The Text Encoding Ιnitiativeand the Study of Literarure

James C ιmπings

Ιntroductron

Τhe lιΙt Ιn.od]ng Ιniιiaιjγe (TEΙ) λ an ]nιcΙnaιiona] .onsorι]um πhi.h Δ dedi.aιedιo πaintaining dle TEΙ Guidet]nes as a .e.ormende.t nandald δΓ ιeitu"1mafkuΡ (See-ΙEΙ πebs].e), lhe TΕΙ grew our of a Ιccosn]Ζed need Γor lhe credιion oΓ ]flιcΙnaιionai sιandar.]s foΙ ιeτtυal markυp ιhaι resutred io a co.ftrcnce at vassaf cο]l.ge.Ροugl*ecpsie' i1r Δio"embef 1987 Ρarιic]pants repιcsenring ιeΙr archjΙes, schιrlaΙ]ysο.ietiej' lesearcιΙ pΙojects, xnd academic institutions m.r at this.onιeιence tο eΧamnrethe eΙisιing πιeιhods of ιexι encοding, to dλcuss ιhe Γeωibjljι'v oΓ an inte.nar]onatstandard Γor such encoding, and.o make .ecoππenι]aιi.,ns for πs scope, sιrιcrure,cooιcΙι. and dιafι;ng (Ιdc and SPerbefg'McQυeen 199!). Τhe iniιiaΙ spo.sors of ι]reTΕΙ as a projecι were ιh. Αsso.jaιion or Compuιefs in thc ιΙumaniιies (ΑcH), ιheΑsso.iarion tοr computaιionaΙ ]-ingιrstics (ΑCL), and the Αssoc]aιioo o.L]terary andL]ngujstic Corputjng ιΑιLc)' Αιhough ιhe TΕΙ ]s nοw ΦostΙy ma;ntained as aninιernariοna] consοrtium by ΓοαΓ inf;tιrtiona] hosιS, as we1l as ;nsιiιurional membersand ;ndiv]dua1 sυbscf]bers, oYef ιhevears ]ι has rece]'ed support ιiomsοurces ]oc1u.]insιhe Us Νaι]onai Endovmenι for ιhe Ιιυman]ιjes (NΕrΙ)' the Eu.opean Un]on, ιheΑndr€w \Ι/ λΙe]Ιon FοDndeιion' and ιhe social sc;ence and Huπarrities ResearchCoιi.il of cιnada (sSHRCc), The oγefa1] PιΙpose ο{the proie.t wr ιo pιoduce a

'ero[gujde]ines for the cΙeaιjon and use ore]ecιronic re:ι5 in ιhe majo|lιy oεtinguιιi. andt;ιeΓary dis.ipΙines (Reoeaι, MyloοJs, and Dιrand 2οa1: 2)2_')' Now, a coupΙe oΙde.adcs 1atef, theTΕΙ Guidetjnes are υsed foΓ many reit cncοd;ng pro]ects, esp€ciai]y iιιhc AΙrs and ιIuman]ties' λΙοreοver, r dre -ΙEΙ ei;sιed befofe ιhe ΨoΙ]d \Xlde \Ι-eb itsre.ommen&iιrons have iliuenced τhcdevelolrnent οεa numbef ofweb standσds mosτnoιabiΙ xιιι and xΜΙ- re1ated Sιandards' This chapιer wiΙl examine some oIi thehisιory and thcoreιicaΙ and methodo]ogicat assumptions embodied in rhe ιeΙι encοdi.gframework recomιnendcd b1, the TEΙ, Ιι is no. ]nεended to be a general ]ntroι1ιιction ιorhe TEΙ oΙ x1Mι narkup mοre generatΙy, nor js it eahaιδ.jve ]n jιs considefa|iοn ο|

:ιj]

issιιes .nnceσΙiι.c ιh.1EΙ, ,Ι.he ιllst the ,1EΙ .1οe5 adιnirdb]y iιJ.1l' ιht seιlrlc] ι'outcl

ιike ιτjucl] ποΙc sι]i.e ιha. is a|towe.] hele' Ιniιeid t l S.hιpι.ι lr.Lιιdes i sanrFi ngoΓnrJne οi+l. ιrrsιoι,v' a Γe\' oεΓ}]€ jssues, ai.] soιne ιrt.thc meι1rο.blo:!i.it assu1Ιρι]ois.ι;l .hι Ιnosι Γarι unaνoidxt,Ιe, lιraι the τιΙ miκes'

Th. TEΙ Gιι]Jetines, of{lclal1y ιiιled Gιinliιa iιf F'laJfin:. Ι'| l:lιιιLιq ιιd]ιk|.bdι!!' arc a continualh reτlsccΙ scι οt plιlροsals oΓ sιlggesιeJ metl|οds Γ.rι t(Ιιιn.ο.lrng Gee

,1.tΙ Gujζ]eirn., Αι ιjπe Ο1 r,.iιing ιh.y have .ea(hed dre;l fiιιhmajoΓ τesiοn,'.Ρj,'ancΙ pιοτ]dc reιoπmendaιοns ιor merhods οΓ ma.kuΙr 1οι abroaιi range οf ιexιuι1' physi.xΙ' tirerary. and 1inaιι]sr]c plieflοmen2 orraιcrεst ro ιhοsιin ιhe TΕΙ cοmrυοiιΙ, ]he .ΙEΙ Gι]de[ncs .ιe noΙ onΙΙ a gιide tο bcsι ΡΙacιι.e. ι,ιi.aιe aiso an ιvο]ving hisιοΓic1t .e.ord οΓ dre co.cenrs οΙ tιιe flι]d oi ιΙUΦa.iιiesCοmpuιing,

T1rc TEΙ ι;ιιiJeΙines are divded ntο chxpters and coνer ι s,icle ιrnge ο| ιopics,b.giηn]οg π]ιh tour inιrodtrιιοrΙ chapιers: a descrrpiiοn οΙ ιh. Guidetines ιh€nr-se]l-es' a geιil]e htιοducτion lo xΙΙΙ-, an o'eryjew ι]{ the T:Ι ]n|rasιlιιcturc. an.ι adiscιlssion oι the usc of lιngιιages and cnαacιιr scιs, Fο11ow]ng t|ese iιιιodrιcιorγmeιeria]s a.e .hdΓιErs oD ιhe sιrucrιιι. oι TEΙ dοcιιmcnιs. δe n]a.Ι]er ]n r']richmerad2ιa is stοred in a ΤEΙ docιmencs hcaιjcr, and a description ο.ιhe lafge nιnberοl eΙements ι'hlch ete avaiΙdhlε {or ιse iD any ΤEΙ do.υment, τhese aιe fo11oφeζ] b,.1rapte6 on more speciιic topics Su.h as ΤEΙ e]ements tor ιerse, pertοtmaοce teτιs.ιfanscιipτiοns οf speech. prinι dictiοnalies. ιermiοologicat daι"bd!es. ranuscliΡιdes.r]prion. irethodS oΙ Ι]nking, segmenring or !]igning t.Ιιs, s]mp1e aniιγι]cπechanisms, and featurc sι.uc.uΓcs Ιιtrιhe. ch2pιeΓs make Ιι.ommendaιions onthe e.cοding οι ceΓιainιΙ and resΡons]b]Ιjty' ιhc ιΙanscΙiΡιioi of primary sοuιces'ιhe .reation οl.a criιical appararus' ιho rccοrding ol names and ιlaιes the creiιion οΓlaΔgιιage cοιPοrι, as πel1 as meιhοds ιbr re.jοΙding graphs' neιπorks, trees, ι:bles,ιormulae, and gfaphics Ιn addiιiοn, rheιe are chapreΔ on the feιat]οnshiΡ oειhe ΤEftHeideι elemenιs s.]ιh oτher metadaιa SιandaΙds, ιhe rep.esentation οf nοn-sιandιΙιd.hafacτers and slι"hs' Γeaιure sγsιem dec1aιar]oos, and elemenιs Γοr documentationused in rhe cΙeaι]on oΓrhe TEΙ GuideΙ]nes 1rhe Gι].]e]]nes are rhentse]νes a val]d TtΙdo.umenι), F]nally, ιhere are ch2PΓers on

''hat con{οrmance to the TΕΙ Guidelines

]mp]jes' how one can mοdift ιhe TΕ] schema to suit individu1Ι n€eds, ru]es for theinrerchange of docιιπen.s. and meιhods tbr overcorΙrins the probleΙn ol οτefιaPΡjngΧ}Ιι h]eΙarch]es, ΑΙl ιhese .haPιeΓs are supplemenιed by νa.ious apPendices οi

Ιn eddition ιo pυbtrshing ιhe ΤEΙ GUjdetines, ιhe TΕΙ consofιium alsο pΙovides ιmeιhod Γο. Ι]rojecιS ιo pιoduc€ cusromi,ed scheπΙas (cufrenτιv in RεtaxNG' \r]C,and DTΙ) ιοrπats) ]n oΙder to va]idate rhen TEΙ cΙocuπenιs, Mοιeoveη ιhey pfοdu.ev1Ιiοus r.fee sοrιvare pacΙ<ages. inc1uding a scι of XSLΤ Sty1esheers ιo rraostbrπTEΙ xMι inιo ιlTMι and ΡDF (,ee TΕΙ sιylesheers),

The TEΙ Guidel]nes ιrave gajned a Ιcpuιar]oo fοr having boιh broad coverage'addfe$iοg ιhe needs of n,nγ fields in ιhe hιιmanir]es general1y' as welΙ as in deprhcovera.ge for mοre specialjzed .oncerns/app1]cat]ons, .rEΙ xMι is, where app1icable,

1lr 'lυ! Ι.|1i0j|}]| Ιι||η1|)t ιlιi τh, \nΔ η. |'ιlιr.ιυιt 1) l

Γ]r. Ιοi1Ιxι re.oιnmcD.tι.t tο. Fl.seΔΙ οn and j...Γιfung. DΙ e]e.ιrotj. |ι{ΓΙ,L.esου..eS bi i nυηbcΙ of tιnτl]ng ιrod cs εο.1rιs alrJ hιnrιniιi.s }τoje.ts (ΓoΓ ιΙ.np1c.ιhe ιΙι.:i Αfts a.ι1 Hιo]ai]ι]es ReseaΙ.]r coun.il)' Αs SUι1r, ]ι rs 1nrpοiιant Γo. υs nοιonΙ1 tο uldeιsιanct ιhe l'Ε] Gιιidetine' Δ aι eιotνιng sιι oΓ ιεcoοrπ]ei.1!ιioos bιtι|sο ιο ui.]ersιand ιhe ιe.h.οtog cιι ιnι] ι]1eoreιi.in bιckgιπn.1' issuπrΙrtjoιs, an.lbiιses thaι haγc influco.e.] ι1rji evοlυιrοn

Ρriοciples of thc TEΙ

AS mcnιiοned xbove, .ΙΙΙ wls ιιrmcd r ι proje.τ aι a .onΓeιen.e aι Vassaι Cο1Ιcge,Pough]rcepsi€, in ι\o'enι,el ι98]. Τhc coni.fence paΙι]c]p.rnιs driεted an ifuιia1 seιoi princip1es to guide τtic pιojccι' ιiι1ed..Τhc ]roιξ]rkeeΡsie ΡrinciPΙes,. whaι issu.pΙ]s]ng is ιh2ι veη {eιv oι ιhι con.eΙns expιιssed ]n dris JοcιΙ,renΓ αι,q.sccni daιed]i ιhefa.e ofιechnotog].jl ad'ancιs, ]nSιead manr.ofιhe3οaΙs o1 d]e.ΓΙ] Gui.ie1n]€s.emain ιhe sane, 1Ι st]ghιΙι e:paοded' ftοm i'h.ι s Γουnd jΠ dljs ear1y maniΓesιο,oleraΙΙ, iι iS these PΓlnc]pLes ιhaι ioαn $e rheoιιιicaΙ and meιhοdolοgica1 bιsis Γιoπl1νhi.h the Tι]ι hΔ .ιeve1oped,

The Poughkeepsie Prio.iplesclosing Sιatement οf YaSsar conferenceThe P.eparation of.Ιιxι En.odnrg Gυideιn1.s

Ρου8ιtkeelsie, New ΙrιΙ] NovembeΙ ι98l

1, -ι.he gι]de]inεs ale 1οteο.1ed to PΓD'jde i sΦndard Ιοιmιι for daιι inreι.hσge inhιmanities rsoa(h

2 Ιhe gddε]]nes are aιso iοl€nι1ed ιo nιggef Ρt|.i!les f!Γ ιit εjι.οo]ng ot.teΙ61. .he

]. Τhe guideΙines shoul.]1 denιe a Ιe.οnrm..ded slnΦ: Γor the f'o.m,ι.2 define a meιxΙan8uage Γοt i]re descrillion oi teΙι eηcoding s.nemes,

a. b. .o -nj| n|.ρ -aι,t,F1 ,,. fj,, io,lbnguage and ιn !.ose.

a. The gιideΙ]nes shοιΙd !.οΙηf sers o.cοd r n8 cοnvenιions sui.ed .o. lanous appΙ].aτiοns5. Τhe auiι1eΙines shοιld in.ιυdc a m1niΦil seι oι.οατenτiο.s to! en.oding neφ texts

6. Τhe guidelines aΓe ιο be dιa|ιe.Ι by cοmmiaees οnι' .elt do.ιmenιxιiοn2' ιαt rePresenτaτion

]' text inιerρrclaιiοn and 2na]ysι.1' m(lLanguage definnn]n 2nd d€s.ΓiPι]on oΓ eΙιι]nε and PΙoΡoscd κheΦes'

coordrnatd by a $eering .ommittee of ΓeP.esental]γes of the Ρ.in.iΡa] sΡοnsοr

'Δa οrganfaιons

i comΡat]brfty with eΙ]f]ng safldaΙds wjlΙ be mainta]ned as fal as Posjbιe,

1tll

8.

9.

A Ιurι]e. oi ]xrAc ι.jIι alc1r]'es |rι'.:grιec in l]Ι]i.jtl. rο n]lΡοn l he gιiae]iιes indtn ΓιΙαiOn as an ]Πrcl.h"ng€ ι;nn2t, \at ι.ιοιΙaac Ιundtng ig.i1jζ ιo suFPιr

, ,,. ,Γ,c.Ι!γeΓ!οι οΙ ea;.j.E .12.ιrine |cadab]ε τcac t. drc n.π' ι;.nrni inloι'4 rh.fJιs]aιion ο| ιhei, .o.ve.ttοns inιo dre synτxΙ ο| ιhι ncτ Ι..ιmaι No re!ΙUllrπreΙtsl'iΙι be madc iοΙ d].2ι]dlιlon oi i|ιo.nratiοn not ilrctrJy .οιle(l r. tιre teiE

β.. τlI EDPal)

\ιhi]e ιhc scοpc οf ιhe ,Ι.ΕΙ has cerτa]n1y cvolved οuιs]de οf ιhe Iοur cοΙnιιfτeesnτggesιed above (pο]nt 6), and jt hrs succeedιd in pιοpοSiι1g wi.lety use.l 'seιs ο{.ο.tj.gconvcnι]ons sιiiιed for γarjous aPpticaιiοns,,(pο]nι 4)' ιhere is mι.h ι1hj.h ιs sιiιEgernrane ιo ιhe"fΙΙ ! .e nt ιal πtss1on, Ψh1Ιe nany oΓιheSegοals h1ve L]ec!aι.onrΡishe.l'it is inιeresting to note thaι ιτcnιl'ycafs ].rer9'e are st] ι t encou ragiΙ] g ',ιi] n.ι io.g ag.ncjesιo

'ιlFρo r r .leveiopmenι oftοoΙs tιr fac]]itaιe'' ιpoinι 8) rhe j.ιer.hanse, inte.ι,Pcrab]]iι',

cΓeaιiοn, and,.Ιdγsis oΙΤΕΙ enιodecΙ ιeιιs Ceιtlinιy soπe .oο]s have bcen develoΓedΓoι the .Γeiιiοn, ediιing, ιnd pιesenιaιion oΓTEΙ dο.umenιs, ιruι nranΙ o' ιhese havc

evοlvcd lroπ vιιγ spec]Γi. υses reΙaιhg ιo ιhe pΙoj..ιs fofπhich ιlrey hive been.reatedThc mοsι bencfic]at deciSion, wiιtl regafd ιo ιh. availabi1iιy of ιoο1s' has been the

migraιiοο oΙ rhe 1ΕΙ Γrotr StaΙιd1rd CeoeΙi1ized MaΙkup ιanguage (SGλfι) to ιπenSibΙe λΙar]<ιρ Lan!.ιιage (ΧλΙl,):s the TEΙ formaι for ΤΕΙ P4 (anJ later vefsiο.'s) sincexλfι Ιiis received ιvorldw]cte support fιoIn aΙlοanner oId;scipΙines' n)any connreι.ia1aΡΡιjcatioιrs erisι Ι.ι]ι lhc cτeaιioo oΙΧΝΙL ]n generaΙ' ana ιοots ιιbjcι suPpοrτ ΧΜJ- alsο

are ιΙsabιe ror TEΙ xML, Ιι ]s ]ndeccι true ιhaι a ' nuπber ο{ large ιetι xιchivcs haτe

