curs engleza drept_anul I_2012-2013_4750

7/28/2019 curs engleza drept_anul I_2012-2013_4750

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UniversitateaNicolae Titulescu

nvmnt la DistanFacultatea de Drept

Anul I

LIMBA ENGLEZ

Lect.univ.dr. Camelia NEAGU


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CUPRINS

Introducere p. 6

Unitatea de nvare 1

1.1. Introducere p. 101.2. Obiective p. 101.3. Rezumat p. 121.4. Test de evaluare p. 121.5. Test de autoevaluare p. 131.6. Tem de control p. 13

1.7. Bibliografie specifica p. 141.8. Rspunsuri la testele de autoevaluare p. 14

Unitatea de nvare 2

2.1. Introducere p. 152.2. Obiective p. 152.3. Rezumat p. 172.4. Test de evaluare p. 172.5. Test de autoevaluare p. 18

2.6. Tem de control p. 182.7. Bibliografie specifica p. 192.8. Rspunsuri la testele de autoevaluare p. 19

Unitatea de nvare 3

3.1. Introducere p. 203.2. Obiective p. 203.3. Rezumat p. 233.4. Test de evaluare p. 23

3.5. Test de autoevaluare p. 233.6. Tem de control p. 243.7. Bibliografie specifica p. 243.8. Rspunsuri la testele de autoevaluare p. 24

Unitatea de nvare 4


4.5. Test de autoevaluare p. 274.6. Tem de control p. 27


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4.7. Bibliografie specifica p. 284.8. Rspunsuri la testele de autoevaluare p. 28

Unitatea de nvare 5

5.1. Introducere p. 305.2. Obiective p. 305.3. Rezumat p. 315.4. Test de evaluare p. 325.5. Test de autoevaluare p. 325.6. Tem de control p. 335.7. Bibliografie specifica p. 335.8. Rspunsuri la testele de autoevaluare p. 34

Unitatea de nvare 6


Unitatea de nvare 7


Unitatea de nvare 8


Unitatea de nvare 9


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9.5. Test de autoevaluare p. 559.6. Tem de control p. 559.7. Bibliografie specifica p. 569.8. Rspunsuri la testele de autoevaluare p. 56

Unitatea de nvare 10

10.1. Introducere p. 5710.2. Obiective p. 5710.3. Rezumat p. 58

10.4. Test de evaluare p. 5810.5. Test de autoevaluare p. 5910.6. Tem de control p. 5910.7. Bibliografie specifica p. 5910.8. Rspunsuri la testele de autoevaluare p. 60




12.1. Introducere p. 6612.2. Obiective p. 66

12.3. Rezumat p. 6812.4. Test de evaluare p. 6812.5. Test de autoevaluare p. 6912.6. Tem de control p. 6912.7. Bibliografie specifica p.7012.8. Rspunsuri la testele de autoevaluare p.70


13.1. Introducere p. 7113.2. Obiective p. 7113.3. Rezumat p. 73


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13.4. Test de evaluare p. 7313.5. Test de autoevaluare p. 7313.6. Tem de control p. 7413.7. Bibliografie specifica p. 7413.8. Rspunsuri la testele de autoevaluare p. 74


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INTRODUCERE

Acest modul se adreseaz studenilor Facultii de Drept, forma denvmnt la distan, anul 1.

Obiectivul

modulului

Modulul Limba englez are drept obiectiv nsuirea de ctre studeni aunui set de termeni juridici de baz (pe care studenii s i poat folosi laun interviu de angajare sau n vederea redactrii n limba englez a unoreseuri/ referate/articole sau pentru a traduce texte juridice). Totodat,studenii vor recapitula noiuni generale de gramatic a limbii engleze.Deprinderea competenelor necesare utilizrii limbii engleze n mediul

juridic le va permite studenilor s utilizeze aceast limb strin nvederea angajrii, n activitatea de cercetare (foarte multe cri despecialitate fiind scrise n limba englez) i n vederea ndepliniriiviitoarelor sarcinilor de serviciu.Cunotinele dobndite n cadrul acestui modul vor putea fi folositealturi de cunotinele obinute prin studierea altor discipline din planulde nvmnt al specializrii, contribuind mpreun cu acestea laformarea unui specialist care s rspund cerinelor i exigenelorangajatorilor din domeniu.Prin nsuirea coninutului modulului, studenii vor dobndi urmtoarelecompetene generalei specifice:

Competenelegenerale

1. Competene instrumentale- stpnirea unui set de termeni juridici de baz n limba englez-

capacitatea de a soluiona probleme profesionale care implicfolosirea limbii engleze- capacitatea de a comunica n limba englez.

2. Competene interpersonale:- capacitatea de evaluare i autoevaluare- capacitatea de a lucra n echip- capacitatea de a avea un comportament etic i de a respecta

regulile deontologiei profesionale.

3. Competene sistemice:

- capacitatea de a transpune n practic noiunile dobndite- capacitatea de a nva- capacitatea de a se adapta procesului de integrare european- abilitatea de a lucra independent.

Competenelespecifice

1.Cunoatere i nelegere sistematizarea i fundamentarea noiunilor de gramatic a limbii

engleze; nsuirea de ctre studeni a cunotinelor necesare pentru redactarea

unui referat, articol etc. pe teme de specialitate,

achiziionarea de ctre studeni a unui numr ct mai mare determeni de specialitate;


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stimularea conversaiei spontane n vederea dobndirii unei flueneconvenabile n dialoguri pe teme de specialitate.

2.Explicare si interpretare interpretarea corect a sensului unui text juridic, redactat n limba

englez i capacitatea de a explica n mod corect termenii juridici

folosii n textul respectiv.3. Instrumentalaplicative dezvoltarea capacitii de a efectua corect traduceri din limba

englez n limba romn i de a redacta cu acuratee retroversiunidin limba romn n limba englez, folosind termeni de specialitate.

4. Atitudinale dezvoltarea abilitii de a gndi i interpreta n limba englez

noiunile juridice i gramaticale nvate; dezvoltarea interesului pentru cunoaterea vocabularului juridic de

specialitate n limba englez.

Structuramodulului

(sem. I+II)

Acest modul este structurat n 13 uniti de nvare.

n primul semestru se vor studia primele 7 uniti de nvare, dup cumurmeaz:

Unitatea de nvare 1 ORDINEA CORECT A CUVINTELORN LIMBA ENGLEZ (60 de minute) Acest capitol expune regulile deorganizare a cuvintelor n propoziie, aplicate n limba englez.

Unitatea de nvare 2 - THE UK - A CONSTITUTIONALMONARCHY (90 de minute) prezint noiunile de baz privind rolul istructura Parlamentului Marii Britanii, rolul Monarhului n conducereaStatului, atribuiile Primului Ministru i ale Cabinetului condus deacesta.

Unitatea de nvare 3 -VORBIREA DIRECT I INDIRECT (90de minute) prezint noiunile de baz privind folosirea corect a vorbiriiindirec te limba englez.

Unitatea de nvare 4 -THE SOURCES OF ENGLISH LAW (90 deminute) prezintprincipalele surse ale legislaiei din Marea Britanie.

Unitatea de nvare 5 -VERBUL (THE VERB). TIMPURILEVERBULUI (VERB TENSES) (90 de minute) prezint dou timpurifolosite n mod frecvent n limba englez: prezentul simplu i prezentulcontinuu.

Unitatea de nvare 6 -THE JUDICIARY (80 de minute) prezintnoiuni generale privind sistemul judiciar din Marea Britanie.

Unitatea de nvare 7 THE PAST TENSES(90 de minute) prezintregulile de folosire a trecutului simplu i trecutului continuu, dou dintre

cele cele mai importante timpuri ale limbii engleze.


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n al doilea semestru se vor studia ultimele 6 uniti de nvare, dupcum urmeaz:

Unitatea de nvare 8 COURTS OF LAW IN THE UNITEDKINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN(90 de minute) prezint instanele

de judecat din Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii.

Unitatea de nvare 9 THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSESIMPLE(90 de minute) recapituleaz regulile de folosire a unuia dintrecele mai uzuale timpuri ale limbii englezeprezentul perfect simplu.

Unitatea de nvare 10 THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSECONTINUOUS (60 de minute) - recapituleaz unul dintre cele maiuzuale timpuri ale limbii englezeprezentul perfect continuu.

Unitatea denvare 11 THE BRITISH LEGAL SYSTEM (90 de

minute) prezint atribuiile profesionale care i revin unui avocat nRegatul Unit al Marii Britanii.

Unitatea de nvare 12 -THE PAST PERFECT TENSE SIMPLEAND THE PAST PERFECT TENSE CONTINUOUS (100 deminute)prezint regulile de folosire a dou timpuri: trecutul perfectsimplu (past perfect simple) i trecutul perfect continuu (past perfectcontinuous).

Unitatea de nvare 13 THE EUROPEAN UNION(90 de minute)prezint studia un scurt istoric privind formarea Uniunii Europene irolul principalelor instituii din cadrul UE.

Pregtirea ievaluarea

studenilor(sem. I)

Pn la data primului tutorial din semestrul unu, studenii vorparcurge unitile de nvare 1, 2, 3 i 4. i vor nsui cunotineleteoretice i vor rspunde la toate sarcinile incluse n acestea.Rspunsurile la exerciii i referatele se vor redacta n scris (suntacceptate i n form electronic document Word) i vor fi transmisetutorelui.

Pn la data celui de-al doil ea tutori al, inclusiv, studenii vor parcurgeunitile de nvare 5, 6 i 7. i vor nsui cunotinele prezentate n

cadrul unitilor 5, 6 i 7 i vor rezolva temele de control.

