ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetihumanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

saqarTvelos istoriis instituti

lela giorgaZe

saqarTvelosa da ruseTis saeklesio urTierTobebi postsabWour

periodSi

(1990-2004 wlebSi)

istoriis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili

d i s e r t a c i a

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,profesori qeTevan pavliaSvili

Tbilisi2014

avtoris stili daculia

1

Sinaarsi

Sesavali ...................................................................................................................................3

kari I. marTlmadidebeli eklesia, saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi

azri postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi ............................................................................11

Tavi I. sazogadoebrivi azri saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesiasa

da saxelmwifoze sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis wlebSi ......................................11

$1. ruseTisa da saqarTvelos politikuri urTierTobebis zogad-

istoriuli mimoxilva .......................................................................................................11

$2. marTlmadidebeli eklesia, saqarTvelos xelisufleba da sazogadoeba

1990-92 wlebSi ........................................................................................................................19

$3. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos pozicia da kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II

1990-92 wlebSi ..........................................................................................................................25

$4. saqarTvelos pirveli prezidenti da eklesia ................................................32

Tavi II. saqarTvelos eklesia da eklesiaTSorisi urTierTobebi

postsabWoTa periodSi ..................................................................................................39

$1. ekumenizmis istoriuli wanamZRvrebi (uniis sakiTxi) ..................................39

$2. saqarTvelosa da ruseTis eklesiebi da ekumenuri moZraoba ...............41

$3. saeklesio ganxeTqilebis mcdeloba postsabWoTaA epoqis saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi (1997 wlis sqizma) ....................................................55

Tavi III. saqarTvelos eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobebi .........67

$1. konstituciuri SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos eklesiasa da saxelmwifos

Soris (konkordati) da qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azri (eklesiisa da

saxelmwifos urTierTobis mcire istoriuli eqskursiT) ................................67

§2. sazogadoebrivi azri aTeizmsa da urwmunoebaze postsabWour saqarT-

veloSi (axali aTaswleulis dasawyisi) ..................................................................84

kari II. marTlmadidebeli eklesia, saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi

azri postsabWoTa ruseTSi .........................................................................................97

2

Tavi I. ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia da rusuli sazogadoebrivi

azri 1990-2004 wlebSi .......................................................................................................97

$1. rusuli sazogadoebrivi azri marTlmadidebel sarwmunoebaze

postsabWoTa periodSi da kanoni religiis Sesaxeb ............................................97

$2. postsabWoTa periodSi ruseTis eklesiaSi mimdinare procesebis

ZiriTadi tendenciebi da ruseTis sapatriarqos pozicia (1990-2008 ww.) ..104

$3. religiuri mdgomareoba da rusuli sazogadoebrivi azri

postsabWour periodSi ....................................................................................................119

kari III. afxazeTisa da Sida qarTlis sakiTxi saqarTvelosa da

ruseTis saeklesio urTierTobebSi postsabWoTa periodSi .................124

Tavi I. saeklesio (eparqialuri) sazRvris problema da ruseT-

saqarTvelos saeklesio urTierTobebi XX-XXI saukuneebis mijnaze

(afxazeTisa da Sida qarTlis magaliTze) .......................................................124

$1. Sida qarTli ..................................................................................................................124

$2. afxazeTi ..........................................................................................................................129

$3. ruseTi da saqarTvelos avtonomiuri respublikebi postsabWoTa

periodSi ................................................................................................................................139

Tavi II. postsabWoTa periodis saqarTvelosa da ruseTis saeklesio

mdgomareobis SedarebiTi analizi ...................................................................... 145

daskvna ....................................................................................................................................151

danarTi ..................................................................................................................................154

gamoyenebuli literatura ............................................................................................157

3

Sesavali

postsabWoTa periodSi saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris saeklesio

urTierTobebis Seswavla metad rTuli da sapasuxismgeblo sakiTxia.

pirvel rigSi imitom, rom safrTxiloa iseTi movlenebis Sefaseba,

romlebic jer ar dasrulebula. aseve, istoriuli mecnierebis

Teoriidan gamomdinare, araa mizanSewonili axlo warsulis Seswavla,

radgan swori SefasebebisTvis saWiroa dro. garda amisa, aseT

SemTxvevaSi Znelia subieqturobis daZleva, miT umetes, Tu aRniSnuli

movlenebi pirdapir Tu iribad ukavSirdebian avtors. amitom, istoriuli

analizi Tavis dros elodeba, manamde ki faqtebis aRricxva xdeba. Tumca

bolo aswleulis manZilze imdenad swrafad viTardeba istoria, rom

sul ramdenime weliwadiT iqmneba epoqebi da istorikosebi, faqtobrivad,

JurnalistebiviT fexdafex mivyvebiT movlenebs, vaxdenT maT

sistematizacias da vukeTebT pirvelad analizs. naSromSi Tanamedrove

movlenebs istoriul analogebTan vadarebT, rom avxsnaT maTi arsebobis

safuZvlebi, mizezebi da ganviTareba.

saqarTvelosa da ruseTis urTierTobebis Sefasebisas miRebulia am

faqtis erTgvari dadebiTi Sefaseba, radgan ganviTarebul SuasaukuneebSi

daSlil da dasustebul saqarTvelos namdvilad esaWiroeboda

erTmorwmune Zlieri mokavSire, romelic aaridebda mas mahmadiani

mezobeli imperiebidan wamosuli ganadgurebisa da gadagvarebis

saSiSoebas. kavkasiaSi ruseTis gamoCenis dRidan saqarTvelos mier igi

yovelTvis aRiqmeoda evropasTan da Sesabamisad, qristianul samyarosTan

dakavSirebis saSualebad, gzad da xsnad. ruseTic yovelTvis am paTosiT

moiwevda amierkavkasiisken da gansacdelSi myof erTmorwmune erebs

uangaro daxmarebas hpirdeboda. Tumca istoriuli gamocdilebidan

gamoCnda, rom ruseTs ar gauwevia saqarTvelosTvis daxmareba da

realurad, arc apirebda. es mis interesebSi ar Sedioda. axlandeli

gadasaxedidan ki Cans, rom igi, ufro metad, iqca `Robed~, vidre `karad~

evropisaken da Sesabamisad, qveynis ganviTarebisken saval gzaze.

ruseTTan kavSiri qarTvelebis mier yovelTvis aRiqmeoda

erTmniSvnelovan xsnis gzad, kavSirad im evropasTan, romelsac manamde

4

araferi sasikeTo da praqtikuli ar gaukeTebia saqarTvelosTvis. Tavad

ruseTi mxolod sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare moqmedebda, xolo

erTmorwmuneobis safarvels SesaniSnavad iyenebda gaWirvebaSi myofi

marTlmadidebeli saqarTvelos Tavisi miznebis gamosayeneblad,

evlineboda ra sarwmunoebis uangaro damcvelad. qarTvelebs ki yvela am

`movlinebisas~ sjerodaT misi da garda imisa, rom daxmarebis saxiT

verafers iRebdnen, Zlieri mahmadiani mezoblebis risxvasac

imsaxurebdnen axali imperiis mimxrobis gamo. miuxedavad imisa, rom

ruseTTan yoveli dakavSireba saqarTvelosTvis savalalod mTavrdeboda,

qarTveli mmarTvelebi mainc ver iTvaliswinebdnen mware gamocdilebas

da misken miiltvodnen. maT darwmunebaSi ruseTis warmomadgenlebi

kargad iyvnen gawafulni. xSirad qarTveli pirveli pirebi ver

afasebdnen ruseTis SesaZleblobebs da aSkarad emxrobodnen ruseTs, ris

Sedegadac ver iRebdnen misgan daxmarebas da iran-TurqeTis mxridanac

didi sisxmlismRvrel sadamsjelo operaciebs ewirebodnen.

Tumca aris meore mxarec, saqarTvelo, qristianuli kulturis mqone

qveyana, qristianuli samyaros yvelaze ganapira mcire mxare iyo da aris,

saukuneebis manZilze Zlieri mahmadiani mezoblebisgan Sewuxebuli.

yoveli axali da Zlieri, miT umetes qristianuli Zalis gamoCena qveynis

mesveurebs imeds usaxavda, rom Tavs daaRwevdnen fizikur-sarwmunoebriv-

kulturuli gadagvarebis safrTxes da erTxel da samudamod

SeuerTdebodnen qristianul samyaros da moipovebdnen mSvidobas. aseTad

XV saukunidan gamoCnda ruseTi, romelic kargad xvdeboda saqarTvelos

saWiroebas da mSvenivrad spekulirebda sarwmunoebrivi sakiTxiT.

ruseT-saqarTvelos politikur-diplomatiuri urTierTobebis

istoriis Sefasebisas, TvalnaTeli xdeba, rom saqarTvelom ufro metad

izarala masTan urTierTobiT, vidre isargebla. ruseTTan kavSiris gamo

ufro metad daisaja mahmadiani mezoblebis mxridan, xolo ruseTis

mxridan realuri daxmareba arcerTxel ar miuRia, piriqiT, umetes

SemTxvevaSi swored gadamwyvet momentebSi Ralatobda ruseTi

saqarTvelos. erTaderT dadebiT Sedegad SeiZleba mxolod kavSiri

5

miviCnioT, romlis meSveobiTac saqarTveloSi Semovida evropuli

kulturis zogierTi maxasiaTeblebi.

kvlevis mizani: naSromis mizania Seiswavlos saqarTvelosa da

ruseTSi xelisuflebis, eklesiisa da sazogadoebis urTierTmimarTeba

XX-XXI saukuneebis mijnaze da maT Soris saeklesio urTierTobebi. am

miznis misaRwevad, saWiroa ganvixiloT yvela qve-periodi, romelic

garkveul politikur cvlilebebTanaa dakavSirebuli da Sesabamisad,

aisaxeboda mosaxleobis religiur ganwyobasa da TviTSegnebaze. am mxriv

ganvixilavT saqarTvelos ori prezidentis moRvaweobis xanas, xolo

mesames mxolod nawilobriv SevexebiT (vardebis revoluciis Semdgom

periodis Sefasebas Segnebulad varidebT Tavs, rom droiTi siaxlovisa

da procesebis dausruleblobis gamo ar gamovitanoT araswori

daskvnebi).

amas garda, winamdebare naSromi aris erTgvari mcdeloba xeli

Seuwyos im siaxlis danergvas, rasac eklesiis uaxlesi istoria,

saerTaSoriso saeklesio urTierTobebi da postsabWoTa periodis kvleva

hqvia. am sakiTxebis Seswavla nelnela iZens masStabebs saqarTveloSi.

Cvens qveyanas didi gamocdileba aqvs da SeuZlia siaxle Seitanos

axalCamoyalibebuli mecnierebis – sovietologiis dargis ganviTarebaSi.

winamdebare namuSevaric amisken gadadgmuli erTi nabijia.

kvlevis sagani: winamdebare naSromi aris sabWoTa kavSiris Semdgom

wlebsa da axal aTaswleulTa mijnaze saqarTvelosa da ruseTSi

mimdinare sazogadoebrivi da saeklesio procesebis zogadi mimoxilva da

ZiriTadi tendenciebis warmoCenis mcdeloba. kvlevis sagnad aviReT

saxelmwifos macocxlebeli sami elementis: xelisuflebis, eklesiisa da

sazogadoebis urTierTdamokidebuleba, is, rasac xelisufleba da

eklesia emsaxureba da qmnis, gankuTvnilia sazogadoebisTvis.

sazogadoeba aris aramxolod mimRebi da gamtari am saeklesio da saero

xelisuflebebis politikisa, aramed aris SemkveTic. rogorc wesi,

saxelmwifos ganviTarebas garkveulwilad ganapirobebs sazogadoebis

molodinebi da moTxovnebi.

6

kvlevis aqtualoba: postsabWoTa periodis kvlevebSi naklebad

figurirebs iseTi Temebi, am periodSi eklesiis moRvaweobas da aseve,

misadmi sazogadoebis damokidebulebas rom exebodes. kvlevebis ZiriTadi

sakiTxebi politika, ekonomika, reformebi da saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebia. vecadeT, es sicariele Segvevso da am or mxares

(eklesias da sazogadoebas) mesame mxared saxelmwifo davumateT da

Seiqmna wredi, romelic nebismieri saxelmwifos mamoZravebeli

komponentebia.

iqidan gamomdinare, rom faqtobrivad yamiri miwis damuSaveba mogvixda

– anu aRniSnuli periodis am sakiTxebze metad mciredaa nakvlevi,

logikurad miviCnieT upirvelesad warmogveCina zogadi suraTi da

saintereso tendenciebisTvis gagvesva xazi. imedia, am periodze kvleva

farTo masStabebs SeiZens da TemaSi motanili Tu gamotovebuli faqtebi

da procesebi ufro siRrmiseulad iqneba Seswavlili.

mecnieruli siaxle:

sakvlevad aviReT ori qveyana – saqarTvelo da ruseTi. orive

qveyanaze CavatareT analogiuri kvlevebi da movaxdineT maTi SedarebiTi

analizi. rogorc aRvniSneT, postsabWoTa periodSi kvleva saeklesio

Temaze faqtobrivad, ar Catarebula, aqedan gamomdinare ar iyo

saTanadod Seswavlili arc saerTaSoriso saeklesio urTierTobebi.

ruseTze yuradRebis SeCereba araerTma faqtorma ganapiroba – esaa

mezobeli marTlmadidebeli qveyana, romelmac XIX saukunis dasawyisSi

moaxdina saqarTvelos aneqsia, XX-is 20-ian wlebSi ki gasabWoeba. garda

amisa, ruseTi, iseve, rogorc saqarTvelo, postkomunisturi qveyanaa da es

ori subieqti met-naklebad msgavsi problemebis winaSe dadga sabWoTa

imperiis daSlis Semdeg. amasTanave, sainteresoa am ori qveynis saeklesio

urTierTobebi damoukideblobis wlebSi, gansakuTrebiT saeparqio

sazRvris dacvis sakiTxebSi – vgulisxmob afxazeTisa da Sida qarTlis

eparqiebs.

imdenad, ramdenadac ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierToba yovelTvis

gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis sagania, gadavwyviteT warmogveCina am

7

urTierTobis religiuri mxare. sainteresoa, ruseT-saqarTvelos

politikuri urTierTobebi ramdenad exeba religiur sferos, aris Tu

ara religiis politika saerosgan gansxvavebuli da aseve, aqvs Tu ara

religias saero politikaze gavlena.

siaxleebi, romelTac naSromSi ganvixilavT, gaxlavT:

eklesiis moRvaweoba da sazogadoebrivi azri;

erTmorwmune qveynebs Soris saeklesio urTierTobebi postsabWoTa

xanaSi;

axali droisTvis damaxasiaTebeli religiuri mimarTulebebi da

procesebi;

axali aTeizmi;

eparqialuri sazRvris dacvis problema afxazeTsa da Sida qarTlSi;

saxelmwifos, eklesiisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobebi da

urTierTqmedebebi;

saqarTvelosa da ruseTis urTierToba da damokidebuleba

saerTaSoriso religiur organizaciebTan...

wyaroTmcodneobiTi baza: sakvlevad SerCeuli Tanamderove epoqis da

masSi mimdinare zogierTi jerac dausrulebeli procesebis gamo

aRniSnul periodze samecniero masala faqtobrivad ar arsebobs. amitom,

Cveni kvlevis ZiriTadi informaciuli wyaro sagazeTo da internet

gamocemebis statiebia. maTze dayrdnobiT movaxdineT faqtebis

qronologizacia, sistematizacia da samecniero Sefaseba. aseve

gamoviyeneT aRniSnul Temaze Catarebuli qarTuli, rusuli da

inglisurenovani kvlevebi; daveyrdeniT qarTul, rusul da saerTaSoriso

sociologiur gamokvlevebs. gamoviyeneT rogorc am ori qveynis

sapatriarqoebisa da xelisuflebis oficialuri saitebi, ise

opoziciurad ganwyobili veb-gverdebi.

saqarTveloSi religiuri mdgomareobis SeswavlisTvis daveyrdeniT

religiur sakiTxebSi eqspertis n. papuaSvilis wigns `msoflio

religiebi saqarTveloSi~ (Tb. 2002, 232 gv.), aseve profesori T.

8

fanjikiZis `religiuri procesebi saqarTveloSi XX da XXI saukuneTa

mijnaze~ (Tb. 2003, 436 gv.).

saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis mimoxilvisa da ZiriTadi

tendenciebis warmoCenisTvis didad damexmara mTavarepiskopos ananias

(jafariZe) tomeuli `saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria~ (Tb.

1999), profesor q. pavliaSvilis tomeuli `saqarTvelos samociqulo

marTlmadidebluri eklesiis istoria~ (Tb. 2008), aseve `rusuli

saeklesio reformaciis warumatebeli proeqti – brZola

aramarTlmadidebelTa uflebebisaTvis~ (sakonferencio masalebis

krebuli “hainrix vales mogzauroba saqarTveloSi”, Tb. 2009). imave

avtoris, prof. q. pavliaSvilis wignSi “saeklesio globalizaciis

istoria kavkasiaSi” (Tb. 2008, 485 gv.) detaluradaa ganxiluli ruseTis

globalisturi saeklesio politika kavkasiaSi XI-XX saukuneebSi.

sakonstitucio SeTanxmebis ganxilvisas ZiriTad wyarod

gamoviyeneT axlgazrda mecnieris daviT CikvaiZis naSromi `saeklesio

samarTlis sakiTxebi~ (Tb. 2005, 150 gv.), aseve `konstituciuri SeTanxmeba

saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur

marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris~ (Tb, 2005, 43 gv.).

aseve Sevexe ekumenur moZraobas da masTan saqarTvelosa da

ruseTis damokidebulebas, risTvisac gamoviyene Tavad eklesiaTa

msoflio sabWos saiti www.wcc.coe.org da minskis saRvTismetyvelo

akademiis saiti www.minds.by, romelzec uxvadaa ganTavsebuli

siRrmiseuli saRvTismetyvelo da eklesiaTSorisi urTierTobebis

kvlevebi. minskis saRvTismetyvelo akademia-seminariis arqidiakons p.

bobkovs saitze atvirTuli aqvs saintereso kvleva “ruseTis

marTlmadidebeli eklesia da eklesiaTa msoflio sabWo: urTierTobebis

wanamZRvrebi” da aseve aRniSnuli kvlevis meore nawili, “ruseTis

marTlmadidebeli eklesia da eklesiaTa msoflio sabWo: Tanaarsebobis

60 weliwadi”. samwuxarod, naSromis daweris an saitze atvirTvis TariRi

miTiTebuli araa. amave sakiTxze mniSvnelovani kvlevebi aqvs Catarebuli

mecnier a. kartaSevs wignSi `eklesiaTa erToba istoriis gadmosaxedidan~

(parizi, 1933, 120 gv.), prof. a. krasikovs naSromSi `globalizacia da

9

marTlmadidebloba~ (moskovi 2005, 343 gv.) da prof. n. berdiaevs kvlevaSi

`msoflio eklesia da konfesionalizmi~ (moskovi 2000). Tavad ruseTis

sazogadoebis religiurobaze mniSvnelovani kvleva aqvs Catarebuli

lesteris universitetis umcros mkvlevars z. noqss – “ruseTis

sazogadoeba da marTlmadidebeli eklesia” (londoni, niu iorki, 2005).

obieqturi azris Camosayalibeblad vecnobodi aseve opoziciur da

araqristianul literaturasac, rom sakiTxi maTi kuTxiTac damenaxa.

amisTvis davixmare gandgomilTa statiebi: mRvdeli gelasi aroSvili _

`isini etlebiTa da isini hunebiTa, xolo Cven saxeliTa uflisa RmrTisa

Cvenisa~ (sainformacio saagento `gea~ 1998 22 ianv.), T. dedabriSvilis

statia `marTlmadidebluri wm. sinodi cezaropapizmis kabiT Seimosa~

(gaz. jorjian Taimsi, 1997 21-28 maisi #28 gv.3), aseve i. giorbeliZis

monografia `ekumenizmi_amao cda qristianobis gaerTianebisa~ (baTumi,

1977, 52 gv.) krebuli `ekumenizmi – antiqristes religia~ (Tb. 2002 gv.340)

da araerTi sxva.

saqarTvelos avtonomiur respublikebTan dakavSirebiT informacia

da oficialuri dokumentebi gamoqveynebulia sxvadasxva krebulebSi:

krebuli `afxazeTis labirinTi~ (Tb, 1999, 308 gv); krebuli `afxazeTis

istoriis problemebi~ (Tb. 2001)., aseve ganxilulia naSromebSi: g. rogava

`religia da eklesia afxazebSi~ (Tb. 2007); g. jalabaZe `eTnikuri

procesebi Sida qarTlSi~ (Tb. 1987); j. gvasalia, `qsnis xeobis

istoriuli geografiis sakiTxebi~ (Tb, 1967), saqarTvelos istoriuli

geografiis krebuli, t.III (Tb. 1967, 107 gv); j. gvasalia, `saqarTvelos

aris ese” (Tb. 2003). aseve damexmara axalgazrda mecnieris l.

markozaSvilis samagistro namuSevari `alaniis eparqiis~ warmoSoba-

moRvaweobis mizezebi da mosalodneli Sedegebi (2005-2010ww.)~.

religiuri urTierTobebis Tematikaze araerTi Tanamedrove kvlevaa

Catarebuli rogorc saqarTvelos, ise ucxoeTis mecnierebis mier. am

sakiTxze erT-erTi kvleva ekuTvnis profesor q. xuciSvils “religiuri

situaciis cvlileba da usafrTxoebis problema Tanamedrove

saqarTveloSi” (Tb. 2004, 233 gv.), prozelitizmis Taobaze saintereso

naSromi aqvs avtorTa krebuls: l. abaSiZe, z. kiknaZe, T. qaldani

“religiur urTierTobaTa samarTlebrivi regulirebis zogierTi aspeqti

10

(prozelitizmi)” (Tb. 2002, 64 gv.). aseve, gavecani ucxoeTis wamyvani

mecnierebis kvlevebs axali drois aTeizmze: profesori p. s. vitsi

“aTeizmis fsiqologia” (dalasi, 1999, 174 gv.), “saerTaSoris religiuri

Tavisuflebis angariSi 2008” aSS-s saxelmwifo departamentis wliuri

angariSi (www.state.gov), aTeizmis demografia 2005 (wapedia.mobi) da aseve

kembrijis saerTaSoriso kvleva mecnier f. cukermanis mier 2005 wels –

“50 yvelaze aTeisti qveyana”. saqarTveloSi mimdinare Tanamderove

saeklesio da sazogadoebriv movlenebze saintereso kvleva aqvs

warmodgenili organizacias “kavkasiis kvleviTi resursebis centri” (The

Caucasus Research Resource Center (http://crrc.ge/oda/)) da ilia WavWavaZis

saxelmwifo universitetis warmomadgenlebs naSromSi “marTlmadidebeli

eklesiis roli qarTuli nacionaluri identobis CamoyalibebaSi (XX

saukunis bolo – XXI saukunis dasawyisi)”, avtorebi: T. kekelia, e.

gavaSeliSvili, k. ladaria, i. sulxaniSvili, Tb. 2013 w.

gamoyenebuli literaturis sruli nusxa CamoTvlilia naSromis

bolos.