.gΙeed in pΙ]nc]ρlc ιo sιlpport ιhe Gιι]c]eliιles in their ιuncιron ω ιn intcιchιιngefoΓmaι'(Ρo]nι 8)' and tΙie oΙΓοrd Τexι Αι.hive afl.l ιhc Univcfsiιy of virg]οia,sElecιΙοnic Teiι (]enre| are ι\'o sυch arch]ves rhich havt hc1pcd ιo esιab1λh TEΙ as a

sιandaιd fοr inιeιchange and preseπation, Α numbeΙ οr daιa scr]ccs, Scι up rο rresetrethe oιrcomes of fυnded digil.J Proie.ιs. 16ι TEι xML as one oΙ ιheir prefetred ιrchivaLΓοrmaε and encoυrage its use as suitabΙe for long relm preseπaιiοn,ι

Α]ιhοugh the hisιoη. οfιhc ΤEΙ hιs beeo dfλtn by ιhe oeeds ot;ιs members, ;ι has

aΙso been d;rected by, and ιakεn on the δsιlmΡιions inherenr in, dre recιrnologiesit en]Ρloys' The TEΙ Gu]delincs are rhe prine de]]veιabΙe of ιhe TEΙ 1see TEΙGuideΙioes)' They descιibe ιhe princlpies ιo Dse ii mark;ng up texιs, and diese

Ρrincjples caα be expressed in cΙectrοnic schemas ο. dοcumenr ι],pe deE ιiοns(DTDS) which can be used ro va1idale a documenι instance against ιhis torm οfιbesc pιinιipΙes' wh]1e rΙie tormιιlaιion of the Grrideιines iito machioe-re2dabΙescheπas ]s an .xrΓeπel'Ι usetuΙ bv pfοduct cre1τed fron the same εiιes Φhich elso

pιοdιce ιhe Gu]delines. 1ι n the Guide1jnes ιhemseΙνes that rake ΡriοΓiry ιikes,ise,the rechno1ogies iflvo]'ed are a],o secondafy.ο ιhe recoπΙneoda.ions' There aιe

suggest]οns ι]etai1eJ ;n the p.οse ot die Gu]delines ιhaι are unabΙe to be cοnstrainedadequateΙ\. in sore schem" tangι,rages; rn ιhese cδes, the pfose οr.he GujdeljnesaΙwavs ιakes precedence' CurΙ€ntly the TEI Guidetinθs express ιhe descΙiPιiιrn ofrhare]ements are aiΙowed in any Partjcυ]ar locaιion, rhaι [, ιhe cοn.ιor mode1s oΓ

T/ι Tιιι Ειι;ιllιιx |'ιtι.ιιιι ιιl lLι Sιιι\ oi L'τιtιtlιι 1li

eteπrenιζ' in RetaΙNG ConrΡaιι S',Ιιarl prevιlιιs1l'&eγ ιseJ D'ΓD 1ιιguιgι, Τhese1le bοth j..eΓιe.] elccιιιlnlι Γοrmηl:ιioιrs ο| $ι πτre :bstl:ιt ιonιιpι ιoι1]liedwiιhi. ιhe Cιιi.]eΙjnes TcιhnοLogies.o]rιiοιι. ιo.ιcγeloΓ. anJ ιhε πΙ"ιn.r rn a']r].lilhe ιι]η.eiιιs ο| ιhι ΤE] GιιiJeΙ]nes are eΙΓresseιι s,itt erotιe ω ιιι]1,

Thιι dte TBΙ Gu]dιΙines .ιrrenιtγ use ΧNιι ij simpt1 a rtliecιiοn ιhaι ..cοmpaιi

biΙiιy witl exisιlng 'ιaodaΓds

Φitl be Ιnainιaioe.i as tir as tοss ιrl'j, ι]oinι 7) Ρreτ]ousιo Ιr.l, ιhe TEΙ Ιccοmmen.1ed d]e ιse oΓ SCML. 2n ΙSo staηdud ι1SO 8879 ι9ε6),Ιn a Ιami]γ ιιcc oΙ πarLιιp Languages. SG\'Ιι 6 oΓten d]ousht or as the ΡaιeDι oΓboΙh LΙTλΙL and xMι, sCNΙΙ, ιs ].je]ε a des.en.]air of lΙ]M's Gcnera1]zeι} λfarkupιaι1gυxge ((;ιtι)φhicιr φas , m lιsιoΙe sγsτeΙi based Οo clraracιι| flagg]rrg, enat,tingbasi. srrucιura] nlarkup oΙ e]ecπonlc c]oιumena fo. .ιisp1ay and p.inιnig (Renear20ο1: 225-] l )' sGλ{L was origina1Lγ ]nιencΙed tor th. slrι.ing oΙ.]o.unenιs ιhrou.gι]-ouΓ ιΔlge o.ganjratioDs. csp..iai]y go,ernmenιxι, and ]n ιΙre ]egaΙ and aerosPacejndusrries Φhich weιe reguirc.] ιo pΙεseιvc and providc access rο documenιs liοr at

]eδι a ιew decedes. Αs solιιι]ons Γor creaιiοg and prinι]ng ιhese dοcumenι, deνeIoped.

SGλΙΙ, w-as incιeaslngly adοpred in ιhe Ρrinrnrg and pιιblishing in.Jιxtries liolνever.ιhe supFoft .or ιhe prccesiog οι SGλΙι documεnιs exisιe. in relati1etι |ew aΡΡlΙcar]ons, xnd Specialλm in tea.ning SGML rnarkup nieant ιhat it was not τhe u!]νcfsa1aιsweΙ ΙοΙ rhe markup oΓ reiιS ιλxt π,nΙ hoρed iι woιιti becοme Χ]!1Ι-, hοwever, has

becοme an inrernationaΙ srr.cess in 1veιv short periοd oΙ ιrΙτe Ιι ls αsccΙ in manyΓje]ds' academ]c and .ommeΓ.j2ι, δr dο.u,nenιs' daιa ntes, .oiεi.quιaιιοn inΙoΓmaιion,ιemροrarr and tong-term sιoΙagc, ioΓ ιfansmjιtitig rnι.οrm2ι]o! Ιo.a1ly of ιemotel}'.L neι , ., - |Γ , " ,d n ', n , , j ι| "".e |, ',,l ,ι 1]E o,n',ιof almost everγιh]ng, inclιrd]ng ποι,J plocessing cΙocumenιs, insra11arion scr;ΡιS,news arιic]es, Produ.ι ]nfoΙoiιιion. aod πeb pages. λfoΓe |e.end' Χ1\{ι has been

incrι:ιsingΙv populaι as a ιeniporary sroιage formar ιοΙ wεb based υsef ]nιerfa.es, Ιrs

ιll pιoasive applicabiliιy has meanι nοr on1], thaι ι1reΙΞ aΙe nιlmeious ιoοls 9'hichιead. wιιe, ιιansfoιm. oΙ oιhers,ise m"n]pu1aιe xΙ{ι δ an aΡpι]caιioo. οperaιiοgsy*eo and hardwaιe indepenJeοt Γοrmaι, buι aλo ιhaι ιhere is as much tra]oing andSuppoΙι ava]t.ble, The cοnιrasι wiιn SGλΙL ]s 51gnificanι, Ιι shoι d also be noιed rιιarone of rhe ediιor of ιhe )LMι SΓecificatjon, Spefbcrg N{cQDeefl, ras pr]or ιo rhn an

editor ofιhe TEΙ Gujde]ines, and thlr his experiξnce riιh ιhe:ΓΕι he1ped to shape tιre

Γοfmal rhicιr ιhe .ΙtΙ now rrses

\i,hi]e ιhe ΤΕΙ Gι]detioes ''itΙ ine'irabl], changε' ιhey a'i]Ι oveιa]] sιay ιrue ro ιhe

inirial desjgn gοa]s:

The ιb]]owina desi8n goais aιe !o govem .he choi.es tο be mad€ by fte wolkin8cοΦmittees i. dn|t]ia rhe gulde]r,es ι]{tgheιΓanked aοaιs sbouιd counι mο.e ιnxnιolvera.ked gol]s The 8υ].:le1roes shο!ιd

i, nιffi.e ιo reP.esenr the rexrιat tΦtu.es needed tor lesearch

2, be sinple, .1eπ, and con.Γete

], be edy fo( Γesearcbers to ιse wiιhotrt spe.ia] ΡurΡose sοftware

.1a a

.1 a ι.Ιv d]e Ιig.nrus ιj.ιlιΙ.i1,ι .o.] elir.lenι Ι]ro.ζslnε .Γ.eΙιs

' t.oνrι]e ιbΙ ιse.del.i..J .rtnsjons

.] .oιΓoiΙn ιo eΙ]nin3 anιl σηergeηl yaoι]J.d5

Τhιοughour ιlre ctranges and rιγcions ιhe TΙΙ πιkes rο ιhe recommend2ιioni, thoΙeΓsrons ofιhe.Ι.EΙ Cui.ie incs ιhemselves chιοο ιclc ιhe deve1opmeot οtme.hodotοgiesanι] assunrp ι;ons con.erιιiιg ιhε nιιιιιc ofιexι enco.trflg roΓe bΙoadlr: Thesc have bcennor onlγ ;nΙluenced bγ, t,ur inιenr]ona11v sh1p€d ιo answer, ιhe needs oΙ ιtιe ιexιen.οding cοπlπ]uoiιv ]ι ιhe r!Ιe, Buι ιh]5 TEΙ cοnimιinirΙ is in ].se1f αιremetγl)lοal and djγeΓse, Ιrg;ng ιcross aΙΙ d;scipl]nes in tιie Αrts and Humanities and c\,enεxrendrng inιo ποΙc S.ienrjΓic domaiιs Gee ΤΕΙ Ρrο]ects). Th]s reach ]rδ ΓeΩΙιed ii ade]iberaιe delgn decλion to enable, \γheleler possible, the m.,st general of ercι,d] ngsιrucιtes, but οfιen com ρlemcnι] ng ιhese w]th mοιe detaited dara mοdels inιeιded foιspc.iaΙ]sι ιιSε Τhe 1.ΕΙ c,ters to these sPeciaΙi,ed areas either ιvhcΙc rhefe has 6cen 2

be]ief ifl ιheir centfxΙi.Ι ιo ιhe mss]on oΙ ιhe TεΙ ]n ι1evc1οp]n8 stanJards ΙoΙ ιeκιencοιling' o.νhere ιheTΕΙ commιn]rγhω Ιobbied lοΙ]mpΙοvemenι in ιhesenrιas, ΓoΙeraΙnpies. basic ιe\ιual modι]es eτλι for dιaπa, τ€Ιse. andprose, but mοre sPecra1,edmοdutes eΧjsι ιor: pf]nι dicιionar]e'' corpus 1]ngu]stics' and manuscriΡt descΙ]pιion'

,{ι iιS heart ιhe TEΙ is a cοmmunity ted organi,aιiοn. aod this ι Ιeι]ccιed ]i allιreJs οι iιs xcι]virΙ, Ιι i5 members (wheιlreΙ insriιιlt]ona] hοsts, {u,rζ1ed piοjecrs, oΓindrvidual9 πhο pa,r Γor the.onsortium's.onιiοtrarion, and a desiιe to fuΙιlreΙ thcgoa1s οΙ ιhe TEΙ proΙnpτs Ιneml,ers ιo stand Γor e]e.t]on ιo ιhe Bοard oΙ Teciriicatcoιιnci]' ιikeφ]se, membeΙs

',oΓking rn part;.uΙaι aΙeas, or wiιh spe.iΓ]. techno

1ogica] sotυιiοns oι cοnceros. ofreι gaιhcr ιhemsεIves ιogeιh€ι ]nro spe.iaΙ interεSιgroups uηrjch m.γ eνenιua1ly produce suggesrrons tor irprοving ιbe TEΙ clιide]iΙιcs

Τh2t .he na.ι{e ιJI ιhe ΤEΙ is ιo be direcιed by ιhe needs ofiιs ιιsers is nοt suιpιjsinggNeιt thaι it Ιs as a rcnι1ι oΙfte need fο( srandaΓdizaιioo and inrerοperabiΙirv that ιheTΕΙ ιas tδιmed, ιΙovever, ιhjs communlry led fοcus dοes have cerτain theοreτicaΙiπp]ications, Αsiclc frοm the arels which Seer ιo ιhe ΤE] ro be centraΙ ιo mosι ΓoΙms οrιcxι encodrng and Sο cοvered bι the Guide1ines early on, rhe mo,τ sοphjsticaιeddσe1ορmenιs haτe τaken p]ace in ιhοSe a.exs πhere there are act;ve users wanting ιοιιse ιhe TEΙ Gu]deΙines Γoι ιheιι specific d]sc]pline, For ea2mpte, in deve]οpingfecommendarions tοr dre creaιiοn ι]| liΙrgιιλι;c corpoιa. the TEΙ defined .t <pefson>e1emenr ro record in[o.rr-ιatiοn about ιhe pafticipanιs in a Ιinguisti. in.efacιjon'ιIoweveη once it ei]sted iι be8an ιo be used bΙ others ιo ιecord iniormation aboιΙrthe peοErΙe nre.ιioned in ιαιs, Morcοvcr, the eπended use high]jghted seveΙat l]πiraι]oτrs Φlιh the daιa πodet of <persοn>, Since iι was origioallv inιended tιr pcοPlewhosesPeechhad beeη ιfιnscribed. vh]1e ιhere lvas a <biΙιh> eΙemenι ιo Ιe.οrd detaiiSof ιhe speakcι,s birιh, ιhere w:s no <deaιh> e1eπeοι sioce rhe conve.sations nΓe

a$umed ιο have ιaken p]a.e n'hile the speaker was alive. Αo<l yeι, ω soon as peoptesιarιξd to usξ the <pe6οn> e]emenι to lecord moΙe deιω1ed pΓosopognphica1 rnΙofmat]on, having a <dearh> e]emenr to record ιhe date and piace oΓ rhe subj€ccs(nor necesar]ly speaker's) deaιh became an οbvjo$ addirion, Thar rhe TΕΙ d]d not

Τ!. fιιι Ι:'l,oι!;ι1 Ιllπiιrι, ιιi ]k \|'.η i Lkj11!]!|! 111

irιlu.le ιhis ιo ι:,egin τ'iιh is enιileΙν ιnde.sιιιn.labte gιγeο thaι ιhel ha.j ιlεatcι] rιlc.PeΓsΟn> e]errent sοlelν \'iιh sΓeech cοrΡoΙi in miηd (scc.ΙF.ι cc)

Τhιs €x"mp|e hightights boιh the .lrat'bi.]{S aηι] beΙetιls o1 a cοmιηuα τγ-]ed

sιaadιιds oιgaαιzation Ιn respοnsε ιo a perceited nccd. ιhc TΙt ιιcaιcd cΙcmcnιs {οι

meιad.ιa Ιelaιing ιο iingujsιi..orΙroιa lο. i ΡiΙιi(u]a| cοmmuojty. \γhen x.ιiιieιeιt;οmmunlιγ adoPιe.] these eιements for a.iiiΙcrenι usc ιhc TΕt gcncιalred anddevetoped ιhe Guidelines ιo ,nιke ιhe ξ]en]enrs πoιe appΙ]cablc ιo a gteaιeι ιuπbeιοΓ uscι' T}laι tιre TEΙ h]s Mded a mι.h iio.c detarlcd FfosοPo.cra]rhic1Ι mxΓkuP

iι ιhe]r Pi rε1ιasc is οn1r' paτιly ιhε Point' λlοrε impoιιaflιlγ, iι has creaιιd a

mjrιre of ιhe spcιiaΙizcd e1eπenιs Ιetaineι] Γror i.5 use iiιlr l1nguisι]c CοrΡοΙa(s!ch as <Soce.Sιaιus> ro r€.oΙ.t so.iο €.onomic s.aαδ) wh]Ιe adcling οeweι, moιeg.ιre.aΙi,eJ e1enents Gu.h !S <persΤra]ι> ιo reco|d pefsοΙaΙ trairs) exιendrng ftont

rhε SPe.iΓi. ιo the genera1' Τhe cοnΠufliι], heιΡed deve1οp e sρecialized ιag sει aοιt

] .,. " J,J| ,".,,| ,Γ tp," , , η!.- ..,-,ειaτιpl: oιιt ο| many' ove| fie veaΙS ιhis meιhod oΓ develοpmeοt lras produced an

eaιΓcmι]], useιut' brrt o.casionaΙly erraιi. s.ι oι fecommen.letions νith ΙΙu]riΡΙe waΙsιο so]vc Sοi]e Ρrοbιems, and ont], a s]n:ι1e g.οeιatized solιt]on Γor οrhefs, \Ι-hi]e ιhisis gencΙa1tγ ΡeΓ.eiιed to be ole ofthe srrengιhs ο.the'ΓΙΙ, it.an m]ke ir contιSingΙοι nev uscιs vho maγ be υncef2iτr wheο ιo ιts€ ιhe sPecι.Ιt]zed οr nοre generaΙj,ed

r orm,Ι, 1 1, l al .τΙ ..; |. .1he conrinuccl <leνelopmeηr oε the ,fEΙ ro be.oΙne ηole useful tο varioιιs dlscip

]1nes π'iΙ] oriy .onιinuι ιhis pιoιess οf simutιaneous sι]..ia]izdιjοo dnd genereti,at]οn,

γ.hi]e ιh;s iS nor necessarily a bact ιhing, iι can encourage πethodοιοglcxt jnequa]iιy

g,lrcre detailed Speciai]Zed rriarLιιp 1s usιd |οι somc aspecrs οΙ a pro;ccι, while more

gcoerlιi,ed sοlιπiοos are ιεed foι oι1reΓs' .Γh]S in tuΙn cao 1ca.ι

oιherwrse skes,ed inιpressions of ιhe conιenι oΓ ιhc documcnr, \(hi]e ιhλ shouΙd,

ofιοuτsε, be avoided v]ιh deι2iΙed do.ιrea. analysis and caιefιil schema cιeatiοn, the

vnΙir,εness ot Ρ.oje.ts ro seize on whichcveι etemefl.S Se€m ιo p.ovjde the most detaiΙ

lor ιhe]ι jιnπredjate 1ead ιo ]nequnir]es ιhaι (even when prοper]y

docunrιnιed) may escape ιιie noι]ce of 1aιeι ιrsers, Το gιlalcl aga]flSι ιhι, Γjgoroffιοca1 encod1ιg gu!deΙines shοιιJ be developed to ]ncrease overa1l cons]sιen.y.