Nivelul de pregtire al studenilor se apreciaz astfel: Lucrare scris

o traducerio exerciii de completare a spaiilor libereo ntrebri de verificare a cunotinelor acumulateo exerciii de parafrazare (rephrasing)o eseu/referat/articol

Evaluarea temelor de control.Ponderea referatelor i lucrrilor de control este de 30%. Lucrarea scris

are o pondere de 70%.


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Pregtirea ievaluarea

studenilor(sem. II)

Pn la data primului tutori aldin semestrul doi, studenii vor parcurgeunitile de nvare 8, 9 i 10. i vor nsui cunotinele teoretice i vorrspunde la toate sarcinile incluse n acestea. Rspunsurile la exerciii ireferatele se vor redacta n scris (sunt acceptate i n form electronic document Word) i vor fi transmise tutorelui.

Pn la data celui de-al doil ea tutori al, inclusiv, studenii vor parcurgeunitile de nvare 11, 12 i 13.i vor nsui noiunile expuse n unitile 11, 12 i 13 i vor rezolva

temele de control.

Nivelul de pregtire al studenilor se apreciaz astfel: Lucrare scris

o traducerio exerciii de completare a spaiilor libereo exerciii de reformulare (rephrasing)o exerciii de transformare (de la diateza activ la diateza pasiv

sau de la vorbirea direct la vorbirea indirect)o ntrebri de verificare a cunotinelor acumulateo exerciii de parafrazare (rephrasing)o eseu/referat/articol

Evaluarea temelor de control.Ponderea referatelor i lucrrilor de control este de 30%. Lucrarea scrisare o pondere de 70%.


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UNIT IORDINEA CORECT A CUVINTELOR N LIMBA ENGLEZ

(Word Order)

1.1. IntroducereAcest capitol expune regulile de organizare a cuvintelor n propoziie, aplicaten limba englez. Studenii ar trebui s acorde o atenie sporit acestui capitoldeoarece necunoaterea regulilor de organizare a cuvintelor n propoziie atragedup sine comiterea unui numr foarte mare de greeli de topic n limbaenglez.

1.2. Obiectivele/competentele unitii de nvareDup studierea acestei uniti, studentul trebuie s fie capabil:

s foloseasc n ordine corect prile de propoziie n limba englez,semnalnd diferenele de topic existente ntre englez i romn;

s sesiseze poziia corect a adverbelor de frecven n propoziie(observnd diferenele care apar n funcie de predicat i de timpurilefolosite).

Durata medie de parcurgere acestei uniti denvare este de 1 or.

CONINUTUL UNITII DE NVARE

Folosirea corect a ORDINII CUVINTELOR N PROPOZIIE prezint o importandeosebit n limba englez. Limba englez este o limba analitic, avnd puine formeflexionare, de aceea, locul pe care-l ocup cuvintele n propoziie are un rol important nidentificarea funciilor lor sintactice.Ordinea cuvintelor n propoziie trebuie studiat i datorit diferenelor de topic dintreromn i englez.n limba romn, poziia prilor de propoziie difer de cea a cuvintelor englezeti n dou

privine:

a) Limba romn are mai multe forme flexionare i deci locul cuvintelor nu este att deimportant, iar subiectul nu este exprimat de obicei, verbul romnesc fiind marcatformal pentru persoan i numr:I never see him there (engl.)

Niciodat nu-l vd acolo (romn)(Eu) Nu-l vd niciodat acolo.(Eu) Nu-l vd acolo niciodat.

b) Unele pri de propoziie n limba romn ocup de obicei alte locuri dect prile depropoziie corespunztoare din limba englez.Englez: Romn:He speaks English well.(Subiect + predicat + compl. direct +circ. mod)

El vorbete bine englezete.(Subiect + predicat + circ. mod.+ compl. direct)

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Exemple1. Comparai topica propoziiei englezeti cu topica

propoziiei romneti, observnd c n romntopica este mult mai flexibil:

(Compl. circ. de timp)Subiect + Predicat + Compl. direct + Compl. indir. +Compl. circ. de mod+ Compl. circ. de loc + (Compl. circ. de timp).

(After dinner) She said good night to them quickly in the hall(after dinner).

(Dup cin) le-a spus noapte bun repede n hol (dup cin) sau

(Dup cin) le-a spus repede noapte bun n hol (dup cin).

2. Adverbele de frecven (usually*, sometimes*, never, often, rarely/seldom, always) stau

naintea predicatului dac acesta este exprimat printr-un verb aflat la un timp simplu (deciNU continuu** sau perfect***):

She neverpleads in criminal cases.Law students oftensimulate cases as part of their academic training.

* Usually and sometimes can be placed at the beginning/at the end of the sentence orimmediately before the predicate:E.g. (Usually) We prepare our pleadings carefully (usually). sauWe usuallyprepare our pleadings carefully.

(Sometimes) she asks this senior counsel for advice (sometimes). sauShesometimesasks this senior counsel for advice.

** Adverbs of frequency are used between the verb to be and the present participle (withcontinuous tenses):

E.g. They arealwaysasking me questions about the day of the crime because they suppose Iam the real offender!

*** Adverbs of frequency are used between the verb to have and the past participle (withperfect tenses):

E.g. She hasneveragreed with such a clause in the contract!

!!! If adverbs of frequency are used with the verb to be, they are placed after this verb:

Mr. Johanson isalways on time when he expects a client at the office.

Corectai greelile din propoziiile de mai jos:I appreciate very much this internship period.

.The witness testified yesterday without hesitation.


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She checks her knowledge in this law encyclopedia often.

S ne reamintimTopica limbii engleze este diferit de cea din limba romn ntr-o maremsur. Ca limb sintetic, romna i-a conservat formele flexionare, de aiciflexibilitatea topicii romneti. n schimb, engleza, ca limb analitic, a

pierdut foarte multe forme flexionare, ceea ce a dus la rigidizarea topicii ei.

1.3. Rezumat- n limba englez, nu se pune niciodat un complement circumstanial ntre

predicat i complementul direct/ complementul indirect;

- Complementele circumstaniale au o ordine strict de folosire n limba

englez: C.C.M + C.C.L + C.C.T(Adverbial of Manner + Adverbial ofPlace + Adverbial of Time);

- Urmtoarele complemente circumstaniale de timp pot sta la nceputul sau lasfritul propoziiei: last week/month/year, next week/month/year, thisweek/month/year, in 2010, at noon/at midnight/at weekend, in the future/in themorning/in the afternoon, during the 1st semester, on Monday/Friday etc.

1.4. Test de evaluare a cunotinelor:I. Schimbai ordinea complementelor. Folosii to sau for nainteacomplementului indirect.

Ex: Show us the album. Show the album to us.

1. Please, pass me the dictionary.2. Fetch me a glass of water.3. Please, send your parents my regards.4. He didnt forget to buy his sister a ticket.5. Tell the children this funny story.6.

He offered everyone flowers.7. Andrew owes Betty some money.

8. William handed her some pictures.9. I have written John a letter.10.They told us the news.11.She offered everyone present a copy of the text.

II. Completai spatiile libere cu prepoziiile care lipsesc pentru a forma complementeprepoziionale:

1. She never speaksthis subject.2. He still depends.. his parents.3. Do you agree . me?

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4. She waited. you for half an hour.5. The boy insisted doing it himself.6. Please, look . the book Ive bought.

1.5. Test de autoevaluare a cunotinelor:

I. Traducei urmtoarele propoziii n limba englez:

1. Descrie-ne tot ce ai vzut ieri la locul faptei, te rog.2. Te rog, citete-mi declaraia martorului.3. Comunic-ne rezultatul procesului imediat ce-l afli!4. I-am cumprat sptmna trecut asistentei noastre un dicionar explicativ de termeni

juridici.5. Medalia de aur a fost acordat echipei romne pentru performana ei extraordinar la

concursul de procese simulate.6.Nu este nevoie s-mi napoiezi cursul de drept constituional. i-l fac cadou.

II. Completai spaiile libere cu termenii de mai jos (conform exemplului dat):

authority court to govern Judgelaw enforcement agency lawyers legal action legal systemlegislation Rule the judiciary tribunal

1. A body that is appointed to make a judgement or inquiry. tribunal2. A countrys body of judges.

3. An act or acts passed by a law-making body.4. Legal proceedings.5. An official body that has authority to try criminals, resolve disputes, or make other legaldecisions.6. An organization responsible for enforcing the law especially the police.7. A senior official in a court law.8. The body or system of rules recognized by a community that are enforceable byestablished process.9. The control resulting from following a communitys system of rules.10. Members of the legal profession.11. To rule a society and control the behavior of its members.12. Behavior recognized by a community as binding or enforceable by authority.

1.6. Tem de control

I. Punei n ordinea corespunztoare cuvintele de mai jos:1. The/is/about/like/thing/I/this faculty/great/research department/its.2. A/smuggling/building/man/apprehended/in/ was/who/this/dealt with.3. We/read/the/before/file/must/and/about/forgotten/it/have.4. Unfortunately/caused/year/are/crimes/juveniles/by/every/many.5. An/by/injured/rescued/from/the/burning /a/dog/was/woman/building.


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II. Punei complementele circumstaniale din paranteze la locul potrivit npropoziie, preciznd funcia lor sintactic:

1. I am working on my graduation project (now).2. He has had his dinner (already).3. The last lesson was difficult (unusually); this one is easy (enough).4. I have believed them (never).5. His behavior cannot be explained (entirely).6. You can excuse yourself for the reason (hardly).7. He goes to the seaside (usually, in July).8. Look at those sentences (tonight).9. He speaks English (in the classroom, always).10.He comes (sometimes, on Saturdays, to my place).