11

kari I

marTlmadidebeli eklesia, saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi azri

postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi

Tavi pirveli

sazogadoebrivi azri saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesiasa da

saxelmwifoze sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis wlebSi

$1. ruseTisa da saqarTvelos politikuri urTierTobebis zogad-

istoriuli mimoxilva

mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelos dasavleTidan kulturuli bizantiis

nacvlad TurqeTis saxelmwifo gaumezoblda, saqarTvelo udidesi

saSiSroebis winaSe aRmoCnda. erTi mxriv TurqeTis, meore mxriv ki iranis

agresiul imperiebs saqarTvelo daSlili da gaTiSuli daxvda

[mWedliSvili 2010].

pirvelad ruseTi kavkasiaSi Tavisi saxelmwifoebriobis adreul

periodSi - X saukuneSi gamoCnda [Язькова 2011]. amis Semdeg, TaTar-

monRolTa daaxloebiT oTxaswliani batonobis gadagdebis Semdeg,

ruseTi Tavad gadaiqca agresorad da sxva gegmebTan erTad, ganaaxla

ltolva samxreTisken.

TaTarTa damarcxebam da qristesmoyvare ruseTis gaZlierebam didi

sixaruli gamoiwvia saqarTveloSi. yvelaze adre ruseTTan urTierToba

kaxeTis samefom daamyara. 1491 wels kaxeTis mefe aleqsandrem elCebi

gaagzavna moskovis did mTavar ivane III-sTan mosalaparakeblad. es iyo

ruseT-saqarTvelos pirveli diplomatiuri urTierToba. amis Semdeg

kidev ufro gaZlierda rogorc kaxeTis, aseve saqarTvelos sxva samefo-

samTavroebis daaxloeba ruseTTan. ruseTi ki TandaTanobiT Zlierdeboda

dapyrobil xalxTa xarjze da nela, magram mtkiced moiwevda

samxreTisaken.

12

irani da TurqeTi SiSiT adevnebdnen Tvals ruseTis gaZlierebas.

cxadia, isini kargad xedavdnen im diplomatiur Zafebsac, romelic

ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris ibmeboda. 1501 wels iranis Sahi ismaili

pirobiT Seekra TurqeTis sulTans, rom saSiSroebis Tavidan

asacileblad gaewyvitaT mTeli saqarTvelo.

kavkasiaSi ruseTis damkvidrebiT SeSfoTebulma TurqeTma gadamwyvet

RonisZiebas mimarTa. man omis muqariT aiZula ruseTi gaeyvana jarebi

Tergis cixidan. amrigad, saqarTvelo sami mxridan, sami Zlieri

agresoris pirispir aRmoCnda. magram yvelaze didi ubedureba is iyo, rom

saqarTvelos maSindeli da Semdegdroindeli mesveurebic, maTgan

mxolod ors xedavdnen, mesame agresors ki Zmad da mfarvelad

miiCnevdnen.

ruseTis cbieri politika Tavidanve agebuli iyo qarTvelTa

gulubryvilobaze, maT mxurvale sarwmunoebriv grZnobaze.

1587 wels kaxeTis mefe aleqsandrem ruseTis xelmwifis erTgulebis

fici miiRo. 1589 wels ki ruseTis mefem aleqsandres wyalobis sigeli

gaugzavna. kaxeTis magaliTiT ruseTs aseve daukavSirda qarTlis mefe

giorgi X.

ruseTTan kavSiris mizeziT moewyo iranis Sahis abas I-is mier

sadamsjelo laSqrobebi kaxeTSi (1616-18ww.). ruseTis mxridan arc kaxeTs,

arc sxva qarTul samefo-samTavros sanugeSo da xelSesaxebi araferi

mohyolia – arc samxedro, politikuri, ekonomikuri, diplomatiuri Tu

sxva saxis Tanadgoma da mxardaWera.

savalalo Sedegs iZleoda saqarTvelos mxridan ruseTisTvis

daxmarebis Txovnis TiToeuli SemTxveva, radgan, amas mohyveboda

mahmadiani mezoblebis gaRizianeba. amasTanave, ar iyo aranairi garantia

da dadebiTi gamocdileba, ris fasadac Rirda am ukanasknelTa

gadamtereba. ar iyo, aseve, realurad Sefasebul-Seswavlili ruseTis

SesaZleblobebi da miswrafeba qarTvelTa mimarT, amitom saukuneebis

manZilze xdeboda erTi da imave Secdomis daSveba. Tumca aris meore

garemoebac, qarTvelebs sxva gza ar hqondaT, radgan fizikuri,

13

kulturuli da sarwmunoebrivi gadarCenis erTaderT imedad didi,

Zlieri, mezoblad myofi, marTlmadidebeli qveyana – ruseTi miaCndaT.

mas Semdeg, rac ruseTis samefo taxtze petre I avida (1682 w.),

ruseTis agresiulma politikam kidev ufro aqtiuri xasiaTi miiRo.

ruseTis vaWrobis gafarToebis mizniT man gadawyvita, xelSi Caegdo jer

sparseTis bazari, xolo iqidan indoeTSi SeWriliyo. imisaTvis, rom

ekonomikurad xelSi Caegdo sparseTi da iq Tavisi gavlena

ganemtkicebina, saWiro iyo jer kavkasiaSi damkvidrebuliyo. petre I-ma

gadawyvita kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi qristianebi gamoeyenebina rogorc

damxmare Zala Tavisi gegmis gansaxorcieleblad. am mizniT 1720 wels igi

daukavSirda mefe vaxtang VI-s imgvarad Seferili saqmiT, TiTqos

SeSfoTebuli iyo iranelTagan erTmorwmune qarTvelebis Seviwrovebis

gamo da SesTavaza `uangaro daxmareba~. vaxtang mefem es svla rusTa

mxurvale sarwmunoebriv grZnobebs miawera. SeTanxmebisamebr, qarTveli

mefe daTqmul dros 40 aTasiani laSqriT SamqorSi idga. lodinma sam

Tves gastana. imis gamo, rom sparseTis vaWrobis xelSi Cagdeba

praqtikulad ufro rTuli aRmoCnda, vidre Teoriulad esaxeboda petre

I-s, man am gegmaze xeli aiRo. saSinel gansacdelSi Cavarda saqarTvelo –

sparseTis winaaRmdeg omSi monawileoba da ruseTis mxareze dgoma

misTvis sabediswero aRmoCnda. ruseT-sparseTis omamde saqarTvelo

mSvidobian urTierTobaSi imyofeboda rogorc sparseTTan, ise

osmaleTTan.

rodesac petre I-ma dainaxa, rom osmaleTi rusTa samxedro moqmedebiT

sparseTSi imdenad ganrisxebuli iyo, rom ruseTisaTvis omis

gamocxadebas apirebda, 1724 wlis 12 ivniss osmaleTTan swrafad Sehkra

zavi, romlis pirvel muxlSi rusTa xelmwifem mTeli aRmosavleTi

saqarTvelo osmaleTs dauTmo, Tumca igi mas srulebiTac ar ekuTvnoda

[javaxiSvili 1953:65-66].

saqarTveloSi sparselebisa da osmalebis (xolo am ukanasknelTa

waqezebiTa da mxardaWeriT, agreTve lekebis) TareSis Sedegad imdenad

mZime mdgomareoba Seiqmna, rom vaxtang VI-m miatova misive politikiT

14

gaubedurebuli qveyana da ruseTSi gadasaxlda mTeli qarTveli elitiT

(sul 1200 kaci).

iran-osmalTa batonoba 20 weliwads gagrZelda. isini rigrigobiT

Zarcvavdnen da aoxrebdnen qveyanas. lekTa yaCaRuri bandebis TareSis

Sedegad ki sruliad gausaZlisi viTareba Seiqna.

XVIII saukunis 50-ian wlebSi, roca aRmosavleT saqarTvelos erTiani

mmarTveli erekle II iyo, xolo dasavleT saqarTvelosi – solomoni,

dRis wesrigSi kvlav dadga qveynis ori nawilis gaerTianebis sakiTxi,

magram ruseTis aqtiurobis gamo isev ver moxerxda miznis ganxorcieleba

– ruseTi cdilobda sakuTari interesebis gatarebas da saamisod

qarTvel mefeebs Tavgzas ubnevda. ereklesac da solomonsac kvlav

gauCndaT imedi mahmadianuri samyarosgan Tavis daRwevisa. religiis

erTobis absurduli motivebiT kvlav ahyvnen ruseTis usafuZvlo

dapirebebs da Tavi da qveyana kidev ufro rTul mdgomareobaSi Caagdes.

warsuli gamocdileba TiTqos arc arsebobda. 1752 wels Teimuraz II-m

ruseTis mefe elisabeds elCebi gaugzavna da mahmadiani mezoblebisagan

mfarveloba sTxova. magram ruseTis mTavrobam am Txovnaze uariT

upasuxa. ruseTs araviTari survili ar hqonda, saqarTvelos gamo

osmaleTsa da sparseTTan omi wamoewyo. mSvidobianoba iyo da

saqarTvelo maSin ruseTs ar esaWiroeboda.

magram Teqvsmeti wlis Semdg, 1768 wels, rodesac osmaleTma ruseTs

omi gamoucxada da ruseTi uneblied brZolaSi unda Cabmuliyo, maSin

misTvis saqarTvelo, rasakvirvelia, Zalian gamosadegi iqneboda da

amitom misi arsebobac gaaxsenda [javaxiSvili, 1953:68]. imisaTvis, rom

ufro warmatebiT ewarmoebina omi TurqeTTan, ruseTis mTavrobam

gadawyvita, Tavis sasargeblod omSi CaeTria TurqeTis mezobeli

qristiani erebi (berZnebi, slavebi, qarTvelebi). magram qarTvelebis

garda, sxvam yvelam saTanado windaxeduleba gamoiCina da ruseTis

mTavrobis mier dagebul maxeSi ar gaebnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom

TurqeTis warmomadgenlebma sTxoves erekles, ar Careuliyo ruseT-

TurqeTis omSi da TurqeTi ar daarRvevda mSvidobian urTierTobas

15

saqarTvelosTan, erekle mainc demonstraciulad miemxro „erTmorwmune

ruseTs“. totlebenis avatiura, graf paninis saidumlo werili

totlebenisadmi, aseve ekaterine II-is saidumlo werili suxotinisadmi

adasturebda, rom ruseTis mTavrobis gegma saqarTvelos mimarT imaSi

mdgomareobda, rom erTi mxriv, saqarTvelo, rogorc brma iaraRi, ruseTs

unda gamoeyenebina Tavisi interesebisaTvis TurqeTis winaaRmdeg

sabrZolvelad, xolo meore mxriv, am brZolaSi muxanaTuri gziT moespo

qarTvelTa jari Tavis mefianad da Semdeg dapatroneboda qveyanas.

ganrisxebul mahmadianTa anabarad mitovebul saqarTvelos bedze arc

dafiqrebla ruseTi. udides gansacdelSi Cavardnilma ereklem werili

miswera graf panins da aRniSna, Tu rogor keTilsindisierad Seasrula

sityva da daexmara ruseTs jariT osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. am

moqmedebiT ki saukunod gadaimtera osmaleTi, sparseTi da daRestani.

bolos, igi Svelas da daxmarebas Txovda ruseTis imperators: „Turqebi,

rogorc Sxamiani gvelebi, gvexvevian irgvliv. sparselni gvicqeren,

rogorc braziani lomebi, lekebi ki ilesaven kbilebs Cvens winaaRmdeg,

rogorc mSieri mglebi. yvelani erTad borgven SurisZiebiT, radgan Cven,

qarTvelebma davarRvieT zavi maT mimarT, da, Tu isini mogvspoben me da

mTel saqarTvelos, maSin vin agebs pasuxs RvTis winaSe, an ra

sargebloba eqneba amiT ruseTis imperias? moiReT mowyaleba Cvens

marTlmadidebel xalxze, me da sruliad Cemi qveyana vsasoebT RmerTze

da yovlad mowyale ruseTis imperatorze“ [qvariani, 1919:22]. magram

erekles am Txovnas araviTari Sedegi ar gamouRia. ruseTma Tavis mizans

miaRwia, osmaleTis omis safrTxe zavis gamo ukve aRar arsebobda. amitom

saqarTvelosac misTvis mniSvneloba aRar hqonda da danapirebi

mfarvelobis gaweva TiTqos daaviwyda kidec.

XVIII saukunis 80-ian wlebSi ruseTis mmarTveli wreebis

saqarTvelosadmi damokidebuleba mkveTrad Seicvala. mas Semdeg, rac

ruseTma Tavisi gavlena yirimze gaavrcela da misi sazRvrebi TiTqmis

kavkasionis qeds miebjina, saimperatoro kars aSkarad gauZlierda

interesi amierkavkasiisadmi. Tuki aqamde saqarTvelos mefeebis Txovnas

kavkasionis gadmoRma qveynebis saqmeebSi aqtiuri Carevis Sesaxeb rusi

16

politikosebi maincdamainc didi xalisiT ar ekidebodnen, axla

sawinaaRmdego mdgomareoba Seiqna. ruseTis sagareo politikis

mesveurebma daiwyes kavkasiis gzebiT wina aziaSi ruseTis gavlenis

gavrcelebis gegmebis Sedgena. am gegmebSi qristianul saqarTvelos erT-

erTi upirvelesi adgili ekava. erekle meore saqmis aseT Semobrunebas

kmayofili Sexvda. Sedegad 1783 wlis 24 ivliss (4 agvisto) CrdiloeT

kavkasiaSi giorgievskis simagreSi xeli moewera traqtats, romlis

mixedviTac qarTl-kaxeTis samefo ruseTis mfarvelobis qveS Sedioda,

xolo Tavis mxriv ruseTi iRebda movaleobas daecva igi yovlgvari gare

safrTxisgan. traqtatis 13 muxlidan dazustebuli iyo orive mxaris

ufleba-movaleobani.

erekle meore ruseTTan dadebul xelSekrulebas Sors mimaval

gegmebs ukavSirebda. jer erTi, igi imedovnebda, rom Zlieri mfarvelis

daxmarebiT qarTl-kaxeTSi lekianoba sabolood aRikveTeboda da qveyanas

saSualeba miecemoda, farTo aRmSeneblobiTi muSaoba gaeSala, agreTve,

Seiqmneboda SesaZlebloba, moeSalaT lekianobis bude War-belaqansa da

kak-elisenSi da es ZirZveli qarTuli teritoria (saingilo) kvlav

saqarTvelos SemoerTeboda. aseve ruseT-TurqeTis momaval omSi erekles

imedi hqonda, rom mesxeTis miwa-wyalsac daibrunebda. ruseTis

mxardaWeriT ganmtkicdeboda erekles mfarveloba mezobel mahmadianur

saxanoebze.

movlenebi sxvagvarad ganviTarda. ganrisxebulma TurqeTma

saqarTvelos sawinaaRmdegod aamxedra daRestani, iranSi areulobis

Sedegad mmarTveloba yajarTa dinastiis xelSi gadavida, romlis

daundobeli meTauri aRa-mahmad-xani gamoemarTa saqarTvelosken – es iyo

giorgievskis traqtatis pirveli darRveva misi gaformebidan mecamete

wels, roca momxdurma qveyana aaoxra, xolo ruseTi dumda, qarTveli

mefis daxmarebis Txovnis miuxedavad. qveynis SigniTac didi

dapirispireba sufevda – rogorc reaqcioneri Tavadebis, ise samefo

ojaxis saxiT.

17

1798 wels erekles gardacvalebiT isargebla ruseTma da 1801 wels

miaRwia sawadels, daipyro aRmosavleT saqarTvelo. saqarTvelos sruli

aneqsia 1867 wels dasrulda.

saqarTvelos aneqsiaSi ruseTis eklesia aqtiur monawileobas iRebda

da imperiis interesebs atarebda: aRikveTa saqmeTa warmoeba da wirva-

locva qarTul enaze, RvTismsaxureba da galoba rusulad

mimdinareobda. ruseTis sasuliero pirebi specialuri davalebiT

axorcielebdnen ideologiur zewolas mrevlze... gasaxsenebelia is

faqtic, rom ruseTis eklesia mtrulad Sexvda mis mierve 1811 wels

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiisTvis warTmeuli avtokefaliis

aRdgenas 1917 wlis 12 (25) marts da mas `revoluciuri aqti~ uwoda.

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqebis kirion II-isa

(saZagliSvili) da leonides (oqropiriZe) mcdeloba _ aRdgeniliyo or

eklesias Soris evqaristuli kavSiri Tanasworobis safuZvelze, ruseTma

uaryo. 1925-dan 1943 wlamde ruseTSi isev gauqmda patriarqoba da mas

mosaydre ganagebda. 1943 wels aRdga patriarqoba da am Tanamdebobaze

dainiSna mitropoliti sergi (stragorogdski) [www.en.wikipedia.org]. amave

periods ukavSirdeba ruseTis eklesiis mier saqarTvelos eklesiis

teritoriuli avtokefaliis cnoba. es moxda stavropolis mitropolit

antonisa da saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis kalistrates (cincaZe)

molaparakebis Sedegad. 1945 w. TbilisSi oficialuri vizitiT Camovida

ruseTis patriarqi, rac am or da-eklesias Soris axali urTierTobis

dawyebas aRniSnavda [maCxaneli 1997:3].

ori saukunis manZilze ruseTma moaxerxa saqarTveloSi saeklesio

politikis warmarTviT gaetarebina Tavisi imperiuli interesebi _

rusulma specsamsaxurebma Tavis droze SesZles saWiro sasuliero

pirebis damuSaveba. amiT sazogadoebaSi garkveulwilad dRemde aris

SemorCenili undobloba sasuliero pirebisadmi. Tanamedrove

sazogadoebis nawilSi isic iwvevs eWvs, rom dResac mravlad Semodis

literatura, xatebi da sxva saeklesio nivTebi ruseTidan da amiT

marTlmadidebeli eklesiebi erTmaneTisTvis debi arian

18

qarTuli eklesiis ruseTis eklesiaze mibmulad, misgan nasazrdoebad,

misgan naSobad da didi gavlenis qveS myofad miiCneven [fanjikiZe, 2005:40-

48].

rusuli eklesia postsabWoTa periodSic ganixileba rogorc ruseTis

imperialisturi interesebis gamtarebeli, politizebuli instituti,

romelic mraval safrTxeTa Soris erT-erT yvelaze dids swored

saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas uqmnis. ruseTi sargeblobs

konfliqtebiTa da im siZneleebiT, romelic misive Seqmnilia qarTuli

saxelmwifoebriobis xelaxla Camoyalibebis, misi teritoriuli

mTlianobis aRdgenis gzaze. samwuxaro ki is aris, rom am procesSi igi

rusul marTlmadidebel eklesias iyenebs. ruseTi ar Ralatobs Tavis

Zvel Cvevas da dazverviTi samsaxurebisTvis aqtiurad iyenebs sasuliero

pirebs, gansakuTrebiT zogierT im qarTvelTagans, romelTac sasuliero

ganaTlebis miReba ruseTSi gaagrZeles.

ruseTi ar uSvebs SesaZleblobas daZabos situacia saqarTvelosTvis

rTul regionebSi da adgilze sakuTari iurisdiqciis gavrcelebisTvis

rusul samRvdelo pirebs iyenebs.

imis gamo, rom ruseTma jer ver daaRwia Tavi ufrosi Zmis sindroms,

imperialistur, azrovnebas, qarTveli eri da saxelmwifo cdilobs

gadarCenisa da damkvidrebisTvis sxva didi Zala airCios, miuxedavad

imisa, rom meti religiuri da kulturuli siaxlove msoflio gigantebs

Soris swored ruseTTan aqvs. am ukanasknels ki jer kidev ar ZaluZs

postsabWour qveynebTan Tanasworuflebiani urTierTobis damyareba.

Tumca, meore mxriv, ruseTi didi qristianuli tradiciebis qveyanaa.

mis teritoriaze araerTi saswaulTmoqmedi xati gamoCenila,

aRsrulebula mravali saswauli, ruseTis marTlmadidebel eklesias

didi da Zlieri wmindanTa Tu saeklesio moRvaweTa dasi hyavs. rusuli

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wiaRSi mravali saRvTismetyvelo, saeklesio

da sasuliero literatura Seiqmna da dResac am mimarTulebiT muSaoba

aqtiurad grZeldeba. ra Tqma unda, Tanamorwmune eklesiebs Soris

TanamSromloba, literaturul-kulturul da sasuliero urTierToba

19

grZeldeba, magram TiToeuli nabijis gadadgmisas sifrTxile SeimCneva _

Tu ramdenad moaxdens es nabiji politikur zegavlenas. aseT

urTierTobas ki ver davarqmevT gulwrfel qristianul urTierTobas,

iseTs, rogoric unda iyos da-eklesiebs Soris.