Τhe ιheoΙeιica] jmplications οr the appl]caιjon ofmarkup ro a ιexι are a sιιbjecι oιmιch discussiοn and ιoo ιarge ιo ιreaι ]n .ιcΡιh here (see Landoι'2Ο06; ΙlayΙes 200];λΙccann 2οοΙ)' Ιt is needless ιo sa-v rhaι maαy nr\ο1νed w]ιh ιh. τeη e1ΙΙiest eftorts

tο create systems οf τnarkup for compureΙ sγstems vere nor 1iιeraιy ιheoιists, buιthis is noι lhe cΔe with d]e deveΙopmenι oΙ ιhe .Ι.EΙ, which has οlien benefited

Γrom rigoroιis debaιe on ιhe very naιυre οΙ what constiιιlres a rcΙι (M.Gann 20οι:]87)' Whi1e rhe h]sιoη oΙ ιexιui] markιp obγiousΙγ pre dares coπpuιer sΙSιens,its ipplicaι]on ro machifle{eadaι,ιe texι π.s pardγ;nfluenced b'v simulιaοeo]rs

de'eιoPmenιs jn l]rerary theory and the sιιιdγ of titeraιυfe' Texιua1 ιheories tΙοm

BaΙιhes, Eoucaulι. Bakhtjn, aniΙ Derrida a]] have i cοncepι οl]nιeι1ink]ng which bοth

pιe daιes and alΦosr arιicipaιes ιhe laιet developmenr of hyperrexιual 1rnking inetecιΙonic dοcιΙments (ιandor 20ο6]

']'1i8), Neν crir;cjsm was inιeoι on ιhe c1ose

.1i s

ιc,ι]ing oΓa t""xΓ η.iι1r i re]e.ιion oΙaoΙ .Iιri ιerιι1] iιιirΙnriιion as ] soι|ce toΓ onesιtn.].|srinι]iηg οι ιlrxt teΙι Αurhοriat biοg.aphy ι]ι ιntoin)aιi.]η ιode.stοο.t bΙ.oπpi|arive anitι'Sis g,;ιh oιh.Ι ιeΙrs coιι]

"οt l,c ιι1rcd uΡon .o 'Ιιιιnjnarc

ι]]cιexι ιιndel .ons1.1ertrιiο,]' Th]s matches n'ett Ιviιh the noιiιrn οt ιcxιtιlt rηa|]rιppro'].in.c rαrιΓp.eιaι]νι informaιiοn 2bουr ιhe SιΙtι.τιιre ard .ouιιnι .,. ιhe ιe\ιwlrιι πrighι jd s]jght]ν is ιhe noιjοn .,1 Δ ιext's a'rbigιiιΙ ιiuι ]nιιrms mosΓ ot Ne9clitjca] rhoughιi ]t js inιonce]leble liοΙn such ι ιhιoΙerjciΙ pιrslι1on ιhaι a r..Ιl Φighιhile a Siag1c in.ontηrvcΙιib1e rreaning ol indecd 5ιιιcιfte'

Thaι ιhe inιeti gcnι apΙrti.aιiι]n oι πaΙkιrΡ lo a reΙt js iιseιΙan inιerp.eι!ιiv. acι ]squiιι sι.a]ghι1oιιa.ι] Αn.l \γh]]e ιhis oc.ΔionaΙ1v har ω lle rι cmphasized, iι ]s ]ess

ιιrco..ι].aΙly in.crestrng thaο s,hιι rhe ψpticιιion o. ιιtat maΓ]<ιlΡ ιetIs Us aborι οuιuaderιanding of . ιeΙι ιRεDcnΙ 1999), one o. the TΙ]Ι.S cn.tu|jng Ιesx.les 1ras be€n ]nbe]ng a catllysι to. rhe developmenι oΓmanv, sοιΙeιiπιs conflicring, υncleιsιandiαgs

Tιrι crucr1] ondΦrl2ιιfurg ' ιhxt !.j.t ιcΙιua]itγ ι Ιo. Ιingιl8. blη dn υpe.xιioηaΙ(lfuΧis base.1) dιolγ οΙ]anguaEc hδ $arcd us i. ιhe fa.ε iι. a ]ong ιiπι, btrτ sc.iηΞwe jraνe nor sι.n lt ιιs.*en dt cΦe.aen.e οΓ e ιe(.oni. reΙaιi]it]'τ' and n. |iri.uιΙlo!e.,ιiοdaι τhεοΙi.s ol oaιι.xi lxnsuage ιike TΙΙ' !o elPose the d€.Fl tfuτlΙ abouι Ρ|]ota.i manus.Ιi|ι ι.{s (Mccian 2Oq.1:201)

Th2t the TEΙ has he]Fcd uS ιο g.eater undersιaodlng cooceιniοg the naιιιιe οΓ texι isunsuφrising g;νeη ]Ιs oaιιue' ΑlthoUgh ιhe strυcιιιΙc oΙ1nγ ιext is οPco ιo deb2te, ]ris quesιion$]e hοi' nrιιch ιhis undcιsιιnding οl markup :s rnre.pfeιation sιtou1dappΙv ιo tlre b2sr. sι.ucru.a] maf]<up appl]ed ιo an elecιιοοic ιcaι, fhe Ι]rob]eraιicnoι]οn is φhethιΙ marking a ρa ιgraph πiιh ιhe TΙΙ etεmenι for Ι]aragιaphs (ιhe<p> elemenι) dοes anΙthing more ιhan mark rhaι tneιe is a slr.rιιraι υI]]. oΙsomesorι rhere. Ιr is aΙgmbΙe that rhe appΙicaιion ofsιιu.tιrr,Ιl maΙkιlp dοes noι neccssaΙ]1y;mΡΙγ Spec]{ic Senrantic r.anins, ιhat <p> does not neccssari1y meaα a ρaΙagraplror rhiι \νhi1e <riι]e> may mark a ιide, ir does not sav what consιιuιιs a ride'Α possiblc ριoblem n'jth sιicιr afgιιmenιs in reιa.iοn ιo the TEΙ Gυiιtet]nes ]s ιhaιthe reanjng oΓ these e1emenε ι indeed deεiοcd ]n fie prose oΙ ιh. Gιjde1inesΤhe <lι1e> e]eΦeηι ]s sa]d tο coo.a;n ''the Γol1 ι]de o. i wοrk οi any Lind.'' buιsi.rce iι dοes noι Ι!fιher deΓ]ne νh2t a.ritEe'. mcans. ιhis only sτιeπgιhens ιhcaιgιrenr of markuP aS an act οε jΠteΙPιetaιiοn, Ιι ]s tιp ιο ιhe reseaΙ.he. aρΡΙyingι]re m.Γkιp to de.ide τ'haι Ρofιiοn οf ιhe texι ιo πrap a <title> e]emenι around,Ιr coι]d be argued ι1rat whaι ιhc TEΙ pro"icles is Fhenomenοtοgv. !οt ontotogylc. Sarιre ] 94]: 4ο ])l

TeΙ.s do nοι have a. uoΡ.oblemaι]. οbie.tjve eΙjsren.e] dre, a.e not self-idenιζa]' evenit more or Less tΓansParenr Ρage desigfls haνe tr.dniοna]]γ caιered .o ιhe i]]usi.n ιhlτlhe' ire Τhen en.οd]na tiι computeι anaL1si and presentatioη js ιheiefοre dοοmed tοlemain lrobLeΦat]c, incompleιe, dd Pe6ρecι]νa], Ιn a scnse' 2 pιrenomeno]ο8' of reΙτshas €pLaced Φ οnτotogy (Eggeft 2οο'j 429)

Τ!j.'li1 Εηiaι)lr Iri'.i;1,ι nιι| |Ιι SrιΔ |'i L!|.t!!ι|| Ai9

'ιrc ΤEΙ ιl.]es nnι ιι1i ιis Ψhaτ a ιiιie' i! tι sinrpL1 gives us ι mιaos οtιeι:οrι1iιg ιtle

cuιιιnr be|ieΓs anι1pracιices abouι ιν]leι ι ιiιlc may be ιhrοugh lndi.atjn! lroπ innn']re|. ιhef are ηsι.1' \Ι'hjte ιhis Φ]ν irι.iιι.t .]oom ι]re 1ι]] ιο.oitinae io Ιcnr1]n.p|οbtenr!ti.,

incomptete, and per'pe.ιι1ιi.,' Ιo .ιr οι]rel\ ]sc. j'11]]e refriitiog us"ai'ι]i an a.ζe οΓ in.ιcas]n.!. inΓeιn]ιionaΙj,]liΟn an.ι .]rl-cΙsjΓi.ation o|:eπlanιiι cοocepιsΓοr ιιre .reaιion ο. eΙe.ιιοn]ι Ιesoulces inΓended ιoΙ a ι']de .irrge οΓ eιcl ρurpοses.wοutJ be jmΡοss]b]e,

\'ιriΙe tλe appljcxtioΙ of o'ιrt<ιιp ιl cοπpuιcιzc.l ιeiι nrdγ have bee. influen.e.]b1 Nev'Cιiιicι1 ιhoughι, ιhere are mιny 1aιeΙ devεΙοpπιeιιs in 11rerary ιhcory whichhaνe iηι1ucl.eιt' Ιnos. lrkely uninιenι]οnil1Ι, ι1re deveιoΡmιnι oΓ the ΤEΙ'S urdeιsιanι1ing οf nrarkuΡ Ιn rea.t ng aga;nst the srrηctιlra]ist1i and ι]rc nea' cliιi.al.otcιn.mΙiοn o. *Ιc ιexι itsetl ιhe pοsιsιrυιtυraΙisι Φοvemeit\ dcsιabi1izat]on οfπcanrng Ρta.e.l ιllι ιcι oΓ inιcψreιaιion on the reader atiJ νieι,ed lhe ιex. aj acu1ιιui1 ρrοducι tc.e$arjty embedded in the cuΙrrrre ΓΙom \aιi.h iι oΓ;gjnate!. Ιtcou]d be aιsυed .haι ιlre.[ΙΙι d.veιoprnenr oΓιert enco.t]ng sιaοdlrι]s iS an atιempιtο enabιe greaιcr comparaιivc yu.]y bet]aεeo sυιh rerιs, Bυι, lvrh decοnstrucι]onsιana]ys;s esΡecial1γ criιi.]αing rhe assuπ]Γnοns Oi: sιιuclιιΙa];Sι bioaΙΙ oppοsitioα an.JuΙιlιna.eιy fUjc.ι]n:] that a ιext can hΔ,e a.Οnnsienr srnΙctuΓe, ir q'oυ]d lre moΙesens'bι. ιo vieπ rhe .rιt s .Sunrptiι,ns ι,Γ nrτ]ruΡ ιheοrγ as bΔi.a1l\'Srrυcιuιa;sr iflnaιυΙe as ]ι pa]rs record (ιhe ιexο \aith ]tιeΓΡΙeιιαon ιn]lιkup and meιadΔτa).

Α]drough mο* ο| these tseaichcr l1roιgλτ οf τhemseιτes i5 F.acnι]oιeΔ Ιathel thanιλeol]sιs, $ei! decΙ]ons ι l coοfiιttd a dt Γaαο rheoιν of ιeΙιua]iι' .hat sas.e]o1οΓ.ed by theu tΔcit xssunΓlio.s ιhar τhe .ΡΙatoni. eaιi!y,,οfa τeΙt rcaΙly s ]ιseΙrfen.e as an oιde.ed hn.xr.hγ ofcοιlent oΕ,ie.rs. (ιlaΙ]es ]ο05| 9')

Τhe beΙjeΓ rl]2t ιexιs are abIe ιο bc d]v]ded inιo cοnsisιenι ιιοderstandabΙe sιrιιcnιιes is cenιιaΙ to ιhc TEΙ Guideιincs. \τ/hi1e' ΙoΙ ιhe purpose oΙ reaι encoding, ιh.unirS ιhe TΕΙ suggesιs are hardly conιΙo'eΙSia], rhey dο imp1y a pσι]cιιlar theoreιicalunde.yan.]ing οf whaι consιituτes a reτι

Α τeΙΓ ; nor ιn undifere.tiited segιen.e οΓ ro.as' much less oΓ bΙιes, Foι diιΦient![Ρoses. 1r mly be d]videι] i.tο many di{ierenτ unns, οfd1ΓFelent ryPes or s;es, A ΡrosereΙt suclr 2s tlrls one mi8hr be divided inιa seΦiοns, chaltr, paragrxptrs' and senren.es' Α ve{e Φxι m]gh. be divided ]nrο .xntυs, nanzas' aηd liaes oa.e irriaιed.seluences oi ptose and ve5e r]ighι be d]yided ]nιο γoιumes' gallreilngs, and !a8e5.(See :ΓlΙ S(])

This very literai vreφ of what cοnsιiιutes a ιexι cicrlves partly fιοm ιhe not;οn theιtexι is hieraιchica], more sΡecificΔlιy Ιhar ]r ]s ..an

οrdered hierar.lry o. contenιob]ects'' (ReneaΙ ι99]), sαh]te ιhe orig]nat aιιhoιs maγ have reιιeaιed Γrom thλpositioα Sti8hτ]y, iι stitl underΙies mucb of ιhe ιhcorer]ca] ι,ack8rouod ιo ιhe TΕΙ,ThiS holds ιhaι ιhe h]erarchy ofιhese cοnιent οbjecδ.'λ essenιja] ιο ιhe prοJucι]on oΓdre teΧι and sο must occιΙpy cenrre Sιage ]n transforrjng prinι ιeΙι ]flιo d]g].al code',

.l6l

(Η11tes 20Οi: 9)), Υ.ι olhers Ιraνe ιιιgιed ιlixτ ι]rjs ιr.iιrΙclΓ leιllιιcs π]]g]niιiι.

s'oι].s scne1γ ιο coπ]pιιlιοnaι d,ι/:

τFΙ is Δοιν i SltrndaΓa Γo. ]Ιl.r]ι1ι]cs ea.odins PΙa.1r..s Ltι]Us. rι ι.exΔ tιι.1].'.1:n'.

trer.οΓPιs ιγ|iιaι1v \ιollg.i]ΙrigiηJlion . d5 lΙιi,1τxτ]onJι 5ι.u.ιι|.:, l. jιr:o taιτo

\.jΦ iιcs soο]e o. ιhe Ιnοsι bilic Ιcaa]iE ]]rx.ι]ιes o. tne 11ι,rini.]el .οΙΙnrιntrΙ'

s.hοtd-' as n,c]i xs iιPιιaι (ιΙ..ianη.](l{)1j 1]9)

ι]Ut iι .oιtΙ.1 equa]1Ι be aξιlcd ιhaι anΙ Ρroctss ο| cιcιτiα3 ιexιs iι their Physi.i1eπbodimenι has a1π'ays ιnνoιvcd ιh]s tlextmenι oΓ ιhι ιctτ' \\'heιhcι ιιith ncctιt..ιΙ

scι]bes οr πodern pub1ish]ng' rhc teΙr lιseΙf iS a.COΙnmo.lιΓcιl. Sιrapc.ι, al]d ιre,ιιc1 aS

a sιFarate sιru..υre tιom ιΙΙe ΝοΙk oΓ ]flxgjnaιion εhiι iι ιS iο orιΙ.Γ ιo conrΡΙeι. ιh.,1 l, , .rlΓ" ,,

\{rhile tΙιe ΤE] Gui.1etiοcs ctear1y ιe.ogni,es boιh ιhaι majoΙ st.ιcιιlιaL.1ινisiοns ar.