1.7.Bibliografie specificaBanta, Andrei, Essential English, Ed. Teora, 1993

Brookes, Michael, Treutenaere, Christiane, 1000 de cuvinte cheie n Drept,Ed. Compania, 2004.

1.8.Rspunsuri la testul de autoevaluareI.1.Describe to us everything you saw at the crime scene, please!

2.Please, read me the witness testimony!3.Let us know the outcome of the trial as soon as you find it out!4.Last week we bought our assistant a legal explanatory dictionary.5.The golden medal was awarded to the Romanian team for its outstanding

performance at the moot competition.6.You do not have to give me back the constitutional law coursebook. Ill offerit to you as a gift.

II.1.- tribunal, 2. the judiciary, 3. legislation, 4. legal action, 5.court, 6. -law enforcement agency, 7. Judge, 8. - legal system, 9. authority, 10.

lawyers, 11.to govern, 12.Rule.


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UNIT IITHE UK - A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY

2.1. IntroducereStudiind aceast unitate de nvare, vei dobndi noiunile de baz privindrolul i structura Parlamentului Marii Britanii, rolul Monarhului nconducerea Statului, atribuiile Primului Ministru i ale Cabinetului condusde acesta, precum i despre alegerile generale din Regatul Unit al MariiBritanii.

2.2. Obiectivele/competenele unitii de nvareDup studierea acestei uniti, studentul trebuie s fie capabil:

s ofere informaii generale despre puterea legislativ din MareaBritanie;

s precizeze atribuiile Monarhului Britanic n guvernareastatului;

s ofere informaii generale despre puterea executiv din MareaBritanie.

Durata medie de parcurgere acestei uniti de nvare este de 90minute.

Coninutul unitii de nvare

THE UK - A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a constitutional monarchy anda unitary state, which is made up of Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) and of

Northern Ireland. All four countries of the Kingdom are represented in Parliament atWestminster, which is the supreme legislative authority in the United Kingdom.

The three main powers in the British state are: the legislative power, the executive power andthe judiciary. The legislative power is the power of making, altering or repealing the laws andit belongs to Parliament.

The Parliament is the legislative body, which is constitutionally composed of the Monarch,the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The judiciary is represented by the SupremeCourt and all the other courts of law in the UK.

The Queen represents the people as the Head of State, but the real power lies in Parliament.

The House of Commons or the Lower House consists of 650 Members of Parliament (MPs)who each represent a constituency. They are salaried members elected by universal adultsuffrage. Members of the House of Commons are elected at a General Election, which must

be held every five years, but it is often held at more frequent intervals.

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The House of Lords or the Upper House has around 1,200 members and is made up ofhereditary and life peers and peeresses, including the law lords appointed to undertake

judicial duties of the House, and the archbishops and bishops of the Church of England.

The Sovereign formally summons and dissolves Parliament and generally opens new sessions

of Parliament with a speech from the throne. The Queen reigns but does not rule.The full duration of Parliament is five years. No bill can become law until it has beensanctioned or read three times by both Houses and has finally received the royal assent.The Constitutional principles, rules and practices of the United Kingdom have never beencodified; they derive from state law, from common law and from the conventions of theconstitution.

General Elections are held every five years, though the Prime Minister may call one earlierand if a MP dies or retires a by-election is held in her or his constituency. MPs win their seatsin Parliament by a majority vote.

The Party which wins sufficient seats at a General Election to command a majority ofsupporters in the House of Commons forms the Government; its leading members are chosen

by the Prime Minister (PM) who forms the Cabinet.The Party which wins the second largest number of seats becomes the official Opposition.Parliaments main functions are debating, passing legislation and examining the actions ofthe Government.

The Speaker of the House of Commons is elected from the members to preside over theHouse immediately after each new Parliament is formed. He is required to be impartial over

parliamentary procedure and the traditional guardian of the rights and privileges of the Houseof Commons.

The Government consists of the ministers appointed directly by the Crown on therecommendation of the Prime Minister.The Prime Minister is the Head of the government and presides over meetings of the Cabinet.He consults and advises the Monarch on government business, supervises and, to someextent, coordinates the work of the various ministries and departments and is the principalspokesman for the Government in the House of Commons.

The Cabinet is the nucleus of government; its members consist of a small group of the mostimportant ministers who are selected by the Prime Minister. The size of the Cabinet is about

23 and its main function is to determine, control and integrate the policies of the governmentfor submission to Parliament.

The Lord Chancellor and the Law Officers of the Crown.The Lord High Chancellor and the Law Officers of Great Britain presides over the House ofLords both in legislative capacity and as a final court of appeal.

Corectai greelile din propoziiile de mai jos:

a. The Lord Chancellor is the head of the Cabinet of Ministers..

b. Norther Ireland is a part of Great Britain.


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c. The Speaker is the head of the House of Lords.

S ne reamintim-Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii este o monarhie constituional, ceea censeamn c Regele/Regina este eful statului, dar acesta/aceasta nu poateaciona dect n limitele impuse de prevederile Constituiei.- n Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii, puterea legislativ a statului i revineexclusiv Parlamentului;- n Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii, Puterea executiv este reprezentat dePrimul Ministru (eful Guvernului) i de Cabinetul de Minitri (ale cruiedine sunt prezidate de Primul Ministru).

2.3.Rezumat

- Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii este o monarhie constituional;- n Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii, Parlamentul este bicameral (the House ofLords & the House of Commons);- The Lord Chacellor este Preedintele Camerei Lorzilor, n timp ce theSpeakereste Preedintele Camerei Comunelor;- n Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii, alegerile generale se organizeaz o dat la 5ani;- pentru Camera Lorzilor nu se organizeaz alegeri, membrii acestei camerefiind alei de Monarh la recomandarea Primului Ministru sau a CamereiLorzilor.

2.4. Test de evaluare a cunotinelor:

I. Completai spaiile libere cu cuvintele corespunztoare:assent, Constitution, repealing, branches, duration, executive, that is,

altering, convoke, prorogue, power, law, sanctioned, retires, both, but,

earlier, held, elections, constituency

1. The British. consists of two great . , the legislative and the . power.2. The legislative power, . the power of making, . or . the laws, belongs to

Parliament.3. The Queen alone can Parliament or . , or dissolve it.4. The full .. ofan MP`s term of office is 5 years.5. No bill can become until it has been or read three times by .. Houses and has

received the royal .6. General . are held every five years, . the Prime Minister may call one.., and if a

MP dies or . a by-election is . in her or his

II. Rspundei la urmtoarele ntrebri:1. What does Parliament consist of?2. What does the Sovereign formally do?3. Who are the members of the House of Lords?

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4. What do the termspeerandpeeress mean?5. What does the House of Commons consist of?6. At what intervals must a General Election be held?7. What is the Prime Ministers first duty?8. Who becomes the official Opposition?9. What does the Speaker do during debates in Parliament?10.What are the criteria that must be take into account in electing the Speaker?

2.5.Test de autoevaluare a cunotinelor:

I. Traducei n englez urmtoarele propoziii:1. Camera Comunelor este format din 630 membrii salariai alei prin

sufragiu universal de ctre populaia adult.2. Primul Ministru alege membrii Guvernului din partidul care ctig

majoritatea locurilor n Parlament.

3. Preedintele Camerei Comunelor este propus de Guvern dupconsultri cu opoziia.

4. n Camera Lorzilor, autoritatea suprem Lordul Cancelar areputeri mai mici ca Preedintele Camerei Comunelor (The Speaker).

5. Membrii Camerei Comunelor reprezint autoritatea final nemiterea legilor.

II. Traducei n limba romn urmtorul text:Laws can be seen as a set of rules which are meant to govern behavior between people.Law, the body of official rules and regulations, generally found in constitutions andlegislation, is used to govern society and to control the behavior of its members. Inmodern societies, a body with authority, such as a court or the legislature, makes the law;on the other hand the police must make sure the law is observed.In addition to enforcement, a body of expert lawyers is needed to apply the law.This is the role of the judiciary, the body of judges in a particular country.

2.6. Tem de control

I. Completai spaiile libere cu adverbele potrivite:

annually mainly impartially dangerously usually fluently

carefully.

1. He was fined because he was driving ..2. You must cross the road3. He speaks English..4. An arrested person will be granted bail if he cannot be brought before

the court within a day.5. The Pleading competition is held 6. Criminal law is concerned with crimes against the community as a

whole.7. Judges must act

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II. Answer to the following questions (using, if necessary, information

from Wikipedia):

1. What is the difference between a constitutional monarchy and an absolutemonarchy?

2. Give examples of other constitutional monarchies.What does it mean that the Queen reigns but does not rule?

2.7. Bibliografie specificaBrookes, Michael,Treutenaere, Christiane, 1000 de cuvinte cheie n Drept,Ed. Compania, 2004.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy

2.8. Rspunsuri la testul de autoevaluareI.1. The House of Commons is made up of 630 salaried members, elected by universal adult

suffrage.2. The Prime Minister appoints the members of the Government from the party that won themajority of seats in Parliament.3. The Speaker is appointed by the Government after consulting with the opposition.4. In the House of Lords, the supreme authority, the Lord Chancellor, has less authority incomparison with the Speaker.

5. The members of the House of Commons represent the final authority in passing the laws.

II.Putem considera c legile reprezint un set de reguli menite s controleze comportamentuloamenilor.Legea, privit ca o sum de reguli i regulamente, este folosit pentru a guverna societatea i

pentru a controla comportamentul membrilor acesteia. n societile moderne, un organ alstatului nvestit cu autoritate, cum ar fi o instan judectoreasc sau legislatura, emite legi;

pe de alt parte, poliia trebuie s se asigure c legea este respectat.Pentru ca legea s fie aplicat, este necesar s existe un grup de specialiti n drept. Acestaeste rolul sistemului judiciar, reprezentat de totalitateajudectorilor dintr-o ar.