$2. marTlmadidebeli eklesia, saqarTvelos xelisufleba da sazogadoeba

1990-92 wlebSi

1990-1992 wlebi – esaa sabWoeTis daSlisa da misi uSualod momdevno

wlebi. es sami weliwadi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mopovebisa da

axali saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis mcdelobis wlebia 70 wliani

socializmis batonobis Semdgom. am wlebis politikuri aspeqti sakmaod

dawvrilebiTaa Seswavlili. winamdebare Tavi mcdelobaa imisa,

warmoaCinos sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisa da misi uSualod momdevno

wlebSi (pirveli prezidentis mmarTvelobis ganmavlobaSi) ra adgili da

funqcia daekisra saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesias; ra

mdgomareobaSi iyo da ra movaleobas tvirTulobda igi am gardatexis

momentSi; rogori damokidebuleba hqonda xelisuflebas da sazogadoebas

eklesiis mimarT...

sabWoeTis daSlas saqarTveloSi XX s-is 80-iani wlebis movlenebi,

kerZod ki qarTvelTa erovnuli moZraobis gaaqtiureba uZRoda win.

icvleboda qarTuli sazogadoebis mentaliteti, cxadi iyo arsebuli

politikuri wyobilebis dromoWmuloba, gaCnda axali moTxovnebi,

Sesabamisad, qveyana emzadeboda da ganicdida erTi socialur-

politikuri wyobidan meoreze gadasvlis mtkivneuli process. am dros

saqarTvelo gamovida sabWoeTis samocdaaTwliani tyveobidan,

sainformacio vakuumidan da marto aRmoCnda msofliosa da sakuTari

xalxis winaSe, imsxvreoda sabWoTa ideologTa mier danergili idealebi

da xdeboda RirebulebaTa gadafaseba. win wamovida mTeli rigi

problemebisa, romelTagan upirvelesi saxelmwifos Seqmna-Camoyalibeba

20

iyo. qveynisTvis ki, romelsac bolo ramdenime saukune damoukidebeli

saxelmwifoebrioba ar gaaCnda, es namdvil dilemad iqca. XX-XXI

saukuneebis momijnave dekadebi faqtobrivad mTlianad daeTmo am miznis

aRsrulebis mcdelobas. maSasadame, 1990-iani wlebi iyo axali etapis

dasawyisi saqarTvelos istoriaSi. qveynis aRmSeneblobis saqmeSi ki

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis roli upirobod didi iyo.

Tavad eklesiac didi dilemis winaSe aRmoCnda – mis dRis wesrigSi

erTmaneTze mniSvnelovani da saswrafod gadasawyveti sakiTxebi idga –

aRedgina istoriuli avtoriteti, yofiliyo adekvaturi axali

moTxovnebisadmi, dakompleqtebuliyo saWiro kadrebiT, moeZebna saerTo

ena saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebasTan da pasuxi gaeca epoqaluri

gamowvevebisTvis.

sabWoeTis daSlis Semdeg xalxSi gaCnda erovnulobis mZafri gancda.

xalxi panikurad da fanatiurad aRiqvamda yovelives rac tradiciebTan,

erovnulobasa da sulierebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. xelisuflebac,

zviad gamsaxurdias meTaurobiT, aqtiurad atarebda mkveTrad erovnul

xasiaTs, riTic kidev ufro amZafrebda zemoxsenebul gancdas

sazogadoebaSi.

aTeisturi reJimis Semdeg mosulma religiurma Tavisuflebam

erTbaSad aitaca isedac emociur talRaze myofi mosaxleoba. daiwyo

eklesiisken masiuri mibruneba. miuxedavad imisa, rom codna ar iyo

Sesabamisi, Tavad saeklesio ritualebSi monawileobac ki erTgvari xsna

da Sveba iyo sazogadoebis didi nawilisTvis. gazeTebSi sakmaod xSirad

iwereboda siZulviliT da sinanuliT aRsavse werilebi, rom amdeni xani

emsaxurebodnen yovlad miuRebel da sazarel `idealebs~. SeiniSneboda

monatreba da eklesiisgan daSorebis sinanuli. saqarTvelos

sapatriarqoc cdilobda metad daaxloebda xalxs, nugeSi eca misTvis da

daekmayofilebina misi religiuri moTxovnebi. saamisod arc Tu iSviaTad

ewyoboda RonisZiebebi, im raionebSi, sadac ar msaxurebdnen moZRvrebi:

Tbilisidan an sxva raionebidan gzavnidnen RvTismsaxurebs mrevliTurT,

iq xdeboda wirva-locvebis, naTlobebisa da sxva saeklesio

saidumloebebis aRsruleba, mrevlis gacnoba-daaxloeba, saeklesio

21

swavlebis qadageba. xSirad gamoiTqmeboda sxvadasxva soflebsa Tu

raionul centrebSi eklesiis aRdgena-aSenebis, wirva-locvis dawesebis

survili. umetes SemTxvevebSi adgilobrivi mosaxleoba TviTon

aqtiurobda da arc Tu uSedegod.

Tavad qveynis mZime socialur-politikur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba

sasowarkveTilebaSi ayenebda sazogadoebas. qveyanas, romelsac bolo

ramdenime saukune sakuTari saxelmwifoebrioba ar gaaCnda da mudmivad

dampyroblis gadawyvetilebiT awarmoebda sakuTar sagareo da saSinao

saqmeebs, axla realurad didi pasuxismgeblobis winaSe idga.

sazogadoebaSi arsebuli saxelmwifoebrivi gadagvarebis SiSi da

gadarCenis instinqti yovelive erovnulisa da marTlmadideblurisadmi

isteriuli fanatizmis msgavs damokidebulebas iwvevda.

saqarTveloSi XX s-is 90-iani wlebis pirveli naxevari gamoirCeva

politikaSi xalxis monawileobis gansakuTrebuli aqtiurobiT.

warmoudgenel raodenobas aRwevda partiaTa ricxvi, mravalferovani iyo

maTi mimarTuleba da miznebi. gamoCnda bevri lideri sakuTari xedviTa

da winadadebebiT. Camoyalibda mravali sazogadoeba-organizacia

sxvadasxva erovnuli lozungebiT. xSirad ismoda erovnuli erTianobisa

da demokratiulobisken svlis mowodebebi. ZiriTadad ganwyoba

garegnulad sakmaod religiuri iyo, TiTqmis ar Catarebula gamosvla Tu

manifestacia, romelic sanTlebiTa da locviT ar dasrulebuliyo.

Tumca, rogorc aRvniSneT, amgvari ganwyoba ufro sakuTari

identifikaciisa da erTobis, saerTo maxasiaTeblis dadastureba iyo. es

is faqtorebi iyo, rac saerTo hqonda sazogadoebis yvelaze aqtiur

nawils. garda amisa, marTlmadideblobis principebis xseneba erTgvari

garantia da mosaxleobis mxridan ndobis faqtori iyo. samwuxarod,

droTa ganmavlobaSi eklesiis an marTlmadidebluri principebis

saxeliT gamosvla modaSi Semovida. ra Tqma unda, ukve xdeboda gaTvla

xalxis eklesiisadmi ndobis faqtorze da iyo am faqtoris gamoyenebis

mcdelobebi.

22

1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi erovnul-religiuri datvirTva

sazogadoebrivi azrisa da ganwyobis gamomxatvelma xelovnebamac SeiZina.

masSi aisaxa is idealebi, rac am periodSi xalxis umetesobisTvis iyo

mniSvnelovani. Tanamedrove xelovnebis nimuSebis gamofenebze daiwyo

Wedurobis, qargvis, xatvisa da sxva xalxuri tradiciebis aRdgena-

gaxseneba. imave ganwyobiT araerT qalaqsa Tu sofelSi aRimarTa jvari

Tu 9 aprilis monumenturi Zeglebi. arc Tu iSviaTi iyo axalgazrda

mecnierebis saeklesio TematikiT daintereseba. aRniSnuli muxtis

aqtiurad gatareba daiwyo skolebsa da baRebSi, sxvadasxva

saswavleblebSi, sadac Catarebuli RonisZiebebi am Tematikaze iyo

agebuli da TiTqmis arcerTi maTgani ar tardeboda sasuliero piris

mowvevis gareSe.

magram aseTi ganwyoba ar iyo upirobo – yvela ar iziarebda. xSiri

iyo saero pirTa Soris sasuliero sakiTxebze dapirispireba, aseve

mimdinareobda saero da sasuliero pirebs Soris religiur sakiTxebze

dava ZiriTadad rwmenisa da codnis SeuTavseblobis safuZvelze.

mecnierTa da sxva saero pirTa Careva eris sulier cxovrebaSi

Tavgzas ubnevda jerac araeklesiur, gaucnobierebel mosaxleobas.

Sesabamisad, araerTi SemTxveva iyo, roca qveyndeboda werilebi,

romelsac ama Tu im religiur sakiTxSi Sehqonda eWvi. saerTodac,

xSirad morwmuneebs eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen im sabWouri

gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, rom maT ukan SesaZloa romelime

politikuri Zala mdgariyo.

rogorc wesi, nebismier qveyanaSi gardamaval periodSi Seqmnili

rTuli Sida politikuri viTarebiT kargad sargebloben sxvadasxva

warmomavlobis seqtebi. am mxriv arc saqarTvelo iyo gamonaklisi.

qveyanaSi daiwyo mravali religiuri dajgufebis Semodineba, romlebsac

xels aZlevda mosaxleobis religiuri gaunTlebloba. es dajgufebebi

aseve sargeblobdnen xalxis socialuri gaWirvebiT da mxardaWeris

safasurad maT mimdevrebs materialur daxmarebas sTavazobdnen. 1990-iani

wlebis dasawyisSi am yovelivem metad SemaSfoTebeli saxe miiRo da

sapatriarqomac daiwyo gamosavlis Zieba. am ukanasknelis moqmedeba ki ar

23

iyo seqtebis msgavsi, anu ar iyo gaTvlili eklesiaSi xalxis pragmatuli

da yofiTi interesebis gamo mizidvaze. saqarTvelos eklesiis mesveurebi

qadagebebiTa da masmediis saSualebiT cdilobdnen mosaxleobisTvis

aexsnaT marTlmadideblobis arsi da SeetanaT maTSi religiuri

ganaTleba. am procesSi qarTuli eklesia bolomde inarCunebda misTvis

damaxasiaTebel zomierebas da problemebTan gamklavebis mSvid,

Semwynareblur da inteligentur stils. es yovelive gamiznuli iyo

xalxSi codnaze damyarebuli rwmenis damkvidreba-ganmtkicebisTvis.

am periodSi saqarTveloSi sakmaod mravalricxovani seqta moqmedebda.

Tavdapirvelad, sapatriarqo cdilobda maTTan saubris gamarTvas, magram

Tavad seqtis warmomadgenlebi aridebdnen Tavs da es mcdelobebi

uSedegod mTavrdeboda. moqmed seqtebs Soris mravali dasaxelebisa da

warmomavlobis dajgufeba iyo: ieRovas mowmeebi, kriSnaidebi, baftistebi,

ormocdaaTianelebi da sxv. zogi maTgani met-naklebi `xmauriT~ zrunavda

Tavis mimdevrebze, zogic sakmaod agresiuli gancxadebebiT gamodioda

da upirispirdeboda oficialur eklesias. qarTul religiur

sazogadoebas `qarTvelTa Soris marTlmadideblobis ganmamtkicebel

dass” [axalgazrda iverieli(z)1990:6] surda emxilebina sxvadasxva seqtebi,

Tumca am ukanasknelTa warmomadgenlebi Tavs aridebdnen qarTuli

eklesiis mRvdelmsaxurebTan Sexvedra-gasaubrebas religiur sakiTxebSi

arakompetenturobisa da sxva mizezebis gamo.

1990 wlis aprilidan periodulad iwyo gamocema `saqarTvelos Zvel

marTlmadidebelTa saRvTo kavSiris~ gazeTma `RvTiurma gzam”, romlis

mizanic iyo: `aRdges droTa ganmavlobaSi saxeSecvlili da Seryvnili

ZvelberZnuli RvTismadidebloba, romelic saqarTvelos andria

pirvelwodebulma da simon kananelma uqadaga da romelmac mociqulTa

swori ninowmindis wyalobiT saxelmwifo statusi miiRo”. am gazeTis

gamosvlas araerTi Sexvda sixaruliT, magram aSkara iyo, maT ar icodnen

gansxvaveba ZvelberZnul da qarTul marTlmadideblobas Soris.

es movlena imdenadaa CvenTvis sayuradRebo, ramdenadac am religiuri

dajgufebis moRvaweoba Semdeg wlebSi araerTxel uTanxmoebisa da

24

mosaxleobaSi dabneuloba-dabrkolebis mizezad gamxdara. am gazeTis

damaarseblebi iyvnen qarTveli `raskolnikebi~ z. narmania da a. Caxava.

isini aqtiur da agresiul politikas atarebdnen saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sawinaaRmdegod da mas eresad,

funqciagamoclilad da ruseTis interesis gamtarebelad acxadebdnen. a.

Caxava Tavs ioane RvTismetyvelad miiCnevda, romelic cocxlad waiyvana

RmerTma ukanasknel Jamamde. misi rwmeniT, is ukve dabrunda da axla

redkolegiaSi mas 12 wevri hyavda, romelic, misi azriT, `uflis 12

mociqulze unda mianiSnebdes” [mSvidoba TqvenTana 1990:.2]. aseTi

ganwyobebi ki mZimed aisaxeboda myife safuZvlis mqone qarTvelTa

rwmenaze.

daaxloebiT msgavsi saxis dapirispireba iyo iseT sakiTxzec,

rogoricaa ekumenizmi. am sakiTxSi sazogadoebis damokidebuleba orad

iyo gayofili: SedarebiT didi nawili uaryofiTad ekideboda ekumenizms

_ uwodebda eresTa eress da qristianobis, erovnulobisa da

saxelmwifoebriobis pirvel mtrad miiCnevda. rasakvirvelia, ekumenizms

mravali damcvelic hyavda. am sakiTxmac momavalSi ganviTareba hpova da

sqizmis mizezad iqca. mis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiT momdevno TavebSi

gveqneba ganxilva.

amrigad, sabWoeTis daSlis uSualod momdevno wlebis ganmavlobaSi

saqarTvelos sazogadoeba did eiforiaSi iyo – erTi iyo SiSi da

gaurkvevloba saxelmwifoebriuli xvalindeli dRis Taobaze, meore iyo

imedi imisa, rom aRdgenili tradiciebi da erovnuli Rirebulebebi swor

gzaze daayenebda gansacdelSi myof qveyanas, amitom iyo gansakuTrebuli

ltolva yovelive erovnulisa da religiurisaken. ra Tqma unda,

sapatriarqo grZnobda sazogadoebis molodins da cdilobda yofiliyo

adeqvaturi msgavs gamowvevebze pasuxis gacemisas. amas garda, iyo kidev

erTi, gardamavali sazogadoebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli faqtori –

religiuri moTxovnilebis gazrdiTa da Sesabamisi codna-gamocdilebis

arqoniT sargebloben sxvadasxva warmomomavlobis seqtebi da aqtiuri

XVIII saukuneSi ruseTSi warmoqmnili qristianuli gaerTianeba (seqta), romelicupirispirdeboda oficialur eklesias, ris gamoc maT eklesia da saxelmwifo sdevnidada asaxlebda imperiis ukidures provinciebSi.

25

prozelitizmiT imravleben momxreebs. saqarTvelos am wlebSic

analogiur movlenasTan gvqonda saqme. Tumca didi iyo saqarTvelos

sapatriarqos yuradReba am sakiTxSi da cdilobda qadagebiT da

sazogadoebaSi codnisa da rwmenis amaRlebiT Seeferxebina seqtebis

moZraoba. sapatriarqos da sasuliero pirTa aqtiuri moRvaweobis

Sedegad nel-nela iqmneboda sazogadoebrivi azri, romelic

marTlmadidebel eklesias erTaderT mxsnelad miiCnevda, Tumca, es azri

sazogadoebaSi erTaderTi da upirobo ar iyo.

$3. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos pozicia da kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II

1990-92 wlebSi

socialuri, politikuri Tu ekonomikuri siduxWiris fonze

sarwmunoebrivi sakiTxebi mosaxleobis mier mTeli simZafriT

ganicdeboda. yvelaze mZime dros imedad sarwmunoeba isaxeboda. am

sferos problemebi ki damangrevelad moqmedebda sazogadoebaze.

ZiriTadad sufevda gaucnobiereblobisa da gaurkvevlobis SiSi. zogi

ubrundeboda ZvelTa gzas, zogi axals eZebda, zogic veraferSi

garkveuliyo, raRac nawilisTvis ki religia zedmetobad rCeboda. saWiro

iyo sazogadoebis saxis, saerTo ideis Camoyalibeba. amisTvis ki

saqarTvelos sapatriarqo Zalebs ar iSurebda arsebul politikur-

ekonomikur situaciaSi. gamodioda marTlmadidebluri gazeTebi, wignebi,

broSurebi, saxelmwifo beWdviT organoebSi xSirad ibeWdeboda qarTuli

xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebis suraTebi mcire istoriul-dokumenturi

anotaciebiT, arcTu iSviaTad qveyndeboda wmindanebisa da saqarTvelos

istoriis mniSvnelovani pirebis biografiebi, TeologTa Tu

RvTismsaxurTa qadagebebi sxvadasxva Temebze, locvebi, cnobebi

saeklesio wesebsa da tradiciebze, sxvadasxva seqtebis istoriasa da

Sexedulebebze da a.S. 1990 w. pirvelad moewyo morwmuneTa 100 kaciani

jgufebis msvleloba wm. ninos nakvalevze tba faravnidan mcxeTamde

[axalgazrda iverieli(p)1990:1]. amave wlidan uwmindesisa da unetaresis

26

ilia II-is kurTxeviT aRdga da damkvidrda dReSi Svidgzis locvis

tradicia.

am periodidan, rogorc ki saqarTvelos sulieri kulturis Zeglebi

metnaklebad gaTavisuflda sabWoeTis wnexisa da sakuTrebisgan,

masobrivad daiwyo eklesiebis aRdgena-aSeneba, amoqmedda taZrebi,

gamyarda Zveli Zeglebi, daiwyo maTi popularizacia, ewyoboda Zeglebis

Semswavleli da sakonservacio eqspediciebi. am saqmes mravali Semwe

gamouCnda, zogi fizikurad exmareboda mSeneblebs, zogi Tanxas

ricxavda... gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobdnen studenti-axalgazrdebi.

1990 wlisaTvis iyo cnoba, rom `saqarTveloSi bolo erTi wlis

manZilze 200-ze meti wminda taZari aRsdga da amoqmedda, daiwyo axalmac

Seneba” [axalgazrda iverieli(a)1990:.3]. am mcire eklesiebis aRdgenis

paralelurad safuZveli Caeyara saukunis mSeneblobas _ wm. samebis

taZars elias mTaze [beriZe 1990:6].

am movlenebis fonze, sainteresoa sazogadoebis damokidebuleba

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis uwmindesisa da unetaresis

ilia II-is mimarT, Tu rogor aRiqvamdnen mis saqmesa da Sexedulebebs.

misi avtoriteti da ndobis reitingi yovelTvis maRali iyo.

gardamaval periodSi, rodesac xalxi gaurkvevel mdgomareobaSi iyo

aramxolod rwmenis, aramed cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, roca gaurkveveli

iyo qveynis momavali, qarTuli eklesiis saWeTmpyroblis Rvawli didi

iyo. pirovnebis moRvaweobis yvelaze kargi Semfasebeli Tavad xalxia,

amitomac Cven am SemTxvevaSi davjerdebiT kaTolikos-partiarqis Sesaxeb

gamoTqmuli damokidebulebis konstataciiT, romelic amovikiTxeT 1990-91

wlebis presis furclebze: werilebSi ilia II-es ixsenieben `eris mamad”

da misi gadawyvetilebebis siswores endobian. amovikiTxeT aseTi azric:

`yvelaze marTali da utyuari saSualeba srulyofisa aris is, rom Tavi

Camouyalibebel, arasrulfasovan adamianad SeigrZno. amitomacaa, rom

qarTuli eklesiis mwyemsis, uwmindesis da unetaresis ilia meoris

moRvaweoba upirvelesad qarTveli sazogadoebis zneobriv aRorZinebasa

da erovnuli cnobierebis gaRvivebas eswrafvis” [gvelesiani 1990:.4].

27

uwmindesi cdilobda sulierebis gavlena moexdina saganmanaTleblo

sistemazec, ise rom RvTismsaxurebs xSiri urTierToba hqondaT bavSvTa

saxlebTan, bavSvTa fsiqo-nevrologiur dispanserebTan da sxva msgavs

dawesebulebebTan. uwmindesisa da unetaresis ZalisxmeviT safaraSi

gaixsna orwliani sasuliero saswavlebeli [gogoWuri 1990:5]. Tavad

kaTolikos-patriarqic xSirad stumrobda saqarTvelos sxvadasxva

saswavleblebs. didi mniSvneloba hqonda sapatriarqos mier dawesebul

samisionero moRvaweobas, patriarqis Segonebebs, mowodebebsa da

qadagebebs. isini yovelTvis Seesatyvisebodnen sazogadoebis sulier

mdgomareobas... uwmindesis moRvaweoba mravalmxrivi da mravalferovani

iyo – sapatriarqo muSaobda rogorc qveynis Sida problemebze, aseve

saerTaSoriso sarbielzec. msoflio marTlmadidebeli eklesiis

sapatriarqosTan 12 weliwads mimdinareobda molaparakeba da 1990 wels

qarTul eklesias mieca avtokefalobis damadasturebeli sigeli da

aRiarebul iqna patriarq-mamamTavris wodeba... `axla Tamamad SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom iwyeba qarTuli eklesiis renesansi,” _ ambobda uwmindesi da

unetaresi 1990 wlis bolos [axalgazrda iverieli(k)1990:1].

