades

5.4 45 ,

5.3

, 5.2

5.2

Table 5.2 Test results for obliquely arranged blades

4m

10

,

2

5.4, 5.5

6

3

3

9

1

10

(a) (b) (c)

5.2 ()

Fig.5.2 Discharge manner and damage in tip part of blade

5.1

Fig.5.1 Vertical arrangement of blade

5.3

Fig.5.3 Oblique arrangement of blade

10

10

10

10

CRIEPI 14

5.5

4m

5.6 , 5.3

, 1

,FRP ,

5.3 Table 5.3 Test results for horizontal arrangement I

3

20

12

1

1

16

1

(a) (b)

5.4

Fig.5.4 Discharge on receptor along surface of blade

(a) (b)

5.5

Fig.5.5 Direct discharge on receptor

5.6 Fig.5.6 Horizontal arrangement I

Trailing edge upside-

CRIEPI 15

5.7

2

,

,,

5.4 5.8

,5.55.9

5.4 Table 5.4 Location of damage due to positive

lightning impulse voltage

No.

1

2

3 No.2

5.5 Table 5.5 Location of damage

(positive lightning impulse voltage)

No.

1

2

3 No.2

()

4

5

6

7

8 No.1

9 No.2

()

10

11

()

12

5.7 ()

Fig.5.7 Penetration of discharge into blade cavity (negative switching impulse voltage)

Receptor

5.8 Fig.5.8 Location of damage

(positive lightning impulse voltage)

5.9 ()Fig.5.9 Location of damage

(positive switching impulse voltage)

CRIEPI 16

5.10 No1

, 5.11

No

5.10 ,

, 5.11 ,,

,

,No11

5.6

,

5.12 , 5.6

,,

,,

,

5.13

4

4

1

8

4

2

10

1

(a) (b) (c)

5.10 ( No.1)

Fig.5.10 Penetration of blade insulation due to positive lightning impulse voltage (discharge No.1)

(a) (b) ALPS 5.11

( No.3) Fig.5.11 Creeping discharge on inner surface

in case of application of positive switching impulse voltage (discharge No.3)

5.12 Fig.5.12 Horizontal arrangement

-Leading edge upside-

5.6 Table 5.6 Test results for horizontal arrangement

CRIEPI 17

5.13

Fig.5.13 Sectional plan of wind turbine blade

5.7 () Table 5.7 Location of damage

(positive lightning impulse voltage)

No.

1

()

2

3

4

()

5.8 () Table 5.8 Location of damage

(positive switching impulse voltage)

No.

1

2

3

4

5.7 5.14a

, 5.8 5.14b

,

, 5.15

(a)

(b)

5.14

Fig.5.14 Location of damage

, 5.16 , 5.17

, 5.18

5.17

,,

,,

,

CRIEPI 18

5.19No1

,5.20ALPS

5.19a

,

5.208.8

s

,,

,

,

5.19 No.1

Fig.5.19 Discharge manner and damage in case of application of positive lightning impulse voltage No.1

5.15 ()

Fig.5.15 Discharge on receptor (negative lightning impulse voltage)

5.16 ()

()Fig.5.16

Creeping discharge without damage (positive switching impulse voltage)

5.17

( No.4) Fig.5.17

Creeping discharge on inner surface (positive lightning impulse voltage No.4)

5.18

( No.2) Fig.5.18

Damage in top part of blade (positive switching impulse voltage No.2)

a b (c)

CRIEPI 19

5.7

,

25mm

100mm

1m 5.21

2 -

,

4m ,

5.9

,

,

5.22

,

8.4 [s]

8.5 8.6

8.7 8.8 8.9 9.0

Still image

6.20 No.1

5.20 No.1

Fig.5.20 Discharge progresing manner of positive lightning impulse voltage No.1

(a) (b)

(c)

5.21 2

Fig.5.21 Blades with large receptor and small receptor

CRIEPI 20

5.9 ()

Table 5.9 Test result of vertical arrangement (positive switching impulse voltage)

5.8

5.23

1.6m

5.10 , 5.24 5.25

5.10 ()

Table 5.10 Test results for horizontally shifted blade

6

10

a b c (a) (b) (c) ()

5.22

Fig.5.22 Discharge manner on blades with small receptor and large receptor

(a) (b)