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UNIT III

VORBIREA DIRECT I INDIRECT(Direct and Indirect Speech)

3.1. Introduceren aceast unitate de nvare, vei putea revizui/v vei putea consolidanoiunile de baz privind folosirea corect a vorbirii indirecte n limbaenglez.

Vorbirea indirect este folosit frecvent n limbajul de zi cu zi, iar bunacunoatere a acesteia este strns legat de regulile concordanei timpurilor,specifice limbii engleze.

3.2. Obiectivele/competenele unitii de nvareDup studierea acestei uniti de nvare, studentul trebuie s fiecapabil:

s foloseasc n mod corect vorbirea indirect n limba englez s evite greelile frecvente de concordan a timpurilor.

Durata medie de parcurgere acestei uniti de nvare este de 90 minute.


VORBIREA DIRECT I INDIRECT

Exist dou posibiliti de redare a spuselor cuiva: prin vorbire direct i indirect.n vorbirea direct (Direct speech) se reproduc ntocmai cuvintele persoanei care le-a rostit:

He asked me: Where is Dan?M-a ntrebat: - Unde este Dan?

Folosirea timpurilor n vorbirea direct nu este afectat de timpul predicatului din propoziiaprincipal:

He is saying,Ill see you tomorrow.He has said,I met her last night.He said, Ive just arrived.

n vorbirea indirect(Indirect/Reported speech) o a treia persoan red spusele cuiva, fr areproduce totdeauna ntocmai cuvintele sale:

John said to Peter, Shall I meet you at the station tomorrow?

John suggested that he should meet Peter at the station the next day.

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Transformarea vorbirii directe n vorbire indirect (change from Direct to IndirectSpeech).Cnd spusele cuiva sunt trecute de la vorbirea direct la cea indirect, procedeu frecventutilizat n conversaie, au loc anumite schimbri att n propoziia principal ct i n

propoziiacompletiv direct:

Modificrile sunt de dou feluri:A. Generale, care afecteaz orice fel de enun reprodus;B. Specifice, caracteristice fiecrui tip de propoziie: enuniativ, interogativ,exclamativ, imperativ.

A. Modificrile generalea. Pronumele personal, reflexiv si posesivse schimb dup neles: persoana I i

a II-a devin persoana III-a. pronumele rmne neschimbat cnd vorbitorul i reproduce propriile lui

cuvinte.b. Pronumele/adjectivele demonstrative i adverbele de loc i timp sunt nlocuite

cu altele care exprim deprtarea:

Thisthat Today - That dayThesethose Yesterday - The day beforeHerethere The day before yesterday - Two days before

Nowthen Tomorrow - The next day/ following dayThe day after tomorrow - In two days time

Next week - The next/following weekLast week - The previous week/ the week beforeA year ago - A year before/ the previous year

c. Folosirea timpurilorn vorbirea indirectPresent devine PastPast Tense devine Past PerfectPresent Perfect Tense devine Past PerfectPast Perfect rmne neschimbatFuture devine Future-in-the-Past

Exemplu:

Mr. Brown said to his wife:Ive been very busy today.Mr. Brown told his wife that he had been very busy that day.

B. Modificrile specifice se refer la verbele care trebuie folosite n fiecare fel depropoziie reprodus (enuniativ, interogativ, exclamativ, imperativ).

a.Propoziiile enuniative Verbul to say cnd nu este urmat de complement indirect se pstreaz; n celelalte cazuri to say devine tell + complement indirectCathy said she didnt understand the lesson.Cathy told the teacher she didnt understand the question.

b.Propoziiile interogative

Verbul to say este nlocuit cu verbe ca: to ask, to wonder, to want, to know, to inquire.Why is Tom angry?, Helen said to me.


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Helen wondered why Tom was angry.

- Propoziia secundar se va introduce cu conjuncia if, whether, how, when, where.Would you attend our meeting?, the students asked their professor.The students wanted to know whether their professor would attend their meeting.

Schimbrile de timp n propoziiile interogative au loc la fel ca n cele enuniative:

Where have you been? He wanted to know wherewe hadbeen.

What is Tom doing? He wanted to know whatTom was doing.

When willyou leave? He wanted to know whenthey would leave.

c.Propoziiile exclamative Ele devin propoziii enuniative n vorbirea indirect.

Exclamaiile cu what, how, Oh!,Ah! Devin completive directe introduse de that:

How very kind of him to help us with our luggage! mother said.Mother exclaimed that it was very kind of him to help them with their luggage.

d.Propoziiile imperative Ele devin n vorbirea indirect propoziii infinitive

Afirmative:He said, Sit down, Peter.

He told Peter to sit down.Negative:

He said,Dont interrupt the speaker please.He asked them not to interrupt the speaker.

Verbul la imperativ se transform n verb la infinitiv cu to/not to.Corectai greelile n frazele de mai jos:1. The witness swore he will say the truth.2. The lawyer wondered how he has entered the room.

3. We will become good practitioners when we will start working in law firmor in the Bar.

S ne reamintimVorbirea indirect reproducere spusele unei persoane, folosind verbe specifice(reporting verbs) n acest scop: to ask, to say, to comment, to exclaim, to wonder,to order, to underline, to offeretc.Vorbirea direct este marcat prin ghilimele, deoarece n limba englez nu sefolosete linia de dialog. n schimb, vorbirea indirect nu este marcat pringhilimele.


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3.3. RezumatTrecerea de la vorbirea direct la cea indirect presupune efectuarea urmtoarelormodificri:- de persoan (pers.1 => pers. a 3-a);- de timp (toate timpurile coboar cu o treapt: prezentul devine trecut, iar trecutul

devine trecut perfect, n timp ce viitorul cu willse transform n viitor-n-trecut);- de compl.circ. de timp/loc (now => then, here => there etc.);- de pronume demonstrativ (this => that, these => those)

3.4. Test de evaluare:I. Trecei urmtoarele propoziii la vorbirea indirect, fcnd schimbrile de

pronume necesare:

1. Our teacher says, If you work hard, you will succeed. 2. They always say, These exercises are too difficult for us.3. Doris is saying, Behave yourself, Peter.

4. The teacher has said to the students, I want to have a look at your homework.5. I always say, I dont like to be late.6. John and Tom are saying, Wehavent done our homework.

II. Trecei urmtoarele propoziii la vorbirea indirect opernd schimbrile de timpi adverbe, dup un verb la Past Tense:

He said (That). sau He told me/us (that) 1. I read this book a long time ago.2. They are having an English class now.3. Illgive you an answer as soon as I can.4. We watched TV last night.5. Weve never been here before.6. I know what the teacher will say.7. I cant answer this question; its too difficult for me.8. I shall try to finish this today.9. I talked to them yesterday.10. Ill be very busy next week.

3.5. Test de autoevaluare:I. Trecei urmtoarele propoziii n vorbirea indirect folosind n propoziia

principal verbe la Past Tense (say, tell, ask, wonder, promise, order, advise):

1. What are you studying?2. Has Paul left any message for me?3. Could you make up this prescription for me?4. I dont take sugar in my tea.5. What a lovely day!6. Ill be back in half an hour.7. Why should I do this?8. Lets play tennis, now!

II. Traducei urmtoarele propoziii n limba englez.

1. Voia s tie de ce prieteniimei au plecat aa devreme.

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2. Profesorul i-a ntrebat pe studeni dac au neles lecia sau nu.3. Funcionarul ne-a sftuit s citim cu atenie instruciunile nainte s deschidemcutia.4. Doctorul ne-a spus ca nimeni nu are voie sa vorbeasc cu pacientul pn a douazi.

5. Ei au spus ca ar fi ajuns la timp dac n-ar fi pierdut autobuzul.

3.6. Tem de control:

I. Dup ce ai tradus propoziiile de mai sus n limba englez, treceipropoziiile n vorbirea direct.

II. Dai echivalentul romnesc la fiecare din cuvintele de mai jos, apoi alctuii cte opropoziie cu fiecare din ele:

1. Barrister 6. Minister of Justice

2. Solicitor 7. Attorney General3. Prosecutor 8. Solicitor General4. Judge 9. to pursue5. To take an oath 10. Law graduates

3.7. Bibliografie:

Banta, Andrei, Essential English, Ed. Teora, 1993

Brookes, Michael,Treutenaere, Christiane, 1000 de cuvinte cheie n Drept,Ed. Compania, 2004.

Rspunsuri la testul de autoevaluare:I.1. She asked me what I was studying.2. She asked if Paul had left any message for her.3. He asked whether I could make up that prescription for him.4. He told me that he does not/did not take sugar in his tea.5. She exclaimed what a lovely day it was.

6. He promised to be back in half an hour.7. He asked why he should do that.8. She suggested playing tennis then.

II.1. He wanted to know why my friends had left so early.2. The teacher asked the students whether they (had) understood the lessond or not.3. The clerk advised us to carefully read the instructions before opening the box.4. The doctor told us that no one was allowed to talk to the patient till the next day.5. They said that they would have arrived on time unless they had missed the bus.


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UNIT IVTHE SOURCES OF ENGLISH LAW

4.1. Introduceren aceastunitate de nvare, vei studia principalele surse ale legislaiei dinMarea Britanie, dobndind o mai bun nelegere a ctorva principiifundamentale specifice pentru dreptul anglo-saxon, cunoscut sub numele decommon law.

4.2. Obiectivele/competentele unitii de nvareDup studierea acestei uniti, studentul trebuie s fie capabil:

s precizeze sursele principale ale legislaiei britanice.

Durata medie de parcurgere acestei uniti denvare este de 90 minute.