1990-iani wlebis dasawyisi kriminaluri TvalsazrisiTac Zalian

rTuli iyo. mouwyobeli saxelmwifos da sazogadoebrivi dacvis

sistemisa da socialur-ekonomikuri gaWirvebis gamo xSiri iyo qurdoba

da yaCaRoba, SemafoTeblad xSiri iyo kacis kvla. saqarTvelos

kaTolikos-patriarqis azriT, adamianTa amgvari azrovnebis mizezi

sulierebis naklebobac iyo. faqti iyo, ar SeiZleboda ase gagrZeleba,

miT umetes, rom borotmoqmedebze ar moqmedebda arc eklesiis Segoneba

da arc samarTaldamcavTa aRmkveTi RonisZiebebi. amitom 1990 wels

kaTolikos-patriarqma ilia II-m gamosca `sagangebo brZaneba~ [axalgazrda

iverieli(r)1990:2]:

`saxeliTa mamisaTa da ZisaTa da sulisa wmidisaTa vbrZaneb: dReidan

yoveli qarTveli adamianis mkvleli, miuxedavad msxverplis (moklulis)

danaSaulisa an udanaSaulobisa, gamocxaddes qarTveli eris mtrad.

28

mkvlelis saxeli da gvari Setanil iqnes sapatriarqos specialur

wignSi da gadaeces Taobidan Taobas, rogorc samarcxvino da dasagmobi.

sagangebo brZaneba ese miRebulia, raTa saqarTveloSi samudamod

Tavidan acilebul iqnes umZimesi codva da danaSauli RvTisa da eris

winaSe _ ZmaTa kvla.

ilia II

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi”

[axalgazrda iverieli(d)1990:2].

amgvari brZaneba saqarTvelos da qarTuli eklesiis istoriaSi

uprecedento iyo. misi aucilebloba ZmaTamkvlelma omma da Sida

socialurma dapirispirebam ganapiroba. mogvianebiT uwmindesi Tavad

saubrobda am brZanebaze: `saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis mier

mravali brZaneba dawerila, magram msgavsi arasodes. es erTis mxriv,

raRac imedis momcemia, magram meore mxriv, Cvens sulier mdgomareobaze

metyvelebs... is xangrZlivi drois manZilze mzaddeboda da dadga is

saSiSi Jami, roca usaTuod unda daweriliyo” [axalgazrda

iverieli(d)1990:2]. mogvianebiT es brZaneba afxazi separatistebis mier

mikerZoebiT iqna aRqmuli, romlebic miiCnevdnen, rom igi mimarTuli iyo

uSualod maT sawinaaRmdegod. amis gamo afxazeTSi vizitisas isini Tavs

daesxnen uwmindess da mis delegacias.

1991 weli mwvave politikuri dapirispirebebiT daiwyo: 1990 wlis 11

dekembers saqarTvelos xelisuflebam samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri

respublika gaauqma, ramac ruseTis mxridan, mwvave reaqcia gamoiwvia da

1991 w. 7 ianvars prezidentma m. gorbaCovma uxeSad da kategoriulad

moiTxova saqarTvelosgan, sami dRis vadaSi isev aRedginaT es avtonomia

[alaviZe 1991:1]. am moTxovnas didi gamoxmaureba da aRSfoTeba mohyva

qarTuli sazogadoebis mxridan _ ewyoboda SimSilobebi da saprotesto

aqciebi, ibeWdeboda uamravi werili, gamoTqvamdnen mosazrebebs... daiwyo

erTgvari sainformacio omi. gorbaCovis ganacxadTan dakavSirebiT

`sruliad saqarTvelos RvTisSvilTa kavSirma~ (invalidTa sazogadoebam)

gamoaqveyna gancxadeba, romlis mixedviTac unda gamarTuliyo

29

respublikis uzenaesi sabWos, erovnuli kongresis, sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia II-isa da yvela politikur-

sazogadoebrivi organizaciis warmomadgenelTa erToblivi sxdoma, rom

SeemuSavebinaT saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel ZalTa

erToblivi moqmedebis gegma Tvisobrivad axal sazogadoebriv-politikur

viTarebaSi. aseve iyo mowodeba, rom saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis

locva-kurTxeviT mowyobiliyo msvleloba Tbilisidan mcxeTamde, sadac

mTeli dRe qveynis keTildReobisTvis aRevlineboda locva, xolo Semdeg

politikur, sazogadoebriv da sasuliero warmomadgenlebTan erTad

gamarTuliyo erovnuli kreba ruseTis saqarTvelosadmi

damokidebulebisa da Sida qarTlSi arsebuli mdgomareobis

gansaxilvevad [sruliad saqarTvelos RvTisSvilTa... 1991:3]; [wereTeli

1991:4]. am azrs didi mxardaWera mohyva.

Semdegi movlena, romelmac qarTveli sazogadoebis yuradReba

miiqcia, 1991 w. 17 marts gudauTis sof. abRarxuqSi afxazebis mier ori

qarTvelis cema iyo im mizeziT, rom qarTvelebi sakavSiro referendumis

dRes saarCevno ubanSi ar mividnen. amas gamoexmaura saqarTvelos

sapatriarqos sagareo urTierTobebis ganyofilebis xelmZRvaneli da

eklesiaTa msoflio sabWos centraluri komitetis wevri, afxazeTis

mitropoliti daviTi (Wkadua). mitropolitma ganacxada, rom mas SeuZlia

aRZras afxazeTSi saerTaSoriso komisiis mowvevis sakiTxi gudauTis

raionis zogierT sofelSi qarTveli mosaxleobis Seviwroebis faqtebis

Sesaswavlad. `magram,_Tqva man,_ jerjerobiT Tavs Sevikaveb am sakiTxis

dayenebisgan im imediT, rom afxazeTis mTavroba da avtonomiuri

respublikis samarTaldamcavi organoebi TviTon miscemen principul

Sefasebas abRarxuqSi ori qarTvelis cemis, agreTve qarTuli erovnebis

mcxovrebTa sxvagvari Seviwroebis faqts” [paWkoria 1991:1]. SeiZleba

iTqvas, es ganacxadi erTgvari Sexseneba iyo, rom eklesias sakmao Zala

hqonda moegvarebina ara mxolod sasuliero, aramed saero sakiTxebic,

miTumetes, rom saqarTvelos sapatriarqo yvelanairad cdilobda

maqsimaluri urTierToba SeenarCunebina afxazeTis avtonomiuri

respublikis xelmZRvanelobasTan.

30

am faqtidan mcire xani iyo gasuli, rom qarTvelebma axali Semoteva

iwvnies: `11 aprilis 6 saaTze qarelis raion sof. dvanSi SeiWra ssrk

Sinagani jaris 12 javSantransportiori. samxedroebma daarbies

miliciisa da soflis mosaxleobis saguSagoebi cecxli waukides wm.

giorgisa da samebis eklesiebs~. daaxloebiT amave periodSi moxda kidev

erTi vandaluri faqti: `osma SeiaraRebulma eqstremistebma xeebze

miakres oTxi daWrili qarTveli adgilobrivi mcxovrebi da cocxlad

dawves~ [`vandalebi~ 1991:1].

am movlenebs sazogadoebis da saero Tu sasuliero xelisuflebisgan

didi aRSfoTeba da gamoxmaureba mohyva. uwmindesma miswera werili

konstantinopolis-axali romis mTavarepiskoposs da msoflio patriarqs

dimitrios I-s, Rirs emilio kastros - eklesiaTa msoflio sabWos

generalur mdivans da aseve, moskovisa da sruliad ruseTis patriarqs

aleqsi II-s, raTa saTanado Sefaseba miecaT momxdarisaTvis da xma

aRemaRlebinaT samarTlianobisa da WeSmaritebis dasacavad.

samarTlianobis aRdgenisTvisa da saqarTvelos damoukideblobis

SenarCuneba–ganmtkicebisTvis qarTveli eris warmomadgenlebmac ucxoeTs

miapyres imedis Tvali da saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSirma werilebiT

mimarTa ruseTis patriarqs aleqsi II-esa da romis paps ioane pavle

meores [`mis yovladuwmindesobas...” 1991:1]. ruseTis mxridan saqarTvelom

veranairi pasuxi ver miiRo, vatikanis mxridan ki gaizarda yuradReba da

aqtiuroba, gansakuTrebiT maSin roca saqarTvelo didma miwisZvrebma

daaziana...

garTulebul saSinao Tu sagareo urTierTobas Tan daerTo bunebriv

stiqiaTa mTeli seria. dawyebuli 1991 wlis 29 aprilidan ramdenime Tvis

ganmavlobaSi miwa iZvroda saqarTvelos TiTqmis mTel teritoriaze.

dazianda mTeli rigi raionebisa: saCxere, oni, cxinvali... TiTqos

gaWirvebul qarTvelobas bunebis risxvac aRmarTSi eweoda [axalgazrda

iverieli 1991:1]. miwisZvris Sedegad saqarTvelos aTasobiT moqalaqe

saxl-karis gareSe darCa, xolo uamravi qarTuli xuroTmoZRvruli

Zegli Zlier dazianda. miuxedavad mZime socialuri da materialuri

31

viTarebisa, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba sakuTari ZalebiTa da saxsrebiT

aRadgenda eklesia-monastrebs, iqmneboda Sesabamisi fondebi...

miwisZvrebma kidev ufro miiqcia saqarTvelosken msoflios

yuradReba, miTumetes, rogorc aRvniSneT, gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda

kaTolikuri samyaro. xSiri iyo romis papis delegaciebis stumroba

saqarTveloSi. maTi vizitis ZiriTadi mizani kaTolikur da

marTlmadideblur eklesiebs Soris urTierTobis gamyareba da

Sesabamisad, am gaWirvebis Jams saqarTvelos materialuri da specialuri

daxmareba iyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom am periodSi saqarTvelos sapatriarqos

aqtiuri urTierToba hqonda msoflios sxva eklesiebTan imdenad,

ramdenadac saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II 1978 wlidan

eklesiaTa msoflio sabWos erT-erTi prezidenti iyo. amdenad ekumenur

moZraobaSi Cabmuli eklesiebisTvis urTierTdaxmareba erT-erTi

umTavresi movaleoba iyo. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom sasuliero sferos

garda kaTolikebis (italielebisa Tu frangebis) aqtiuroba

sazogadoebis cxovrebis sxva sferoebSic SeiniSneboda: humanitaruli

daxmareba, saganmanaTleblo programebi...

ucxoeTidan daxmarebis miRebis lodinis garda qarTveli eri,

rogorc aRvniSneT, TviTon cdilobda Tavisi saganZuris movlas. am

saqmianobaSi, rasakvirvelia, sapatriarqos upirvelesi adgili ekava.

maisis dasawyisSi uwmindesi Tavad estumra miwisZvriT dazianebul

raionebs: saCxeresa da WiaTuras da sulierad gaamxneva mosaxleoba

[kilaZe 1991:1]. manamde ki, 29 aprils saqarTveloSi momxdar miwisZvrasTan

dakavSirebiT sapatriarqom gamosca specialuri brZaneba, Seqmniliyo

,,sapatriarqos sagangebo komisia~, romelsac daevala `dazaralebul

eparqiebSi Casvla, Seqmnili situaciis gacnoba da xalxis dasaxmareblad

da darRveuli eklesia-monastrebis aRsadgenad konkretuli winadadebebis

SemuSaveba~. dazaralebuli ojaxebis-Tvis sapatriarqom 200 000 maneTi

gadaricxa, xolo Tbilisis da gelaTis sasuliero akademiis

studentebisgan maSveli razmebi Seqmna [`brZaneba #340~ 1991:1].

32

am periodSi aqtiurad mimdinareobda urTierToba sazRvargareTis

eklesiebTan. xSiri iyo ucxoeli stumrebis vizitebi: amerikeli

kongresmenebi, papis warmomadgenlebi, ruseTis sapatriarqosa Tu

xelisuflebis delegaciebi da sxv. rasakvirvelia, didi yuradReba

eqceoda ruseTTan urTierTobas (amis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiT,

momdevno TavebSi).

1990-1992 wlebSi, damoukideblobis urTules pirvel wlebSi

sazogadoebisgan uzomod iyo gazrdili eklesiis mxridan aqtiurobis

molodini. arsebuli viTarebis fonze sapatriarqo grZnobda am

molodins da cdilobda maqsimalurad epasuxa mosaxleobis

moTxovnebisTvis. xSirad iyo molodini, rom eklesia saxelmwifo

gadawyvetilebebs miiRebda, Caereoda saxelmwifo marTvaSi, magram

maSindeli mTavroba ar iziarebda am mosazrebas da Tavad eklesiac

cdilobda SeenarCunebina Sualedi sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifos Soris

urTierTobaSi.

amrigad, saqarTvelos sapatriarqo mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda

gaurkvevlobaSi myofi sazogadoebis reabilitaciis saqmeSi da amzadebda

mas axali qveynis mSeneblobisTvis. mniSvnelovani da dasafasebelia

Tavad saqarTvelos eklesiis saWeTmpyroblis Rvawli da saerTaSoriso

avtoriteti, romelic iyo erT-erTi pirveli da mniSvnelovani elCi

sakuTari samSoblosi da amiT mniSvnelovnad waswia win saqarTvelos

saerTaSoriso avtoritetis amaRlebis sakiTxi.

$4. saqarTvelos pirveli prezidenti da eklesia

am movlenebis fonze axlovdeboda 1991 wlis 26 maisi _ formalurad

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos pirveli saprezidento arCevnebi. arCevnebis

upirobo favoriti zviad gamsaxurdia iyo, romelic jer kidec 1970-iani

wlebdan aqtiurad iyo Cabmuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi.

axal wyobilebaze gadasvlis mZime periodSi mosaxleobaSi gazrdili iyo

erovnuli gmiris Ziebis tendencia. z. gamsaxurdias ganaTlebuloba,

aqtiuroba, tradiciuli ojaxis Sviloba da mkveTrad erovnuli ganwyoba

33

myar safuZvels aZlevda mosaxleobas daenaxaT masSi WeSmariti patrioti

da SeeracxaT igi erovnul gmirad. sazogadoebis damokidebuleba

arCevnebis Semdeg maleve Seicvala.

sayuradReboa zviad gamsaxurdias damokidebuleba eklesiisa da

eklesiis mesveurebisadmi, misi religiuri ganwyoba da politika.

winasaarCevno dReebSi prezidentobis ukve upirobo kandidatma gazeT

,,saqarTvelos respublikaSi” gamoaqveyna Tavisi saprezidento programa.

aqedan CvenTvis sayuradReboa saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris

urTierTobis sakiTxi: `qarTuli erovnuli moZraoba... Tavisi arsiT

religiur–erovnuli moZraobaa~, `erovnuli xelisuflebis avtoriteti,

misi Zalaufleba unda daemyaros aramxolod xelisuflebis socialur–

politikur gansazRvrulobaze, aramed umeteswilad religiur–zneobriv

sawyisebze~. `saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos eklesiis ufleba, iyos

saero cxovrebis aqtiuri monawile...~, `saxelmwifom unda izrunos

skolisa da eklesiis urTierTobaze~. programaSi eklesia warmoCenilia

qveynis ideologad da saxelmwifos TanammarTvelad, rac eklesiasTan

dakavSirebul gamsaxurdias samomavlo gegmebze miuTiTebs. gegmis

mixedviT, eklesia unda gamxdariyo saero xelisuflebis nawili,

romelic warmarTavda eris RirebulebaTa sistemis Camoyalibebas da

ideologiur aRzrdas. Tumca am gegmebs ganxorcieleba ar ewera.

z. gamsaxurdia Tavis winasaarCevno kampaniisas da saerTod, Tavisi

moRvaweobisas, erovnulTan erTad qristianuli lozungebiTac

gamodioda. rogorc vTqviT, axal epoqaSi religiuri mowodebebiT

gamosvla erTgvari garantia iyo mosaxleobis mxridan mxardaWeris

mopovebisa, garda amisa, amgvari muxti sazogadoebaSi arsebuli ganwyobis

amsaxveli iyo. socializmisa da aTeizmidan gaTavisuflebulT

erovnuloba da qristianoba swyurodaT. swored aseT ideologias

iyenebda z. gamsaxurdia, is hpirdeboda xalxs imas, rac maT ase Zlier

ewadaT. amitomac Seracxes igi erovnul gmirad da idealad; amitom

miaCndaT, rom mxolod mas SeeZlo sworad waremarTa qveynis bedi.

sabolood, 1991 wlis 26 maiss gamarTul saprezidento arCevnebSi

xmaTa 86%-iT gaimarjva z. gamsaxurdiam [saqarTvelos respublika (a)

34

1991:1]. Tumca amas politikuri mSvidoba ar mohyolia. ar wynardeboda

saqarTvelos sagareo viTareba; seqtembris pirveli naxevridan ki ukve

SigniT, qarTul sazogadoebaSi daiwyo dapirispireba. mosaxleoba or

banakad gaiyo: `opozicionerebi~ da `oficialurebi~ _ prezidentis

mowinaaRmdegeebi da momxreebi. momxreebi cdilobdnen xalxis mier

arCeuli erovnuli xelisuflebis SenarCunebas, opozicionerebi ki

prezidents diqtaturis damyarebasa da informaciis CaxSobas,

erTpirovnul mmarTvelobas abralebdnen. ar wydeboda mitingebi da

SimSilobebi. aSkara iyo, rom qveyana sisixlismRvreli dapirispirebis

saSiSroebis winaSe idga. am dros emociurad gadatvirTul xalxs isev

sapatriarqos keTilgonierebis imedi hqonda. sazogadoebis did nawils

Rrmad swamda, rom `aseT krizisul mdgomareobaSi, roca TiTqmis

gamoricxulia dapirispirebul mxareTa Soris realuri nayofis

gamomRebi dialogis gamarTvis SesaZlebloba, mSvidobis momtani

saboloo sityva swored eklesias ekuTvnis~. eklesias, am `apolitikur,

maradiul organizms RvTisgan aqvs micemuli is ufleba, rom sisxlis

Rvrisa da sazogadoebrivi qaosis realuri SesaZleblobis winaaRmdeg

xma aRimaRlos~ [dedabriSvili 1991:3]. gaWirvebis Jams qarTvelebs

gadarCenis erTaderT gzad kvlav eklesia esaxebodaT.

1991 wlis 22 seqtembers saqarTvelos kaTolikos–patriarqi uwmindesi

da unetaresi ilia II televiziiT gamovida da samSvidobo epistoleTi

sruliad saqarTvelos mSvidobiani, erovnuli SeTanxmebisken mouwoda.

bevri politikuri Tu sazogadoebrivi organizacia gamoexmaura am

epistoles: mecnierebaTa akademiis prezidiumi, Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti, mwvaneTa partia, RvTisSvilTa kavSiri, isini mxars

uWerdnen eklesiis am iniciativas da mzad iyvnen gverdSi amodgomodnen

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqs [`ivane javaxiSvilis...~ 1991:1]. am

viTarebaSi gansakuTrebiT gaizarda Tavad kaTolikos-patriarqis,

uwmindesisa da unetaresis roli da mniSvneloba qarTul sinamdvilesa

da sazogadoebaSi. igi garkveulwilad erTaderT realur, sando

mmarTvelad iTvleboda: `swored saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi

warmoadgens Cveni eris erTianobis simbolos da mas xelewifeba

35

miawvdinos Cveni xma xelisuflebas, opozicias, sruliad

saqarTvelos~_iwereboda gazeTebSi [saqarTvelos mwvaneTa... 1991:2].

pirveli damoukidebeli xelisuflebis nakli, misi spontanuroba da

emociuroba iyo. erovnuli xelisuflebis mosvlis Semdeg zviad

gamsaxuridias ritorika gajerebuli iyo religiuri nacionalizmiT.

erTi mxriv, Tu is saubrobda imaze, rom saqarTvelo aris qarTvelebis

miwa da yvela danarCeni eri aris stumari am miwaze, meore mxriv, is

saubrobda imaze, rom saqarTvelos aqvs gansakuTrebuli sulieri misia,

religiuri misia, samyaro ara dasavluri an aRmosavluri, aramed raRac

mesame gziT waeyvana, romelSic qarTul qristianul mesianizms

moiazrebda. Tumca, praqtikulad aranairi gaazreba imisa, Tu rogor unda

Camoyalibebuliyo samomavlod religiis da religiuri institutebisa da

saxelmwifos urTierTierTmimarTeba - ar momxdara [mindiaSvili 2009]. mas

mkveTrad erovnul-religiuri ganwyoba hqonda, mas Tavi morwmuned

miaCnda. igi mouwodebda Sekrebil xalxs, momitingeebs imisken, rom

aerCiaT qristes gza da am gzaSi igi sakuTar moZraobas gulisxmobda.

gamsaxurdias periodSi sapatriarqos mimarT damokidebuleba iyo TiTqos

civi, uSualod kaTolikos patriarqis mimarTac. gamsaxurdia da misi

momxreebic xSirad gamodiodnen im mowodebiT, rom eklesiaSi reformebi

aris Casatarebeli. isini episkoposebs, sinodis wevrebs, sasuliero

pirebs zogierTs suk-is agentebs uwodebdnen anu `kagebe~-sTan

TanamSromlobaSi amxeldnen. Tumca, saboloo angariSiT gamsaxurdiam

mainc airCia loialobis politika sapatriarqosTan da aseve

sapatriarqoc ar amwvavebda urTierTobas. sxvadasxva interviuebSi

erTmaneTis mamxilebeli gamosvlebis fonze sagrZnobi iyo winaaRmdegoba

gamsaxurdias xelisuflebasa da sapatriarqos Soris. sazogadoebaSi

musirebda azri, TiTqos prezidents xels ar aZlevda patriarqis

Tanamdebobaze myofi kadri. rodesac daiwyo mwvave Sida-politikuri

dapirispireba, gamsaxurdias momxreebi aqtiurad mouwodebnden

sapatriarqos, Careuliyo am dapirispirebaSi da erTgvari gamSveleblis

rolic eTamaSa, vinaidan sxva SemTvxevaSi es yvelaferi gadaizrdeboda

sisxlis RvraSi - rac moxda kidec. ai, ras ixsenebs im dReebis aqtiuri

36

monawile-TviTmxilveli, saqarTvelos yofili premier-ministri Tengiz

sigua:

`xelisufleba zewolas axorcielebda eklesiaze, raTa mas daegmo

opoziciis moqmedeba. eklesia ar asrulebda am moTxovnas da mSvidobiani

molaparakebis iniciativisa da Suamavlis rolis Sesrulebas sTavazobda

xelisuflebas.”

amonaridi 1991 wlis dekembris 27-Si arqimandrit danielis micemuli

interviudan, romelsac patriarqis saxeliT iZleoda:

`-ramdenime dRis win sapatriarqoSi movidnen warmomadgenlebi

xelisuflebisa da iTxoves, garkveuli monawileoba migveRo dRevandel

viTarebaSi da garkveuli azri gamogveTqva mis Sesaxeb. Cven

gamovucxadeT, rom mzad varT dapirispirebul mxareTa Soris

molaparakebaSi monawileobisTvis, anu SuamavlobisTvis... amis Semdeg,

molaparakebas gagrZeleba ar hqonia. Cven ar gvqonia xelisuflebis

mxridan sapasuxo survili mSvidobiani molaparakebis gamarTvisa. swored

aq iCina Tavi Cveni eris jer kidev sulierma dabalma donem. man SeiZleba

sTxovos patriarqs, magram ar SeiZleba mas mosTxovos, ar SeiZleba igi

daavaldebulos... saerTod, xelisuflebas Tu sazogadoebriv Zalas ar

SeuZlia daavaldebulos igi /eklesia/ raime politikuri pozicia

daikavos... misi /patriarqis/ erTi sityvac ki romelime mxaris

sasargeblod – es iqneba gadawonva sasworisa da uflebis miReba erTi

mxarisTvis, rom meore mxare gaanadguros~ [sigua 2010]. sapatriarqo arc

erT mxares ar miemxro, ramac seriozuli ukmayofileba gamoiwvia

gamsaxurdias momxreebSi.

samoqalaqo dapirispirebis, sisxlis Rvrisa da areulobis Sedegad

saqarTvelos pirvelma prezidentma zviad gamsaxurdiam 1992 wlis 6

ianvars saqarTvelo datova. saqarTvelos marTva premier-ministrma T.

siguam aiRo sakuTar Tavze. xolo saxelmwifo marTvis yvela struqtura

samxedro sabWos xelSi gadavida, romelsac Tengiz kitovani da jaba

ioseliani meTaurobdnen.