5.23 Fig.5.23 Horizontal shift of blade location

(a) (b) 5.24 Fig.5.24 Discharge manner for blade

with small receptor

8

2

1

1

6

1

CRIEPI 21

-

6.1

,

,

GFRP - 26cm

,

,

6.2

4m, 3m ,

20

,

6.1

6.3

1.8m

6.2

, 6.1 , 6.3,

6.4 1

,

(a) (b) 5.25 ()

Fig.5.25 Discharge manner for blade with large receptor

(a) (b)

6.1

Fig.6.1 Discharge manner on aluminum-coating blade in top part

CRIEPI 22

6.1

() Table 6.1 Test result foe horizontally

shifted arrangement

18

1

1

20

6.4

,

7m ,

4

,,,,,

6.5

,6.6

6.5

2m

5

6.7

, 6.2

6.8

,

5

,

(a) (b)

6.2 Fig.6.2 Arrangement of horizontal shift

(a) (b)

6.3 Fig.6.3 Direct discharge on top part of blade

(a) (b)

6.4 )

Fig.6.4 Penetration into inner cavity of blade

CRIEPI 23

6.2 ()

Table 6.2 Test result of discharge (Horizontal arrangement of electrode tip to top of aluminum-coating blade)

4

1

5

6.6

,

, 26cm

-

6.9

-

,

(a) (b)

6.5 Fig.6.5 Discharge onto aluminum-

coating part of blade

(a) (b)

6.6 Fig.6.6 Penetration damage

6.7 Fig.6.7 Horizontal arrangement of

electrode tip to top of aluminum-coating blade

a (a) (b) (c)

6.8 Fig..6.8 Discharge manner in case of

horizontal arrangement of electrode tip to top of aluminum-coating blade

CRIEPI 24

6.3

,6.10

6.10c

ALPS 6.11

,

,

2

,3

6.12

, ,

(a) (b)

6.9

Fig.6.9 Test arrangement of cupper-coating blade

6.3

Table 6.3 Test result for cupper-coating blade

15

20

7

3

10

(a) (b) (c)

6.10

Fig.6.10 Discharge manner cupper-coating blade

(a) (b) (c)

6.12

Fig.6.12 Damaged manner cupper-coating blade

6.11 ALPS Fig.6.11 Discharge on blade with a branch observed by the ALPS

129.2[s] 129.3 129.4 129.5

CRIEPI 25

7.1

,

,

ALPS

,

7.1

,

,30kV2002

,2000:1

7.2

7.2

,

,

,

12s

, 40s

7.3

,ALPS

ALPS

,ALPS

12.3,12.4s ,

ALPS 12.014.0 2s

7.1 Fig.7.1 Arrangement of measuring instruments

for upper leader

7.2

Fig.7.2 Discharge photographs, voltage waveforms and current waveforms in flashover and non-flashover

7.3 ALPS

Fig.7.3 Simultaneous measurement of discharge manner using ALPS and current waveform

CRIEPI 26

8 8.1 8.1.1 (1)

,,

,

,

,

,

(2)

,

,

,

,

8.1.2 (1) ,

,

,

,

(2)

8.1.3

,

,

,

,

,,

,

,

,

11 8.1

100m

,

,

CRIEPI 27

60

,12

(1)

20kA30m60m

(2), 6m

( 8.2)13

8.2

, 10s

1415,

,

(1)

,

,,

,

,

,

8.1

Fig.8.1 Horizontally progressing lightning discharge onto high building (adapted from Otowadenki corp. Lightning photograph contest )

8.2 Tf=160s No.T36

Fig.8.2 Leader progressing manner due to application of switching impulse voltage (Tf =160s), (CRIEPI Report No.T36)

CRIEPI 28

(2) ,

,

,

,

,

,

(3)

,5 ,

,

,

8.3 8.3.1

,

,

,

, 3 1

,

,

(1) 4.2

,

,

(2),

,,3

,

,

8.3.2 5.5 5.6 FRP

,

,

,

,

,

,

8.3.3

,

,,

Trailing edge

Leading edge

,

2

,,

,

20 ,

Berger

CRIEPI 29

,,,

,

,

,

1980

,

161718

,

, 1960 ,

,

1980 ,

,,

,,

,,

,,

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,

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,,

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,

202122232425

(3)

,

,,

26

,

,

CRIEPI 30

10

JIS

,

9

3 27 53

,

,

JIS

A4201:2003 ,

JIS A4201:1992

,

,

,,,

,

27

28

IEC,TC88

,IEC

TR61400-24 2002 729

Technical Report ,

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IEC TC88 Report ,

IEC ,

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(2)