not dte οnlΙ phenοnrena oflntefesι and dr2t ther. aΓe proELlιmiΙr'c ιeΙι sτΙιι.ttrres sι]Cn

as ιhosι i'hich oτcr1a]r w;th rheir ph,vsicιl maniΓesιaι]οns. ιhcΙ are less .onceine.i π']ιl1

the ιh.οΙeιic un.ι.fsιa|ding oΓthese strιιcιuιes tlιan a'jth ιhe inιerΡtaγ b.ιn,een ιh.m

These ιeΙrui] fιlc|u.cs ο..eflat vith eich oιhcl in com]teΙ an.] υiΡΙednttrιr c waΙs

Paπicu tr]1] r]ten ιιea]in.q νilh teχs as iιs1.tiatea ιrγ laPeΓ ιe.h.oιr!Ι. the feaner

fleeds !o be 1wat o.baιlr ιhe Γhγsi.aι organj7].iοfl oΙlhe bοok an.l ιhε bg].1l sιnr.ιuie

οfthe wοιk iτ ιoοta.ns ιIan1 8Ιcar wo.ks (S.elnes Τ/,j,,,, ].n?,/4 .ol eΙxnPΙe).,nΓ,οτ

be tully appreciaιeιlπithout an awareηes οr:ihc inιer!ιiΙ heτa'eeο οatrarine unis Guιιr

is chalEξ .Γ laΓagn|hs) ]ΙJ Ρage divιions ΞοΙ mi.Ι ryΡel oΓ ιcsennh, ( rs ιie1nreφtry beιwetι ι]iΙftιcnι 1eveιs oΓ anaLysι whιh n .ιιc]a]: !]ie ιΙι.nι ιο τhi.n

s).nra.Ιc stιι-ιre ιnd naranτ. nΛΙcιtre mesh' or fuiι .ο mesh' tοr εΙamP]e' .| τhe

cateιι (o i'hiιh ΡΙroiologi.trL fnι.ιl.cs ΙeΙlect nroΓPhoIog' (See τEΙ SG)

Τhe desire ro have mafkup be oΙ use in heΙping ιo eΙocidate ιhe natιτlc οt ιΙle ιcxι ιs

entre1v reasonabΙe, Ψhi]e ιΝΙι al1orτs ιhe easy πaιking oΓmοsι texαιaE sιrucιτcs oΓ

inιeresι ιo ιhe sιuιlγ οt];teΙanrre, ιhe Speciιjc2t]on 9hich dcfines ΧΙΙL.rlimitaιioos wiιh regaιd to ιhe en.odiοg oΙ Ιnult]p1c ο'eflapping hieraΓchies This is

ρrobιemaιic when funs cοn.urrenι]Ι w]di anοιhei aod ιhe eΠcο.ler

vrshes to ιccoιd bοιh oΓthese sτrι1crιιΙes simιiτaneoustΙ .ιhes. can ιre quiιc common,

fοl eaamp]e νhere paragraphs ιun over pagcs and ιhc bοtιr ιh€ inteΙΙecιιτa1 stΙιιctιre oι

ιιe aπιnenι and lιs Fιrys]caΙ tο be markeι] up, Thc markυp 1,or

pafagfaphs mav sp1iι oνeι pages, or ia vc$e drara diffeιen. chafacιefs SΡeeches

may tltr]-γ bc οne meιΙi.aΙ Ι;ne For exaπple oοe cannοt dol

< il,' iΙpe=.'page.. .=,'1.'><F>'Ιiis iS : !a.a.]raph πneΙe ι\eΙe is a page brcak

<c:1 ι]!e=,'F;ge'. Γl:',2,,>i! .he ηidd1Ξ ]f lι</p>

161

l-hji is i]Lega] xλΙL bι.xιre iι is noι n,eL] iolιie.l, ιhet j5. rhe eL-"]enιs ιr. n.,t

P.οΙ]erιy iesreι]. buι ]t x]Φ coη.eιiιΙaιes oi drι ]]}rysiι:lt st.ι.ιιrle oi the .ιr.ιιιnelιι Ιιιn]osι.ases. ιhe hiera..h],

',lr]ch.onsιiιuιιs ιhc ]]ιιιsicet stru.ture c.nΠi.ιs ol ο'eιtxls

\τirh the inιeΙte.tιat sιrιι.rlιre oi dre ιΙo.ιιn.οι. Τlre υsυ1] meth.J ιr1 ιleatr,]!: \']tnιiris j' si'rPιΙ ιο decide φh].ti is 1Ιοsι imΡοιιanι 1οr ιhe .".aiιrn5 )ou jιe en.o.ljn:. the

ιloιuοent anι} priοΙil],e οαe ]rierxrch'v oveι anoltrer. and dr;s js su1Γj.ienι 1ol πralifuscrs. ι;su]tΙy, iη aΙ] .lde.e.l hierarch' οΙ conιc.t οhje.ts (oΗco) πυι]et it is the

σnderstοιrd inιeΙlecιιxL sιrυ.ιιre oΓ ι]re ιιο.umenι ιtraι is ιh.u:ιht ω be nπreimpoτιanι ιhιn τhe ph}s].al sιrucrure oi:ιιre work

Τhe Ιnodel j. qu.stjo. Ρstuιats ιhaι teΙι .οnsj5η ci] οbr..6 oΙ

s-ι-uΓe.] lη a c.nlin w]f τhe nΔlrc oi fie οb'ξcis n ιre$ suε'gζιι] lrγ cx].nt]eaι.] .onll)n Τ]].Ι ]re chιFιe6' fcιi.ns. ]rxrtrgrxtirs' οιιes. eΙIl2.ιj' .9!iιio.s'eΙamPιej' ics. j....tr.sιiE. ι]j...ιjo.s. sιxnΖa\, (νe.5.) ιiι-. a.ι] &r oi Bu. drcΙ alc,l thlo8s ]]€ Ρg-' colΦπ.5' (ιγ]rogΙalrhi.aΙ] ljnes. ioηι shiι' γcti.21 s]ra.]nε.

hoιιo.ιxι sι.i.1..e' tr.d so on Tlre οb]eιt\ Ιr.]iciιcd b,l ι]cs.Ιηrιi'. nriΙkυt ]riτε an

nl.nηsi. JiΙe.. .oni..ιio. ii ι]re inEιΙe.ιιa] .onrn. .i thc r.:t] ιhcΙ 2Ιe e

' ': '3 0E ',' o 't'',ΙoLe io .ιfyinE ouι xnd o.aa.izin8 .οnrnιni.ative inιm.jon ιRc..aΙ 2οο1] 2]4'1)

Buι tιit iδsunrPιions nade ]n thλ model aιe &at str.h an intelΙecιLla] slrucιure e\iSιS

sεpaιaιcΙv tioπl iιs Ρhγsicat embodimenr' oιhers haνe argued a:(a]nst this:

1heft ]s no Ρ1Ιonjc re2liιy oΙ tΙs Th{. irε ιn]1 Ρhysjc1] ob]ecrs suζlr 2S books and

.οmPιers, iι.i oι ιtlenliοn. a.d cοdσ draι dntar. ]ηeοfrοn a.. oΙganjze mateΙia]

οPerati.ιs' ιΙlayιes' 20ι]i 97]

Hoa'cveΓ, mosr encoding prlctice 1lnds jι ιιsefuΙ ιo d€-Ρrior;ti,e tιie phγSical]ιΙ oftexιs, cτcn ιheir eιectιοαic ιexts, and undeιsιand the Ι]rimacy οf an ]nιe1lecπal

,rfιlcιιιΓe Ιeflccιin.g ιhis ΡΙ,toιΙic ide21 Ι. ιhe eaaΦple above, of encoding paragιaphs

wh]ch bιeak oveι pages, the TEΙ uses Sο ca]led ''empty'' etemenιs, Αlrhough ιhes€ !ιcrestricred ιo aιιι]buιe conιenτ οnΙy, as opposed ιο eΙemenι conιenr. ιo reΓer ro ιhem as

ernρ.y impΙying they have no cοnιent whaιSoever . is theοret]cat]y dangeΙoιls, Ιnιhe f.EΙ\ cese ιhesc aιe miΙcsιοoe pointers w1r]ch indi.ate where a change ot Sιaιe

lιappens in ιhe ιι'xι. for exampΙe ιhaι tlιe ιexι runs {rom οne page tο anorher, buι ιhescm]Ιesrooes ι1o noι enclose the .onιeΙrt οf rhaι Ρage iιseIt .rhe above eiampΙc π.ou1d be

<9>T51s iΞ a E'rΙagτaρh πhere ther. 1Ξ a laqe b:eak <pb n:''2,,/> in theriddle cf i t< /p>

.rhis. !S a solιιr]on ιo compcιlng hierarchies, is pertictjv ιias;bΙe and hω had πuchsuppoΓt (Barnard ι995), Τhe use of empty mi1estoneJ*e eΙements ιo indi.are ιhe

πarι οf, phenomenon, and rhen laιεr ιo mark rιs end, mjmics the ,im]1af ιSe οt

4('!

s]ri.illιΖ..tchaΙι1.ιeΙs j. .eΙla]ι ιoΙnrs oi P!]nttd ιd]ιn,is For eiam Ρ ]e. .iiifc|cο ιiaιi ο!.bcιι'eιn arιas oΓ dle te:ι πτjπen bγ cliii.creιι scr]bes irea! thaι ma' o'.ιιiF {.iιhιlrc inι.i1e.ιιιeι sιrucιuιι oΙ ιhε ι.aι' Τhι Rι.oΙds oΓEal|1 Γngιjsh DΙanii plοjecιus.s a sma]Ι sιιρeιscrηrι .iιcle in dris mann.ι ιο inJi.xte the .hangc οf ιrand jn ]ts

ι]Ιinιcd 'otLιnreS And' ιnjeeι]' dle ,1,ΕΙ alsο eiabΙes ιh;s vith .n ernΙrι' eleτne.ι

<h.nιlshi1t/> \νΙriι ]s n1ιelesting aι]ouι ιhe ιse ο.thιs ftΓ Ρag. breaks ias οpposedιo t]ne οl cο]υΙnn bιeaks) λ ιhat one is marki.g uP ! l)re"k oΙ gip ]n the ph1.srιa1Ιned]a'

,Ιhlt js ora|king an aΙ,se.ce rifουgh rιre use ο.x ρlesencc an eΙeπrent in Γhe

do.υιnen.ilsc1Ι(SarιΙ""]91]:]ιl 6) ΑΙΙd'eι,;tlsjuslasrιasonabΙeιοsees!ιhιpag.οι toιio bιcx]< ]s i τe., .e21 sιΙu.ιure. ceιιEint1, ιιan,av iΙοm codeΙ-baseζ] |iιπs ιncl look, tοr claπpte. aι ins.ribed ιaιr cιs, se.ι]oned9,aΙ1 d.coιiriοn' aid oιhcΙ ιetι bearing οbjec6 g1iere tι1e F,hιs;cat ι,reaL iιseιf nraya]so .οnιxjn {]ar2 Buι ιhe phvs]cal;ty oΙaο ob;ecι coιl]J be descΓibeιt ο, Ι.cordeJ in a.inΙin]ιe nιιmber οf ιvays:

The Ρhysic]] lfuτanι]xnο. oΓa !€Χ! w]ιι jn τhλ seηse aι'a,,s ιre ]ndereΙDinaιc \vλ]ιmarter for the ιnde6ιanding oι]lιelarurc' hοweve.' is hoφ dre teΙt .Ιrarcs to$ibjl1ιiesιιl ]neaαrng bΙ mobiιi7t..q .erai] asρeG οε i6 Ρlryl].tr1]ιγ Τhese πi1] .cce$an]l |]e ]snraιιsιbsετ ofaΙ] Ρoss]bιe chara.ιenn]ζ rι]ay]es :00': 10])

Ιι iS ι]ris sma]] sιlbseι o1 .1r..acιeΙ]Sιics, ιhose mosι cοmmon in the PhvsiclΙ r.pΙ.senraιiοιι οΓ 9'h].h ιhe ΤEΙ aιremp.s ιο e..οde. Ιn an./ cise. rhetraDsfo.ma.;οn oΙT€Ι encοded dοcumenπ fιοπ one hieιarchι oΓen.od]ng ro anοther.aS t.]ng as boιh lrave bee. le.οιded, iS cerrainty poss ble, ιhοοgh nοt aΙwa1s easydepending ι,n nhaι .eatrrres oveιlai .

The Tl1 in iιs niοst re.enι veιsiι,n jn.ludes re.οmmendaιiοns for en.oding.οο'iIjcιjng hieιrchies jn an expanded m]]esιone methοd' ThcΙe has bee11 a gre2t dea] ordiscusslon Ιe.endy amoι]g πafkup exΡerts cοn.erning boιh the pΙoblems oΓoνenaP'ping hr.ΓaΙcHes and sοtυιions for rheπ iι XλΙl aoι] oιhcr possible opιiοns. vhilerh;s is ι \trv rea] prob1er, ιnd concurιenι h]eraιιh]es are cer.ain1y needed iο soπespec]alized apptications' rhe majorrη, ofpιojects usirg TEΙ 8er along ,usτ ιjne r]τhοuιusing complicaιed soΙuιiοns for ιeso1vjng these conΙ]].rs, \yr'hy ;s thls? simp]ι ιhey

priοriιize οne hiefarchy ovιΙ ιhe other, Ιn mosι cJses ιh€y have rhecrear]on oΙan end resοuΙce in m]nd. rlrich vi]1 be elsief wirh one ο. ιhese hierarchiesand simp1y re{eιs ιo the οιhei as ot;nΓormaιion Foι eΧaΙnΡle, mosεproiects encode ιhe intet]ectu2t sιructιre of ιhe do.uτnent and Simply recoΓd iιsphγsicai m1n]tιsιaιion as mitestone ιeΓerences. buι iftheir end pmducι needs individuaΙ pages ιhe]' rοιΙld choose to Ρ.]οrir]ze tbλ hier}fchy insιead. RelYjng onmi]esιone €ιements ιioes no. oecessarily mean that one hietarchy is inaccess]ble, bιιιceΙι.]n]y makes it m2ιginaΙly les proπinenι ιhan ιΙre en.]οS]οg h;efarchy' -Γheιe are,

horeγeη many disc]plines' such as corpus aηd comΡuιaιrona1 Ιirgυ]sιi.s, whe.e thepΙobιems of overtaΡ fοr 1nnoιariοn caΙno. ιre sο easi]y ]gooΙed,

lL.'Ι.!\| Εr.r|'ι! Ιl.|'i.!iΙ.ι!i iι| 5ι|.b ji |'|'J.!]lrt

Ιι the pιioΙiriΖ1ιioι Oεoie t1]erjr.hι οτ.ι i.ot]reι is ιιrsu]ιJb]., j]nrιj οι .he pnsjjι,]ε

nredrol]s ro nran< υp ο"edιpp ng ιiefxrchlcs ιle n.ιeJ b.'' ιhe TΙΙ (Scc TΙ]Ι ΝΗ)'

r.dunJiΩιΙ\, encοdiο.s ιhc sιαrc ilionιaιioι iι mιltipΙe Γorπs;

Ιιmο.]etin3 dle ι1οcιtm.nι SΙΙυ.ιυ.e Φ meΙgc tιιe.οο]Γeιing hieΓaΙ.h]cs 1nιο a nοn.

TEt lorm;.1ιrent Γra!ΙΦenιιιnro and Ι1rιu.Ιι re-c.ear]on o1.sjngιe eιem.Πrs ioιo π1uιtipΙe

paΙιs. a'ith ed.h Ρ|operΙΙ neslediboιιoι1ary nrarking οΓ sιarιnig and ending ε1cmenι Ιο.aιions ιιsing m]].sιon.s tο

Γorιι a non nesιiτιg stιιcιυrelstanιt oΙf mιιkυp wtleιe the ιexι is scpaιaιed Γιοm ιιle !α,οιιtjοn and vi|ιιa]ιe'creaιioο οΓc1cπeoιs;a nυnbeι ofιοmpeιinε non.xMΙ- Solaιιrns

Basiι e!enienι Γragmenιaιion hvhere aπribuιcs rhen ]ndicaιc ιhe oιλer paιιs of ιilceΙcment) is Ferlraps ιhc mosι sιraighιΓors,ard tbr enco.l]ο8 ]od ιτο.essin8, ιΙowεvcΓ,

theΙc ]s πο.e ιheoreι].aι ]nιerξsι in .he use oΓtoσns ot L-.oιndaιy markιαg οr stand οffmarkup, or vxrjous non ΧΙΙι Soιrιlοns Gtrclr as ιΝΙNL or λΙEcS)'

ΑΙιhoιιgh ιheιe iS oο srandafdized soΙutioιi ιo this Ρωιrιem, rhiτ ιrossib]e r]erho.ls

of encoding ιhn iιΓοrmation (πheιc rι is deemcd ne.essaΙΙ) eisι iS a gοod sign, .Ιhe

creation οf ιbesc Ιnethods. hoa'eτeΓ, has invo1τed a great deaι of ιhιοreι]cal debaιe,

and inJeed ]ι is an inteιesting ιheοιericeΙ ΡrobΙem \νhich r1ιses nuo]eιous rssυes ]bοrrτ

irο\1 we υοdeΙSιand ιexl and οιrr retat]oos1r]P to ]r, ln adιl]ιι]ιι, be.ause oΓ ιlri poιrutar

adοPιiιrn oΓ xιΙL δ Su.h a woridwide πarkup sτSιcm ]n many diΙΙtrenι dis.rplines,

ir is a probtem s'lri.h wl]Ι.ont;nue rο atΙect ΧΙfL us., |Ιowever, $aι ιhcrc rs an

]nιeΙesιing prοbιem wiιh manγ jnrrigu]ng Pοssib1c so1ιr]ons sho]rΙJ Δοι i6cifdcιracttior ιlre use of ΧMι' aS Φany users Φ';l1f1nd iι enιire1r uflFιοbΙenιaric in pfioli.i7ingonc hierar.hy oler anοιhet, oι make use of one oΓ ιhe exisιing sοtutions,

The .ο.cei traιion on nΙucιuri]Ι encoding is rΙld.rrandab]e giγen ιhar TE1 marku]r

ls a forπ ofstructιraΙ des.Ιipιive ma.kιp, F1οwever. this con.e.t.atiοn οn sιΓιtιτuΓe

couid be seen to be in prefcrence to themaric iflreipΙeιation οΓ ιhe ιeΙτ 1ιseΙι.