37

mosvlis dRidanve saqarTvelos droebiTi mTavrobis

warmomadgenlebma scades gamoeyenebinaT ukve nacadi xerxi _ xalxis

ndoba uflis saxelis xsenebiT moepovebinaT da am ganwyobiT daesaxaT

momavali. T. siguam 1992 wlis 6 ianvars saxelmwifo televiziiT

gamosvlvisas ganacxada: `dRes 6 ianvars saqarTveloSi daemxo

komunisturi diqtaturisgan naSobi gamsaxurdias diqtatura...~ gaacno

xalxs droebiTi mTavrobis saswrafo moqmedebis gegmebi. rac Seexeba

moaxloebul dResaswauls Sobas, siguam ganacxada: `did dResaswauls

Sobas daWrili saqarTvelo, magram ara sasikvdilod daWrili, Tvalze

sinanulis cremliT da gulSi imediT egebeba. SevrigdeT, movinanioT,

gaverTiandeT da gavimarjvebT~ [saqarTvelos respublika (b)1992:1].

analogiuri azri viTardeba im drois oficialur periodikaSic: `ukve

davinaxeT, rom erTaderTi qristes gzaRa dagvrCenia sasiarulod.

mivendoT mas. igi amjerad mainc migviyvans Tavisuflebis taZarTan~

[xergiani 1992:3].

z. gamsaxurdia iyo im epoqis gamoZaxili, romelSic igi moRvaweobda –

igi swored im ganwyobis iyo – erovnuli, religiuri, tradiciuli

sazogadoebis aRdgenis mosurne, rogoric saqarTvelos maSindeli

sazogadoeba. am mizeziT airCies igi qveynis mmarTvelad. magram swored

aseTi ganwyoba gaxda araerTi Secdomis mizezi da saboloo piroba

mmarTvelobisa da sicocxlis fataluri dasasrulisa. umTavresi

Secdoma emociuroba da spontanuroba iyo. aseve is ambicia, romelic ar

ergeboda realobas.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 1991-1992 wlebSi marTlmadidebluri moZRvreba

da eklesia qarTvelTaTvis gadarCenis saimedo gza iyo. periodikaSi

gamoqveynebuli werilebis umetesoba, iseve rogorc es 1990 wels iyo,

uflisadmi vedrebiT, sasoebiT Tu madlierebiT sruldeboda. amdeni

sirTulisa da zedized momxdari ubedurebebis fonze xalxis fsiqika

metad daZabuli da gaRizianebuli iyo. panikasa da isterikamde misuli

mosaxleoba yovelive mSobliurs da erovnuls eZebda da eloliaveboda.

38

xSirad ixsenebdnen, rom saqarTvelo RvTismSoblis wilxvedri qveyanaa

da TiTqos amiT xazs usvamdnen TavianT pasuxismgeblobas qveynisa da

RmerTis winaSe, rac erTgvar stimulsac aZlevda maT. Tumca xalxis

rwmena mainc ZiriTadad lozungebiTa da emociebiT Semoifargleboda. am

mZime wlebis ganmavlobaSi religia garkveulwilad ideologisa da

mediatoris rols asrulebda. am SemTxvevaSi qarTul eklesias urTulesi

tvirTi ekisreboda: erTi mxriv, igi valdebuli iyo Careuliyo qveynis

Sida politikaSi da amasTanave, unda Seegonebina xalxisTvis,

daewynarebina da mieyvana igi rwmenamde, taZramde.

maSindeli sazogadoebis umetesoba realurad Sors idga namdvili

eklesiuri cxovrebisagan, rac samocdaaTwliani komunisturi, RmerTis

mgmobeli reJimis Sedegi iyo da vfiqrob, erT-erTi publikaciis avtori

yvelaze morgebulad afasebs qarTvelTa imdroindel yofas: `...bevri

vacaleT da Tan vimeoreT, RmerTi CvenTanaa. es fraza albaT arasodes

uTqvamT saqarTveloSi ase xSirad da arasodes vyofilvarT RmerTisgan

ase Sors~ [klarjeiSvili 1990:6].

amrigad, aSkara iyo, rom sabWoTa imperiis daSlis, faseulobaTa

gadafasebisa da arsebuli reJimis gauqmebis Semdeg, saqarTvelos

sWirdeboda axali ideologia, aseTad ki axal erovnul xelisuflebas

da xalxs saqarTvelos eklesia da marTlmadidebluri moZRvreba

esaxeobda. saTaveSi axalmosulma xelmZRvanelobam kargad auRo alRo

xalxis aseT ganwyobas da ideologiis Sesaqmnelad qristianuli

mowodebebi gamoiyena, Tumca isini ufro metad emociad rCeboda.

saerTod, es periodi metad emociuri iyo. amis gamo uamravi Secdoma iqna

daSvebuli qveynis marTva-mowyobaSi. eklesiac, Tavis mxriv, mZime

mdgomareobaSi iyo. saCqaro da pirvelxarisxovani iyo yvela problema:

saWiro iyo eklesias aRedgina Tavisi istoriuli Zala da mniSvneloba;

aRedgina sazogadoebis sarwmunoeba, romelic codnaze iqneboda

damyarebuli; gaTavisuflebuliyo sabWouri prototipebisgan; magram

yvelaze mniSvnelovani da pirvelxarisxovani aRniSnul etapze xalxis

ndobis dabruneba iyo.

39

Tavi meore

saqarTvelos eklesia da eklesiaTSorisi urTierTobebi

postsabWoTa periodSi

$1. ekumenizmis istoriuli wanamZRvrebi (uniis sakiTxi)

1990-iani wlebis dasawyisis ganxilvisas vaxseneT ekumenizmi da masTan

dakavSirebiT gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi, romelTac Semdgom wlebSi didi

gamoxmaureba mohyva saero da sasuliero pirTa mxridan. ekumenizms, am

saxiT Camoyalibebamde, didi istoriuli wanamZRvrebi sdevda.

ekumenizmi Zveli movlenaa. mis pirvel safexurad unia moiazreba.

eklesiaTa erTobis ideis evoluciuri gza Sua saukuneebidan iRebs

saTaves, kerZod ki 1054 wels qristianul eklesiaTa kaTolikurad da

marTlmadideblurad gayofis dRidan. am droidan moyolebuli

qristianobis orive mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi cdilobdnen

aRedginaT erTiani eklesia erTi moZRvrebiT. magram urTierToba veRar

ganaxlda, radgan eklesiaTa daSoreba Sinaganad dasrulda da am rRvevis

SeCereba SeuZlebeli gaxda [berdiaevi 2000:94].

araerTxel iyo mcdeloba aRedginaT eklesiaTa erTianoba sxvadasxva

saSualebebiT; xan kaTolikebis, xanac marTlmadideblebis mxridan, Tumca

orive mxares ubralod daviwyebuli hqonda warsulSi arsebuli erTobis

arsi. ase rom, sakiTxi ismeboda mxolod `uniis~ TvalsazrisiT da

saukuneTa manZilze iqmneboda romisTvis naklebad warmatebuli sakmaod

mrvalricxovani `uniebi~. `unia~ (unio, unus - laT. _ SeerTeba, kavSiri)

saxelmwifoebs Soris ori saxis arsebobda: 1. pirovnuli (personaluri) –

warmoiSoboda maSin, roca dinastiuri kavSirebisa da taxtis

memkvidreobis wesis gamo erTi da igive piri ori an meti saxelmwifos

monarqi xdeboda. pirovnul uniaSi gaerTianebuli saxelmwifoebi

inarCunebdnen TavianT suverenitets, saerTo monarqiis xelisufleba ki

nominaluri iyo. 2. realuri unia _ ki iqmneboda xelSekrulebis

safuZvelze an ufro Zlieri saxelmwifos calmxrivi aqtis Sedegad.

saerTaSoriso urTierTobaSi realuri unia gamodioda rogorc erTiani

40

suverenuli saxelmwifo. magram religiaSi, politikisgan gansxvavebiT,

SeuZlebelia arsebobdes garigebaze damyarebuli blokebi: me raRacas

dagiTmob, Senc raRac damiTme. rwmena mxolod integraluria da iq raime

daTmobaze wasvla SeuZlebelia [berdiaevi 2000:91].

uniebis Seqmnisas arcTu umniSvnelo rols TamaSobda sarwmunoebis

metismeti daqvemdebareba politikisadmi. `qristianobis istoriis mTeli

ubedurebani eklesiis `politikasTan~ Sezrdam gamoiwvia. gaTiSvasa da

mtrobaSi uzarmazari adgili swored politikam daikava... politikuri

momentebi erTob did rols TamaSobs religiur mtrobaSi da TviT

dogmatur kamaTebSi aRwevs~ _ miiCnevdnen eklesiis istorikosebi

[berdiaevi 2000:97]. garda amisa, sulierebis dacema da eklesiis uaRresad

gapolitikureba imperiaTaTvis saerTo maxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebaa, miT

umetes maTi dromoWmulobisa da aRsasrulis wina periodSi.

ekumenizmi _ am SemTxvevaSi, eklesiaTa gaerTianeba _ warmoadgenda

saxelmwifoTa SeTanxmebas religiis sferoSi, rac metad mniSvnelovani

svlaa TiToeuli qveynis politikaSi. saerTaSoriso saeklesio krebebma

XV s-is I naxevarSi Tavisi ganviTarebis umaRles dones miaRwies. isini

saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobis organoebs warmoadgendnen da

ganixilavdnen ara mxolod sasuliero, aramed saero da politikur

sakiTxebsac ki. am drois saeklesio krebebi damoukidebel politikas

atarebdnen da acxadebdnen pretenziebs umaRles avtoritetze saeklesio

da saero saqmeebis gadawyvetis dros. isini iTavsebdnen aseve papebis

kontrolisa da gasamarTlebis uflebas [jafariZe 1998:245].

eklesiebis gaerTianebis yvelaze cnobili (da istoriuli wyaroebiT

SedarebiT mdidari) mcdeloba ferara-florenciis 1437-39 ww. kreba iyo,

ferara-florenciis krebis Sesaxeb ZiriTadad Semdegi ucxouri wyaroebidan vigebT:

1. Acta Latini _ avtori-andrea di santa kroCe _ krebis kaTolikuri versia, romelickrebis msvlelobis dros daiwera da Semdeg Seivso. SemorCenilia vatikanisbiblioTekaris horacio justinianos versia.2. Acta Graeca _ prolaTinuri berZnuli wyaro. savaraudod, sami avtoris naSromi3. Vera historia unionis non verae inter Graecos et Latinos (berZnebisa da laTinebis umarTebulogaerTianebis marTali istoria) _ am krebis Sesaxeb arsebul wyaroTagan ZiriTadwyarodaa miCneuli. warmoadgens diakvnisa da didi eklesiarxis silvestrossiropulosis (daaxl. 1444w.) memuarebs.

41

sadac daido SeTanxmeba aRmosavlur da dasavlur eklesiebs Soris;

rodesac Seiqmna XV s-is samyaros globalizaciis pecendenti da amis

iniciatorad vatikani gamovida. Tumca, iseve rogorc manamde Seqmnil

uniebs, am uniasac ganxorcieleba ar ewera. amis Semdeg rogorc

aRmosavlurma, ise dasavlurma mxarem, ocnebac ki Sewyvita Zvel

eklesiaTa Rirseul SeerTebaze. marTlmadideblobasa da kaTolikobas

Soris kavSiris mcdelobebs (unias) sruliad garegnuli, saeklesio-

samTavrobo xasiaTi hqonda da es xdeboda Sinagani sulieri erTobis

gareSe [berdiaevi 2000:90]; [kartaSevi 2000:25].

amrigad, cxadia, rom sarwmunoebaTa gaerTianebis TiToeuli

mcdeloba, mxolod politikiT iyo da aris ganpirobebuli (iqneba es

saero Tu religiuri politika). magram imdenad, ramdenadac politika

religiisgan gansxvavebiT araa sayovelTao da maradiuli, yoveli msgavsi

mcdeloba kraxiT mTavrdeba.

§2. saqarTvelosa da ruseTis eklesiebi da ekumenuri moZraoba

XIX saukune, gansakuTrebiT misi meore naxevari metad mniSvnelovani

Zvrebis periodia msoflio, metadre ki evropis istoriaSi.

mogexsenebaT am periodis evropis politikis sirTuleebi:

ganuwyveteli omebi, socialuri dapirispirebebi, msoflios gadanawileba

da msoflio batonobisTvis brZola, udidesi teqnikuri da sameciero

4. istoriul-polemikuri xasiaTis oTxi rusuli Tqmuleba florenciis saeklesiokrebis Sesaxeb:a) Повесть о восьмом соборе священника Симеона суздальца

b) e.w. matianes Tqmuleba

g) `mogzauri~ (Путник)

d) `Слово избрано от святых писаний еже на латыне и сказание о составлении осмаго збора латиньскагои о извержении Сидора прелестнаго и о поставлении в Рустей земли митрополитов~.

aseve rusuli `florenciis saeklesio krebis istoriebi~ dawerili XVI, XVII, XVIIIsaukuneebSi. ferara-florenciis krebaze monawileobas qarTveli delegatebis iRebdnen. krebis 500-mde monawileTagan mxolod oTxma ar moawera xeli eklesiaTa gaerTianebas da amoTxTaganSi qarTveli mitropoliti grigol iberielic ixsenieba.

42

aRmoCenebi, romlebmac ZiriTZirobamde Secvales adamianis manamde

arsebuli warmodgena samyaros Sesaxeb, mniSvnelovnad Seuryies rwmena

adamians da daumkvires undobloba yvelasa da yvelafris mimarT. gaCnda

yovelivesadmi mecnieruli da pragmatuli midgomisa da axsnis

moTxovnileba. am Zvrebma gamoiwvia is, rasac nicSem `RmerTis sikvdili~

uwoda.

XIX s-is bolo mesamedSi situacia ase Tu ise Camoyalibda: Seiqmna

uzarmazari imperiebi germaniis, inglisis, ruseTis Tu sxvaTa saxiT. amis

miuxedavad mSvidoba ar damyarebula. teqnikuri, mecnieruli Tu

ekonomikuri progresi sul ufro aZlierebda imperiaTa survils _

gamxdariyvnen msoflios batonebi. amxela socialuri Tu politikuri

problemebis mqone qveynebi ver gauZRvebodnen xalxs, Tuki ar

daixmardnen religias. msoflio batonobisTvis mebrZol evropis qveynebs

xalxis samarTavad swored kosmopolitur rwmenaze damyarebuli

morCileba sWirdebodaT, romelic daakmayofilebda TiToeuli

sarwmunoebis warmomadgenlis moTxovnilebebs. imperiebi religias

iyenebdnen rogorc saSualebas politikur-socialuri mSvidobis

damyarebisa da SenarCunebiTvis. ase rom, XIX s-Si TiToeuli imperiis

mcdeloba mimarTuli iyo iqiTken, rom religia politizebulad eqciaT.

namdvil rwmenaze naklebma fiqrma da religiisTvis politikuri,

Tanac dakninebuli da meorexarisxovani funqciis miniWebam sarwmunoebas

didi ziani moutana _ sazogadoebaSi nihilizmi da eklesiisadmi undo

damokidebuleba gamoiwvia. am yovelives adamianis gauRmrToeba da

`religiuri krizisi~ daarqves. realurad, es ukanaskneli Tavisi

religiuri TvalsazrisiT ar arsebula im periodSi, xalxis maSindel

mdgomareobas ufro sazogadoebrivi azris kriziss Tu davarqmevT: xalxi

axali gaTavisuflebuli iyo batonymuri wyobilebisgan (1820-30-iani ww.)

da jer kidev ar iyo daregulirebuli urTierTobebi socialur fenebs

Soris, ar iyo Camoyalibebuli an damkvidrebuli axali saxelmwifo

wyobileba, gauTaveblad da xSirad xalxisTvis gaugebari mizezebis gamo

religiuri krizisisas, rogorc wesi, warmoiqmneba axali religia, mag.: erT-erTi bolokrizisis dros kaTolikuri sarwmunoebisgan warmoiSva protestantuli mimdinareoba...

43

mimdinareobda omebi did saxelmwifoebs Soris, axali aRmoCenebi da

gamokvlevebi ki xalxs ususur, gaurkvevel mdgomareobaSi ayenebda.

moqalaqeebi daqsaqsulni iyvnen socialur fenebad da TiToeul fenas

gansxavavebuli interesi gaaCnda, gansxvavebulad moqmedebdnen. amas

ganapirobebdnen da/an iyenebdnen qveynebi, romlebic Tavis mxriv uamrav

saxelmwifo erTeulad iyvnen danawevrebulni. imperia amgvar

sazogadoebas mxolod religiuri rwmenis meSveobiT Tu warmarTavda.

aseT religiad, kaTolikuri eklesia moiazreboda. aseve igulisxmeboda

protestantuli moZRvreba, romelic Tavisi drekadi xasiaTidan

gamomdinare ufro ubamda fexs mimdinare procesebs. xolo imdenad,

ramdenadac es religiuri mimdinareoba Tavisi warmomSobi epoqis

dinamikuri xasiaTis Sesabamisad yvela drois religiasTan SedarebiT

did plastikurobas avlens, SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom ekumenisturi

moZraobis saTaveebi swored protestantizmSi Caisaxa [giorbeliZe 1977:28].

eklesiaTa gaerTianebis mcdeloba ukve XIX s-is bolodan SeiniSneba.

es procesi, arsebuli monacemebis mixedviT, axalgazrduli

organizaciebis imka-sa (Young Men Christian Association) da ivka-s (Young Women

Christian Association) moZraobiT daiwyo, romlis fuZemdebelad jorj

uiliamss miiCneven (1844 w. londoni). maT ar gaaCndaT raime dogmaturi

sistema; iyvnen naxevrad qristianuli ideologiisa da pirwmindad

humanitaruli msoflmxedvelobis asociaciebi. es moZraoba droTa

ganmavlobaSi saerTaSoriso misionerul moZraobaSi gadaizarda

[fanjikiZe 2003:199].

msoflio misionerul konferenciaze q. edinburgSi (Sotlandia),

romelic 1910 wels Sedga, safuZveli Caeyara qristianuli eklesiebis

ekumenur gaerTianebas. amave Sekrebaze Seiqmna axali sazogadoeba

saxelwodebiT _ `Sromisa da cxovrebis msoflio qristianuli sabWo~,

romlis mizani gaxldaT sxvadasxva qristianul eklesiebs Soris

urTierTobaTa Seswavla.

am moZraobis paralelurad Camoyalibda axali sazogadoeba

saxelwodebiT _ `msoflio konferencia rwmenisa da wesrigis Sesaxeb~

(`rwmena da wesrigi~ (1920 w. q. Jeneva)). misi mizani iyo gamoevlina yvela

44

dabrkoleba, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo sarwmunoebriv sakiTxebTan da

xels uSlida eklesiaTa gaerTianebas.

pirveli msoflio konferencia 1927 w. moewyo q. lozanaSi (Sveicaria),

xolo momdevno konferencia 1937 w. q. edinburgSi (irlandia). imave wels

orive moZraobam gamoyo 7-7 kaci da Seiqmna ,,ToTxmetTa komiteti”,

romlis iniciativiT 1938 w. q. utrexSi (holandia) mowveuli iqna

sakonsultacio konferencia, romelmac saerTo amocanebis

Sesasruleblad gadawyvita mudmivmoqmedi organos _ eklesiebis msoflio

sabWos Seqmna, magram imis gamo, rom meore msoflio omi daiwyo _

organizaciulad mxolod 1948 w. gaformda q. amsterdamSi _ eklesiebis

msoflio asambleaze, romelsac maleve mohyva Semdgomi yrilobebi.

eklesiebis msoflio sabWos umaRlesi organoa generaluri asamblea,

igi irCevs prezidiums, romelic funqcionirebs asambleebs Soris

periodSi. eklesiebis msoflio sabWo irCevs 6 prezidents. sabWos

aRmasrulebeli organoa centraluri komiteti. centraluri komiteti 120

kacisgan Sedgeba da iwveva weliwadSi erTxel. eklesiebis msoflio

sabWos hyavs Tavmjdomare, Tavmjdomaris moadgile, generaluri mdivani

da TerTmeti wevri [giorbeliZe 1977:11]. ekumenuri gaerTianebis erT-erT

ZiriTad principadaa aRiarebuli: `ieso qriste _ mxsneli RmerTi, Ze

RvTisa da Suamavali mamaRmerTisa” [gaz. saqarTvelos sapatriarqo 1997:11].

termini `ekumenizmi~ (ekumena, ikumena, oikumene) berZnulad `saxls,

sacxovrebels~ niSnavs. Tavis Tavdapirvel, ZiriTad mniSvnelobaSi

gulisxmobs `dasaxlebul samyaros, mTel dasaxlebul dedamiwas~. maTes

saxarebis teqstSi sityva `ekumena~ swored samyaros, am qveyanas, am

sofels aRniSnavs... IV s-is I naxevridan `ekumena~ aRniSnavs `msoflio

eklesias~ [mitropoliti nikolozi 1983:10].

