CSC2016 _3_

Xiaotian ZhouCase Study Community: Shamian IslandProfessor David ListokinMay, 10, 2016

Introduction I choose Shamian Island as my case study community for the rich and complicated cultural heritage it presents. It is located in the south of my hometown Guangzhou, Guangdong Province. Before I came to Rutgers, I have spoken to several local people of private organizations of historic preservation. I have also read many governmental policy documents and its possible planning and management for the future. Finally I identify a building that we could submit to National Register for appropriate preservation.

Local Preservation History The history of historic preservation can date back to 1943 when UK and France left their settlement area in Guangzhou City. At that time, China was still in the Second World War and the local authority of Shamian belongs to Chinese Nationalist Party. During this period of time, the major protectors of historic buildings were local merchants and research organizations. Many of those historic buildings including Taiwan Bank, Guangzhou International Club and Victory Hotel were owned and preserved by wealthy individuals. In 1949, Cultural and Relics Department of National Development and Reform Commission took charge of the island and proposed several local preservation regulations and urban landscape planning. The government put most of these properties into Guangdong province’s(similar to a state in America) ownership except embassies owned by foreign countries. At that time, these properties were registered for public uses, including museums, town hall, and education. Because of the lack of formal policy documents, the research and rehabilitation works didn’t start until the State Council released “Temporary Rules of the Preservation and Administration of Cultural Relics” in 1961 (which is the predecessor of “Rules of the Preservation and Administration of Cultural Relics”, similar to National Historic Preservation Act of 1966). Since then, local Relics preservation governmental offices collaborated with historic scholars to research on these historic buildings and submitted the National Registration to the State Council. Between 1961 and 1986, properties in Shamian Island were registered as B Class preserved relics, which meant owners need to preserve their external appearance while could change their internal constructions. In 1986, Guangdong Cultural and Relics Department finally separated from the National Cultural and Relics Department and put most of the historic buildings of Shamian Island into the list of National Key Cultural Relics Units in 1996. Since then, the department began to rehabilitate the registered properties and fully preserved the community. As a landmark of Shamian Island, Church of Our Lady of Lourdes was registered as a B Class preserved building in 1982, and became an A Class preserved building in 1996. The history of the church can date back to 1880s, when French settlers decided to build it to

satisfy the demand of Catholics who came from France to settle in the area. The Gothic Revival building was funded by French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and was built in 1889. The church survived the Second World War and Chinese thanks to the special location of Shamian Island and was taken by PRC government in 1946. Between 1946 to 1966, Huimin Chen and Bingliang Lin, were one after another appointed as the priest of the church(Chen:1946-1951, Lin:1951-1966). During this period of time, the preservation construction of the church was funded by local Catholics and government. They appointed the priest to hire architects collaborating with local workers to finish the jobs. However, the church was reconstructed to become a handcraft factory because of the Cultural Revolution between 1966 and 1976. The manufacturing sector finally moved away from the church in 1982 but the rehabilitation construction didn’t started until 2010 because of the lack of appropriate archaeological research and the approval of Guangdong Relics Preservation Department. Between 1996 and 2010, researchers from Guangdong Archaeological Research Center and professors of Shamian architectural history worked together to the find out its original external and internal appearances as well as its history which was lost during the Cultural Revolution. In 2010, funded 4 million RMB by City Council of Guangdong Province, local relics preservation department began its rehabilitation works and successfully rehabilitated its internal features.

Church of Our Lady of Lourdes at Shamian Street

Local Architectural StyleChurch of Our Lady of Lourdes, No.14, Shamian Street, Gothic Revival Style

As a start, the first style of architectures in Shamian is Gothic Revival as I mention above. This architectural style was popular between 1820 and 1860, which mostly had strong related values of religion. The church has a steeply pitched roof, pointed arches, some classical

decorative elements like stained glass, dormers and carved porches. Although it was built in 1889, these features show that the church is a typical example of Gothic Revival style. The history of Gothic Revival architecture in China started in 1872 when Jiangbei Cathedral was built in Ningbo. Church of Our Lady of Lourdes was the second Gothic Revival architecture in China and the earliest one in south China district.