ΑΙrhoug1r ιhe TΕΙ provides recommendar]οns for encoding inte.preraιions ot tr

passagc,s πeaniag. impoΙιΦ.e' οr othef ιhemaιic aoalysis o{ a parι of a ιcxτ in

re]ιιiοn ιο jιs ιvhοL". rLese aιc less freqιenιly used compaιcd to the basic SιΙu.ιulaΙin{ornrarion, Par.ιγ this jS becιus. some amount οΓ sιnιcιιlre ]s ιlrvays ιrecessιη, and

the TΕΙ hs .hosen a bοok tike ]οIiωtrucιure Γor iδ bδ1c recοιnιnendar]oos' but

οvelaΙΙ the €ncoding is used bv many ιo provide a basic e1ecιronlcaΙly searcliab1ι ιexι,which they ιhen use .o assist rhem ]n ιhei( research, TΙre], υse ]ι ιo sΡeed up a manu1ι

foιττr of analysis b,v haιd-coding the basjc ωpects l,trrrcture' names, d!ιes' etc,) ιh1l

rhey want ro rerrieve quick]v, Ιr iS more unιιsual Γor someonc ιο encoιle rh€ inιeιpreιιιive undersranding οΙ paxages and use ιhe eιectronic vcfsiot] to rerr;eve an

1g:.Ιegiιiιπ ο1 ιhesc (ιΙοcLeΙ ]()Ο0: 66 s.1) Ιl is un.teaΓ \aheιhιr ιh]s iS a Ρrob]eιrllv]th rhe,1.!Ι's meιhod, Γοr inJi.lting su.h asΡe1]rs. ιΙrc υιi1iιy ο. enι:oains s!.hinterFreιatjoηs, or ιhe i..eΡtance.]i such meι]rodι,ι03Ι b]'.hosι conιlucιing ιcsearchlvjth t]teιaιuιc in ι ι:}igital l.o.m ι112'les 2οοi: 91 6)

Te:ειral Criιicisn and the E1ectronic lditiol-ι

,Ιhe ιheοretjc2] πroγcnrenιs nti.h hlve h..d x mοre Ι]ire.ι iniiυeοce on ιhe Jevelop'ment ι,iιhe TE1 ιre ιhose whjdr .noιe dilecι1y invotve eiιher cοπpurιιιio.aΙ Ι]ns!jis..ΙcS οι texιιai Go.alΙed .,ιoιel'j c.iti.]sΦ (Sperbεrq']νιQu..n 199a) .Ι]lis js

undcrsιandab1e giΙen .he niιuΓe and uses o{ elecιroniι ι.'ιs πΙren the Τtl πΔΙoυndcd 1οn3 beΓore ιΙre ΨoΓ1.] \vidε \ιιb aod ιhc Ιcvoiιrιion in .oπPυιjngι.ιhno1οgv ιlrlι accοπψaαicd ]ι' Λggιegeι;ng eΙccιronic ιcxιS |o Γorr cοφofa s.eiιΙa] ιo.omFutaιi.]n11ilngιsιics ι.nd ιhaι ιhc TΕΙ.aιers Ιor ιhis wιιh an 31ιc.nariτe cοrpυs strιrctufe the <ιeicorpus-: clcmcnι) and οd1ef sΓeciaii,e.] ιΙ.mcnιs forlingιisιi. anatys;s and meradara is υnsιιΓprlsing,

The noιioo ιhaι ιexι encod;ng can he1p to eΙpticate ι]u, und.ffanding oΙ a

do.uΙnerΙι ι gιneιa1iΙ attrictive to 'xrioπ branches oΓ texπa] criιjc]sn, ,].he 1.EΙ

Proγides a Se. of..]ι].xΙ aρFllitιjs e|emenrs ιο re.ord ιary n8 $,itαεss.s ιo any SingΙeιcxι. The meιho.]ο]οgicat lssumpιi.,n here is ι]r!ι usunl]Ι thcΙ. r5 e siαs]e ιert..omr'hi.h ιιl1 ιhese a'iωesses dιaerge. Te1tuat criιicjsπ λ ofteι sιeο ιo have three bλsj.pffιs: c]adistjcs, ecΙecιi.ism, an.l Sιεπnraιjcs (νan Reenen and \ian λtuιken t996),ctid]sri.s invotves ιhe use οΓ SιaιΕι]ca] anaΙ],sls ιo aιιempι ιo aeteιm]ne ahi.hleadings are rtοΓe ]]kely ιo be corecι (Sa]eπans 1996: ] 5])'.Γeltua] ec1ιcιicsmcοnsists οΓan ediιoΙ choοS]n:. ιhose read]ngs as ιhe cr]tjcaΙ texι which exptains πiιhthe least .oπrPl€xiιv ιhe orher eΥta.ι vaf]anιS, ΑnoΓhel bιenl:h oΓ ιex.υaΙ ..iιic]sm iSιhat oι Sιemπltics' where the ,nοιe Ιikel,v Ιead]ngs οΓ a telι are deιeιmπ.d ιhΙoιξhthe ctissiιi.,ιioD o{ιhe virnesses into groupings or'.Γam]Ιy tlees, basεd on peΙceivedphltogeιleti( Ι.Ιaι]onsιriΡs orιhe readings ιhe! contain (Robjisοa ι996] ] ι ιΟι),TheTE] enab]es ιΙre markup ο1 lexts wiιh the ajms ot λ.jljraιirrg nιch foΙrs oΓ ιexπalcΙitj.rsm. Ιι is ]mF]ic;t in ιhe .Γ]ιrca] appaιaιιΙs Ιnarkup tlrat iι is inιended ιο enabΙea gΓeaιeΙ undeδranding oΙ ιhe ιexι, e"en if initielιγ thjs is ιo problemaιize read]ngsrhΙoιιgh iτo;di.g Settling οn onc Γιadilg as a preteιιed reading' Ρarι1y dii, is ]nherenιwirh a move.fom ιhe J5sumpι]ons ofpriαt cι!Ιture ιo ιhat ord]gjιa1 ιαιualitγj

Ιι λ Ρarticu|ady ironi. or simPιe poeti. jυsιi.e ιale yοιι pick' tha. di8iιxιte.hnoΙo8Ι so ciιls Ιnrο qιesιion tne ΔsΦlliοns oΙ Prinl assοc]atea ediτ..ia] theory&aτ ir ιolces us to ιe.on.eivc editing τeΙ3 oιigiΔa11y piοdι.ed fοr pιint as v€lΙ Φ rhose

ζleiιed within eai1rer inform2τiοn Γeg]mes. (ιΦdow 20ο6: 104)

Λ consideratiol of Γhe narure of textual criιi.ism and iιs .e1aιionship to electronjcmarkuP, and rΠdeed ιhe TΕΙ. ;s oοthing.ew, Αι the Modern LangDage Αssociatjoα

.L.|]| 7.b'' Ειιιιι: Ιι1ri!11! rι7 !Δ. :]'ri1'

'| |,iiξt!|!!]| .\a1t

ιΙΙLΑ] .olιΙιηιe ιo 2002, ai tro oΓ a ΙolηΙΙ. oΓ essi,s enιiιteι1.Εt.cιron]ι ΤιΙιιιa1 Fd]ιΙrg, john U s'ofh inιΙo.ιι1.eι1 ιr,o sessiοηs on .Σιe.ιlοni.-ιιrιual Ε.ιiιing aοd ιhι :ΓΕ1' (UosvoΓιh 2002), Ιo ιris eΞamii2rlrn noι on]y οt ιheοeειl Γor nιcli 2 volum.. bΙι A. hisιoΙΙ oι ιhe l.ιΙ's inιeiι.ιi.,n wiιh re\ιιa] .riti.15i].he refered ω an cvιn πorc seminaΙ Ρι.scn.ιι]οn !:]τen ir ιhe sime ..]nΓereη.e ii ι,9.11rν λΙi.hxe1 SΡeΙberg λΙ.Qιιeen e:ιmin]ng hoιν aΡpl.Ρriaιe the rE.on]r]eniatiοns oΓ. "'lll .-? , 1o ."'..1; ;. .<1.{P'\/(rl99]), ΑS ιhe a$umΡι]ons ftaι Ιie makcs .οn.ernΦs rhe naιιιie oΓ sιl.h eιi;ιiοηs are

cnι.]aι in undersri.ding noι onty rΙie assιlmΡιions ι,ehind ttje t""Ιι'.lit;.al Ι]rονisi.,οbτ ιhe ΤΕΙ but atso ιhe Γοιlιdaι;oιs of rιodern etecιtοηic s.hotιι]Ι e.Ιirions, tjke

Unsπ'oΓ.h Ι quoιe them in ιu]t he.e:

ι, E]ec(onl. s.hoι:ιιγ eiinons rle wofh havhg Aοd lherelorc 1ι is woαh .irlik]οgaboo! lιre |onΙ dt' shoιl. ιik.

j

Ι]e.ιιοnic s.hotarLy e.i.tloos shoιld be a.ιesnlrι. ιo tιie ιrro:ι]est aυdt€rce to$lbleΤhey stroι1.1 nol reι]ulle a FatrnulM .ΙΡe !Γ.οtrPιt.' oΓ 2 FitiΦlr. t;ece oisofl\ν,..: ιnηe.e$iry. ιe.lrnj.tr] hal.ics tΙr ttfn lse 5hou],i lre trΙoi,]e,].

ιLe(loοi. s.io]ar]Ι e,]j.iοns sho!ιd hxτe EΙ!ιi'eι\ ]on8 ]i!.s: al Leasι js ]oηE a5

ρrinleιι e(lltlons T]reΙ shouιc not .ξe.!me ιe.hηjciιι-v obsoιa. bcΙorc drξ,v ]leinrelιe.tιiΙLy οbso1eιe

?r]Δte.] schoιan! e.]inoηs h]!e de!.ιοΙ]ed theil αrlieηι iο.Ιns i. οlJ.l ιo ntcι bοth

iιιe1leftυal ιequjemetιs and rr 2JaΡι to ιhe.hal2.tenjιrζ οι Ι]rin. i]ubιi.2.iοn'E1eciioιi. edltiοns muf Ιne€t ιhc same nrte ecnhι nΦ,ts Thclc iξ nn Eason ωabaadοι σldtionnι iιlej ιe.ιu]] (qηiΙcmenδ mεle]Ι becausξ π. 2.. us nrg a d iiiiren.med]um to Ριbιsh ι]tmoο ιιre otheι han.]' ηany co.venιions oΙ reqoi.ιmξ|ι5 oi rxdiιιr.a] PΙinτ e.iiιnrηs

iei1ecι nοt tlre demaads o..eider oι s.]rο]!εlrt]r buι rhc Jiιticuιτics οt .onvεyingcιfuPLeX lηΙorΦaιlon οn !ri.tcd Ι,aεes witnouτ.onιustn8 oΙ hτigιinε τhe Ιεader, or

tie f1οaηciiιe1jsenci.s oεmodcrn s.hoιaΙ1/ Ρub]λhinE Sucn reqdΙεm.nιs nee.ι n.τbeiake. ovet atal1'trnd musι nor Ε]e rakenoνe. ιhοιghιlc$lΙ, inτ. eι-Ιoni. editioΙls

!1ecttοnic Ρub]j.aτions .trn. iΙsuiιabι-τ en.oιΙ.d and suiιabl1 suppοted by sοΙιιaιe,

Presenι dre strme tcΙι in raηr toιπsj al d€aΙ tIι' as dηnomaι]. ransιΙ]pt OΓ!ιeψtοess o.2norhc.] as αi.i.i] fωnfιtcιιon oi aa aυιhοria] tΙι, ι1ιh οl φιhoutcnn.al 2!Ρal]ιus orv2iians. and π'nh ο. qιdτιt annοτatiοns aired aι the teιιu]|scho]a.' the hλraΙian' ιhe ιnelaΙτ nhoL]l' ιhc ι]ngu]st. t]re gΙaa!trte sudeir' ol the

lndcr8Ιadυaιe, .ΙneΙ can Ριovide many nloιe types of inde{ rhxo Ρη.en e.linοns

tΙtica]lΙ do' Αnd y] e]eαronlc edjtiοns ca.' in PΓin.jP1e. dddre$ a l]l8er audiξn.e

tlran 9n81c Ρinι edn]ons, Ιn .his lesΡe.ι' ιhey ma' iace eνen htghel iotel]eclua]

reguir.mc.ts ιtran lΓinτ edn]oιs. νh(h ιΙPicaι]y need ooι atteΦΡι .o Frov1dcannot2tions εοΙ sι.h d]verse Γe2deζ'

l' Ρrint ediι]ons a'irhοur aΡpaΓaιs, wnhoυι dο.ιmeιttrtioo orediτο|ixι tΓin.jΡιes' xnd

i'ithοut dεΙenι tΙPeserι]ng are nor ic.eΡι1bΙe subntrυres ιo. scho]adΙ edir]οιs'EΙe.σoni. editiοΔs wiιhoιt ePpa.ltls' 9'irnou! dοcumen.]tion οΙ e.!iιοΙia] PrinciΡtes' aοd witlrotrι decent ploνlsro. ro. sιπable dis!|aΙ a.c equaι]], ιnacceΡτabιe

.or sεΙious s.hοlady νoik

r].\sr.oole!ιεn...senrιsιΙ.]..ιοι.οihi.a!ΓoE,o"i]rι..ie!ιe]c...nj.S.ιO]:τ]'ε.l1.oi5 ]lΙ δι sι]]e oi ΡΙ,]ι].ι Guι.nb..g' \νhi.h οb]c.ir ln Pliηιη]|. tο r]Ιe

1Jloτisιon οt ]Ptrlllιs] Jιd iΙn]of nc'ιΙ jnιlr.trιes ιh. soυf.el, ]er xιr.. ι1le DΓiΓ.