Tanamedrove epoqaSi es termini pirvelad 1910 wels pirvel msoflio

misionerul konferenciaze ixmares, igi xmarebaSi Seitana jon motma

(1865-1955) [papuaSvili 2002:199], xolo misi Tanamedrove gansazRvreba 1937

I_(1937) edinburgi (Sotlandia); II_(1950) evanstoni (aSS); III_(1961) niu-deli (indoeTi);IV_(1968) ufsala (SvedeTi); V_(1975) nairobi (kenia); VI_(1983) vankuveri (kanada); VII_(1991)kanbera (avstralia)...

45

w. Camoyalibda oqsfordis konferenciaze. termini `ekumenuri~ eklesiis

erTobas gamoxatavs, eklesiis cnobiereba da saqme ekumenuri anu

sayovelTaoa. saerTod, nebismieri klasikuri religia ekumenuria im

gagebiT, rom igi ar aris gansazRvruli mxolod erTi erovnebis

xalxisTvis, aramed nebismieri adamianisTvis dedamiwis zurgze.

ekumenizmis sinonimad RvTismetyvelebaSi farTod gamoiyeneba termini

,,konvergenciis kursi”. magram ,,konvergenciis kursi” ver uTavsdeba

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis pozicias erTianobis aRdgenis sakiTxSi,

radgan mag.: rusi RvTismetyveli p. sokolovskisTvis ,,konvergenciis gza”

_ calkeuli konfesiebis daaxloeba _ sxva araferia Tu ar

urTierTgavlena da sinkretizmi [giorbeliZe 1977:30].

ekumenur moZraobaSi eklesiebis Tavdapirveli gaerTianeba mSvidobis

motiviT xdeboda. XX s-is rTuli etapebi _ qristianobis sxvadasxva

mimdinareobebi da konfesiebi, uRmerToba, socialur-ekonomikuri

gaWirvebebi, omebi Tu sxva, namdvilad qmnida saWiroebas mSvidobis

damyarebisTvis ezruna mas, vinc amisTvis iyo `Seqmnili~ da

`mowodebuli~ da amaSi, rasakvirvelia, igulisxmeboda eklesia. Tavidan

aseTi keTilSobiluri da diadi miznisTvis gaerTianeba saamayo da

yvelaze sasurveli iyo TiToeuli religiisTvis.

marTlmadidebeli eklesiebidan pirveli vinc 1920 w. aqtiurad Caeba

ekumenur moZraobas, iyo konstantinopolis sapatriarqo. 1952 w.

saqarTvelos marTlmdidebeli eklesiis meTauric gamoexmaura am saSur

mowodebas eklesiebisadmi mSvidobis SenarCunebisaTvis gaaqtiurebis

Sesaxeb [saqarTvelos sapatriarqos... 1997:4-10].

Tavdapirvelad, qarTuli eklesia ekumenur moZraobaSi patriarq efrem

II-is dros xelisuflebis zewoliT Sevida. roca eklesiaTa msoflio

sabWo Seiqmna, igi garegnulad ar atarebda iseT eklesiologiur

xasiaTs, rogoric mas dRes aqvs. misi mizani TiTqos iyo dialogi

eklesiologia – RvTismetyvelebis dargi, romelic moicavs argumentebs eklesiissiwmindis, erTianobis, ucodvelobis da samociqulo erTgulebis, aseve morwmuneTacxonebaSi misi gadamwyveti rolis Sesaxeb. Seiswavlis eklesiis bunebasa da Tvisebebs,mis simbolur aRqma-damokidebulebas. eklesiologia gansxvavdeba Teologiisgan:Teologia Seiswavlis zeciur eklesias, eklesiologia ki miwiers.

46

sxvadasxva konfesiebs Soris [gegeSiZe 1988:3]. garda amisa, SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom saqrTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis ekumenur moZraobaSi

Cabmis erT-erTi mTavari motivi iyo _ ssrk-s mflobelobaSi myofi Cveni

qveynis msofliosTvis Tavis Sexsenebisa Tu gacnobis faqtori.

qarTuli eklesiis Cabma am moZraobaSi Tavidanve did politikur

imedebTan iyo dakavSirebuli da amasTanave Cveni eklesiisTvis metad

sasiqadulo da saSuri iyo msoflio mniSvnelobis qristianul saqmeebSi

monawileobis miReba. ekumenuri moZraobis saTaveebTan erTaderTi

wmindani dgas _ wm. grigol iverieli (feraZe), romelsac gulwrfelad

sjeroda am moZraobis mniSvnelobis, oRond upirobod misi

marTlmadidebluri gagebiT. evropaSi myofma mecnierma arqimandritma

monawileoba miiRo 1927 wlis lozanis yrilobaSi da sityviT

gamosvlisas aRniSna kidec Tavisi calmxrivad marTlmadidebluri

pozicia da jer kidev Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi ekumenuri moZraobis

mosalodneli sasikeTo Sedegebi [kartaSevi 2000:211].

qarTuli marTlmadidebeli avtokefaluri eklesia msoflio

eklesiaTa sabWos wevri 1962 wlidanaa. saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi

uwmindesi da unetaresi ilia II Tavad brZandeboda Tanamedrove ekumenuri

moZraobis fuZemdebeli saqarTveloSi. igi moZraobis erT-erTi

gamoCenili warmomadgeneli iyo mTel msoflioSi. 1979 w. 1-13 ianvars

iamaikis dedaqalaq kingstonSi uwmindesi msoflio saeklesio sabWos

erT-erT prezidentad airCies.

qarTul eklesias ekumenur moZraobaSi yofnisas, rasakvirvelia,

sakuTari interesebi gaaCnda. garda imisa, rom saqarTvelo da misi

suliereba msoflios unda gaego an gaexsenebina, gasarkvevi iyo aseve

avtokefaluri eklesiisTvis aucilebeli ramdenime mniSvnelovani

sakiTxi, kerZod, ruseTis batonobisas dakarguli da aRdgenili

avtokefalobis aucilebeli atributi _ kaTolikos-patriarqis

mamamTavris wodebis miniWeba, msoflio marTlmadidebel eklesiaTa

diptixSi adgilis sakiTxi da araerTi sxva.

msoflio ekumenuri centri q. JenevaSia (Sveicaria)

47

`Cven ar viTxovT axali raimes mocemas an damtkicebas, Cven mxolod

moviTxovT mravali saukunis win dawesebuli eklesiuri titulis

wodebas Cven mimarT. Cemi azriT, konstantinopolis msoflio

sapatriarqom ar unda dauSvas, rom uZvelesi qarTuli marTlmadidebeli

eklesia daayenos axali eklesiebis gverdiT. Cven gvinda aRvadginoT

winandeli Cveni mdgomareoba, romelic samwuxarod davkargeT 1811 w-s~

[samegobro gzebi 1978:21].

mizani miRweul iqna _ 1990 wels `saqarTvelos eklesiis

avtokefalurobis uZvelesoba werilobiTad cno konstantinopolis

sapatriarqom da msoflio patriarqma dimitrios I-ma. maT mierve iqna

cnobili saqarTvelos eklesiis `mamamTavris _ patriarqis wodeba~ [jvari

vazisa 1980:49]. saqarTvelosTvis eklesiaTa msoflio sabWoSi monawileoba

dadebiTi iyo im TvalsazrisiT, rom saukuneze meti xnis Semdeg

qarTulma eklesiam xelaxla daikava adgili msoflioSi, moipova

avtoriteti, gaarRvia ssrk-s sazRvrebi da amiT gaaZliera Tavisi pozicia

sabWoeTis TvalSi; ar daaCagvrina Tavi socialistur ideologiasa da

wyobilebas, xolo ukanasknel wlebSi (ilia II-is mmarTvelobis dros)

eklesiologiur sakiTxebSi Tavi ruseTis eklesiaze meti simtkiciTac

gamoiCina.

rac Seexeba ruseTs, Tavdapirvelad misi damokidebuleba ekumenuri

moZraobisadmi arcTu keTilganwyobili iyo. is ki ara, xSirad sakmaod

kritikuli gancxadebebiTac ki ilaSqrebda xolme moZraobis winaaRmdeg,

magram meore ekumenur asambleaze (1950w. q. evanstonSi, ilinoisi, aSS),

pirvelad iqna gakritikebuli komunizmi qristianuli poziciebidan. es,

erTi SexedviT dadebiTi movlena, sakmaod cbieri politika iyo ems-s

xelmZRvanelobis mxridan, romelTac marjved gadaugdes es `Zvali~

komunistebs. manevrma savsebiT gaamarTla da eklesiaTa msoflio sabWos

Semdeg konferenciaze komunistebma aiZules moskovis sapartiarqo

monawileoba mieRo am SexvedraSi, raTa, Tuki Tavisi ierarqebis piriT ar

daicavda komunizms, arc imis saSualeba mieca iq Sekrebili

konfesiebisTvis, rom wamoewiaT sakiTxi sabWoTa kavSirSi qristianobis

ems – eklesiaTa msoflio sabWo

48

devnis Taobaze. ruseTis saeklesio krebam 1948 w. moskovis krebaze miiRo

dadgenileba ekumenizmis Sesaxeb, sadac naTqvamia: `ruseTis eklesias ar

miuRia da arc miiRebs monawileobas ekumenur konferenciebSi. Cven Tavs

vikavebT im mizezTa gansazRvrisgan, Tu ratom ar uaryves

konstantinopolis eklesiis warmomadgenlebma ekumenur sarbielze

moRvaweoba, sadac aResruleba erToblivi locva~ [ekumenizmi... 2002:50].

Tumca, 1961 wlidan niu-deliSi (indoeTi) Catarebul ekumenur krebaze

sxva marTlmadideblebTan erTad Canan ruseTis, rumineTis, bulgareTis,

poloneTis da sxvaTa delegaciebi. maT ar uerTdeboda rusuli

emigrantuli (sazRvargareTis) eklesia. mas Semdeg, rac igi Seerwya

ruseTis marTlmadidebel eklesias (2007 wlis 17 maisi), emigrantebma

Tavisi dro amowurulad miiCnies da axla isini moskovis sapatriarqos

warmoadgenen, Sesabamisad, ruseTis eklesia jerac aris ekumenuri

moZraobis wevri (Tavad ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiisa da

eklesiaTa msoflio sabWos urTierToba metad saintereso da

winaaRmdegobebiT savsea, romelic calke kvlevis obieqts warmoadgens. am

sakiTxze araerTi saintereso kvlevaa Catarebuli da Zieba jerac

mimdinareobs [Бубнов (A) 2009]; [Бубнов (Б) 2009].

ekumenizmis ideisadmi Tavidanve uaryofiTad ganwyobili ruseTi ar

egueboda am axal moZRvrebas da dauRalavad qadagebda ekumenizms misi

marTlmadidebluri gagebiT. mas, saqarTvelos msgavsad, marTebulad ar

miaCnda, rom modernizmi da ekumenizmi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis

ganviTarebiT iyo nakarnaxevi da warmoadgenda religiis sinamdvilesTan

Seguebis erT-erT moqnil formas _ aRedgina erTianoba da amiT daeZlia

religiuri gaTiSuloba.

ekumenuri moZRvrebis `Teologebs” gaaCniaT mosazrebebi eklesiaTa

gaTiSvisa da maTi erTianobis aRdgenis Sesaxeb da aqedan gamotanili

aqvT Semdegi daskvnebi:

1. eklesiebis msoflio sabWom 1948 w. rezoluciis Tanaxmad erTobis,

rogorc ,,RvTisgan naboZvaris” daSvebiT Seqmna qristianobis erTianobis

Sinagani safuZveli da gaTiSuloba subieqtur faqtorebze daiyvana.

49

2. erTianobisa da gaTiSvis amgvari interpretaciiT rezoluciam

moamzada yvelasaTvis misaRebi ,,uwyinari” platforma, romelSic

winaswarve igulisxmeba, rom gaTiSva ar aris ,,Cadenili codva” da, rom

gaTiSulebs ar edebaT brali.

3. gaerTianebis safuZvlad aRiarebuli iqna obieqturad arsebuli

dauzianebeli Sinagani erToba.

4. eklesiaTa erTianobis aRdgenis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom

swored iqnas Secnobili ,,RvTis naboZvari” erTianoba [giorbeliZe 1977:32].

rezoluciis teqsts daupirispirda leningradisa da novgorodis

mitropoliti nikodimi _ qristianuli erToba, rogorc ,,RvTis

naboZvari”, mas protestantul Sexedulebad miaCnda. Sesabamisad,

gakeTebuli daskvnebis arsebiTad sawinaaRmdego poziciaze dganan

marTlmadidebeli eklesiebi, romelTa Sexedulebebi SeiZleba ZiriTadad

Semdegnairad Camoyalibdes:

1. ar aris uaryofili gaTiSva, rogorc ,,codva”, rac mdgomareobs

,,erTobis arsebiT rRvevaSi”, romelic mtkivneulia qristes eklesiis

sxeulisaTvis.

2. winaaRmdeg sabWos rezoluciisa, erTianobis aRdgenis safuZvlad

miiCnia ,,wminda saeklesio kreba da samociqulo eklesia” da

,,dauzianebeli qristes sxeuli”, romelSic, marTlmadidebelTa azriT,

igulisxmeba eklesia-sakrebuloebi.

3. marTlmadidebeli eklesia gaerTianebis sakiTxSi inarCunebs

sakuTar poziciebs da brals sdebs sxva mimarTulebebs gaTiSvis

mizezebSi. igi erTobis aRdgenis sakuTar platformas sTavazobs

[giorbeliZe 1977:34].

ruseTis marTlmadidebelma eklesiam gamosca `wm. sinodis epistole

ems-s V asambleisa da misi Sedegebis Sesaxeb~, romelic braldebebs

uyenebs am organizacias. masSi naTqvamia: `qristianul erTobasa da

ekumenur moZraobas did safrTxes uqmnis is ambavi, rom ekumenisturi

moZraobis zogierT monawiles hgonia, TiTqos `eklesiaTa msoflio

sabWos~ SeuZlia miaRwios Tavisi wevri eklesiebis iseT daaxloebas, rom

ems-s erT-erTi momavali generaluri asamblea msoflio qristianul

50

krebad iqceva. es ukve niSnavs imis daSvebas, rom eklesiaTa msoflio

sabWo momavalSi raRac zeeklesia gaxdeba~ [aleqsievi... 1995:200].

saqmis aseT mimdinareobas erTi saintereso garemoeba axlavs,

miuxedavad aseTi uaryofiTi damokidebulebisa, ruseTis eklesia dRemde

aris eklesiaTa msoflio sabWos wevri [www.wcc.coe.org]. es yovelive

albaT mniSvnelovan religiur-politikur brZolas unda mianiSnebdes _

ruseTis eklesia iRwvis Tavisi imperiuli zraxvis aRsrulebiTvis. mas

surs moipovos hegemonia msoflio ekumenur moZraobaSi da Cauyenos mas

saTaveSi marTlmadidebluri moZRvreba, anu ganaxorcielos Tavisi

marTlmadidebluri globalizacia, romelsac ase eltvis ruseTi Tavisi

arsebobis manZilze. aqedan gamomdinare Cven kidev erTxel davrwmundebiT,

rom ekumenizmi pirwmindad politikuri movlena da brZolis arenaa

msoflios marTvis sadaveebis xelSi Casagdebad.

Tavad eklesiaTa msoflio sabWo Tavisi oficialuri moZRvrebiT

uaryofda saRvTismetyvelo da eklesiologiur konvergencias. ems-s 1950

wlis torontos deklaraciaSi vkiTxulobT: `msoflio sabWos ar SuZlia

da arc unda daeyrdnos romeliRac erTi gansazRvruli eklesiis

koncefcias. is winaswar ar wyvets eklesiologiur problemebs. msoflio

sabWoSi aris yvela juris eklesiis eklesiologiisTvis adgili... arc

erTi eklesia ar aris valdebuli Secvalos Tavisi eklesiologia

msoflio sabWos wevrobis gamo”; ,,msoflio sabWoSi wevroba ar niSnavs

qristianuli erTianobis arsis Sesaxeb gansazRvruli doqtrinis miRebas”

[giorbeliZe 1977:10].

Tumca mogvianebiT es azri Seicvala. ufro sworad, gamovlinda

ekumenisturi moZraobis namdvili saxe da miznebi da mis dRis ganrigSi

ukve gaCnda dogmaturi cvlilebebis `aucilebloba~, saWiroeba eklesia

`morgeboda~ Tanamedroveobis moTxovnebs, SemuSavda sxvadasxva religiis

warmomadgenlebis Tanalocvis wesebi, iwyes fiqri erTian kalendarul

sistemaze da sxva. es iyo ekumenizmis ideis namdvili saxis gamoCena da

misi ganxorcielebis aSkara dawyeba. amiT metad Seuracxyofili darCa

saqarTvelos eklesia, radgan istoriis ganmavlobaSi arcerTxel,

51

araviTari pirobebis safasurad mas ar dauTmia marTlmadidebluri

moZRvreba.

msgavsma uTanxmoebam da zewolam eklesiaTa msoflio sabWodan

marTlmadidebel eklesiebze 1990-iani wlebidan cxadliv iCina Tavi...

ekumenuri moZraobis arsebobis ganmavlobaSi TiTqmis yovelwliurad

imarTeba krebebi Tu yrilobebi, xolo 7-8 weliwadSi erTxel ewyoba

eklesiaTa msoflio sabWos asambleebi.

am Sekrebebma 1990-iani wlebidan aSkara eklesiologiuri xasiaTi

miiRo. sakmarisia aRiniSnos 1993 wels balamandisa (libani) da 1995 wels

Sambezis (Sveicaria) ekumenisturi krebebi, sadac warmodgenili iyo

sakiTxebi, rogoricaa: `uniatoba, rogorc meTodi gaerTianebisa

warsulSi da Zieba sruli erTobisa dRes~, `marTlmadidebelTa

TviTgamorkveva da maTi monawileoba ekumenur moZraobaSi~ da sxv. es iyo

mcdeloba marTlmadidebel eklesiebSi daemkvidrebinaT `saerTo

praqtikuli wesebi, rac aucilebelia sruli erTobis aRdgenisTvis~. am

krebebze misaRebi SeTanxmebis teqstebSi iyo iseTi punqtebi, romlebic

miuRebeli da ucxoa marTlmadidebluri swavlebisaTvis da amasTanave,

ar iyo ganxiluli is dogmaturi gansxvavebebi, romlebic

marTlmadidebel da kaTolikur eklesiebs Soris arsebobs da romelTa

gadawyvetis gareSe warmoudgenelia eklesiaTa erToba. es dokumentebi

ramdenime marTlmadidebelma eklesiam ar miiRo, maT Soris arc

saqarTvelom [saqarTvelos... ganCineba 1998:8], [komisiis daskvnebi 1999:8].

rasakvirvelia, TiToeuli amgvari kreba da analogiuri ideis

gansaxilvevad wamoyeneba, mimarTuli iyo globalizaciaSi upiratesobis

mosapoveblad. Tumca, rTulia darwmunebiT iTqvas, vin iyo am yovelives

sulisCamdgmeli, vis interesebs emsaxureba eklesiaTa moZRvrebaTa

gaerTianeba da saerTo praqtikuli wesebis damkvidreba.

miuxedavad saqarTvelos warmomadgenlebis Tamami gamosvlebisa da

politikaze upiratesad marTlmadidebluri moZRvrebisadmi erTgulebisa,

saqarTvelos eklesiaSi didi eWvi da uTanxmoeba gaCnda imis gamo, rom

saqarTvelos eklesiis warmomadgenlebi eswrebodnen aRniSnul krebebs.

rasakvirvelia, es uTanxmoeba wamowyebuli iyo im Zalebis mier, visac

52

xels ar aZlevda saqarTvelos eklesiaSi mSvidoba da piradi interesebi

amoZravebda.

am da sxva saerTaSoriso Tu Sida mizezebis gamo 1997 wels

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia gamovida eklesiaTa

msoflio sabWodan. oficialur mizezad saqarTvelos eklesiaSi 1993-95

wlebidan dawyebuli ganxeTqilebis saSiSroeba gamocxadda.

ems-dan gamosvliT saqarTvelos eklesias arc ekumenizmi daugmia, da

miT ufro, arc is marTlmadidebeli eklesiebi, romlebic ems-Si

TanamSromlobas jer kidev nayofierad iyenebda. Tumca iyo imis

moTxovna, rom saqarTvelos eklesias daegmo ekumenizmi, rac, Sesabamisad

yvela im eklesiis dagmobas niSnavda, romlebic ems-Si agrZeleben

moRvaweobas, amitom saqarTvelos eklesias isini mwvaleblebad unda

gamoecxadebina da maTTan evqaristuli kavSiri gaewyvita. es ki niSnavda,

rom kavSiri unda gagvewyvita konstantinopolis, aleqsandriis,

antioqiis, ruseTis, eladis, kviprosis, bulgareTis, rumineTis,

poloneTis, CexeTisa da sxva marTlmadidebel eklesiebTan, anu

movmwydariyaviT marTlmadidebeli eklesiis erTobas da qarTuli

eklesia marTlmadideblobis mwvaleblur ganStoebad Tu seqtad

gadaqceuliyo [ocsaukunovani qarTuli... 1983:5]. ganxeTqilebis mcdelobis

sakiTxze dawvrilebiT momdevno TavSi gvaqvs saubari.