From the aspect of their sources, laws are traditionally divided into two main categories: theymay be written orunwritten. The expression written law signifies any law that is formallyenacted, whether reduced to writing or not, and the expression unwritten law signifies allunacted law.

In England unwritten law is predominant, for more of their law derives from judicialprecedents than from legislative enactment.

Two principal sources of law are worth to be mentioned: Legislation and Judicial Precedent.Legislation is enacted law and it was studied at Constitutional Law (Constitution andGovernment).

Judicial Precedent is the principle of justice enforced in English law by the rule ofstaredecisis (keep to what has been decided previously).English law is, to a large extent, based on case-law. The rules of common law have beenevolved inductively from decision to decision involving similar facts.

A distinctive feature of the English system is that, because the English judge has power tomake new law, his position in the legal system is central.The judge may simply be obliged to consider the former decision as part of the material onwhich his present could be based or he may be obliged to decide in the same way as that inwhich theprevious case was decided. In the latter case the precedent is said to be binding.

So another feature of the English system is the doctrine of the binding case.

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Cases of first impression are based upon facts, which bear no resemblance to the facts ofany previous case.

The administration of justice is not a simple process of matching precedents. The judges havea field of choice in making their decisions. But they do not exercise their discretion in an

arbitrary way; they rest their judgments upon generalprinciples.

Corectai greelile n enunurile de mai jos:

The common law system is specific for France and Belgium.The judicial precedent does not ensure a homogenous jurisprudence in the UK.Romanian law is primarily based on case-law.

S ne reamintim

n sistemul de drept anglo-saxon, dreptul cutumiar este un important izvor aldreptului.

4.3. RezumatIn sistemul de drept anglo-saxon, jurisprudenta (case-law) este un importantizvor de drept. Common-law se constituie din: hotarrile judecatoreti, cutumei tradiii juridice. Judecatorul este un creator al legii, el nu doar interpreteazlegea.O cauz poate fi soluionat pe baza unui precedent judiciar, care a fost

pronunat cu mult timp n urm.

4.4. Test de evaluare:

I. Punei cuvintele de mai jos n spaiile libere ale textului :

Common Law Roman LawNapoleonic Code The Ten Commandments

.. , which evolved in the 8th century BC, was still largely a blend of custom andinterpretation by magistrates of the will of the gods.

.. evolved from the tribal and local laws in England. It began with commonCustoms, but over the time it involved the courts in law-making that was responsiveto changes in society. In this way the Anglo-Norman rulers created a system ofcentralized courts that operated under a single set of laws that replaced rules laiddown by earlier societies.. formed the basis of all Israelite legislation. They can also be found in the laws ofother ancient peoples.. refers to the entire body of French law, contained in five codes dealing withcivil, commercial, and criminal law.

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II. Completai spatiile libere cu verbele cuparticul separabil de mai jos:To break down To look down upon smb.To put up To go downTo make up for To break upTo cut down To make up (a quarrel)

To turn down

1. You have to with your new job.2. I hear prices have already 3. Im sorry for being late but my car 4. Many foreign tourists at the hotel in Brasov.5. He has missed for a month, so he has to for his absence. 6. I dont like her because she on people.7. You have to your expenses.8. You cannot their invitation to dinner.9. Im happy that they their quarrel.10.School in June.

4.5. Test de autoevaluare:I. Explain the principle of thejudicial precedent.

II. Alctuii zece propoziii folosind urmtorii termeni:

1. to deprive smb. of liberty = a priva pe cineva de libertate2. to make an appeal = a face recurs3. to give evidence = a depune mrturie4. to comply with a decision = a se supune unei hotrri5. to impose a fine = a impune o amend6. to state the cause = a-i apra cauza7. to punish with imprisonment = a pedepsi cu nchisoarea8. to plead not-guilty = a pleda pentru nevinovie9. to discharge a defendant = a pune n libertate un acuzat10.to pass a sentence = a pronuna o sentin.4.6. Tem de control:I.Descriei sistemul de guvernare din Romnia n comparaie cu cel din Anglia.Urmrii n descrierea dumneavoastr urmtoarele puncte:

The Head of State: appointment, function and powers, relationship withother state organs;

The Legislative: composition, function and powers, relationship withother state organs;

The Executive: composition, function and powers, relationship withother state organs;

II. Translate into Romanian, using, if necessary, a dictionary (you can check your answers byreading the Romanian Constitution):


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Art. 73

(1) Parliament passes constitutional, organic, and ordinary laws.(2) Constitutional laws shall be pertaining to the revision of the Constitution.(3) Organic laws shall regulate:a) the electoral system; the organization and functioning of the Permanent Electoral

Authority;b) the organization, functioning, and financing of political parties;c) the statute of Deputies and Senators, the establishment of their emoluments and otherrights;d) the organization and holding of referendum;e) the organization of the Government and of the Supreme Council of National Defence;f) the state of partial or total mobilization of the armed forces and the state of war;g) the state of siege and emergency;h) criminal offences, penalties, and the execution thereof;

i) the granting of amnesty or collective pardon;j) the statute of public servants;

k) the contentious business falling within the competence of administrative courts;l) the organization and functioning of the Superior Council of Magistracy, the courts of law,the Public Ministry, and the Court of Audit;m) the general legal status of property and inheritance;n) the general organization of education;o) the organization of local public administration, territory, as well as the general rules onlocal autonomy;

p) the general rules covering labour relations, trade unions, employers' associations, andsocial protection;r) the status of national minorities in Romania;s) the general statutory rules of religious cults;t) the other fields for which the Constitution stipulates the enactment of organic laws.

(Constitution of Romania)

4.7. Bibliografie:Banta, Andrei, Essential English, Ed. Teora, 1993

Constituia Romniei, Regia autonom Monitorul Oficial, Bucureti, 2003

Dicionar juridic englez-romn i romn-englez, Editura Lumina Lex, Bucureti,2003

Brookes, Michael,Treutenaere, Christiane, 1000 de cuvinte cheie n Drept, Ed.Compania, 2004.

4.8. Rspunsuri tem de autoevaluare:I. A judicial precedent is a decision passed by the court and used as a source for future

decision making. Precedents are binding so they must be followed. The common law hasdeveloped by each and every new precedent adopted by the courts of law. When delivering a


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judgment, the judge presents the facts of the case, explains the law that is applicable to thefacts and then passes the sentence. The ratio decidendi (the legal reasoning or ground for the

judicial decision) is binding on later courts under the system of judicial precedent.

II.

He was deprived of liberty after having committed the murder.The client decided to make an appeal at the advice of his lawyer.You need to give evidence in order to support your accusations.It is compulsory for the defendant to comply with the judges decision.The policeman imposed a fine for driving under influence (DUI).In order to state his cause, he decided to call several colleagues to testify in his favour.Any murderer is punished with imprisonment.He pleaded not-guilty because he knew he was innocent.The defendant was discharged after the witness testified in his favour.As soon as the verdict was returned, the judge passed the sentence.


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UNIT VVERBUL (THE VERB)

Timpurile verbului (Verb Tenses)

5.1. Introducere

n aceast unitate de nvare, se vor revizui dou timpuri folosite n modfrecvent n limba englez:- prezentul simplu- prezentul continuu.

5.2. Obiectivele/competenele unitii de nvare

Dup studierea acestei uniti de nvare, studentul trebuie s fiecapabil:

s deprindfolosirea corect a prezentului simplu i continuu s evite confuziile dintre cele dou timpuri, frecvente n cazulvorbitorilor de romn

Durata medie de parcurgere acestei uniti de nvare este de 90 deminute.


Categoria gramatical a timpului (Tense)se refer la ordinea evenimentelor n timp, aa cumeste perceput aceasta de vorbitor. Este foarte important ca vorbitorul s sesizeze din ce

perspectiv este prezentat aciunea sau, altfel spus, n ce segment de timp este plasataciunea (prezent, trecut sau viitor).

TIMPUL PREZENT

Timpul prezent simplu(Present Tense Simple)o Se folosete pentru aciuni repetate, cu caracter obinuit sau permanent;

adverbele cu care este cel mai des ntlnit sunt : usually, frequently, generally,

ever, never, often, seldom; every day/month/week/year; once/twice/three timesa week, etc;

o Pentru o stare sau aciune permanent.o Pentru adevruri general valabile.

E.g.: I always teach English.He works in a bank.For minor offences, the police normally fine the offender.

Timpul present continuu(Present Tense Continuous)o Se folosete pentru aciuni n desfurare n momentul vorbirii; adverbele

folosite sunt: now; at the moment; today.o Pentru aciuni care reflect un proces, o dezvoltare, o evoluie.

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o Se mai folosete cu valoare de viitor, cnd intervine voina vorbitorului.o Format din:

E.g. : Look ! It is raining.It isgetting dark.Imstudying, now.What are you doingtonight?Imvisiting my mother tomorrow.

N.B. Verbe care nu se folosesc la aspectul continuu :

Verbe care aratpercepii senzoriale:To feel, to hear, to see, to taste, to smell, to touch, to notice

Verbe care aratsentimente:To love, to hate, to wish, to desire, to like, to dislike, to prefer

Verbe care aratposesia:To own, to owe, to belong to, to keep, to possess, to hold, to have

Dar: To have se poate folosi la aspectul continuu dac nu se refer la posesie:Im having lunch.

Verbe care arat procese mentale:To know, to intend, to believe, to trust, to doubt, to forget, to find, to mean, toremember, to think, to understand, to expect.

Verbele modale (can, must, may, shall, will, need, dare).

S ne reamintim

Spre deosebire de limba romn, verbul englezesc are patru aspecte: simplu,continuu, perfect i perfect continuu.Aspectul continuu al verbului indic faptul c o aciune este n curs dedesfurare la un moment dat, n timp ce aspectul simplu face referire laaciuni care se petrec n mod obinuit i nu la un moment dat.