Ιn luΙrj Ι b.]].γe eΙe.ιΙonι. s.hoιanv ed]ι]ons m!sι ηfr dτι. ιinι]aτηenr3] .cauirΙnenιs: x...$rbnnΙ iiιhoΦ aed]ess τειhι].a] b]trrec ιο ιsei ]on.qeln]; xnt inF|ιecιun Ιnιeg.itl. (speΙbclt Ι{.Queen 1991)

These ιtr.ee ΓeqπiΙemeαιs, ac.essibi]iιy. lοnge']ιy, and 1nregrity. arc dle foιndιοon oΓΦan'ι oΓ dre 1nιenιiοns behind ιhe creaιioα ι,ε e1.cιΓon]. κhoι.|1Ι eJiιiοns anJreΡοsiωlics oiknoφtedge ιo ι!i..seΙninate ιhem Sad1γ, theιe πe ti11 manγ e]eιιιonicediιjοαs ΡΓodlced ιο ιhλ day whi.h ι;]| tο nrccι ΦoJeι. !ιaodaΙ.]s oΓ ]ccessibi1i rν:rheγ οtιcn Ιequre a paΙιicιt.r οPeraιing syster and τersioi οisoΙιr'are (e g , €.ιiιio.s\'hic}] tιιn.ι]on Γlopeι1y ontr in the Μi.rοso.t Ιnιe.neι ExΙrtoler reb broiser)' Τhis i.tuΓn jιoparJizes ιhelr iongel]ιy as, be]ng deP.ndenr on .irarkeι 6r.es %. conιniιedsuFpοΓr ιhele is no gυar2iιec draι ιhα. Sha]Ι .οnrinue to funcιiol j,r ιhe fιιιure' .Ι.hi5

rs 51oi'1γ inrpιoving aS [uιrding bodics Ιeaιize rhe need δΓ pΙορer a..essibi]ir'v and1οngeviι1 {ιom ιliose rεsoarccs pιoτ]u.eιl9'iιh pubιιc mone1l

The need ioι ]nιetΙecιιιaι inlegliry is hlgbΙighτeι1 ]n severa] oi ιhe poiΔιs abοvcSΓerbeιg λΙcQιleen Γeminds uS ιh,ι ιhe pοinι of prodιlcing d s.holarΙγ editionνhedreΓ eιecιron;. o. oιΙr.r,;se is to nreeι rhe iDιel]e.πaΙ needs o|ιhοse j'ho wiιi beusing ι]rc edir]oi The quaΙ]t' alrd a.lι]eΙn]c credibi1iιr which one 1inds in .eputxbLe

FΓinι ed]l]οns ale juSι as importanι (lΙ not arguably more So) in ιn e]e.trοni. cdiιion'Ψhnc cεnajn cοαvcιιjons have dcvelιlped in prinι editjοns so1elv becausε or dre1]mjιir]ons oε ιhe medie' we cΙo noι neecΙ ιo perperuete those in ou. digiιat ediιions(FΙockey 200ι]: i2.l-1]) ιΙoa'ιveι, a nοιc of cautioη shou1d be sο!nded trere]a1ιhoιιgh ι,e dο not need ιo adopι ιhc s.hο]af]y ιradiιions en.orced by med;a'dependent ιequiιements]

''e musr be caιcΙul noι ιo jusi depar ΓrοΙn ιhem v]rhοιr

refle.tioi Ιnsιcad νe shοu1ι] be carefu] ιo bu;]d uΡon ιhem ro eΙptοjt ιhι beneΙ]r oΓιhe.]rosen mcd]a ]n a manneι ι'hich fιιrιhcs |he goals oΙa s.hο]arΙy ed]τ]οn, Ofle oΙιhe mosι saii€nι pοinιs above (nunber 7) reminds uS rhπ ]uSι aS pιinιeιl eι1iιionswlthou. ριopef appatιιus, ediιoriaΙ docιιmentaτiοn' and reasoιr,.tb]e pub1icarionshoυld nor be.onsidefed a substitute tor a pιoper scho1ally ed]tiοn' neiιher shoutaxn ele.ιΙonic editioo witlioιt simiιar eqυivaΙents.

sPerbe1g λΙcQι]een s 16ι oΓιssιΙnpι;ons is Paπty inrendeΙ] ro suggesr hor ιhe.l.EΙΙa.i]i.aιes rhe .ιeaιiοΙ ifld Freseσa.lοn oΙ sucΙr e1ectron]. edjιiοns, Ηe fuι:herexΡands oi ιh;s b, suggestiαg rhe kinds oΓ apparaιιs and edjtoria1 dοcιrnιentaι]οnιhaι sΙiοtτΙd be a b.si. requiΙemcnι Ιδι any such edjrion, Ια doing so he t;sts theιeΙιual pheαomena 9'hich eιtiιoιs ofsuch eι]itions have been jiιeΓesιed in fecofding inΡrinred ediιioεS' Ιι is u|ΙsuΓpΓising ιhaι ιhese ]rems can llt be su.cessfutiv encodedin ΤΕΙ mlΙΓkup Ιn addjτjon ιo ιhe e1emenιs ne.essary ιο cfcaιe a mυlti-sοιtrcec.iι;cel ediιion, ιlre -ΓEΙ a1so reflects ιhe schoΙarΙy concerns in rhe ιmnscriΡtjοn ο[prjmarγ sources. The e]emcnε prov]ιted inc1ude (with ιhe TEΙ clemenι a]so supp]ied),

1iι 1!\| ΓfuΙιl!}1! Ιιi1!!1l1L aιj Il! 5'!ι ι! |'j!εL!]ιι

ιbbrcιinοιs (.:!ιrιr.>], ιΙpansnf, ι..xΡιι].-), !.t.iiι1ons ι:a.i.t.), Jeleιiοl]s(<dcι>), ιοιιc.ιiοns ι<.o|r:.), iplralεnι e|Ιor5 (<s]ι:.). omrιιcd nriιε.iiL (<gaΡ>)'pr.l.]oιιs]Ι d.Ιcι.c] ιcΙι r.sιoιe.] (<ieslοle>], cdrtoΓ]a1]y

'ιψι]1i.d ιeaι ι-:suFΙ]tied ],)'

hi:lhΙ]glrι.d maιeΙia1 (<h]>)' changes oΓScιibaι hxοd (<handshiΓι.,) .]amage in rhe

sοuΙ.e (<daniag.>). il]egibilir,Ι ι<uncΙeir>)' and unerpecrεd spaces (<sta.e:.]lιnongsι oιιieΙs, There are οι e]emcnιs ιο deaL widi οιhe. issues. anιlιιraι ιhe TΕΙ ]s an apprοp.iιte choice Γol ιhe ι.xτιιaΙ eο.odin:ι oΓ sιch nraιeιjat irh2rd1' ]n doubr ιSee ΤΕΙ ΡF])

\Χ/h"nr ;t comes to transcιiption o{ pr!τlar'l souιces, hoΦe'er. there is 2 signi{i.aηtncι, deveiolmenr in the T[Ι Ρ! νersiοα ο{the GuideΙ]ies ii rhe lemοval ο.eιι.'bυιes.oDΓaιαιn]] ι"Ιιlnι daιa. Thcrι haι] bcen a n]sρΙaced notiοa ιrγ sοσle ιh2t on1y ι.:{ιg4n.h wis 1ιr ιhe οr]grnaΙ shoul.l .oΓm c]emeiι .ontent plopel, xnd thxt alΙ meιa.laτarelaι]ng ιo ιhaι eΙemenι (]i οuιsidc ιhι headtι) $outd be .οΙllained ln ιhaι t1crιoιas aιιribυιes. Ιn a majoΙ nrοτ. in ι1rξir mοd]ii.aιiοQ οf the TΕt Gυideιites tοι ιιι.]Ι

.,, b,. ,ι e,] ιer. el hlnspecitic d:ιaιypes such as dates), an.] Ιuπherπoιe thaι ιhis ιcΙι mishι havc .l..iεnιsiοsi.]e iι πh]clr ]n edirοr may vish ιo Γιιrιhcι maιk up. onc goocΙ cxamp1c oΙ ιhsis ιhat.h]s ιeΙl may.oιrta]n non.ι'nicοde chaτacιcιs s,hjch havc necd ofιhe <g>e]ement to recοrd ιheο prοperly, Αs a resu]ι ι1rc TEΙ nrade a 1aιge nιmbeι οΙ ιhesεeΙemenιS inιo chiι.]ren οf the eΙements ιο wΙ1;.h ιheτ used ιo be ιπιibuιes,

Αt the same tire the TEΙ inιrodυced ιhe <chοi.e> e]emeoι a5 a nreιho.ι ιo, ,.:ρ|., οι .. b| ,,,.o.g,"

'ι\" .,,Τhis gΙ.]uPS a numbeι oΙaΙιeιοative encodings foΓ rhe,ame pο]nr in a ιe:ι.,' buι ]s a

S]gnifr.anι e.ιiιo.ial depaιιτe from prcτiοus versions o{ rhe recoΙnmendatiοns GeeTΕΙ co), Th6 alloa'ed ιhe simu]ιιneοus cncοdina oΓ iι,ι)re'iatiοns aιong q,;ιh theilexpafls]οns, oΙ combinalions oΙ or]gina1, co.Γected readings. reguΙalized, ;n.orreft οruεc]eaf ΙΞadings' Ριev;ous1y one m]ghι have used Sο-calιed janus t2gs. ivhich eΙloιedοne ro loregιound one ofιhe rπo pa]rs οiabbnexpan, orig/reg, corr/sic So v'h;1e o.emighι have done rhs by prioriιizjng eiιh€f ι!e originil]

9-τΞnernΙaιn.e</ i>

or ιh€ ΓegυΙaΙ],ed foΓm:

<1>:. haιh m}i .:reg .rig=,.h.rt''>h'.rιΞ<'/Ιe9> .aηght :nτeπembra!.ce.1/ 1>

;a ΤEΙ Ρ4, under TEΙ Ρ, one is a1loπcd ιο indicaτe bodl oΙιhese simu1ιancοus]l' Αnd,more iπpοrιanr1y, wiιhοuι necessιrily 1udging π'h]ch ofrhese k ιo be prefεrιιd b,v an

end app1icaι]on oΙ ιScΙ, The Ιiιsτ linc οi ιh;s pοeπ above wou1d now bc cncοcled as:

! 'ι.1!r|

Ε}j.ιι|1ι! ]'])|;.1|llL |.ιJ |)r \1ηι η] |']]!'||ιη

..Ι ]q τ1:-.l]iΙl:r]!,.]ι j:..'. j:.:

i /i:.P.:: ιeι;lΙ: :Ιi r.(:Ι!Ιau:]lj:.. ]l }

Αs ιhξ mxnιs.rjpιs B in.ι c (ιhc .a']ι.'lir.iιτ.tιε siπinΙ poiiιs n) dr. ι1η.ιrmeiι S

h.iΙdel ιhere mοΙε iniοrπiιnn.οncιιnΙrg Γhese mai$.ιpιs i3;Φred) haγ. ιh.:arrrcrea.ting, drese <rds> ιags.oι1d b. nicΙgcd iirr ο!e' n'iιh nrιιιi]rle

'a]ιι.s Γoι . a']ι

aιιriι,υιe, ol inιleeι]' shce ιh]s is oιlι prei.erte.] ιeadiοg ιιe coιιΙd ιse rlie L.mma(<ιem>] eΙeme1rι ro ]idicare ιhaι ιh]s ls ιhe base ιιrr ιιe aιe ιllrk]ιg froοi ιo crιιιc

. ι>si hath m]. <.:!ρ:.i1eπ πi:: '+i.R +::sι].l>he.ι Ξ./ 1.E-'<τcg rii:-.'+η5A'': Ι]e i] ι ..:/ Ι i9>.:Ι.19 τ]τ-'. iιπΞD' :iiηι]e< / :.q..<.dq ':t_.'iιmΞΞ ']'n] n.]..: /ιij :

.:' rp-ο, .aιg:i 1n τΞΠ:ξπ]Ι::..lι.Ξ1 /r :

:Γhc beneiι nere is ιhaι ιΙie ΤEΙ enablιs an cditοι ιo nτegιoιnd r pιπlcu]ιτ ιerd ng ιse 1cmma, οr ooι, λι.rreoveι' ιhe va.iinι ]iexd]ngs caο bι gιοupecl tor ιrhateγer

λeοreι1(a] ιeason, here Sι€gestin:. poss]bl. Γetaι;οoshjFr ii ιhe irδιoη o{ι1rcir lct.ux]ιransmrssjon. Tλis is aι eιtrerτell flex]bLe sγsιem rt].h enιιb16 cn.oι1lng ιccι,.dingtο a var] cιΙ .i ιheoΓeι i.aΙ percepιiοns as ιo ιhe pιιrροse anJ naιιιre of ι cιiιicιΙ ιdiιioι(cοver and Rοbinson ]99') -rhe x'oidin.. οr. tΙie suggesιiοn οΙa basε ιerι hιιe ].;

impo.tant be.aus. iι a1lοπs a vaιieιv of'.rser ιnιerx.tjοn! wjth thi5 ιext, Αnγ read]ng

based on ιhese.an be sccn ω oιly οne synchronous srιu.tιle dreι is ιnpΙivi]€3€.ι incorrParisonwiιhan1'oιheιpοssιbJereιdingicab]erl9Sl).ΓheanrοΠrro{powcran.]Ιlct]biljt}, inirerenr in a SySι.m j'h].h simιι1ιιιneoυsl-r eιι.o.les the teΙtιat vaΙ]anιs

a1οng widi pοss]bil]η' oΙ indicaιiog edjtor]11 ιΙe]tπenι ot rhese reΙ6 ]S πiaι πi11

a]ιor ιbr d]e .Ιexι]οn of signiιi.an.iv mοιe enhaιιceι] a!d l]ξΙiιrie scΙiolarΙv ed]t]ons,

.: ,Ξ. ]].]i. nfn <a!Ρ>

....]g ι':τΞi' +πsΔ ll>

..h].. ce><.: i9:.hΞΙt < /.Ι ig>< τ.9>ιei ι..: / rε!><''.h.1.Ξ>

<Ιd9 'ir_,'+πιΞD'':-<cn.1.e>-.! ji j>ml.de.: / cι19><reg>mind< / τe9>. /.ho1..>

< Ι.]9 πiι:'' iinSΞ'' >

<.n.i.Ξ><.Ι]q:'n!n.]e< / oΙ ι9>< ΙΞ9>ηirc</ τeq>.: /,.i]oj, ce>

.1ars

..f rιr.-'tlΞ. : -., ]r1! -

. f:ι]- 1.eΙ]:Ξ. ] Ι.9:::/. r ] ι.e: .auf:i ]n.Ξiei.r1?ι:n.Ξ.:/ ι>

Τhil enibles nοι οιιlΙ ιor ιhe S]mυΙιan.οuS ιncοd]ig oΓ dre οligindl 1ad Ιc:ulaΙ]Ζed\eΙs]on. bur itsο dre poss]b]]]r' oΓ ΙuΙιhcι nraΙ]<ιι. οΓ rιrese iιecrs Ι'h(h voυΙ.t b.]mpossibΙe ii οne ol ιhιnι πas Γοιceτ] ιo bι an aιιιibuιe ιΙoreoγel, x sing1c <choice>'cotιlιl conιii. ln ιbbιcv]ar]οn. an eΙpansioη ιnJ diιΓtreοι ]irιιs oi ιι'guΙarizιιioοaτnοng οιhcf Possibitiιies Ιn 2ddiιiοn' <chοi.e> is Set{'nεSιιb1., ιhaι is' iι .a..οnι1;l] iιscιι as a chi]Ι] in oιder to aΙ1oπ 1οl .hoi.es ι,cιι'ιcn sets oΓ ροssible

The us. οΓ <chοi.e> \hοuι] noι be .οnΓιsed widr ιhc ab]l]ιy ιo i.njι]ate γΔri1ntιeadiogs beιween lιiιncsscs anci ιhιιs cοιstnrcι a s.1ro1aΓη. .ιiιical aΡΡxraιus \γιιh.]re<iψP> ιlemeoι, Α]ιhοusιr ιhcΙc.rc sοπe s;miΙ1rit]cs, ]n ιhιι rhε 1]near teir-Srredm isSp1ir ar rhis poiιt ι., Ι]|ov]de a nuπbcι o{ aΙιιrnaιivεS, πiιh <.hοi.e> .hese aΓe

JiiΙe.enι pοSsibιe iΙιtcιpιeraιions or varianιs of a sing1e w]ιliess' whereas <apΡ> rs eJnοre SFe.ixιjZeι1 cιcοdiοg oΓ a poinι o{ c1ivcrgence beιween lariουs \νiincssιs. Tιre]ntenιion π]lh onc ]s ιο pΙoιide a cteirer undersranιling oΓa singJe ιcrι, :nctvrι1r ιheι,rheι the |cιon.iιiaιiοn οΓ a ιrumι]er oΓ i'iιnesses to that ιexι. Thaι ιhι chapιer onι|aοscΙ]ι.ι;on Γιοm primaιy sou..es a1]i th1| οn the creΔιioo o|a cιiιicaL apparaιιιs '

foΙ1οπ εach orhcr ]n ιh.. Gυ]deΙines ls no mere cοjicjden.e' Α]ιhοug1r noι expΙ]c]ιΙΙSιxι.d' die ιrins.r]pιiοn ιΙom primary so(rces .oUtd be seen ιo .ο.οmpiss the Γoιnde-r]on of ..ion-criιicat ediιing,,. πlrich ιheτ inιeoιiοοa]]y scι aside iron tιre creaιion ο|acr]ticat editjοn ]n sιaιing ιιι ιhe oυιseι rhaι iι ,.i5 cΙp€.ι.d ιhaι rhis nrοduΙe wiι] aλο ι,euseΓut in the FΓeιra.arron οfcriιi.a] ed]ι]οns, buι ιhe mοdu]e defined heιe 1s ιjisιioιrι -1 lid mtrv bc used independendy ofiι.(see TEΙ ΡFΙ),

Those etaminiog ιhe inf1uence οΓ ιhe ιheoreιica1 schοo1s οf textual ediι1ng on theTEΙ\ meτhodο1οgy have noιiced ιhar ιh]s mav ind]ca.e ιhaι ιhe'ΓΙΙ {ee]s th]s ΓoΙmοι edi.ing coι]d bτ].οns]dered tess impoΙιanΓ οr ]nrerΡreιative than the (Γeaι]on οfcτπlca]φpaιatus, and ιhat this in tur. ind1cares ιhe ]ntluence οΓcοαseoaιvc ιcxιιalεd]ι]ng ιhcoΓies οn ιhe TEΙ (vanh.,υtτe 2οο6: ]lΟ) vneιhef ιhis rs ιhc cιse or noι'ιlrc usc of ι1rese rag' sep1Γxιcjv rS certalnty tess powerιiιΙ ιΙlan when ιhey aιe used in

Ιn ]nd;c,ιing fie vx.jxnι ιeadings οεdiιierent solrrces Γor 2 .exι, ιhe TEΙ cnabl€s d]elb]1]ιy ro cοnsrrιcι a rut] cιiιi(n] appaι2tαs in a stra;ghttb.\'ard manncΙ, in a f1.ιrjousser οf manuscripts refeιrcd ιo as manuscripts A, B, C, D, and E' ιhe nΙsι 1ine oΓ ιhe