Victory Hotel, Shamian 2nd Street, Greek Revival style

The building was built in 1920 and was once Victorian Hotel and a branch of Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation. It has Doric orders, symmetrical and orderly design at the front, roof line balustrade, front portico, architraves, and Front facing gable. The building also has some Federal style features such as three stories design, skinny entrance, and Cornice emphasized by decorative moldings. The Classical Revival Architecture was popular between 1895 and 1920. It is also the most popular style in Shamian’s buildings.

Shamian Cathedral, No.60 Shamian South Street, Federal styleThe Shamian Cathedral was built in 1864 in the early period of the island’s colonial history. The building has a symmetrical front design, a semi-circular over front entry, a central hall and front door fanlight window and curved arches. This style of building is popular between 1780 and 1820. It was passed to China after the Second Opium War. At that time British ruled the most of the island while they sold the land to different countries and hired architects from different nations to design their buildings

Asiatic Petroleum Company, No.46 Shamian South Street,Second Empire Baroque style

The Asiatic Petroleum Company is is a building of Second Empire Baroque style. It has Mansard roofs, round arches with baroque decorations, Decorative brackets beneath eaves and symmetrical design and some classical details. The Second Empire Baroque style is popular between 1860 and 1880. It was of French origin and passed to Canton area during the Second Opium War by French architects. Similar buildings can be found in the French settlement area

in Shamian

Residential building in No.18 Shamian 1st Street, International style

The buildings between No.16 to No.18 built in 1930s were earliest International architectures in Guangdong Province. It was originated in European countries in 1920s and spread to China after the First World War. This residential building has a rectilinear design, functionalist purposes, anti-ornament and anti-historicist features.

Inappropriate Rehab to the CSC Historic BuildingAccording to the Secretary of Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation, a property shall be

used for its historic purpose or be placed in a new use that requires minimal change to the defining characteristics of the building and its site and environment. The historic character of a property shall be retained and preserved while the removal of historic materials or alteration of features and spaces that characterize a property shall be avoided. As the guidelines suggests, in the process of rehabilitating historic buildings, constructors of the project shall follow the guidelines and need to consult professional historians and architects for advice and be supervised by the Commission. However, in reality, because of the lack of historic architectural knowledge and inappropriate reused designs, the work may cause damage and destruction to the building.

Inappropriate reconstruction A typical example of an inappropriate rehabilitation is the ex-Calyon Bank (No.3, Shamian 1st Street). It was registered as a class A historic building in 2001. In 2007, applied by the owner of the building, a company started an unpermitted construction project on the building, which caused serious damages to it. The project destroy many of its exterior characteristics, including the curved lines of its façade and arched windows on the first floor and two arched balconies on the second floor in each side. In the case of its interior furnishings and characteristics, the project replaced the wooden floors and irregular floor tiles with modern style ceramic tiles, demolished the several fireplaces to infill an elevator, and tear down several subdivisions and finishes to redesign its spaces. Such construction obviously violates the recommendations of the guideline without valid justification.

After the inappropriate construction Before the construction

Inappropriate exterior decoration

The “City Beautification Movement” was proposed by Guangzhou planning department to redecorate the facades of buildings in Guangzhou to promote the city’s image and attractiveness. However, because the conducting company lacked adequate knowledge of historic architectures, the movement caused great destruction to some Shamian historic buildings’ (such as No.63, Shamian North Street and No.58, Shamian South Street) façade historic characteristics. It replaced their original arched windows and doors with contemporary square windows and doors. Even worse than that, it redecorated their facades with spray paint, which was indelible and covered their original granite material and elegant brick walls.

Framework of Local Preservation Ordinance

In 1996, Mayor Shushen Lin separated Guangzhou Cultural and Relics Office from the Guangzhou Cultural Department and renamed it as Guangzhou Historic Preservation Commission through the national ordinance released by the central government in Beijing. Two years later, in 1998, the first ordinance for local preservation of historic heritage, “Guangzhou Historic and Cultural Preservation Ordinance”, was passed by Guangzhou Council. In accordance to the ordinance, Guangzhou Preservation Commission, incorporating with Guangzhou Planning Department, proposed several policy documents for historic preservation, including “Shamian Colonial Architectural Complex Preservation Planning”, “Guidelines for Appropriate Use of Historic Architectures in Guangzhou City”, “Cases examination and Explanation of Appropriate Use of Historic Architectures in Guangzhou City”, and “Procedures of Construction Project Application in Historic Sensitive District”, etc. As I mention above, Shamian Island is an secondary administrative unit under Guangzhou City. Therefore, Shamian Preservation Office under Guangzhou Historic Preservation Commission was the major executive of official preservation acts.