`Cven migvaCnia, rom ems-s mier warmoebuli ekumenuri moZraoba im

formiT, romelic man bolo dros miiRo, ar iyo sasurveli Cveni

eklesiisTvis. es sakiTxi adrec ar iyo ucxo CvenTvis. 1997 wlis maisis

movlenebma daaCqara misi ganxilva da 20 maiss wm. sinodis krebis

gadawyvetilebiT saqarTvelos eklesia gamovida ems-dan da evropis

eklesiaTa konferenciidan.

amasTanave, Cven ar migvaCnia, rom ems-Si monawileoba mwvalebelobaSi

yofnas niSnavs da amgvarad, evqaristuli kavSiris gawyveta yvela

adgilobriv marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan imis gamo, rom isini arian

ems-s wevrebi, miuRebelia~ _ gamoacxada saqarTvelos sapatriarqom

[mitropoliti nikolozi 1983:10].

53

saqrTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis TqmiT _ `sxva aris ekumenizmi da

sxva ekumenuri moZraoba. ekumenizmi, rogorc eklesiaTa gaerTianeba,

miuRebelia. rac Seexeba ekumenur moZraobas, misi monawileebi

kacobriobisTvis saWirboroto bevr iseT sakiTxs ganixilaven, rogoricaa

socialuri sakiTxebi, genuri inJineriisa da ekologiis problemebi,

cdiloben sxvadasxva qveynis moqalaqeTa Soris gaaRvivon adamianuri

ndoba da sxv.~ [saqarTvelos... oqmi 1997:2]

Tavad eklesiaTa msoflio sabWosTvis saqarTvelos `dakargva~ arc

Tu umniSvnelo iyo da misma warmomadgenlebma es faqti araerTxel

gulistkiviliT aRniSnes. gamoTqves imedi, rom saqarTvelos eklesiaSi

wamoWrili problemebi, ramac gamoiwvia misi gamosvla msoflio

sabWodan, male gadaiWreboda da saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia

kvlav daubrundeboda eklesiaTa msoflio sabWos [subeliani 1997:2].

dResdReobiT kvlav mimdinareobs qarTuli eklesiisTvis ems-Si

dabrunebis SeTavazeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelo ar aris

gamonaklisi – eklesiaTa sabWos wevrebi aseve ar arian bulgareTis,

ierusalimis, serbeTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiebi, ruseTis emigraciuli

samRvdeloeba. ems-Si ar monawileobs vatikanic – mas mxolod

damkvirveblis funqcia aqvs aRebuli, Tumca igi ekumenuri moZraobis

wevria. igi moZraobis warmmarTveli Zala 1977 wlis 31 oqtombridanaa, im

dRidan, roca ekumnizmis iniciatorma protestantulma eklesiam Tavi

veRar gaarTva moZraobis marTvas da ekumenuri misiis aRsrulebas

kaTolikuri eklesia Caudga saTaveSi. ausburgSi, kaTolikuri da

luTeranuli eklesiebis erToblivi deklaraciis gaformebiT bolo

moeRo kaTolikebsa da protestantebs Soris arsebul xuTaswlian

konfrontacias [giorbeliZe 1977:52].

ekumenizmi Tavisi oficialurad gamoTqmuli mizezebis safuZvelze, ra

Tqma unda, Sors dgas nebismieri klasikuri religiisgan, es organizacia

ufro waagavs humanitarul moZraobas religiaTa dargSi, radgan rwmena

ver daemyareba amdengvar moZRvrebas.

saqarTvelo yovelTvis iyo Cabmuli qristianuli samyaros ferxulSi,

iyo aqtiuri monawile TiToeuli krebisa da RonisZiebisa. rogorc

54

istoriis ganmavlobaSi (magaliTad, ferara-florenciis kreba),

Tanamedrove etapzec eklesiaTa gaerTianebis anu ekumenuri moZraobis

saWiroebis gaCena politikiT iyo ganpirobebuli da emsaxureboda didi

Tu mcire erebis politikur interesebsa da gavlenis sferoebis

mopovebas. rogorc winamdebare TavSi davinaxeT, saqarTvelo, miuxedavad

Tavisi mdebareobisa (qristianuli samyaros yvelaze ganapira kuTxe) ar

iyo mowyvetili zogad qristianul RonisZiebebs, magram maTSi

monawileobasac mxolod sakuTari intersebis gasatareblad Rebulobda:

ferara-florenciis krebaze saqarTvelos eimedeboda evropis samxedro-

politikuri mxardaWeris mopovebisa osmaleTis winaaRmdeg, ekumenur

moZraobaSi monawileobis miRebisas ki gaTvla iyo sabWoTa saqarTvelos

xmis miwvdenaze qristianuli msofliosTvis, saerTaSoriso statusis

aRdgenaze. Tumca, miuxedavad qveynisTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis

gaTvlebisa da molodinebisa, roca sakiTxi rwmenis siwmindis dacvas

Seexo, orive SemTxvevaSi upiratesoba swored am ukanasknels mieniWa. rac

Seexeba ruseTs, misi damokidebuleba eklesiaTa gaerTianebis Taobaze

yovelTvis saero politikuri interesebiT iyo ganpirobebuli – ferara-

florenciis krebaze wardgenilma ruseTis mitropolitma isidorem

moawera xeli eklesiaTa gaerTianebas, Tumca ruseTSi dabrunebuli

ukuagdes, radgan ambiciur axalgazrda ruseTs xels ar aZlevda

evropisadmi morCileba. ekumenur moZrobaSic daaxloebiT msgavs

damokidebulebas iCens ruseTi – igi marTlmadideblobis dacvis egidiT

cdilobs ar CaerTos am moZraobaSi da ar erqvas ekumenizmis wevri,

Tumca igi damkvirveblis statusiT mainc imyofeba ems-Si da elodeba

xelsayrel dros, rom Tavad igdos marTvis sadaveebi da ekumenuri

moZraoba marTlmadidebeli samyaros sammarTvelod aqcios.

55

$3. saeklesio ganxeTqilebis mcdeloba postsabWoTaA epoqis saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi (1997 wlis sqizma)

saqarTvelos eklesiaSi 1997 wels metad daiZaba viTareba. saqme

ganxeTqilebis mcdelobas exeboda. uTanxmoebis sababad saqarTvelos

eklesiis ekumenur moZraobaSi monawileoba gaxda. Znelia konkretuli

adamianis an organizaciis dasaxeleba, Tu vis aZlevda xels am yovelives

mowyoba, vin iyo am movlenis maprovocirebeli da sulis Camdgmeli.

rogorc aRmoCnda, ganxeTqilebis dawyebas eqvswliani mosamzadebeli

periodi uZRoda win, Tumca es yvelaferi ufro Soreul warsulSi

iRebda saTaves. saqarTvelos sapatriarqosgan ramdenime beris gandgomis

mizezi qarTuli eklesiis ekumenuri moZraobidan gamosvlis moTxovna

iyo. moTxovnebis radikaluroba da maTi moqmedebebis strategia aSkaras

xdida maT kavSirs ucxour sqizmatur dajgufebebTan (saberZneTis, Crd.

amerikis da sxva samRvdeloebis `sinodebTan~). am dapirispirebas da

kavSirebs ki sakmaod didi winapiroba hqonda.

1924 wels saberZneTSi gatarda saeklesio kalendaruli reforma, rac

xelsayrel sababad iqca im ZalebisTvis, romelTac saberZneTis

eklesiaSi areulobisa da dapirispirebis Setana surdaT. maT kargad

isargebles zogierTi berisa (romlebic `zilotebis~ _ moSurneebis _

saxeliT dResac arian cnobilni) da sazogadoebis saRvTismetyvelo

sakiTxebSi gaucnobi-erblobiT da dapirispirebis talRa aagores. isini

araprofesionalur doneze ganixilavdnen kalendarul sakiTxebs, da

amasTan, saeklesio-eortalogiur tradicias uTanabrebdnen saeklesio

dogmats. sinamdvileSi ki, ar SeiZleba dResaswaulebTan dakavSirebuli

praqtikuli sakiTxebis dogmatis xarisxSi ayvana. dogmati aris

maradiuli, ucvleli kategoria, RvTis mier gancxadebuli saidumloeba,

romlis saSualebiTac xdeba adamianis dakavSireba RmerTTan da ziareba

maradiul cxovrebasTan. kalendaruli sakiTxi am dargSi ar ganixileba.

zilotebisa da maTi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiT ixileT danarTi. eortalogia RvTismetyvelebis dargia, romelic Seiswavlis marTlmadideblurdResaswa-ulebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs

56

amitomac ar SeiZleba igi iqces dapirispirebis mizezad da amis gamo

dairRves yvelaze mniSvnelovani _ eklesiis mTlianoba.

saberZneTSi XX s-is 20-30-ian wlebSi movlenebi ase ganviTarda:

areulobis mosurne Zalebma, ziloti berebis meSveobiT, Zveli stilis

dacvis sababiT daiwyes saberZneTis yvela kuTxeSi sazogadoebrivi azris

momzadeba eklesiaSi ganxeTqilebis Sesatanad. samwuxarod, es berebi

aRmoCndnen brma iaraRi, zogierTi piris pativmoyvaruli da mzakvruli

miznebis gansaxorcieleblad, romelTac SemdgomSi Seqmnes e.w.

`sinodebi~.

marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi arsebobs kanonikuri wesi (II msoflio

krebis VI kanoni) imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda warmoadginon

ukmayofiloebma da mamxileblebma TavianTi saCivari. zilotebs es wesi

ar daucavT da saerTod, moqmedebdnen saeklesio dadgenilebebis sruli

darRveviT. ziloti berebisgan gansxvavebiT, sxvagvarad moiqcnen aTonis

mTis monastris berebi. maT wminda mTis Zmobis (kinotis) saxeliT

werilobiT warudgines dasabuTebuli Txovna msoflio patriarqs

(romlis sulieri zedamxevdelobis qveSac imyofebian isini) Zveli

kalendris SenarCunebis Taobaze, razec Tanxmoba miiRes. SevniSnavT, rom

saberZneTSi, aTonis mTis garda, aris taZrebi, sadac Zvel kalendarul

stils icaven. ase rom, iq aris rogorc axali, ise Zveli stilis

mimdevroba da es ar niSnavs imas, rom an erTi aris mwvalebeli an meore.

e.w. `moSurneni~ ki ar cxrebodnen.

saberZneTSi 11 wlis ganmavlobaSi mzaddeboda niadagi gandgomil

mRvdelmTavarTa SeTqmulebisaTvis, ramac saboloo saxe 1935 wels miiRo.

maT miiRes saprotesto deklaraciebi, romlebSic danaSaulebrivad scnes

sruliad saberZneTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia, ganudgnen mas axal

stilze gadasvlis gamo da sajarod gamoacxades Tavi `WeSmarit

marTlmadidebel qristianTa eklesiad~.

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia ar iRebs e.w. axal stils, magram amave drosar miaCnia es sakiTxi dogmaturi mniSvnelobis mqoned da amitom, ar Tvlis, rom axalstilze gadasul eklesiebTan unda gawydes locviT-evqaristuli kavSiri. am niadagzeliturgikuli kavSiris gawyveta ar momxdara Zveli da axali kalendris mimdevaravtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesiebs Soris.

57

ase Seiqmna kalendaruli reformidan 11 wlisTavze `WeSmariti

marTlmadidebeli eklesia~, romlis pirveli mamamTavari gaxda florinis

yofili episkoposi qrizostomosi. axlad xeldasxmuli oTxi

`mRvdelmTavridan~ erT-erTi _ maTeosi ukve 1937 wels gamoeyo

qrizostomosis dajgufebas da Camoayaliba sakuTari `sinodi~, romelTa

wevrebic `maTeanelebis~ an kerateas dajgufebis saxeliT arian

cnobilni. 1955 wels gardaicvala qrizostomosi da `florinis sinodis~

sadaveebi arqimandrit akakioss Cabarda. am droidan dajgufebasac

`akakianelebi~ ewoda (saTvalavi rom ar areuliyo, `sinodebs~ maTi

mamamTavrebis saxelebs arqmevdnen). mRvdelmTavris gareSe sinodi

araseriozul STabeWdilebas tovebda, amitom akakiosi daukavSirda yvela

oficialur da araoficialur eklesias, rom maTgan xeldasxma mieRo.

1960 wels amaze daiTanxma ruseTis emigrantuli eklesia. arqimandriti

akakiosi gaemgzavra amerikaSi, sadac ruseTis emigrantuli eklesiis

warmomadgenlebma Seasrules mTeli rigi arakanonikuri qirotoniebisa

(xeldasxma).

akakiosis Semdeg 1963 wlidan sinodis Tavmjdomared airCies

avqsentiosi da dajgufebasac ukve avqsentianelebis `WeSmarit

marTlmadidebelTa eklesiis wminda sinodi~ ewoda. maT gverdSi edgnen

emigrantuli eklesiis warmomadgenlebi.

garda imisa, rom es `sinodebi~ erTmaneTs mtrobdnen, Tavad am

dajgufebebSic ar iyo erTsulovneba, xSiri iyo ukmayofilebis sababiT

erTi dajgufebidan meoreSi gadasvla an gamoyofa da axali sinodis

Camoyalibeba. rogorc wesi, axalCamoyalibebuli `sinodebi~ ar cnobdnen

erTmaneTis madlmosilebas da ewinaaRmdegebodnen erTmaneTs.

70-iani wlebidan `Zveli stilis damcvelTa~ asparezze gamodis kidev

erTi `wminda sinodi~, romlesac saTaveSi Caudga kvipriane. man da misma

momxreebma gansakuTrebuli aqtiuroba saberZneTSi da sazRvargareT 1990-

kerateas rezidenciis mixedviT rusuli emigrantuli eklesia XX s-is 20-ian wlebSi CamoSorda ruseTismarTlmadidebel eklesias. igi gamoirCeoda gansakuTrebuli radikalurobiT da sakmaopolitizebulobiT. ufro vrclad meore karis pirveli Tavis meeqvse paragrafSiganvixilavT. emigrantuli (sazRvargareTis) eklesia mfarvelobda yvela Zvelkalendarul(gandgomil) dajgufebas da amiT cdilobda Tavisi gavlenis gafarToebas.

58

iani wlebidan daiwyes. kvipriane ramdenjerme iyo gankveTili rogorc

oficialuri, ise calkeuli `sinodebidan~, amitom man sabolood

gadawyvita sakuTari, damoukidebeli `eklesia~ Camoeyalibebina, Tavi

`dapirispirebulTa~ dajgufebis winamZRolad gamoacxada da Seqmna

`wminda kviprianes sinodi~ [ra SeiZleba mohyves... 1997:20].

axla ganvmartavT, Tu ra mimarTebaSia msoflio marTlmadideblobaSi

mimdinare sqizmaturi procesebi saqarTveloSi 1997 wels ganxeTqilebis

mcdelobasTan. gandgomilTa moTxovna aseTi iyo: saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli samociqulo eklesia gamosuliyo eklesiaTa msoflio

sabWodan (ems), romelic, maTi TqmiT, warmoadgenda mwvaleblur

organizacias. samwuxarod, Cven mier mokvleuli masalebidan ar Cans, Tu

vis mier da ra mizniT iyo inspirirebuli es aqcia. ems-Si Sesvla-

gamosvlis sakiTxi mxolod da mxolod qveynis sapatriarqos

kompetenciaa, misi mmarTvelebis nebazea damokidebuli da masTan

dakavSirebuli nebismieri sakiTxi unda gvardebodes sinodis sxdomebze,

sajarod ar unda ganixilebodes da miT umetes, ar unda warmoadgendes

sasuliero pirTa Soris SuRlis mizezs. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,

arsebobs specialuri saeklesio kanonebi, romlis dacviTac unda

xdebodes eklesiis SigniT nebismieri SeniSvnis warmodgena Tu

ukmayofilebis gamoxatva. gandgomilebs ki es wesebi ar daucavT.

am dapirispirebisas sapatriarqos ganudgnen beTaniis, garejis,

zarzmis, qvaTaxevis monastrebi, `vinaidan saqarTvelos eklesiis sinodi

ekumenizms mwvaleblobad ar miiCnevda, ar gmobda mas da evqaristul

kavSirs inarCunebda ekumenistur mwvaleblobaSi Cavardnil adgilobriv

eklesiebTan, amitom maT gawyvites evqaristuli kavSiri saqarTvelos

sapartiarqosTan, manam, sanam saqarTvelos eklesiis sinodi

marTlmadideblur poziciaze ar dadgeboda~ [ganxeTqileba saqarTvelos...

1997:4].

am mizeziT 1997 wlis maisSi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva monastrebis

cxra berma da ramdenime morCilma, romelTac SeuerTda sqizmati

mRvdeli andria boroda-kogani, gawyvita locviT-evqaristuli kavSiri

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqTan. 1997 wlis 20 maiss saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wm. sinodma imis gamo, rom erTi mxriv, ems-Si

59

SeiniSneboda aramarTlmadidebluri tendenciebi da meore mxriv,

sacduri moexsna sqizmis moqmedTaTvis, datova eklesiaTa msoflio

sabWo.

1997 wlis 20 misis wm. sinodis sxdomaze miRebulma gadawyvetilebam

gandgomilTa gaogneba da dabneuloba gamoiwvia. Cans, isini ar elodnen

TavianTi moTxovnis dakmayofilebas da masze apelirebiT apirebdnen

uTanxmoebis gaRvivebas eklesiis wiaRSi. moulodnelobisa da

gaurkvevlobis gamo isini axali instuqciebis miRebamde moCvenebiTi

kmayofilebiT Sexvdnen gadawyvetilebas [kavkasioni 1997:1-6]; [subari 1997:1-

6].

axalma instruqciebmac ar daayovnes. mas Semdeg, rac gandgomilTa

erT-erTma Tavkacma arqimandritma ioane SeylaSvilma moskovi moiara,

axali Ria weriliT mimarTa saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqs:

`ramdenadac ems-dan gamosvliT sinodma aRiara, rom ekumenizmi

mwvaleblobaa, man kavSiri unda gawyvitos yvela sxva marTlmadidebel

eklesiasTan, romelic ekumenur moZraobaSi monawileobs. Tu sinodi ar

miiRebs am gadawyvetilebas, maSin misi dadgenileba yofila mxolod

taqtikuri svla mrevlis Tvalis asaxvevad~.

es iyo intriganarevi aSkara zewola da ara Txovna. am moTxovnis

Sesruleba ki saqarTvelos eklesiisTvis erTi wminda da kaTolike

eklesiisgan mowyvetas da seqtis saxis micemas niSnavda.

`eSmakis damoZRvra ufro advilia, vidre mwvaleblis moqceva... mTa

uadviles Camoivakebs, vidre gandgomili aRiarebs WeSmaritebas~ _ efrem

asuris am sityvebiT mimarTa uwmindesma gandgomil ioane SeylaSvils,

magram misma Segonebebma Sedegi ar gamoiRo [subari 1997:1-6].

gandgomilebi daupirispirdnen kaTolikos-partiarqs ilia II-s.

axsenebdnen, rom erT dros Tavad iyo ekumenizmis mqadagebeli da

gamavrcelebeli. magram rogorc wina TavSi aRvniSneT, ekumenistur

moZraobaSi saqarTvelos CarTva ganpirobebuli iyo ori mizeziT: es iyo

sabWoTa kavSiris `dakveTa~ da amasTanave, qarTuli eklesiis mier

msoflio qristianobisaTvis xmis miwvdenis saSualeba. aqve is faqtic

gasaxsenebelia, rom Tavdapirvelad eklesiaTa msoflio sabWo ar

atarebda eklesiologiur saxes. garda amisa, `ekumenizmi~ saerTo

60

qristianuli terminia da niSnavs `sayovelTaoobas~, `kaTolikeobas~,

msoflio patriarqi ekumenur patriarqad _ anu msoflio patriarqad

iwodeba; ise rom Tavad am termins uaryofiTi datvirTva ar aqvs.

marTlmadidebelebic, Tavis mxriv, cdiloben, rom am sabWos ekumenuroba

marTlmadideblobis xaziT warmarTon. dRes ekumenur moZraobaSi myofi

marTlmadidebeli eklesiebi swored amiT arian dakavebulni, iseve,

rogorc iyo saqarTvelos eklesia am sabWoSi yofnisas. xolo imdenad,

ramdenadac ekumenizmi da ems zogadsakacobrio saqmeebis eklesiis

CareviT mSvidobianad warmarTvas emsaxureba, rasakvirvelia, xdeboda

misi, garkveulwilad, propagandireba. ufro zustad ki sazogadoebis

informireba ems-s mier Catarebuli RonisZiebebisa Tu miRebuli

gadawyvetilebebis Sesaxeb [dedabriSvili 1997:3].

gaognebasa da eWvs iwvevda gandgomilTa pozicia. maSin rodesac

saqarTvelos sapatriarqo wavida maTTan molaparakebaze, isini uars

acxadebdnen pirispir Sexvedraze da mxolod mimoweraze Tanxmdebodnen,

isic masobriv beWdur saSualebebSi da mizezad idebdnen imas, rom am

gziT Tavs avaridebT usargeblo kamaTso [balaZe 1997:5]. magram

gandgomilTa amgvari qceva mianiSnebda maT SiSsa da pirispir

SexvedrisTvis moumzadeblobaze, ar iyvnen darwmunebulebi sakuTari

poziciis sisworeSi da argumentebis simyareSi, sapasuxod esaWiroebodaT

`ukan mdgomTa~ rCeva-darigeba, gaTvla... es yovelive ki arTulebda

viTarebas. am saqcieliT pirvel rigSi ibRaleboda saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebli eklesiis avtoriteti. garda amisa, amgvari sajaro

mimowera saSualebas aZlevda nebismiers, Careuliyo eklesiis saqmeSi,

xolo ufro farTo masStabiT _ iwvevda SiSs da daZabulobas mTlianad

saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi, razec, savaraudod, iyo kidec gaTvla.

sityva rom gavagrZeloT qarTvel gandgomilTa ucxoel sqizmatebTan

kavSir-urTierTobis Sesaxeb, unda aRvniSnoT erTi sayuradRebo faqti _

`avqsentianelTa sinodis~ samma `episkoposma~ 1997 wels molocva

gamougzavna qarTvel gandgomil berebs saqarTvelos eklesiaSi

ganxeTqilebis mowyobisaTvis [iveriis gabrwyineba 1997:2].