FoerΙ DseJ eirtie. .ou]d pιesenι ιhe readings tbr eacιl ol ιh€sc raοuscΓipts:

<r>So tia:h mi/n <ap9:'.r.]q 'ι ι:', +isi,,>ηeΙι</τdq><rl9 'ιι:'' +i.B,,>neτιe<'i i.ιq><rcq wit:.+EΞc',>aeΙ.e</..iq><Ιdq ωit:.] +lsD., >f 1nι:]e</.αq>

.: 'aFi]} .:]...n: .ι,..ieπL].ajη.:.:/l ,

()ne οt ιhe conιinuai aιgume.ts iΙι ι.aιua] .Γ]ιr.λn colccins ο uΙ .et2t ionshiΙ] q,it]r aposs]b!e base ιeΙι anJ iιs ιeΙaιioηshiιr ιo ριιtaιive.oΡΙ'ι.!rs, Ψhιιher iι ls :ιhe

ο]dΓalia.ν of ιhe ι]esι ιeΙι ,

ιCreg ] 9jt]] 24). ιhe ne.essi.γ ot ιire PΙocess , b.]i:. app|c

c;aιed $,iιh rhe {rnshed and ι1ιn11]aΙ ΡΙo.tυ.t" ιlggert ]99ο: 2l). ιhat i sαιdΙ shoα1.ιiοt bι coifraine.t on]γ ιο aαιhoιiJ cnangts. bυt i]so pοsιhumoLs ecι]ιrΙΞ b' ι]ub1;shtΓs (λΙ.G,nn l99'?), Γοssib1γ as a Γorjn oi cοnιiouous Ρrο.iu.ιjoη ι.tι ιλιGaonl 99ι :0 l). oΙ ιhaι devet.,Ρm.nrs ]n te!ι encodilg have coιncideιJ ιvlιh a paradlgmshifι iΦav ι'rom dre coD.εPι oi, deniit]γe edjιion ιF]nneran t99.j ix x])' r]re encο.]iigpΓo1-iJeζl ιr' ιhe.ΓEΙ en2btcs ιhe ιτeation oia ωphisιj.aιed ιcxιιta] ΓejouΙ.e ''h(h λ oΓusc ro ιhe cnd ιseΓ' Αfter aE], ιh;s ;S oie οΙ dre inιcnded goa1s ]n cιcιιιl!. i s.ho1aΙtγcdrι]ο. λs i resυ]ι, sοτne have aιgueιi ιhaι it is αοι a .rtical ma1s ofvar;ar'ιs ιhat weieen ιo drsptiν ιo ιhe users, riιheΓ 1c Shoιtd Ιcιurn tο ιhe pi2cιrce oΙ pιoviding a1οgi.a e.]] led tιx ι n.tr iι h raιiο αal i ΖcS ι1r. d] Γ.eΙences, we shouid re creare ι ιcacli ng texι|roπr π'hateνeι (pοSsiLr]1. fragmef,ιary) v]messes ιemain Thλ ;n ao rav ι]ο.j ag,a;ι'lι]rι]re nced Γoι d.ιaiι.d ..tι cr].r.a] mafkup] iΓ ιιris ]s doαe propertγ, oΓ coυιsι. a reaι1ingιexι can tt cιeaιed fιom 1 bas€ οΓ c.itical cd;ro.ia] dec;'ioιl qtich shουlιΙ atso beaνatιib]e Ιι]r iuΙιheι coοsιιιaιjon bγ readers if ιlrey dcnrc:

fhd. rs i τhεoleti.aι Ιrυritγ ]n uncdlr.,]' υnιecoοscιucted ιcιis that is comΓ..ιjιg toediιo6' Eιι oul a]nr aS '.ι]lrοΓs shouι,.] oo! bε ιo,.bie'e οur.91r.Dmi.o.ι Ιι sn.ruι] be Φlrakee.liιnrns.hnt a'i]]lre ιLe|u]to dt tnιieis, ed,ιions thaι9iι1heiP ι]f,r Γel.] P,.ΙreisL|'!ξ T?x| ηj τ'ι Gq|}!ι ]s aa e]o.]υeni !iea Ι.[ x conne.ι]oi beιι'ee. τeΧιta] .riιi.ismιlΙe2ι ηg ιeΙιr ,s ei] ιοΙ !a prO Ε.1em5 t. be jο ved) and .υLtιιit .ηi ic]lnr ιι Ιe]ι ng ιbc ιextsa' .esoιιr.es ιοr oιr knor,]edge .i drc culture fΓom r'hi.h ιheΙ .aΦt)' Th]s is a divιlοnιhaτ Φηs νe:y Jeep ]D ιelιιιal s.no]alshiΙr (Robinson 2ooo: ιj)

Thaι A is drvi.] e ex]S ιs ; ι ιex ιιιa] s.hoΙafs hiρ js u nden]abΙe Th. . fei. ion ο. ed i.]onsvhic]r tu1lΙ eΙnbοd}' the ιexι, bοth as ouιput of ediιοriat dcckions aιd xs vΔri.nrswh]ch x]so acr as a Φeιhod oΙaccess δr hjsιoricat knov1edge, r]1] be Uscfιι] ιo ao'oneSιuι:lyiog rhat ιeΙι a.d ]tS ιinre-periο.]' Τhe reason soιτe edirors shy arvay Γrom ιhis]dea !s in an aιtenrpr to pΙ.ser'e the peΙcepr]οn oisome mιιh].a] ed].οΙ]aΙ oιrjecιi,]rv,

B! λighlighong ιhξ πι]sl .:u.r]1 po]nτs !f ιeΙrιaL var],.oi' aod bΙ ιeΙd]ng ιhe reader1nιo an ι.ne6ιanding oi ]row ]ηa wh, ιhι τa.jalιrn xΙ.s. ]t lhese Ρο]ιιs, ie .ai makeιnrs .onnecιron beιaeer vx.iaιioο and mean]nE in the motr useiι] waΙ' Ιn ιhe.onlαt Ot.eιecιΙοn]c e.1itbas' ιv]ιh xl1 ιieir var]ant kΙσ' tr s]nε]e lξcoofr.ιc.]' and ε.t..tlc ιexιmaγ PΙο!]de ιhe bef ma.s lo dο Ιun ιhis, (Roblnj)o 20οO: 13]

Ιfa'e v;ew rhe.ΓEt δ inteΓesιed in eoab]ing τhe cod]Γi.aιοn oΓteΙ6 for the beηenιοr cιeat]i.g 5ι1ch teaιιat ediιrons, ιtien it c.Ιιainly iS benef]c;a] in .retιlg such

.Ι'ijι Ι !:.] ].J\!,!i![ |!:r].'!...ι'! lL S|:ιl}' ηΙ L.ttr!ι|| .,i ,1

i rc.oinΙιcιE.l ι.Ιι whl]. 11ι]]ν ι1r!sc οu5 thaι ιh]s is nοι lhe'ι,r]s]naι' text ι]dι i.e.1cιirtg e.l;ιiοn Γo| rhe bencιlι oΙ τtr. υ5cΓ οΙthe ΙcsouΙ.., Hoa'cιιιi iocretrs .gtγ therejS οοι οe.essal;]γ a iοn .ιigiιli soιrιc ιcxι frοm s'hι:h ι]rc ΙcsoυΙ(. has ι]eeα djHit],ca,ι]uι.he tert j5 ! modeili bοιn JigiιιL ιc:ι lνhich πιl. sιilL bc sι:blιιι ιο manr οt tlle

terαιι1 phenοιnena rhxr ιhe TEΙ ιnιblcs ed]ιοι ιo ιnιοclι, Lkιw]sc, TΕΙ-eicodedlαιs Sltoutd ,j.]ι ne.essariLΙ ιre !iev'e.ι aS sι.ιic. Γor dr.re is ιhc possibi]iι-Ι Γhdι rι1e ιerιmav undeιgο noι οnΙ' sιιccessiτe ιelisiοns buι annoιaιions and ιoπrτcnιs by trdeιi,1Ι] o{\Ιιrj.ι .οol.] be d1spLaye.] is a singΙc €vOlτing ιιsouιcc Οnc possibΙe τlοdet Γoι

ι]rjs n'as Ρrοposcd is ]n ιrιlgoi.g.oιΙabο.ιιive rνoΙk sire'j

Τhc aafk si.. iJ lexι .οnrιucιοn srre Ιoι dιε ediιol aιJ .Ιl]cft Ι.ader; and η ι df Ιτeο|stιιιτ οΓtΙe -οιk 1o| πs finished ιexnιi] veΙlons aiιi d].iI x.nοrxιnrn) |ιr the iiΙfιimc ιerdeι, ιs ιei1as any 1osjιioi i. bcι9τen Be.aιs. dt bιjιding οiΙι.h teΙruai ΙrdinE|PΙeιtrιγ. υolk9ιes iνtι] be lrjc.e b' Ple..'.οιΙx|,οraιiτe.nd oιgοnΙg' νe nle

5ιaπing το ]cok ]l e,utlle ι.oι humxniι]es.'Ιo.knfιεfted resea:.lr ttιl s, l| oo!

rienιiil. eΙacil|' r|\en ι1ac ΙulτtbΦlιt' li ιhc G.Ιmin iιse. τhaι νhaι ]jttraη,

..jιiσ' ιi\ιrlanl. !Ιlι:Ι oi1re6 a.e ιfιi ιο ιEgger 2Οι]i: ]]-1)

Su.h as SysιeΦ π.u1.ι bc dcpeαdeιι oι sιaod οff maιkup tο provide rhe .onoιaι]ons

ιind airernaιiv. .ead]fl.gs οn any ωPe.ι oΓ dιe ι€xl 1or indeed ιhe ongoing aonoιat]ons)

Ιι π'oυld ce.ιai.,ιr ΡοSs]b1c ιo cncodc ιhe ιerιS iαd arrοιaιiοns pιοduced in ιhc sιυdvοΓcΙiglιιJ iiteraι.ιre as ΤEΙ. ind indcιC] s]νen ιhc Frι,γ!!ιon ]irl Stand oΓfmaΙkιp in ιhe.fΕΙ GuidetiΙe5, the ,fEΙ s,οιι1d be a gοοd choice lοι Su.h 1n eFpΙicarioο'

Customizatiιln: Fragmenτation oΙ conso1idation?

The inιfeasing pοFu]ariry o. fie TEΙ as a s-./sιem ιoΙ ιext encod;ηg ifl humaniιies

prο;ecιs docs bιιng t ιh jt .e.tain prob1€maιic aspccιs. S]nce ιhe TΕΙ is conceiνecΙ ιs a

geοera1ized svstem, iι conιains nruch πο.e ιhan an-v ]ndiνι<lυai projecτ τ,i]1 ever nctcl

ιο accοπplsh lιs gοals Ιt is nοt fiaι ιhc TEΙ seeks ιo becοme nonoΙ]dic, hav]ng an

encoding ιecomπcndaιiοn foι alΙ pοssibil]ιies ιhaι iS naιufaΙΙγ imposs]bΙe buι 1ι

irltends ιo be cusιomized and ,noι1ined, Ιnceed. 1ι is .ΙΡe.ιed thaι. espe.]a]],v i.cιeatiοn oΓ a Ι.ca] en.o.ιrng tbιnιt, in.]iv]dυaΙ projecs πilt Γemοve etemeειs' corsιrιin arιr]bute va1uc lisa, add new e]ements. end even nnFort schemas from oιhefnamespaces, An.l yel. ιhis aη]ecl οΙthe ΤEΙ has οfren been igflofed οr miSυlideΙSιood

John LiαSwofh. ]n conrpaΙing the i\tιA,s conrm]ιree oπ SchοΙaf]y Edjtins ιcSE) and

rhe TtΙ. notec ιhaι οne of ι1ιc ccnιra] mj*ions οiιhe ΤΕΙ ]s ιo cοpe n,jth ιhe ιl]f.eΙ]ng

\iirile i a'outd bε r;οι]lh t!.$eri τhaι rhe CsΕ xnd ιhe ΤΙΙ at viιhouι.rnL.s,sιePιcs, 1.d deσa.ιo6, ιheΙ do in .aΦ lcΡrefnt a brοad,.oΦmυoiιy based coflsensω,

and ιbey are' in τben resPe.ι]νe ilenιs. ιhe onι,Ι cΙedib]e ]n$lruliοns attemΡong to

deνeloΡ' ι]i$em]nate md mιiαtιiη geneΙa.ι (riιheΙ dran Ρro'e.t sι-eciΙic) 8uideliιr.

,'-2

]].ι1] orAan],lι]o.s travc ]ree! x..u'en. rl ν2 nοnobgi. oiιh..|oΙγ' hιl in ti.ι .i.h #:::,::]ff..,'.:::.:i.i'J.l,Ιi:"j}]iind ei]a( ιr aι(,παΙοdaιri.q di|ΙcΙc..e .λe cSι rn rh. e\lluιοn !Γ16 g{]cel].aοτal tΙle lajι de.a,]e ιo 1..ιmηroJtrt. a grelιcΙ νtrr].ιy oι .dit..i nr.i|rods anι] !bΙotr.le. ranεe ot m]ttn1ι,Ι.1 i.ιioι]s. is ιγe]] Js edi.iο]τ iι E]e.lιon]. neaia. aη(Ιdt ΤEΙ' mof im|.πxnιι}, in iσ.{ιrnjlon me.Ιlnsrr' trs i.iι 1Ι lξ.olsisιcnr].!slen..' over ns ilΙreen yeaΓ 1risιolΙ' oο !oι:ιri.ioax] an.] lοteΓd]s.i.tini.l, ιePrcsc.ιirioο Ιn 16 goνeΙn]ng b..] es, i6 Φ'οnigιoιFs, ir ιιιding s.!rces, anι] irs mιrΙbeBhj|(ιnsψo(h 21]02)

Ιndιed, thc.Ιιensioo aιld.ΙsιοΙn]zaι]on o.tιie ΤΕΙ is ljsιeι] exιlier in t,1is ch]pιeΙas οneoΓits ο|iginjι desjgogoa]s Ιo Ρ.οmοιin.q ι1re need foΙ ] nd iνt]ιxt .ι] SιoΙn i7!ιiot1ot ι]rc f.ΕΙ, ι1reΙ haνc creaιed eta!τtp]es οΓSuch .usιomizaιion ιsee TEΙ casιοn) Jι ιιn sonre n'aΙs untoΙιLnaι. ιhaι one of ιhese, so.atleζι ΤEΙ'Ll.c, ]res b.en i.]opι€d\'hο]esa]e bΙ maηΙ pιοjecιs j,ho .lo nor need thc eιrιireιy οt the TΕΙ ΓJυlde1ines' anιtrhich iΙΙsιεad Simpι}' adopr dιιs Subset οΓ rhc ΤΕΙ (sec TEΙ l-rιe), v.hjle ιh]s I veryuseΓDt ι;ι ixrge scale pιo]ecls whjch .eed a ba]jc lighι enco.]ing, iι ls equa]ΙvunΓoηunaιe. beιause ι1re iηιε1ic.ιι"t inreg.iιy whiιh SPerbe1g NΙ.QuΦn hοpcd Γοlrn the cΙeaιiοn οieΙecιfonjc ed]ι]ois (speιbe.g λ'I.Queen l99.1) benetrls greaι1y frοmthe .οnsιrainι ot a scheτna rr ]usl *Ιe needs oι ιhe prοjε.ι, .Γhe adEnιζes or:.ιsτom1zi.g thc ,1.ιΙ

fof ιhe re.ds οf the ΡΓoje.t jn quest;on l5 rliaι gΓc.ιer consisrenιyand Ιcss hunan etrοr Eind ιheir ι,ay ioιo ιhe resυtιing tiles,

The mεrhod lrγ wh]ch ιhe -ΙΕΙ a]1ows the cυsιoπ]zation of ιhe o\,eΓa]ι TΕΙ schema

is ιhιough ιhe ιse οf a sFc.ia];zeιl ι;|m oΓTΕΙ documeιι ιefer.ed ιο as a TEΙ oDD,..One Dοcιnren. Dοes (iι a]Ι)', oL]D uses-Ι]jt descripαve Iτaιkup to PΙοdu.e a filer']rich c2n ιhen ιrc used as a ιrxse ιo generate nοι onlv a scliemr ιo valj<]aιe.]ocum.nιnτti.ces (]i RclαΔl'G coInpacι or ΧλtΙ- lbrmaι, \n]C Schena, οr DΤD taiguage)'bιπ a varleιy οΓaccoIτpanying subseι oΙthe descrig,rive docιιπlenraιioι ιο.-,i"giι"e]eπenιs ir des.ribes. The T:Ι Guiaetiαes ιhemse]ves are wrlιιen jn ιhλ TF]Ι δDDxλΙ1' format, and ιhιs geneιales ιhe overdu TΙΙ s.hem,τ' ιhe pΙose οf ιhe Cυtl€l]nesrhems.l\€s. Js vet] as ιlre e]eπenι reΓeΓ.1r.es ava;ΙιΙb1., ].h]s woιιΙd b. an exιr.metrbelcliciat fuΓmaι tbΓ aoy Ι,ro]ecι ιo υse in ΡΙodιcing a seι of]oca1 ei(od]ng GuiΙ]e1inesbascc on thc ΤE], Λn ad.ΙnionaΙ benetiι rs ι1raι thc .]ocυmeltι|ioi p.J"ce.1.Ι}-.sany clranges of naεne' added or deteted elemenrs, οΙ changes of.οnιcnι mο.te1, λΙoreint,oΙmar;οn .onceΓΙrlng oDD is availablc as paπ οf ιi1e Guide1ines rl rΙre .hapιer oi..Docιmenτaιion

EΙeπents., kee τEΙ TD),one can c]ri1er w.]te ιhιse ι1ocuπenιs d]lectly ln ΧλΙL Ghe TEΙ provi.]es a nuIτbeι

oiexanpte customi,iriοns (;ee:[ΕΙ custom)). oΓ use ιhe web .rοnι end to Roma. theTΕΙj 1]DD processor G€e TΙi Rοma), Rοtna Ρ.οvides a useιΙιler,dΙν merhod oΙselecting moζ1u]es, adding' Γemov]ng, or cusιom;z]ng ιΙre eieπents the1. cοnιarn,and PΓodιcing schemω and ιh. accomΡa.ving documenιatjon, Ιn addiι]on. thsΓront-encl ιllows you to save.he TEΙ oDD fiΙ. yoυ h2vc created.or ιυrιh€Ι modirjca.ioε aι a ]ate. daιe.

