Copyright 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights
reserved.
Slide 3
Lewis acids Brnsted-Lowry Arrhenius acids Ralph A. Burns,
Fundamentals of Chemistry 1999, page 483
Slide 4
- ArrheniusH + H 3 O + OH Brnsted- Lowry (H + ) (H + )
Lewis
Slide 5
Formula FormulaName of AcidName of Negative Ion of Salt
HFhydrofluoricfluoride HBrhydrobromicbromide HIhydroiodiciodide HCl
hydrochloricchloride HClOhypochloroushypochlorite HClO 2
chlorouschlorite HClO 3 chloricchlorate HClO 4
perchloricperchlorate H 2 S hydrosulfuricsulfide H 2 SO 3 sulfurous
sulfite H 2 SO 4 sulfuricsulfate HNO 2 nitrousnitrite HNO 3
nitricnitrate H 2 CO 3 carboniccarbonate H 3 PO 3
phosphorousphosphite H 3 PO 4 phosphoricphosphate
Slide 6
Sodium hydroxideNaOHlye or caustic soda Potassium
hydroxideKOHlye or caustic potash Magnesium hydroxideMg(OH) 2 milk
of magnesia Calcium hydroxideCa(OH) 2 slaked lime Ammonia waterNH 3
H 2 O household ammonia . hydroxide ion OH 1-
Slide 7
1+ ++ hydronium ion H3O+H3O+ 1- chloride ion Cl - water H2OH2O
hydrogen chloride HCl (an Arrhenius acid)
Slide 8
HCl + H 2 O H 3 O + + Cl H HHHH H Cl OO + acid Courtesy Christy
Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem NH 3 + H 2 O
NH 4 + + OH - H H H H H H N NO O + H H H H
Slide 9
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page
508
Slide 10
ACID + BASE SALT + WATER HCl + NaOH NaCl + H 2 O HC 2 H 3 O 2 +
NaOH NaC 2 H 3 O 2 + H 2 O . pH . ( ) Courtesy Christy Johannesson
www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
Slide 11
ACID + BASE SALT + WATER HCl + NaOH NaCl + H 2 O HC 2 H 3 O 2 +
NaOH NaC 2 H 3 O 2 + H 2 O . pH= 7 . Courtesy Christy Johannesson
www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
Slide 12
Brnsted-Lowry 1+ + hydronium ion H3O+H3O+ 1- chloride ion Cl -
(base) H2OH2O (acid) HCl ++ --
Slide 13
Brnsted-Lowry (acid) H2OH2O (base) NH 3 ++ -- 1+ + ammonium ion
NH 4 + 1- hydroxide ion OH -
Slide 14
HClhydrochloric acid HNO 3 nitric acid HClO 4 perchloric acid H
2 SO 4 sulfuric acid CH 3 COOHacetic acid H 2 CO 3 carbonic NaOH
sodium hydroxide KOH potassium hydroxide Ca(OH) 2 calcium hydroxide
NH 3 ammonia Kotz, Purcell, Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
1991, page 145 NH 4 OH ammonia NH 3 + H 2 O NH 4 OH
Slide 15
( ) one more oxygen atom most common one less oxygen two less
oxygen HClO 4 perchloric acid HClO 3 chloric acid HClO 2 chlorous
acid HClO hypochlorous acid H 2 SO 4 sulfuric acid H 2 SO 3
sulfurous acid H 3 PO 4 phosphoric acid H 3 PO 3 phosphorous acid H
3 PO 2 hypophosphorous acid HNO 3 nitric acid HNO 2 nitrous acid
(HNO) 2 hyponitrous acid
pH = - log [H + ] pH = 4.6 pH = - log [H + ] 4.6 = - log [H + ]
- 4.6 = log [H + ] Given: 2 nd log 10 x antilog multiply both sides
by -1 substitute pH value in equation take antilog of both sides
determine the [hydronium ion] choose proper equation [H + ] =
2.51x10 -5 M You can check your answer by working backwards. pH = -
log [H + ] pH = - log [2.51x10 -5 M] pH = 4.6 Recall, [H + ] = [H 3
O + ]
Slide 25
HCl + H 2 O H 3 O + + Cl - acidbase acid conjugates HCl + H 2 O
H 3 O + + Cl - acid base CA CB
Slide 26
NH 3 + H 2 O NH 4 1+ + OH - baseacid base conjugates base acid
CA CB NH 3 + H 2 O NH 4 1+ + OH -
Slide 27
! base acid CA CB NH 3 + H 2 O NH 4 1+ + OH - HCl + H 2 O H 3 O
+ + Cl - acid base CA CB : ..
Slide 28
1- ++ sulfuric acid H 2 SO 4 water H2OH2O hydrogen sulfate ion
HSO 4 - hydronium ion H3O+H3O+ 1+ 1- ++ sulfate ion SO 4 2- water
H2OH2O hydrogen sulfate ion HSO 4 - hydroxide ion OH - 1- 2-
Slide 29
( ) HC 2 H 3 O 2 + H 2 O H 3 O 1+ + C 2 H 3 O 2 - acid 1 base 1
base 2 acid 2 conjugates acid base CA CB HC 2 H 3 O 2 + H 2 O H 3 O
1+ + C 2 H 3 O 2 -
Slide 30
Slide 31
Copyright 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights
reserved.
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page
520
Slide 36
COLOR CHANGES AS A FUNCTION OF pH INDICATOR pH 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 RED APPLE SKIN BEETS BLUEBERRIES RED CABBAGE CHERRIES
GRAPE JUICE RED ONION YELLOW ONION PEACH SKIN PEAR SKIN PLUM SKIN
RADISH SKIN RHUBARB SKIN TOMATO TURNIP SKIN * * YELLOW at pH 12 and
above
Slide 37
Copyright 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights
reserved.