The preliminary purpose of the Ordinance is to protect, rehabilitate and manage historic buildings, structures, sites, objects, and historic districts within Guangzhou City and enhance their cultural and functional values in contemporary society within Guangzhou City Master Plan for the future. It is an declaration of fundamental principles and spirits for local preservation organization to preserve Guangzhou City’s heritage and culture, provide identification and protection, reusing guidance to local identified and potential historic buildings. The eventual purpose of the Ordinance is to develop Guangzhou City to be an national famous historic and cultural city, which inherits and advocates the extraordinarily Cantonese culture and history.

The role of the commission is to identify and review registrations of local historic buildings, structures, sites,objects and districts, conduct records and regular survey for them tomanage and improve the quality of architectures of historical significance of the city. The commission provides suggestions and recommendations to mayor, city council, the planning department and higher historic authorities to designate and evaluate whether the applied buildings attain

the requirements for registration as local level significance, and whether appropriate preservation for registered historic buildings is executed.When an application for construction projects on designated historic sensitive districts or registered historic buildings is brought to the planning department or local land management department, it must be reviewed by the commission incorporating with planning department. In the case of buildings, structures,sites, objects and district of provincial level and national level historic significance, local preservation commission can reject the construction projects that cause physical harm to them if the projects do not have special permission from the higher authorities. However, in the cases of buildings of local significance, the opinions of local commission only holds a secondary significant weight after the planning department. The preservation commission serves as a advisory committee for the planning department. Eventually, the evaluation of the project will be brought to the land management department and the planning department for approval disapproval, and enforcement in accordance to national and local land use ordinances and “PRC Law on Land Management”. The commission can still appeal to city council and local basic people’s court to eliminate injustice approval for a construction project if the commission can provide evidence of its violation of related laws or a petition of enough weight from local citizens. The applicant can also appeal to city council and local basic people’s court to defend their validity with evidences of the commission and the planning department’s improper operations.

Application of Preservation Financial MechanismsBecause of the limited budget that the central and local government can provide, the

authority encourages public sector incorporating with the private sector to preserve historic resource within the province. The general governmental financial measures to preserve historic resources include direct and indirect funds and loans as well as tax incentives. The quantity and quality of such financial aid varies by the property’s historic significance.

For properties in the list of National Key Cultural Relics Units, such as Asiatic Petroleum Company, No.46 Shamian South Street and Church of Our Lady of Lourdes, No.14, Shamian Street, both central and local government will directly fund their business development and rehabilitation. Most of such properties are owned by federal government and are used as tourism resource to bring economic benefits to the place. Because of the adequate fund and relatively self-sufficient budget, they do not receive as much tax benefit as properties of less significance do. Tax incomes generated from historic tourism of such properties will partly list in the budget for their preservation in the following year. For properties of provincial significance, the provincial governments provide direct and indirect financial aid to their preservation costs. Tax incentives for such properties are relatively higher than properties of national significance. For properties of local significance, their owners pay most of their preservation cost while they receive the highest tax incentives. Before the properties are listed as a historic property, the local Historic Preservation Commission will meet its owner and discuss the registration with them. They will sign a historic registration agreement, which means the owners are required and willing to permanently protect the property and obey the commission’s restrictions on physical and architectural change to the property in exchange for the tax benefits and other financial incentives. The owner can change its internal furnishing according to their needs except the significant characteristics listed in the

document. If the owner wants to conduct changes to these characteristics or rehabilitation of the property, he is required to be reviewed by the commission and modify his plan according to the commission’s advice.

The commission incorporating with local banks, private and public foundations (such as National Treasure Fund of China) provide grants, loans and tax credits for the owner and supervise them to use the fund for the property’s preservation work. The owners may apply for extra financial aid for reasonable extra expenditures on the rehabilitation or repair for the accidental damage to the property due to non-human factors

In addition to incentives I mention above, the commission also adopts punitive measures for misuse of historic properties. Commercial development and operation of historic properties must not cause damage to significant characteristics of the properties, otherwise the conductors will receive penalty and have to take measures to rehabilitate the damaged characteristics.

NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018

United States Department of the InteriorNational Park Service

National Register of Historic Places Registration Form

This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations for individual properties and districts. See instructions in National Register Bulletin, How to Complete the National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. If any item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories from the instructions.

1. Name of PropertyHistoric name: E x -Standard Chartered Bank __________________________________

Other names/site number: _ Guangdong Grain&Oil Storage and Transportation Company _

Name of related multiple property listing:

_ N/A ________________________________________________________

(Enter "N/A" if property is not part of a multiple property listing

____________________________________________________________________________

2. Location Street & number: _ No.49 Shamian Street _______________________________________

City or town: __ Guangzhou _______ State: ____ Guangdong _____ County: __ China _______

Not For Publication: Vicinity:

____________________________________________________________________________

3. State/Federal Agency Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended,

I hereby certify that this nomination ___ request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60.

In my opinion, the property ___ meets ___ does not meet the National Register Criteria. I recommend that this property be considered significant at the following level(s) of significance:

___national ___statewide ___local

Applicable National Register Criteria: ___A ___B ___C ___D

8

United States Department of the Interior

National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form

NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018

Ex-Standard Chartered Bank Shamian, Guangdong

Name of Property County and State

Signature of certifying official/Title: Date

______________________________________________

State or Federal agency/bureau or Tribal Government

In my opinion, the property meets does not meet the National Register criteria.

Signature of commenting official: Date

Title : State or Federal agency/bureau or Tribal Government

______________________________________________________________________________

4. National Park Service Certification I hereby certify that this property is:

entered in the National Register

determined eligible for the National Register

determined not eligible for the National Register

removed from the National Register

other (explain:) _____________________

______________________________________________________________________ Signature of the Keeper Date of Action

____________________________________________________________________________

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5. ClassificationOwnership of Property

(Check as many boxes as apply.)Private:

Public – Local

Public – State

Public – Federal

Category of Property

(Check only one box.)

Building(s)

District

Site

Structure

Object

Number of Resources within Property

(Do not include previously listed resources in the count)

Contributing NoncontributingSections 1-6 page 10

x

x



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______ 1 _______ _______ 0 ______ buildings

_____________ _____________ sites

_____________ _____________ structures

_____________ _____________ objects

______ 1 _______ _______ 0 _______ Total

Number of contributing resources previously listed in the National Register ____ 0 _____

____________________________________________________________________________

6. Function or Use Historic Functions(Enter categories from instructions.)_ Banking/Retail ______

___________________

___________________

___________________

___________________

___________________

___________________

Current Functions(Enter categories from instructions.)

_____ Office ______

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___________________

___________________

___________________

___________________

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_____________________________________________________________________________

7. Description

Architectural Classification

(Enter categories from instructions.)

_ Late-19th Century: Greek Revival,1860-1870 _

________________ ___

Materials: (enter categories from instructions.)

Principal exterior materials of the property:

Structure :_reinforced concrete_

Ceiling:_steel art, lath and plaster

External wall : granitic plaster and red bricks wall with white columns

Internal wall: plaster

Windows: hardwood and cast iron arched windows

Narrative Description

(Describe the historic and current physical appearance and condition of the property. Describe contributing and noncontributing resources if applicable. Begin with a summary paragraph that briefly describes the general characteristics of the property, such as its location, type, style, method of construction, setting, size, and significant features. Indicate whether the property has historic integrity.)

additional documentation below

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______________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

8. Statement of Significance

Applicable National Register Criteria (Mark "x" in one or more boxes for the criteria qualifying the property for National Register listing.)

A. Property is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history.

B. Property is associated with the lives of persons significant in our past.

C. Property embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction or represents the work of a master, or possesses high artistic values, or represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack individual distinction.

D. Property has yielded, or is likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.

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X

x

x



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Criteria Considerations

(Mark “x” in all the boxes that apply.)