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TR61400-24 ,

,IEC TC81

IEC TR61400-24 ,

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IEC TR61400-24 ,

IEC TC88 Project Team24(PT24)

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,

,

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,

CRIEPI 31

11

, IEC

TC81(),,2006

1 IEC62305-2 Protection against

lightning-Risk management

(International Standard),

30

,IEC TC81International

Standard ,

,

,

,

31,

3 ,

(1) ,

,

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,

(3)

IEC62305-2 31

,

,

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(2) ,

,

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,

,

(4) ,

,

(5)

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,

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,

,,

12

100kW

CRIEPI 32

(1)

cm

(2)

(3)

,

,

,,

(1) ,

(2)

1000kW ,

10

,

,

,

(1) ,

,,

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(2) ,

(1)

2

(2)

2

(3)

,

(4)

,

CRIEPI 33

(5)

(6)

(7)

16 18

(1) T.Sorensen, H.Brask, P.Grabau, K.Olsen

and M.L.Olsen: Lightning damages to

power generating wind turbines,

ICLP-98, No. 9b.4(Birmingam,UK),1998

(2) I.Cotton et al.: Lightning Protection

for Wind Turbines ., ICLP-2000,

No.9.13 (Rhodes , Greece), 2000

(3)

NEDO, 16

2005 3

(4)

NEDO, 17

2006 2

(5)

,

2003

(6)

Vol.109-B No.2 pp.81-87,

1989-2

(7) S.Yokoyama, K.Miyake, T.Suzuki and

S.Kanao, Winter Lightning on Japan

Sea Coast-Development of Measuring

System on Ppogessing Feature of

Lightning Discharge-,IEEE Trans,

Vol.PWRD-5,No.3,pp1418-1425,1990-7

(8)

Vol.112-ANo.4pp.311-320

1992-4

(9)

1983 3

(10)

ED-05-135(SP-05-73,HV-05-77)(2005

11 )

(11)

( 1)

No.65,pp.29-30,2004

(12)

No.ED-05-54,HV-05-29,2005

(13) T.Naka et al, Study on lightning

protection methods for wind turbine

blades,IEEJ Trans. on PE, Vol.125,

No.10,pp.993-999,2005

(14) OTOWA LIGHTNING PHOTO

CONTEST(2006 )

(15) H.R.Armstrong and E.R.Whitehead:

Field and Analytical Studies of

Transmission Line Shielding,IEEE

Trans.PAS-87,No.1,pp 270-281(1968)

(16)

CRIEPI 34

T36, pp15-22(1995 8 )

(17)

,

,T72,2003

(18)

1033 2005 9

(19)

,

,T10,1989

(20)

-

1989 1998 10

-

T58 (1999 6 )

(21)

-1989

2002 -

No.TO3024 (2004 3 )

(22) A.Asakawa, A.Wada, S.Yokoyama,

T.Shindo, H.Hyodo, K.Hachiya and

M.Chihara, Lightning Striking Aspect

for Wind Turbine in Winter Season-

Development of Low Freguency Rogowski

Coil and Observation Results at Nikaho

Wind Park in Japan- IEEJ,ED-07-47

(SD-07-23, HV07-47) (2007 2 )

(23) ,,,,

, 16

,pp.117-120(1994)

(24) ,,,,

,Vol.23, No.4, pp.291-298(2003)

(25) A.Wada, S.Yokoyama, Lightning

Damages of Wind Turbine Blades in Winter

in Japan-Lightning Observation on the

Nikaho-Kogen Wind Farm-, Proc.of 27th

Int.Cont.on Lightning Protection,

Avinignon, France 9a.7 pp.947-952

(2004)

(26) The Committee of Lightning Protection

Design, Lightning Database Working

Group: Lightning Occurrence Data Ob-

served with Lightning Location Systems

of Electric tilities in Japan

1992-2001Trans.IEEJ Japan Vol.124-B,

pp1255-1261,2004

(27)

No.T69 (2002 2 )

(28)

T40(1995 12

)

(29) IEC TR61400-24:2002-7 Wind Turbine

generator systems-Part24:Lightning

protection

(30) IEC62305-2 Protection against light-

ning- Risk management(2006)

(31) ,

H060082007 7 )

2-6-1

046 (856) 2121 ( ) e-mail eperl-rr-ml@criepi.denken.or.jp

1-6-1 03 (3201) 6601 ()

1-1 03 3258 9380 ISBN:4-86216-544-3