5.3. RezumatPrezentul simplu se folosete pentru a exprima:- aciuni repetate, obinuite- adevruri general-valabile- aciuni viitoare care sunt parte a unui program oficial (a se vedea mersultrenurilor, de exemplu);

Prezentul continuu se folosete pentru a exprima:- aciuni care se afl n curs de derulare n momentul de fa- aciuni temporare-aciuni viitoare planificate.

To be (present) + vb.ing


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Corectai greelile din enunurile de mai jos:

The smuggler is thinking that no one has noticed him while crossing the borderwith the stolen jewels.The court clerk is hating to work for so many hours in court every day.

Do not disturb the manager now, he discusses with the secretary.


I. Alegei forma corect a verbelor date n parantez (prezentul simplu saucontinuu):

1. My passport (to expire) on 30th of October this year.2. I usually (to write) for an hour or two every evening.3. Leave me alone, I (to work) now.4. this paper (to belong) to you?

5. I (to want) to know how to cross a check.

II. Mai jos avei cteva expresii tipice folosite n limbajul de drept. Ce prepoziiifolosii cu aceste expresii ?

1. To accuse someone of something.2. To be liable something.3. To sentence someone a punishment.4. To claim damages something.5. To be entitled compensation.6. To bring a case someone.7. To be guilty an offence.8. To fine someone something.9. To bring an action somebody.10. To comply a decision.

- Folosii aceste expresii n propoziii alctuite de dumneavoastr.

5.5. Test de autoevaluare:

I. Alegei forma corect a verbelor date n parantez (prezentul simplu saucontinuu):

1. I (to write) a letter now.2. I (to drink) tea every morning.3. you (to understand) me now?4. I (not to work) today.5. He always (to work) at home on Saturdays.6. We (to translate) the lesson now.7. Where you (to work) this week? In Bucharest or in New York?

8. What you (to do) next week?9. She (to like) swimming.

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10. The telephone (to ring) at the moment.

II. Traducei n englez:

1. Cte ore de englez avei pe sptmn?

2. Casa aceasta mi aparine.3. Mergei la birou n fiecare diminea ?4. In Anglia plou destul de des.5. Cresc preurile. Luna aceasta totul este mai scump.6. Cine este brbatul cucare vorbete n acest moment ?7. Mergem la teatru sau la opera o dat pe lun.8. Verioara mea lucreaz la o firm de publicitate.9. Cnd se deschide banca ?


I.Traducei n englez:

1. mi vizitez prinii n fiecare sptmn.2. Preul acestei cri este foarte mare. Nu-mi permit s mi-o cumpr.3. Astzi lansm pe pia un nou produs.4. Despre ce discutaiacum? De ce nu suntei ateni?5. Calculatorul nu face niciodat greeli.6. Sptmna aceasta lucrez numai dup-amiaz.

II. Traducei urmtorul text n romn :

The Law Course at Cambridge is intended to give a grounding in the principles of lawviewed from an academic rather than a vocational perspective. There are opportunities tostudy the history of law and to consider the subject in its wider social context. The emphasisis on principle and technique.Skills of interpretation and logical reasoning are developed, and students are encouraged toconsider broader questions such as ethical judgement, political liberty and social control.Although many undergraduates who read law do so with the intention of practicing, many donot, preferring instead to go into administration, industrial management or accountancy.Candidates intending to read law need not to have studied only particular subject at school. It

is as common for undergraduates to have a scientific or mathematical background at A-levelas it is for them to have studied history or languages.(Cambridge University Prospectus, 1988-1989).

5.7. Bibliografie:

Banta, Andrei, Essential English, Ed. Teora, 1993Dicionar juridic englez-romn i romn-englez, Editura Lumina Lex,Bucureti, 2003Brookes, Michael,Treutenaere, Christiane, 1000 de cuvintecheie n Drept,

Ed. Compania, 2004.

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5.8. Rspunsuri tema de autoevaluare:I.1. I am writing a letter now.2. I drink tea every morning.3. Do you understand me now?

4. I am not working today.5. He always works at home on Saturdays.6. We are translating the lesson now.7. Where are you working this week? In Bucharest or in New York?8. What are you doing next week?9. She likes swimming.10. The telephone is ringing at the moment.

II. Traducei n englez:

1. How many English classes do you have a week?

2. The house belongs to me.3. Do you go to the office every morning?4. It often rains in England.5. Prices are higher and higher. This month everything is more expensive.6. Who is the man she is talking to right now?7. We go to the theatre or to the opera once a month.8. My cousin works for an advertising company.9. When does the bank open?


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UNIT VITHE JUDICIARY

6.1. Introducere

n aceast unitate de nvare, vei studia cteva noiuni generale privindsistemul judiciar din Marea Britanie.Totodat, n setul de exerciii de la sfritul unitii de nvare, vei avea catem de cas studierea a dou articole din Constituia Romniei privindstatutul judectorilor n ara noastr.

6.2. Obiectivele/competentele unitii de nvare

Dup studierea acestei uniti, studentul trebuie s fie capabil: s ofere informaii generale cu privire la puterea judectoreasc din

Marea Britanie

s expun modul de ierarhizare a instanelor de judecat din aranoastr(judectorii courts of first instance, tribunale-tribunals,curi de apel-courts of appeal i ICCJ- The High Court of Cassationand Justice, precum i curi cu jurisdicie special-specialcourts/courts with special jurisdiction).


Coninutul unitii de nvareResponsibility for the administration of the juridical system lies with the Lord Chancellor andwith the Home Secretary, the Secretary of the State for Scotland, and the Minister of HomeAffairs for Northern Ireland.

Judges are appointed by the Crown, on the advice of the Prime Minister. A judge holds officeuntil he retires, and his judicial independence is guaranteed.

Magistrates are appointed on behalf of the Crown by the Lord Chancellor, the Secretary ofState for Scotland, or the Governor of Northern Ireland.

There is no single body of law in the U.K. There is, however, a similarity between theseparate systems of England and Wales and of Northern Ireland.A feature common to all systems of law in Britain is that there is no complete code.

The sources of law include Acts of Parliament and subordinate legislation made underpowers conferred by Parliament and a large amount of unwritten or common law.

Another feature is the distinction between Criminal law concerned with the wrongs againstcommunity and Civil law concerned with the rights, duties and obligations of individualmembers of the community.

Most prosecutions in England and Wales are initiated and conducted by the police.

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The police service in Great Britain is linked with the local government and subject to theinfluence and control of the Home Secretary and the Secretary of State for Scotland. In

Northern Ireland it is controlled by an Inspector General. In Scotland, the police make thepreliminary investigations but the Public Prosecutor decides whether or not to prosecute.

Throughout the U.K. it is the law that as soon as anyone is arrested, he must be charged andbrought before the court with the least possible delay. If he cannot be brought before thecourt within a day, he will usually be granted bail.

S ne reaminitim

Numirea magistrailor se face n Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii de ctreMonarh, la recomandarea Primului Ministru. Judectorii sunt independeni iinamovibili (irremovable).

6.3. Rezumat

Lordul Cancelar mpreun cu Minitrii de interne ai Angliei, Scoiei iIrlandei de Nord rspund de buna administrare a justiiei n Regatul Unit alMarii Britanii.Judectorii numii de Coroan, la sugestia Primului Ministru britanic, suntindependeni i inamovibili.Cercetarea penal este desfurat de organele de poliie judiciar.

Corectai greelile de mai jos:

In the UK magistrates are appointed on behalf of the Crown by the Speaker.Acts of Parliament are not considered sources of law in the UK..The Prime Minister does not have any role in appointing judges in the UK.

6.4. Tem propus pentru evaluare:

I.Dai echivalentele romneti la urmtoarele cuvinte i expresii apoi alctuiipropoziii cu ele:

Responsibility lies with; To hold office;

To be concerned with; Minister of Home Affairs; Criminal law; Civil law; On behalf of; Decisions of the courts; To prosecute; To be brought before the court; To be charged; To be granted bail.

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II. Alegei echivalentele romneti pentru cuvintele i expresiile englezeti:

1. To be entitled to vote2. By-elections3. Suffrage

4. To resign5. Constituency6. House of Lords7. To summon8. Archbishop9. Minister of Home Affairs10. To appoint

a. Circumscripie electoralb. Sufragiuc. Alegeri parialed. A avea drept de vote. A demisionaf. Ministru de interneg. Camera lorzilorh. A convocai. A numi (ntr-o funcie)

j. Arhiepiscop6.5. Tem propus pentru autoevaluare:

I. Alegei cuvntul corect i completai spatiile libere:

1. The.. met urgently at 10 Downing Street to decide Government policy on theeconomic crisis.a. civil service; b. ministries; c. Cabinet of Ministers2. Generally, a Bill becomes an Act of Parliament when it has received the . of

both Houses of Parliament and the Sovereign.a. assent; b. ratification; c. consent; d, enactment3.The President of the House of Lords is called the a. Speaker; b. Lord Chancellor; c. Prime Minister; d. peer4. The House of Commons consists of 650 Members of Parliament who eachrepresent a .a. state; b. house; c. county; d. constituency5. If an MP dies or retires or is given a peerage a is held on his o r herconstituency.a. by-election; b. general election; c. electoral roll; d. election6.The three parts of the Parliament are the monarch, lords and a. people; b. government; c. commons; d. bishops7.No. can become law until it has been sanctioned or read three times by bothhouses and received the royal assent.a. bill; b. act; c. code; d. ratification

II. Traducei n romn:The Government is formed by the party with majority support in the Commons. TheQueen appoints its leader as Prime Minister. As head of the Government the PrimeMinister appoints about 100 ministers. About 20 ministers make up the Cabinet,thesenior group making the major policy decisions. Ministers are collectivelyresponsible for government decisions and individually responsible for the decisionsadopted by their own departments. The second largest party forms the officialOpposition, with its own leader and 'shadow cabinet'.(http://www.britannia.com/gov/gov4.html)
http://www.britannia.com/gov/gov3.htmlhttp://www.britannia.com/gov/gov3.htmlhttp://www.britannia.com/gov/gov3.htmlhttp://www.britannia.com/gov/gov3.html


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Traducei n romn urmtoarele fragmente din Constituia Romniei:

ARTICLE 124

(1) Justice shall be rendered in the name of the law.(2) Justice shall be one, impartial, and equal for all.(3) Judges shall be independent and subject only to the law.