A. Owned by a religious institution or used for religious purposes

B. Removed from its original location

C. A birthplace or grave

D. A cemetery

E. A reconstructed building, object, or structure

F. A commemorative property

G. Less than 50 years old or achieving significance within the past 50 years

Areas of Significance(Enter categories from instructions.)

Architecture, sociology,

colonial history _______

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___________________

___________________

___________________

___________________

___________________

___________________

Period of Significance

Late 19 th to early 20 th century

___________________

___________________

Significant Dates

_ 06/23/1925 _________

___________________

___________________

Significant Person(Complete only if Criterion B is marked above.)

___________________

___________________

___________________

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_____ N/A ___________

___________________

___________________

Architect/Builder

_ Arthur Purnell ______

___________________

___________________

Statement of Significance Summary Paragraph (Provide a summary paragraph that includes level of significance, applicable criteria, justification for the period of significance, and any applicable criteria considerations.)

Additional documentation below

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______________________________________________________________________________

Narrative Statement of Significance (Provide at least one paragraph for each area of significance.)

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______________________________________________________________________________

9. Major Bibliographical References

Bibliography (Cite the books, articles, and other sources used in preparing this form.) ___________________________________________________________________________

Previous documentation on file (NPS):

____ preliminary determination of individual listing (36 CFR 67) has been requested

____ previously listed in the National Register

____ previously determined eligible by the National Register

____ designated a National Historic Landmark

____ recorded by Historic American Buildings Survey #____________

____ recorded by Historic American Engineering Record # __________

____ recorded by Historic American Landscape Survey # ___________

Primary location of additional data:

____ State Historic Preservation Office

____ Other State agency

____ Federal agency

__ x __ Local government

__ x __ University

____ Other

Name of repository: _____________________________________

Historic Resources Survey Number (if assigned): ________________

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______________________________________________________________________________

10. Geographical Data

Acreage of Property _______________

Use either the UTM system or latitude/longitude coordinates

Latitude/Longitude Coordinates

Datum if other than WGS84:__________

(enter coordinates to 6 decimal places)

1. Latitude: Longitude:




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Or

UTM References

Datum (indicated on USGS map):

NAD 1927 or NAD 1983

1. Zone: Easting: Northing:



4. Zone: Easting : Northing:

Verbal Boundary Description (Describe the boundaries of the property.)

Boundary Justification (Explain why the boundaries were selected.)

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______________________________________________________________________________

11. Form Prepared By

name/title: _____ Xiaotian Zhou ____________________________________________

organization: ________________________________________________________

street & number: _ No.49 Shamian Street _________________________________________

city or town: __ Guangzhou ___________ state: ___ Guangdong ____ zip code:__ 510000 ____

e-mail_____ [email protected] ___________________________

telephone:_________________________

date:_____________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

Additional Documentation

Submit the following items with the completed form:

Maps: A USGS map or equivalent (7.5 or 15 minute series) indicating the property's location.

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Sketch map for historic districts and properties having large acreage or numerous resources. Key all photographs to this map.

Additional items: (Check with the SHPO, TPO, or FPO for any additional items.)

National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet

Section number _7Page 1 Ex-Standard Chartered Bank,

Shamian, Gungdong

Narrative Description

Criterion A

Shamian Island started its colonial history in the Mid-19th Century and since then, local Chinese people had never stopped fighting to win it back from the English and French settlers. The most famous event associated with the property was the “Shaki Massacre”. At the end of May in 1925, Chinese workers started a series protests against foreign settlers’ discriminatory and cruel treatments to Chinese workers in settler-held factories. The first strike started in Shanghai and in order to support their protests, Guangzhou workers planned their strike and martch on June, 25th. On that day, the workers incorporating with college students started their march at central Guangzhou. While they walked through Shamian Street on 2:15 in the afternoon, a foreigner in the Victory Hotel suddenly shot at the protestors. The Anglo-French army ,who was guarding properties at the crossing point of Shamian West Bridge and Shamian Street (where the Standard Chartered Bank was located), then mowed down the protestors with their machine guns. The march then stopped in a chaos with protestors fleeing away. 50 people died in the event and 170 people serious hurt.