Τ!]! Τ'|i| Ει.\ιr! Ιι|'i,1|!1L |1|ιi rι. \|!ΙΔ ι l !]..|.!η:)|

Αt.}ro!gh .uiΦιτιι,]tiο. a.d eλιensi.Ιj .ι ιιii Τ!l x.ι a i...Ss]Ι' ιιtr]iιΙ b...uJ. ιii.n.ι.]! οΓnr..oΠrπ]υι τ\ ι]re] scΛ,e is 5{r 1rrι ]o.J dlsptaιc, rι ιLιlιs bι]ng nιh iι nπcιircοιeιjc1l .omlΙ]ciιjοns The reΓΙ ιilsι ο1 ιiie Ρoυghkcc;'sι ΡιlncipLcs, nιvιι πln.j

| ,, iι l; .l ΤΓt1οrπιιι ι οne οi thc pιinc .ζοals 1.oι iιs ertsιencι Αnιt τer, δc conr]nua] ,]lveιgιnceΓrom ιhι TEi ιhιoυgh cυsroπιzaιiιlι aιιl nlocΙiiicl.ι]on oΓ ι1rι scbιma ilhεrιnι1τ

b, , l | \, ι l, lΙ |,Ι ,,etemcοι ιlhlιh aιι ιvarLab1ι' orpιor;ding r iiιed 1iSι ο.arι|ibαι.\ilιiιs. ιlrei ιheιc ι1rc

Dο iιnΡ]].aιiοns foΓ ι1rε inιeιchιlge ο|a dοιuπιelt eι.ode.] ]..o.J]ng ιο ιιris s.hema, ΙιψittviΙidι1ι€ igιιiosι ιhe rei ι1l scΙiema otl ιh con ιxj nS atl 2vai txt le

-ι ΕΙ e]e"renδ Even

ii some o. ι]re e1emeiιS οι aιιijbιιes αι renaIneJ. bot loltow ι\e recommendeι]

mι.rhods ιo dο so aοd Ρloli.je.t.ιΙ e.]ιiτaten(ts {or the,n, then tιre dοcuΦenι ]s sιiItnιiιable rο. jiter.h2ige Se.iuse rι]ere is i Jο.ιnrented neιιod οt lrιurιing ιιoasι1lewliele it woιtJ ιatidaιe 3.q1jnsι ι.] alΙ' Ιlo$,e\,er. οn.e nes,eten]enιs !';ιh nο.ΓΙΙequivalences ee added. the content πlode1 οΙ e]eπιenΓS rS signjli.ant|]' .hanged. oreΙercnιs aΓe imPoΓιed ιioιη aιιιtljεr Χλtι DmesP2c., ι}r.n ιhe dο.u,nenl iιrsΓln.eι,h]ch va1ιlaιcs ogιnτ ιλ S Sιhcπa silt nοt οeccssaι]1y bc trbιc ω b. tΓansιοrmed iiioa Jocιmenι w1r]ch .ould val]dxι. agιrnsι ιhe ιci-ιl1 sιhιma Τhιs, *ιese kιDds οiclanges alιhough encoιιa3.d and ιι]n5i.]ered TEt co.υπenιs DιSι ne.esslΓlιr be

ν]ewed 2s s;gi]ficind], .lifiir.flr ΓΙonr ιhosc \νhich leil,e .. puΙ. sιibsct of ιhc ΤΕl'| " . o|, . Ιo|, | |,|

.ο.nnun]rI an.l ]nιefoΡerabiι]r'v' rhe ιπc οi cιlsιοr],1ι]on ιhiι ιhε ΤEΙ οoπ a1]οws

mιl iο {acι resu]r in gιeaιer Jivergence ancl frrgmenιarion oΙ |he do.ιlnr.nι iosιιncescΙ.aτ.d br pnriects υring the

,].ΕΙ Ιι ιron'ε!cr. \e e.ceΙrr draι ir ]s a necessaΙ]1y .τ]1 Ιoιprojc.ιs .ο .ustοfri,e ιtreir schemas, then ιhrs ls nοι aS Ρroblenraric as ir irsι appeiΓS,

Αilhough the ιusτoαιiz]τjοn ιi]t resιΙ]ι ]n documenr insιaα.es ιhar a.e oοι ciΙc.dyinιctοpcιιble, theγ reιein ιhe beneΓit oΓ havln.g diverged .rοm a .οmmon soιrΙce, Αιleωι ιhc ι]οcumeηts wiι] h2ve some leΙaιiοηshiF ιo the TEΙ as a πandard eocοdingformaι' λιoΓco./er, iΓ .he' have fttloφed ιirc ]nstructiοns oο creaι]ιg confu.manιcusιom]zatioflS givcο in dlε Gujd.Ιines. ιhen ιhe dc.oπΡin],ing ΤΕΙ ()DD filι w]Ll

provlde an ciccιτonic ιccοιt oΙexaιtl1 hor tΙιe new s.hema.liΓ.ers frοm sιanda.d TΕΙ,Ιi cιιsιοmizat]on $ a ocιιssa.y eνjι, ιhen ιhe rccoΓdiαg oithe deιa;15 οta.υsrom],aιiοn in i sιin.ιaΙ.[Ζ.d ι;Ιmat ]s ιhe besι ooe can hoΡe ιoι, lnd even iι ιh]s.aιtscsprobteπs lor iπιcιchangt, iι sιill has apprec]able beneliεs iοr Jοng.term preseπaιion.\ν'hethef ιh$ πE1 r,sulι rn a gfe]tel Γragmentation οf ιhe .omρaι]b]t]ιv of TEΙdοcumeors, of a.oosotn:]aιiοn.ιroun<lspeci1ic cιιsΓomlza.ιοos, ι'itt be seen wiιh ιnΙε'

v'h;te diefe is nο Ιeδoο oeccssaΙi]y ιο .tlsιomjze .he TEΙ iΓ one ιri rhe pιιbΙclΙaτaιΙaιrle scheΙnas πi]l Sutflce Γor ιhc needs Oi die ΡΓojc.ι, ιhe ιemptation ιo .υsιοmrze,

aod in Ρalt icul2r exιend rιre ΤEΙ ]s difficulι ιo res;Sι. when Ρresenιed w;dr an encοding

pιob1cm iι js rar eas]er ιο siΙΙp]y add a n€9, eιem€nι ιo dιai wιιh the Ρrοι:,Ιem ιhan ]ι ]s

ιo ιιnderιdke the p.oΡer Jοcumenι anahsrs and see if ι}reιe is an apΡiicabΙe eΙisr]og

sοluιiοn' loΓ lhose ιess ΓaΙnit;arr]ιti ι1r€TEΙ Gιιidelines, ιhis ιempιat;on.or unbridled

cusιοm]zaιjon can be oveσhelm]ng. τeι shoυ]d bc ιvο]ded ]ipossib]e

Cotc1usiιlns

,ιhe,Ιll] PΙoΙiι]es ι nιΕ,st]..ix] fιir€aoΙk ιΙ'1ro τ'h]ch sιLo]ars a.d ediιo..iη

ιl..lerιxk. dre stuι1Ι of ιjteιiΙιtr. ιjr.οLlgιr disirll πιans Ιι ls ]neγiraι) c ιΙriι ΙrrοΓιd]gιιι1 cdiι]οns wil1 cοntjnuι ιo be prο.]u.eJ {ιι1 ιliιι tL"".tllΙ has a rο]e in issisr].gιtrιsc ιο be i..essrb]e a.d inιcΙoperabte Ιι ]s. lloπ'cτel' a duη Of.hose .]cxιjns ιhemlo .!JuΙe ιheiΙ nι.E]ectuaι inιegΙ;ι1, Ι1 ιhe SιιιdΙ ο1. liι'.raιιLe is iοιιιasinqly iοιr.] ome ι1isitaι ιlren $,ε ha'e an a.aden]. iuιτ ιο ensιιe as muιi as pοssib]e rhaιιhis λ bxse.ι oo ιιu|! s.holaΙ]y ele.ιΓon]ι e.]iιions ιιh1ιh noι οnlι uphoLd ιhε qυa]!ι.;ιnd ιetiatli]iιγ.xpe.ιed fΙοm su.λ tdrιiοrts, bιιι simι]ιaocoιιstr cιprιa1ize ιροο ιheaιl'antagcs ιhar Fι]b]icar]on in a mοrc ι]eΙ]ιrle

"]edι,Ι afΙιΙds:

]. Γo ].i'\ drcn ιh]l Jι] mx]ol ienes oil.no]ΔΙ]/ ed1t]oιs' iΙdndin8 lιrose nοπ'Ιl!b]isbedbt the mJj.. a.xιΙem]. Ρ.esses. aLso wi]1 be.oΙn. d]gitaL ].here a']1] he eΙcepιi..s: ιlrtΙe] φ1γs \νiΙι bc a pL,ce ft. a lnnted

.'Γeadeis ednjon, οΓ sinriΙaΙ, Blt \νe snι,uι] eiΡe.tιhal Ι.Γ mοsι o| dt Pιηrosζ tor Ψh]ch we nο9, use &]nion'. τhε.dj.ioDs n'e uf nilΙ bee]eftΓonic Ne shou]d dο thΔ Δor jιΔt ιr ιeeF uΡ 1v1th tι]e Ιesr οithe woΙιd, bu. be.3ιιseirdeed ete.r.oηic eaitiο.s Ιnake ΡossiSιe k]nds of readins an,] .esear.h nel,et bci..elv.itab]e a.J oιfeΓ Ιaιu,bιe rnsighιs ]ntο and ]Ρlroa.hes ιο .ιre teΙτs rιt, coΙe.'

γ/. are not γcι ar the ΡoiΙι whe.e ιhe cr€al]οo oΓ digiιal edir;ιr.s rs eiιherun|.ob]ematjc οf ιu1]γ exploiιs dre benetirs oi ttιc nιeιΙia in which ιhey are pub1nheιJ.\re 5ιilΙ neeιl ι! en.ouιxg. funding bodies ιo ΡΙοdι.e Lretιeι ιοo1s ιo enah]. ι1re .]igitaΙs|uJI oΓ ιiιeΙiπιe, as ιhc ΤΕΙ fοres.r\ν in poinι 8 of the ΡοughkeePsie ΡΙrn.]p]εs GecΤEΙ ΕDΡοΙ). Τhis peΙjοd ofdigiral ]Ιr.u,ibυl. i'i]t eγeorua]lΙ pass. and ιhe eΓΓorts o1οrganlza.rοns ]ike tlte ΤEΙ are Ιludab]c in aτιeniρtilg ιo prοdιιce a sειndarJ base οntoΓ o[which nicfe$]ng1γ Solrhjs,icaιed so{τwaΙe, pιbljcaιοn framewοιιs, xnd viιtιaΙιeseeΓ.h etτiron.]eιιts designed spε.ificilly Ιοr the stuc]y oΓ Ιiιereιlrc can be' andh.]Petιι11y wi]t sοon be, creaιed'

Noτ€

ι ιiΙexaΦtιc ιne oΙΓ.ι|,ιι.rt ΑΙ.hιae iι(ij r]

τ'τοrι'oΙxc u]r]> nre !]e.r.Π ζ τeΙι cea.|e. Ι Uαi,?sn], .ι viιgini, .1|rtΡ] e.eΙr.ιb

REιERENclS !ND

tsyna,d' Dιvid, ι.u Burn]rd' Je]n Pjere G:5|]3rt ef aι. 1ι991) .'Hrerar.h]il Εl.od]ne niT:Ιτ: Te.hnr.,] Pοb]eητ ]nd s6\Ιι soluιons,, ιn Δrnn.ν Ιdε and Jcxn v.n]nn (Edl )

virgjιi] e.]ur>' and ιlld Unr..ι1 ]ζ]...d.r's,1m an; Hιmω]ties D"τx S.σi.e <|ιΦ:/]

ΓURτΗrR REΑDΙΝc

Τ.,| Εn1.i'ι. Ιι.Ι1d!'ι: Β.nιi!ηιnd nιι cνι!'|Ι)ornie.ιlt KΙuve| !..deπi. PuιrlιΙreis' R.pr'lΙaft ||ι)L)') cι"j|ι|.tj aιι !Δι |Jι"raιnfu 29:211,211

-tΙ. τ.:'r Ειiι;]ι ΙJ!||!.!!1ι,' .]lιi IiL 5'ι|i) .,| |'j|||!!|'|ι 1a

c.ιιi ιoι r' tr..] R.6 n!]n' ι,ζlει ΙΙ \ι: ιi-ι',]r'.n,:o.ιn! TexΠlι .nt].lJn nl Ntrn.ι ιι.iπιJ...n ν;Γ.nij ιι]\ ] 'Ι...| L'. |jl" Ι:|||!ιi1.|Ε',.!!|.!'!| ..l ι .,."]l.ι] DoΙ.1...nl' KΙ.n'r.Λ.:.enrr. Ρι.linleΙl Ιι.!Ι l:οnr 1],!'].,,]!!!.!.rι !ij! i1ι!l:'|l))|ι! J.) Ι1] 1|j

t1ΙΙ- ι Ι]au: 1ι99ιr) '.,lι.iιuiL PΙonιi:Γ ο Τ.rτ.]]]

ι,1).Δj ΡΙo(nιιs a|il Λsr]nrlr οn!.].(,.Ιι11!l]ln; fu P ε!ξ..r ι|J ) 1jd||jr\ !ι λ!'||!iΙ.'c]ιι.r. Unlγ.ξr..i c.ιjrge AL]ιι\ ΡΡ ι9 ]l)

ι].ιr-i) .Τerι e..ιι]|nd, τh:.nθ\ 1]ι ιιe'1.iι1ιι] tιrξ 'n.o.ι ij{e Llδ!Ι]' ιιι L]ι!n!'|ca':bι!nξ

'a.:.21 11

Ι.iir].r,i' R J ΙE.] ) ιι,,ιr]'1 Δ" L;'rj) 1ix| 1,.''εDJ.jJ,i] ic ΙJt.ηJι Τ!jeo.} Jnd ιn.irl .-.r.sni nr. Jιιb..: ι]nlΙ.*iι| ο] lΙi.hig1ι Ples

Gtr'\ler' t Ια (1991] .1ιe SΙe.h,o., ]ιtJ

(J ιι]! ιdiriυ .Ι'τΙrrs.]o,.t\ υ'J!ξ τLΧ'Ι,

G eg' νl ν: 1i9]ι]'ι) ''Thε R3ιontrlε .. cc.!.eι. 5,'||'l 1ι B!ι'a!t1|lb]' ) |L) 1'-

Ηiyl:|. \- ζιιιrεΙn. |.1aa1) w|larι '\L.l|''ι(:.unbri.1ge ιΙ1: \1]T Ι,res

(2U0') 'ιη.!ι/!4 ul! a cι'ψιι/ Di'ta]sl;jι, arJ |,||!|aη .li.t|, cιΙ.Ιs. ιnlνe. ιy

]Ι..ι.]J. Sus3n |20|'|) Ε|ι.rιι)i .t|1, '] |Δ?

|iaa'x|!: 1)τifujlrλ l::ι P|ι.'r. O\τ'|Δ:oxιo.j {;nrγrΝτi PΙijs

ι].' Nanι:I' ]ηd c ΙE, SFcrιreτ! lΙ.Qηe.. ιi9n-1)τhr .Ιleit Ιn.oιin! lnj. iιτe lr] ιllfοi!.

{;.,ι1\' fn Ιuιrrε ιr.'eι.pment ]n N.n.'Ιj. adt 'Ιεin ν6|.n6 |ΕaSl 'Γ!Ι] Ε'ιful1)]ι

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