ARTICLE 125

(1) The judges appointed by the President of Romania shall be irremovable,according to the law.(2) The appointment proposals, as well as the promotion, transfer of, and sanctionsagainst judges shall only be within the competence of the Superior Council ofMagistracy, under the terms of its organic law.(3) The office of a judge shall be incompatible with any other public or private

office, except for academic activities.(The Romanian Constitution)

6.7. Bibliografie:

Banta, Andrei, Essential English, Ed. Teora, 1993Dicionar juridic englez-romn i romn-englez, Editura Lumina Lex,Bucureti, 2003Brookes, Michael,Treutenaere, Christiane, 1000 de cuvinte cheie n Drept,Ed. Compania, 2004.

6.8. Rspunsuri tema de autoevaluare:I.1. - Cabinet of Ministers; 2. assent ; 3. - Lord Chancellor; 4. constituency; 5. - by-elections; 6.commons; 7. - bill.

II.Guvernul este constituit din membrii partidului care se bucur de cea mai mare sus inere nCamera Comunelor. Liderul acestui partid este numit n funcia de Prim-Ministru de Regin.

Ca ef al Guvernului, Primul Ministru numete n funcie aproximativ 100 de minitri.Aproximativ 20 dintre acetia formeaz Cabinetul de Minitri, iar grupul constituit din ceimai experimentai minitri adopt cele mai importante decizii politice. Minitrii rspund nmod colectiv de deciziile guvernamentale adoptate i n mod individual de deciziile adoptatede Ministerul pe care l conduc. Al doilea partid ca mrime formeaz Opozi ia, care are

propriul ei lideri n cadrul cruia se constituie un .(http://www.britannia.com/gov/gov4.html)


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UNIT VIITHE PAST TENSES

7.1. Introducere

n aceast unitate de nvare, vei recapitula trecutul simplu i trecutulcontinuu, dou dintre cele cele mai importante timpuri ale limbii engleze.

7.2. Obiectivele/competenele unitii de nvare:

Dup studierea acestei uniti, studentul trebuie s fie capabil: s foloseasc n mod corect trecutul simplu i continuu s evite confuziile care apar n momentul folosirii celor dou timpuri,

confuzii frecvente n cazul vorbitorilor de romn.



A.THE SIMPLE PAST

The Simple Past Tense in regular verbs is formed by adding ed to the infinitive.Infinitive: to look Simple past: looked

Verbs ending in e add d only:Infinitive: to love Simple past: loved

Irregular verbs vary in their simple past form:Infinitive: to see, to speak, to leave, to eatPast tense: saw spoke left ate

The simple past form of each irregular verb therefore must be learnt.

1. The same form is used for all persons in affirmative even if we have a regular or irregularverb.

I worked We worked I spoke We spokeYou worked You worked You spoke You spokeHe/she worked They worked He/she spoke They spoke

2. The negative of regular and irregular verbs is formed with:did + not (didnt) + the infinitive

I did not work We did not work I did not speak We did not speakYou did not work You did not work You did not speak You did not speak

He/she/it did not work They did not work He/she/it did not speak They did not speak

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3. The interrogative of regular and irregular verbs is formed with:did + subject + infinitive

Did I work? Did we work? Did I speak? Did we speak?Did you work? Did you work? Did you speak? Did you speak?

Did he/she/it work? Did they work? Did he/she/it speak? Did they speak?

4. Negative interrogative is formed with:didnt + subject + infinitive

Didnt I work? Didnt we work? Didnt I speak? Didnt we speak?Didnt you work? Didnt you work? Didnt you speak? Didnt you speak?Didnt he/she/it work? Didnt they work? Didnt he/she/it speak? Didnt they speak?

Past Tense is used for the relation of past events: It is used for actions completed in the past at a definite time:

e.g. I met him yesterday.When did you meet him last?I bought this car in London (here the action took place at a definitetime though this time is not mentioned).

It is also used for an action whose time is not given but which occupied a period oftime now terminated:

e.g. He worked in that bank for four years (but he doesnt work there now).Did you ever hear Maria Callas sing?

The simple past is also used for a past habit:e.g. He always carried an umbrella.

She never drank wine. The simple past is used in conditional sentences for the use of the unreal past:e.g. If I lived near my office Id be in time for work (but I dont live near

my office).If I were you Id go to see a doctor (but I am not you).

B. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

This tense is formed by:The past tense of the verb to be (was, were) + the present participle (ing)

C. Affirmative Negative InterrogativeI was speaking I was not speaking Was I speaking?You were speaking You were not speaking Were you speaking?He/she/it was speaking He/she/it was not speaking Was he/she/it speaking?We were speaking We were not speaking Were we speaking?You were speaking You were not speaking Were you speaking?They were speaking They were not speaking Were they speaking?

Some of the verbs cannot be used in the continuous tenses: Verbs of senses: feel, hear, see, smell, notice, observe, look, taste, as link verbs. Verbs expressing feelings and emotions: admire, adore, appreciate, desire, dislike,

fear, hate, like, love, want, wish.


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Verbs of mental activity: agree, believe, assume, expect, forget, know, mean,recognise, suppose, think, trust.

Verbs of possession: belong, owe, own, possess.Main uses of the past continuous tense:

The past continuous is used for past actions which continued for some time but whoselimits are not known; Used without a time expression it can indicate a gradual development; Used with a point in time, it expresses an action which began before that time and

probably continued after:e.g. At eight he was having breakfast.

Used in descriptions:e.g. A wood fire was burning, a cat was sleeping in front of it. A girl was

playing the piano. It can be also used as a past equivalent of the present continuous:

Direct speech: He said: I am living in London.

Indirect speech: He said he was living in London. We may also use past continuous for apparently parallel actions:

e.g. Between one and two I was doing the shopping and walking the dog.o This tense is normally used in this way with a time expression such as today,

last night, in the afternoon, which could either be regarded as points in time oras periods.

o In questions about how a period was spent, the continuous often appears morepolite than the simple past:e.g. What were you doing before you came here? Sounds more polite than:What did you do before you came here?

S ne reaminitim

Spre deosebire de limba romn, verbul englezesc are patru aspecte: simplu,continuu, perfect i perfect continuu.Aspectul continuu al verbului indic faptul c o aciune este n curs dedesfurare la un moment dat, n timp ce aspectul simplu face referire laaciuni care se petrec n mod obinuit i nu la un moment dat.

7.3. Rezumat

Trecutul simplu este folosit pentru a exprima:- aciuni ncheiate ntr-o perioad de timp trecut;- aciuni obinuite, repetate din trecut (cu adverbe de frecven);- aciuni care s-au desfurat de-a lungul unei perioade de timp ncheiate (cu

prepoziiafor);- o condiie ireal (n Condiionalele de tipul II).

Trecutul continuu este folosit pentru a exprima:- o aciune care se afla n continu desfurare la un moment dat n trecut;- o aciune aflat n desfurare n trecut i ntrerupt de o alt aciune;- aciuni care s-au aflat n desfurare n trecut, n acelai timp;

- descrierea unor secvene din trecut.


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1. When we arrived at court, the witness testified so we could listen to histestimony.

2. The muggers hid in the old building when the police officers approached thescene of the crime.


Put the verbs in brackets into the simple past or past continuous tense:1. I (take) my friend to a murder trial the other day.

Who (be) tried?A man called Tom Brown.Was he acquitted?I dont know. They still (listen) to the evidence when we (leave).

2. As we (come) here, a policeman (stop) us. He (say) that he (look) for somestolen property and (ask) if he could search the car.

3. While he (make) his speech, the minister suddenly (feel) faint. But someone(bring) him a glass of water and after a few minutes he (be able) to continue.

4. The prisoner (escape) by climbing the wall of the garden where he (work). He(wear) blue overalls and black shoes.

5. I just (write) a cheque when I (remember) that I (have) nothing in the bank.6. At 3 a.m. Mrs. Pitt (wake) her husband and (say) she (think) that someone (try)

to get into the house.7. When I last (see) her she (hurry) along the road to the station. I (ask) her where

she (go) and she (say), London, but I dont think she (speak) the truth,because there (not be) any train for London at that time.

8. The teacher (come) into the classroom unusually early and one of the boys,who (smoke) a cigarette, (have) no time to put it out. So he (throw) it into thedesk and (hope) for the best.

9. A little later the teacher (notice) that smoke (rise) from this desk.You (smoke) when I (come) in? he (ask).

10.I (be) sorry that I (have to) leave the party early, because I (enjoy) myself.

7.5. Test de autoevaluare:

I. Put the verbs in the following sentences into: a) the negative; b) the

interrogative:

1. They broadcast an appeal for money.2. The police caught the thief.3. We heard a terrible noise.4. His son wrote a novel.5. I read a chapter of that novel last night.6. His wife came at 8.00 p.m.7. The action of the play took place in Italy.8. She found her watch.9. I sent it to the laundry.10.They lent you enough money.