Today, we can still find pictures of the army guarding at the gate of the bank in that day’s newspaper in Shamian Museum. This event shows the tragedy of the Chinese revolution that struggled against foreign intruders, which made significant contribution to our history statewide. A monument was built on 623 Street to mark bravery of those protestors, who fought against the injustice society, and the painful past of Chinese colonial history.

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Criterion C

Located at No.49, Shamian Street, the building was once a bank and now the office for Guangdong Grain&Oil Storage and Transportation Company. Built in late 19th century, it was considered as a work of Greek Revival style. It was constructed in late 19 th century and originally stood 3 stories high. The building occupies 7319 square feet, with four entrances/exits on each edge. There is one porch on the west side of the first story and three porches on the upper stories. The north façade of the building faces Shamian Street and the west façade of the building faces Shamian 3rd Street. The building is basically square, except the northeast edge was chamfered to be the main entrance. There are four arched windows on each façade of the building on each story and between each two windows are the three Palladio giant columns that support the building. Even though some characteristics of the building were altered to fulfill the contemporary standards, both exterior and interior of the building still retains some distinctive characteristics of the time. The interior characteristics include the wooden floor and wooden ladders with classical details, cast iron windows, lath and plaster ceilings, and marble floors of the porches. The exterior characteristics include baroque tower and bold simple molding.

National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet

Section number _7Page 2 Ex-Standard Chartered Bank,

Shamian, Gungdong

Description (continued)

The Greek Revival was an architectural movement between late 18th and early 19th

century that started in European countries, which encouraged architects at that time to emulate buildings of ancient Greek. The style was spread to countries around the world, including China when British settlers defeated Qing Government and settle in Guangzhou in 1840. For China, the Greek revival architectures represent the start of their colonial history, which also warned Chinese people of the time to realize their backwardness after their seclusion. In Shamian Island, buildings of the style incorporated local architectural

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NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018



characteristics to acclimatize local environment. It was popular among Chinese seaside cities between late 19th to early 20th century.

Criterion D

The colony is always a place of interest for Chinese historians. As an colonial island occupied by British and French settlers between mid 19th to mid 20th century, there were countless activities and events of struggle between Chinese people and settlers taking place here. Therefore, it may yield potential archaeological information about the British and French early colonial activities under Criterion D.

According to researches carried out by historic research center of Guangdong, documentations of the bank indicate that flows of funds related to opium business and illegal transfer of cheap labir were conducted in the bank between 1870s to 1890s. Such activities had caused significant to Chinese society. Besides the financial activities, there were also social and political activities taking place in 1920s, such as the “Shaki Massacre” I mention above and the assassination of Marron, who was the governor of the French colony at the time.

Statement of Significance

Built in late 19th century, the Ex-Standard Chartered Bank was an important financial organization and a witness of struggles in Chinese colonial history of the time. The nominated property possesses statewide significance under National Register criterion A in the area of colonial history. The information of social and political events, including the “Shaki Massacre” and the assassination of the governor of the French colony, yield from the property has made significant contribution to the board history of China between late 19 th to early 20th century. It reminds us of the painful past of our nation and the importance of opening to the world. The building meets criterion C for statewide architectural significance as a best example of Greek Revival Style for the distinctive interior and exterior characteristics it remains today, which was related to the influence of French and British architects of the time. The period of significance extends from 1870s to 1920s.

Property: Ex-Standard Chartered Bank, No.49, Shamian Street

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City or Vicinity: Guangzhou

County:Shamian State: Guangdong

Photographer:Unnamed

Number of Photos:

Photo#1 (GD_ShamianCounty_Ex-StandardCharteredBank_001)

Front façade of the building(northeast side)


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Back façade of the building(south side)


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Interior of the building (floor)


Interior of the building (ceiling)


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Interior of the building (window and door)


Interior of the building (ladder and handrail)

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Map of Shamian Island with Gertrude’s House Outlined

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Bibliography1.Huang, Jun. Administrative Guidelines Research of Guangzhou Shamian Buildings Protection and Utilization. Published by Guangzhou Historic Research Center. (2009)

2.Zheng, Lipeng, Zeng, Zhaoxuan. Conservation and Reuse of Historic Buildings in Shamian.Hua Zhong Architecture. (2002)

3. Fang, Jianchang. A Research on the History of Guangzhou Shamian Territory. Guangdong History. (2002)

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Documents

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