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II. Answer the following questions:1. Which optional course did you choose for this semester?2. Where did you write the homework task for today?3. Did you lend the English course book to anyone last week?4. How much did the books for the 1st year of study cost you?5. When did this academic year begin?6. How many options did you have when you decided to become a student at this

university?7. When did you write this homework?8. Where did you meet your best friend/colleague?9. Who (m) did you consult with when you decided to take up studying law?10.Where did you hear about our law faculty?


Choose the right answer:1. What did you do when your husband called?

I put the book down. I was reading a book.

2. What was Tom doing while Bill was fishing? He sat on the bank and waited. He was swimming in the river.

3. The door bell rang was ringing at about eight oclock. It was Tom.4. When he was calling called, I read was reading a book, but I put

down was putting down my book, and was going went to make acup of coffee for him.

5. Alice visited was visiting her mother at that time, and I never knowwhere she puts anything does she put anything.

6. First, I wasnt finding couldnt find the coffee and I spent ten minuteslooking at for it. Then Ive Id found it I couldnt find wasntfinding the coffee-pot.

7. When I went back was going back into the lounge, it was half pasteight.

8. Tom looked at for the clock. What did you do were you doing inthe kitchen at all that time? he asked me. I made was making

coffee for you, I told said him.

7.7. Bibliografie:

Banta, Andrei, Essential English, Ed. Teora, 1993Dicionar juridic englez-romn i romn-englez, Editura Lumina Lex,Bucureti, 2003Brookes, Michael,Treutenaere, Christiane, 1000 de cuvintecheie n Drept,Ed. Compania, 2004.


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7.8. Rspunsuri tema de autoevaluare:

I. Put the verbs in the following sentences into: a) the negative; b) the interrogative:

1. They did not broadcast an appeal for money. Did they broadcast an appeal for money?2. The police did not catch the thief. Did the police catch the thief?3. We did not hear a terrible noise. Did you hear a terrible noise?4. His son did not write a novel.Did his son write a novel?5. I did not read a chapter of that novel last night. Did you read a chapter of that novel lastnight?6. His wife did not come at 8.00 p.m.Did his wife come at 8.00 p.m.?7. The action of the play did not take place in Italy. Did the action of the play take place inItaly?8. She did not find her watch. Did she find her watch?9. I did not send it to the laundry.Did you send it to the laundry?

10. They did not lend you enough money. Did they lend you enough money?

II. (Possible answers):

1. I chose English as an optional course for this semester.2. I wrote the homework task for today in the library.3. Yes, I did. I lent it to my deskmate.4. It cost me about 200 RON.5. It began on the 3rd of October.6. I had two options.7. I wrote it last evening.8. I met him/her at the Informatics laboratory.9. I discussed with my parents.10.A friend of mine told me about it.


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UNIT VIIICOURTS OF LAW IN THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN

8.1. Introducere

n aceast unitate de nvare, vom analiza instanele de judecat din RegatulUnit al Marii Britanii.

Totodat, la sfritul capitolului, vom expune, n limba englez, instanele dejudecat din ara noastr.

8.2. Obiectivele/competentele unitii de nvare

Dup studierea acesteiuniti, studentul trebuie s fie capabil: s dobndeasc informaii generale cu privire la ierarhizarea instanelor

de judecat din Marea Britanie s expun modul de ierarhizare a instanelor de judecat din ara noastr.



In the English System three different types of institutions have been set up to resolve legalproblems. These institutions are: Criminal Courts, Civil Courts and Appelate Courts.

1. CRIMINAL COURTS are concerned with wrongs against community. In England andWales they include:

a. Magistrates Courtstry less serious offences. They consist of two to seven unpaid or laymagistrates known as Justices of the peace. The Jury is made up of twelve ordinary peopleaged between 18 and 65. When they have heard the evidence and the judges summing -up,they retire to a special room to decide whether to return a verdict of guilty or no guilty. Ifthey all agree, they have reached a unanimous verdict. If the accused is found guilty, he orshe has the right to appeal and ask for the case to be heard by a higher court.

b. Courts of Quarter Session try most of the serious offences. These Courts are presidedover by a bench of justices under a chairman. The Courts of Quarter Session sit at least fourtimes a year in the counties and boroughs.

c. Courts of Assize generally try the gravest offences. These Courts are branches of HighCourt. They are presided over by High Court judges. There are such Courts of Assize inLondon, at the Old Bailey, Central Criminal Court, at Liverpool and Manchester.All trials at quarter session and assizes are held with a jury.

2. CIVIL COURTS are concerned with rights, duties and obligations of individual members

of the community between themselves. The courts concerned with civil jurisdiction inEngland and Wales are:

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a. Magistrates Courts are mainly related to domestic proceedings. They have limited civiljurisdiction.

b. County Courts where the most ordinary civil actions are heard and tried.

c. The High Court is divided into: the Chancery Division, the Probate Division, the DivorceDivision, Admiralty Division and the Queens Bench Division.The High Court forms part of the Supreme Court of Judicature.

In Scotland, civil cases of first instance are heard at the Sheriff Courts (they correspond to theCounty Courts in England and Wales) and the Outer House of the Court of Session (this oneis the supreme court in Scotland).

3.APPEALS

They may be heard in the High Court, the Civil Division of the Court of Appeal (the mostimportant appeals) and a few appeals are heard before the House of Lords, this one being theultimate court of appeal in civil cases.

There is also another classification of these institutions:

Courts of First Instance in which cases are heard for the first time.

Appelate Courts in which people appeal for reconsideration of the decisions of the Courts ofFirst Instance.

As to the latest legal journals there are many English Courts which exercise purely civil orcriminal cases and some others hear both criminal and civil cases, as for instance: the Houseof Lords and the Court of Appeal.


1. In Courts of First Instance cases are heard again for a better judgmentthereof.

.2. Magistrates Courts try very serious offences.

..S ne reaminitim

Modul de ierarhizare a instanelor de judecat din Regatul Unit al MariiBritanii este diferit de cel din ara noastr.

n Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii, cauzele civile se judec n urmtoareleinstane: Magistrates Courts, County Courts, Courts of Assize, iar cele penale,n: Magistrates Courts, Courts of Quarter Session, Courts of Assize.


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8.3. Rezumat

n Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii, cauzele penale se judec n urmtoareleinstane:- Magistrates Courts (pentru infraciuni minore), n cadrul crora lucreaz

Judectorii de pace (Justices of the Peace);- Courts of Quarter Session (pentru majoritatea infraciunilor grave)- Courts of Assize (infraciunile deosebit de grave).

Cauzele civilese judec n urmtoarele instane:-Magistrates Courts (conflicte familiale)-County Courts (majoritatea litigiilor civile)- The High Court.

Apelurile i recursurile se judec n: The High Court, the Civil Division of theCourt of Appeal i The House of Lords.

n Romnia, Justiia se realizeaz prin urmtoarele instane judectoreti:a) nalta Curte de Casaie i Justiie;

b) curi de apel;c) tribunale;d) tribunale specializate;e) instane militare;f) judectorii. (v. Legea 304/2004)


I.Answer the following questions:

1. What are the main criminal courts in England and Wales and what do theytry?2. What are the courts of civil jurisdiction in England, Wales and Scotland?3. Where may appeals be heard?

II.Fill in the blanks with the missing words: try, branches, quarter, held, the gravest,over, Assize Court, Supreme, part, heard, offences.

1.Courts of Assize try . offences.2. Magistrates Courts the less serious .. .3. These Courts are . of the High Courtpresided by High Court judges.4. The High Court forms . of the .. Court of Judicature.5. The Central Criminal Court in London at the Old Bailey is an . .6. All trials at .. sessions and assizes are .. with a jury.7. Appeals may be . in the High Court.

III.One way of classifying and understanding the law is by subject matter. Lawyers

often divide the law and the legal system into two: criminal law and civil law. Classify

the following terms into the appropriate column below. Two terms can appear in both

columns:

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compensation / contract/ crime / damages / family law /

intellectual property / plaintiff / police / private individual / prosecution /

the accused/ the defendant / theft / to bring a case /

to bring an action / to fine/ to charge someone with something

Criminal Civil

To charge someone with something Plaintiff

8.5. Test de autoevaluare

I. Now complete the following text contrasting criminal and civil law by

choosing the words/phrases above.

Criminal Law vs. Civil Law

One category is the criminal lawthe law dealing with crime.A case is called a _________(1). The case is instituted by the prosecutor, who takesover the case from the __________ (2) who have already decided _______ (3) thedefendant (or ________) (4) with specified crimes. The civil law is much more wide-ranging. The civil law includes the law of _______ (5) and ______ (6).In a civil case, the __________ (7), normally a _________ (8) or company,

________ (9) in order to win ______ (10). If the case is proven (on the balance ofprobabilities, meaning that one is more sure than not), the defendant normally paysthe plaintiff __________ (money) (11).

II. Every jurisdiction organises the administration of justice in different ways.

In England, the basic division between criminal and civil law is reflected in the

court system. Choose from the following to complete the description that refersto each Court:

Court of Justice of the European Communities

House of Lords

Court of AppealMagistrates CourtCrown Court

High Court, Criminal Division

High Court, Civil Division

County Court

1. Claims of lesser value will start in a County Court. There are 250 of these aroundthe country. They can also deal with divorce and bankruptcy matters.2. Matters of important legal dispute arising in the Crown Court may be appealed tothe __________.

3. From the Court of Appeal, there can be an appeal to the ________ on fact or law,but usually appeal is only allowed on matters of legal importance.


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4. If the case involves a serious crime, it is heard in the ______.5. In less serious criminal cases (which comprise over 90% of criminal cases), thecase is sent for trial in one of over 400 _______ .6. Mo

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