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi ganxeTqilebis SemomtanTa

nawili simpaTiiT iyo ganmsWvaluli rusuli emigrantuli eklesiisadmi,

61

Tumca amas xmamaRla ver acxadebdnen, radgan ruseTis sazRvargareTuli

eklesia aSkarad antiqarTuli mimarTulebisaa. misi mmarTveli wreebi

tipuri rusuli imperiuli azrovnebis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen (ar

cnobdnen saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefalias da mas

ruseTis eklesiis Semadgenel nawilad miiCnevdnen). niSandoblivia isic,

rom 1994 wels rusulma emigrantulma eklesiam locviT-evqaristuli

kavSiri daamyara kviprianes berZnul sqizmatur dajgufebasTan. [SveliZe

2001:20]; [ra SeiZleba mohyves... 1997:20].

1990-iani wlebidan ramdenime qarTveli sasuliero piri daukavSirda

sxvadasxva mwvaleblur dajgufebas da rac saocaria, axalgandgomilma

berebma erTmaneTTan saerTo ena ver ipoves _ isini SeuerTdnen ara erT

romelime ucxour sqizmatur dajgufebas, aramed sam sxvadasxvas: ioane

SeylaSvili da andria boroda _ avqsentianelTa `sinods~, grigol

kobaxiZe _ qrizostomosis `sinods~, vasil mkalaviSvili ki kviprianes

`sinods~. TiToeuli Tavs `erTaderT WeSmarit eklesiad~ miiCnevda da

yvela sxvas (maT Soris oficialur marTlmadidebel eklesiasac)

suliwmindis mier datovebulad, madlisgan daclilad miiCnevdnen. Tumca,

maT ar SeeZloT zusti pasuxi gaecaT kiTxvisTvis _ rodidan, qarTveli

ierarqebis romeli danaSaulis Semdeg datova saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli eklesia suliwmindam? [SveliZe 2001:20].

arsebobs `ganStoebis Teoria~, romelic WeSmarit debulebadaa

miCneuli ekumenistur doqtrinaSi. mis mixedviT dasaSvebad miaCniaT

suliwmindis madlis myofoba sxvadasxva `eklesiebSi~. gakvirvebas ki is

iwvevs, rom maSin, roca sqizmatebi WeSmaritebad iReben am Teorias _ rom

suliwmindis madli imyofeba mraval e.w. `eklesiaSi~, mxedvelobidan

rCebaT is, rom amave dros TiToeul maTgans aqvs sakuTari sinodi da

kategoriulad uaryofen sxva eklesiebSi madlis arsebobas... es ki

ewinaaRmdegeba rwmenis simbolos (`mrwamsis~) XI muxls: `mrwams... erTi

wminda kaTolike da samociqulo eklesia~. suliwmindis erTdroulad

moqmedeba erTmaneTis uarmyofel sxvadasxva mraval `eklesiaSi~

warmoudgenelia da yovelgvar RvTismetyvelur moZRvrebas

ewinaaRmdegeba.

62

gandgomilTa saqcieli da gadawyvetilebebi sxvadasxva

mimarTulebebiT viTardeboda. saqarTvelos sapatriarqosgan gandgomili

ramdenime sasuliero piri gaerTianda da sakuTar Tavs

`marTlmadidebluri eklesia saqarTveloSi~ uwodes. maT daiwyes aqtiuri

propaganda qarTuli eklesiis arsebuli xelmZRvanelobis winaaRmdeg da

xSirad aqveynebdnen prozelitur werilebs. isini sakuTar Tavs

ganixilavdnen erTaderT WeSmarit eklesiad, romelic axla iseve

idevneboda sqizmatTa mier, rogorc qriste da misi WeSmariti swavlebani

I saukuneSi: `da mainc rad gvyvedrian da ras gverCian? imas, rom WeSmarit

eklesiaSi yofna gvsurs? an iqneb uflebac ar gvaqvs mwvaleblobasa da

usjuloebis Tanaziarobas ganveridoT?.. ~ [aroSvili 1998:1] - werdnen

isini.

`marTlmadideblur eklesias saqarTveloSi~ ar hqonda evqaristuli

kavSiri, rogorc Tavad ambobdnen, mwvaleblobasTan TanaziarobaSi myof

saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebul religiur gaerTianebebTan:

saqarTvelos sapatriarqosTan, e.w. gldanis eparqiasTan, agreTve

ganxeTqilebaSi myof qrizostomosis sakrebulosTan da sxvadasxva

religiur dajgufebebTan... [aroSvili 1998:3].

gandgomilTa TiToeulma dajgufebam daiwyo aqtiuri

dezinformaciisa da ciliswamebis kampania saero (arareligiur) presaSi,

isargebles ra sazogadoebis religiuri gauTviTcnobiereblobiT, masSi

garkveuli eWvi da dabneuloba Seitanes, magram sapatriarqo Tavis mxriv

Zal-Rones ar iSurebda gaemyarebina mrevlis rwmena. ilia-andria boroda-

kogani iyo gandgomilTa erT-erTi dajgufebis lideri da swored man

daakavSira Tavisi momxreebi e.w. Crd. amerikis eklesias. es `eklesia~

berZnuli sqizmaturi dajgufebis `avqsentis sinodis~ ganayofia da ufro

xSirad `bostonis dajgufebis/Zmobis~ saxeliT ixseneben.

miuxedavad imisa, rom zogi sqizmaturi dajgufeba (magaliTad,

kviprianes sinodi) amtkicebda, rom igi aTonis wm. mTis mxardaWeriT

sargeblobda, ar Seesabameboda simarTles. aTonis kinoti yovelTvis

gamoTqvamda Tanadgomas saqarTvelos sapatriarqosadmi da es Tanadgoma

kaTolikos-partiarqisadmi aTonelebis araerTi weriliT dasturdeba.

63

sqizmis saSiSroebam sazogadoebaSi metad mZafri reaqcia gamoiwvia.

pirvel rigSi, es iyo dabneuloba da gaucnobiereblobis SiSi.

am droisTvis araTu mrevli da sazogadoebis sxva nawili ar iyo

gacnobierebuli saeklesio da sqizmatur sakiTxebSi, aramed TviT

sasuliero pirebsac gauWirdaT Tavidan daerkviaT ra saxis sqizmasTan

hqondaT saqme. rogorc naTqvamia, zogi Wiri margebeliao, swored ase

moxda. dadebiT mxare am tragediisa is iyo, rom saWiro gaxda meti

sifrTxile, kompetenturoba da codnis qona mTel rig saeklesio Tu

Teologiur sakiTxebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom gandgomilebi ar iSureben

Zal-Rones da sxvadasxva saero periodul gamocemebSi aqveynebdnen

TavinT mowodebebsa da swavlebebs, arc sapatriarqo ijda uqmad.

eklesiis warmomadgenlebi aqveynebdnen mraval werils

marTlmadidebluri swavlebis Sesaxeb, romelTac Tavisi nayofi gamoiRes.

saWiro iyo mrevli gaecnobierebinaT arsebul viTarebaSi da

eswavlebinaT marTlmadidebluri moZRvrebis sakiTxebi, moeTxroT

sxvadasxva ganxeTqilebebis Sesaxeb, wamoeCinaT maTi Secdoma.

eklesiaSi arsebulma viTarebam SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia sazogadoebis

yvela fenaSi. keTdeboda gancxadebebi mecnierebis, sazogado moRvaweebis,

sxvadasxva profesiis warmomadgenlebis mier. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

gandgomilTa mimarT mxardaWerisa da maTken mibrunebis tendencia ar

SeniSneboda, Tu ar CavTvliT imaT, vinc uSualod monawileobda am

aqciaSi an amoZravebda raime piradi interesi.

Semnili situacia imdenad mZime, SemaSfoTebeli da mwuxarebis

gamomwvevi iyo, rom 1997 wlis ivnisSi gandgomil berTa sulis

gadasarCenad da saqarTvelos eklesiis gasaZliereblad samdRiani marxva

gamocxadda, romlis dasasruls _ 24 ivniss uwmindesma da unetaresma

ilia II-m sveticxovelSi wirva aRasrula [maCxaneli 1997:3].

am mZime movlenasTan dakavSirebiT prezidentma e. SevardnaZemac ki

gaakeTa komentari, romelic Tavis mxriv TavSekavebuli iyo saeklesio

sakiTxebze sakuTari damokidebulebis gamoxatvaSi. man wuxiliT aRniSna

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi arsebuli viTarebis Sesaxeb.

misi TqmiT, qarTveli erisa da qarTuli eklesiis interesebi arasodes

gansxvavdeboda _ `unda gvaxsovdes, rom saqarTvelo qristianobam

64

gadaarCina. CemTvis, rogorc WeSmariti morwmune adamianisTvis da

prezidentisTvis, yovlad mouRebelia saubari eklesiaSi ganxeTqilebis

Sesaxeb. me mjera, saqarTvelos patriarqis, wminda sinodisa da mrevlis

sibrZnisa. RmerTi dagvifaravs Cven da saqarTvelos~ [beTaniis,

SiomRvimis... 1997:1-2].

1997 wlis agvistoSi saqarTvelos parlamentis adamianis uflebaTaA

da erovnul umciresobaTaAsakiTxebis komitetmac daadastura

saqarTvelos sapatriarqosadmi mxardaWera, gamoTqvamda rwmenas, rom

eklesiis simtkice Seuryevelia da Tanadgomas ucxadebda mis

saWeTmpyrobels [sapatriarqosgan gandgomilni... 1997:7].

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom am periodSi xalxi daRlili iyo saero

cxovrebis problemebiT, mTeli rigi mouwesrigebeli sakiTxebiT,

erTaderT simtkiced eklesia egulebodaT da axla iqac sqizma iCenda

Tavs.

sazogadoebas kargad esmoda, rom sqizma ar iyo mxolod eklesiis

problema, rom igi uSualod exeboda saxelwifoebriobis siZlieresa da

stabilurobas, sazogadoebis keTildReobas da simSvides da rom

ganxeTqilebis moqmedni pirvel rigSi Tavad qarTuli

saxelmwifoebriobis mtrebi iyvnen da sazogadoebaSi SfoTsa da

undoblobas Tesavdnen. mosaxleobaSi gavrcelebul amgvar ganwyobas

warmoaCenda saxalxo partiis warmomadgeneli m. giorgaZe Tavis erT-erT

sagazeTo statiaSi: `eklesiis erTianobisa da religiuri Tu

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis xelisSemSlel saqmianobas, mrevlis

fanatizacias, saqarTvelos eklesiisa da misi uwmindesisa da unetaresis

ilia II-is diskreditaciis mcdelobas ver ganvixilavT, rogorc mxolod

eklesiis winaaRmdeg mimarTul qmedebebs. aRniSnuli qmedebebi, nebsiT Tu

uneblied, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli nabijia.

samwuxaroa, rom `meamboxeTa~ liderebs gacnobierebuli aqvT maTi

`aqtiurobis~ uaryofiTi Sedegebi~ [subari 1997:1-2].

aRsaniSnavia, rom es iyo ganxeTqilebis pirveli mcdeloba qarTul

eklesiaSi, manamde saqarTvelos eklesias msgavsi araferi axsovs.

saukuneebis manZilze saqarTvelos eklesia wmindad icavda

marTlmadideblur wesebsa da kanonebs. aqve ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos,

65

rom ramdenime wlis mogvianebiT araerTi gandgomili sinanuliT

daubrunda deda-eklesias da am ukanasknelmac siyvaruliT miiRo isini.

erTi ki aRsaniSnavia, sqizmis precedents garkveulwilad dadebiTi

Sedegi is mohyva, rom sazogadoeba gamofxizlda, gaerkva bevr sakiTxsa

da niuansSi, saWiro gaxda sasuliero literaturis meti raodenobiT

gamocema, terminebSi garkveva, garkveuli codnis dagroveba. gamofxizlda

sasuliero dasi, gamovlinda sxvadasxva pirovnebaTa namdvili zraxva da

saxe. qarTuli eklesia ufro brZolisunariani gaxda.

Znelia dabejiTebiT imis Tqma, Tu vin iyo iniciatori an vis

wisqvilze asxamda wyals am sqizmis mcdeloba. savaraudod, am movlenis

inscenirebis mizani saqarTvelos sapatriarqosa da misi meTauris

avtoritetisa da ndobis Selaxva iyo, Tumca faqtia, aseTma svlam ver

gaamarTla. ufro piriqiT, gamoiwvia is, rom eklesiis mesveurebi metad

gaZlierdnen eresebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, xolo mrevli metad

frTxili da gaTviTcnobiere-buli gaxda.

marTlmadidebel da kaTolikur eklesiaTa gaerTianeba yovelTvis iyo

metad sasurveli mizani da albaT, gegma maqsimumic sxvadasxva

politikuri ZalebisTvis, gansakuTrebiT dasavleTis eklesiisTvis

dRidan qristianuli eklesiis gayofisa am or mimarTulebad. am mizans

emsaxureboda Sua saukuneebis uniebi da am mizans emsaxureba Tanamedrove

ekumenuri moZraobac. eklesia yovelTvis moiazreboda xalxis marTvis

saukeTeso saSualebad saero mmarTvelTa mier – ramdenad

gamoayenebinebda Tavs am saSualebad eklesia, mis mmarTvelze iyo

damokidebuli. amitom, aRmosavluri da dasavluri eklesiebis

gaerTianeba (miT umetes, sxva denominaciebTan erTad) realurad

ganixileba rogorc msoflio batonobis/kontrolis xelSi Cagdebis

mcdeloba. swored amitom, ekumenur moZraobasTan mimarTeba metnaklebad

erTnairad aRiqmeva qarTul da rusul eklesiebSi, magram gansxvaveba maT

miznebSi mdgomareobs. rogorc aRvniSneT, sabWoTa kavSiris mier

aneqsirebuli saqarTvelos eklesiisTvis eklesiaTa msoflio sabWoSi

gaerTianeba qristianuli msofliosTvis xmis miwvdena, marTlmadidebel

66

samyaroSi sakuTari adgilis damkvidreba da kavSirebis damyareba iyo,

ruseTisTvis ki am organizaciaSi gaerTianebas msgavsi datvirTva ar

gaaCnda – misTvis maSinac da dResac ekumenuri moZraoba ganixileba

rogorc msoflios marTvis sadaveebis xelSi Cagdebis saSualeba. amitom

aris, ruseTi yovelTvis ems-s winaaRmdeg gamodioda, uars ambobda mis

wevrobaze, magram amasTanave arasodes ufiqria misTvis Tavis danebeba.

msoflioSi mxolod ramdenime avtokefaluri eklesiaa, romelic ems-

Si ar imyofeba. maT ricxvs saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiac

miekuTvneba. saqarTvelos sapatriarqom ems-dan gamosvla 1997 wels

gadawyvita. amis ganmapirobebeli mizezi ekumenuri moZraobis

eklesiologiuri xasiaTis SeZena da amasTanave, saqarTveloSi amis gamo

gazdili ukmayofileba iyo, romlis sqizmaSi gadasvlis saSiSroebac

realurad idga. ganxeTqilebis mosurneebma kargad gamoiyenes

saqarTvelos eklesiis ems-s wevroba da qveynis patriarqis prezidiumSi

monawileoba da qveynis saero da saeklesio cxovrebaSi didi areuloba

Seitanes. saqarTveloSi fexis mokidebiT iyvnen dainteresebulni

sxvadasxva seqtebi, romlebic zurgs umagrebdnen sqizmatebs. maTi fexis

mokidebas saqarTveloSi araerTi faqtori uwyobda xels: religiis

Sesaxeb kanonis ar arseboba; sapatriarqos arasaTanado aqtiuroba iseT

pirobebSi, roca sxva, gansakuTrebiT axali religiuri jgufebi yvela

meTodiT cdilobdnen sazogadoebis gadmobirebas; saxelmwifo

struqturebis loialuroba aseTi qvejgufebis registraciisas;

gavleniani arasamTavrobo organizaciebis aSkara mxardaWera; seriozuli

finansuri da politikuri mxardaWera ucxoeTidan; sazogadoebis

inertuloba [xuciSvili 2004:20]. miuxedavad didi SfoTisa, romelic

ganxeTqilebis mcdelobis mosurneebma Semoitanes qveynis cxovrebaSi, maT

qmedebas realuri da mniSvnelovani Sedegi ar mohyolia. yvelaze

SesamCnevi, rac am yovelives Sedegad miviReT iyo is, rom eklesia da

mrevli gaZlierda codnasa da rwmenaSi, xolo sqizmatTagan zogma

Sendoba iTxova sapatriarqosgan, zogi ki sxvadasxva warmomavlobis

seqtaSi ganagrZobs moRvaweobas.

67

Tavi mesame

saqarTvelos eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobebi

§1. konstituciuri SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos eklesiasa da saxelmwifos

Soris (konkordati) da qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azri

(eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis mcire istoriuli eqskursiT)

iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, saxelmwifo da eklesia urTierTdamouki-

debeli subieqtebi arian, romlebic aqtiurad TanamSromloben Tavis

qveSevrdomTa (mrevlis) sakeTildReod. rogorc wesi, isini ar erevian

erTmaneTis saqmianobaSi, magram gamonaklisis saxiT saxelmwifos aqvs

ufleba Caerios eklesiis saqmianobaSi, Tu amas Seqmnili viTareba

(politikuri, ekonomikuri da sxv.) moiTxovs. ra Tqma unda, saxelmwifos

ar aqvs ufleba am `Carevis~ dros gadauxvios saelesio samarTlis

normebs [CikvaiZe 2005:37].

Sua saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierToba

erTiani da TiTqmis ganuyofeli iyo. saqarTvelos samefo da qarTuli

eklesia iTvaliswinebdnen da misdevdnen qristianul swavlebas da

Sesabamisad awyobdnen urTierTobas erTurTSi. pavle mociquli

saxelmwifo xelisuflebasTan urTierTobaze werda: `da iyos yoveli

suli morCili uzenaesi xelisuflebisa, rameTu ar arsebobs

xelisufleba RvTis gareSe, yvela arsebuli xelisufleba dadgenilia

RvTisagan, amitom vinc ewinaaRmdegeba xelisuflebas, amiT ewinaaRmdegeba

RvTis nebas~ [xucurauli 2001:21].

eklesiis, rogorc miwieri organizaciis, daarsebisTanave safuZveli

eyreba saeklesio kanonmdeblobis SemuSavebasa da mis werilobiT

formirebas. saeklesio kanonmdeblobas unda moewesrigebina ara marto

eklesiis organizaciisa da sulieri cxovrebis rigi sakiTxebi, aramed

saero cxovrebis sferoc. zogad qristianuli savaldebulo saeklesio

igulisxmeba saeklesio da samecniero sferoebSi dadgenili terminebi `miwieri~ da`zeci-eri~ eklesia: pirveli Seesatyviseba dedamiwaze dadgenil saeklesioorganizacias, meore ki uxilav, zeciur, saRvTo samyaros.

68

kanonebi, miRebuli an damtkicebuli msoflio eklesiis krebebze

TavianTi mniSvnelobiT scildebodnen eklesiis farglebs da

saxelmwifo-samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis Zalas iZendnen.

saqarTvelos samefoSi eklesiis mimarT sagangebo kanonebi arsebobda.

wm. mefe daviT aRmaSeneblis dros mwignobarTuxucesis umaRlesi

samoxeleo Tanamdeboba gadaeca sasuliero pirs _ Wyondidel

mRvdelmTavars, riTic ufro SemWidrovda da daaxlovda saxelmwifo da

eklesia. is mSvidobiani da harmoniuli damokidebuleba, rac arsebobda

saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris, daarRvia ruseTis

imperiam, romelmac 1801 wels gaauqma uZvelesi qarTuli

saxelmwifoebrioba, xolo kanonikuri samarTlis sruli ugulebelyofiT

1811 wels gaauqma iveriis mravalsaukunovani eklesiis avtokefalia.

yovelive aman gamoiwvia qarTveli xalxis gaucxoeba, zogadad,

saxelmwifoebrivi institutebis mimarT. aseve, gaCnda arasaTanado

damokidebuleba eklesiis mimarTac, vinaidan saqarTvelos mosaxleobis

didi nawili eklesias aRiqvamda, rogorc ruseTis imperialisturi

ideologiis rupors saqarTveloSi.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenas (1918 wlis

26 maisi) saeklesio kuTxiT dadebiTi Zvra ar mohyolia. 1921 wlis 21

Tebervlis konstituciam saxelmwifo da eklesia ganacalkeva da yvela

sarwmunoebas Tanabari uflebebi mianiWa. xolo imave wels saqarTvelos

gasabWoebas mohyva aTeizmis 70-wliani epoqa, roca savsebiT

ugulebelyofili iyo adamianis sarwmunoebrivi miswrafebebi.

komunisturi reJimis periodSi saxelmwifosa da eklesiis

urTierTdamokidebuleba Zalian Sors idga demokratiuli

principebisagan. faqtobrivad, eklesia daTrgunuli iyo saxelmwifos

mxridan da maT Soris civilizebul urTierTobaze laparakic ki zedmeti

iyo. damoukideblobis dakargvam da ssrk-s aTeisturi reJimis

damkvidrebam qarTul eklesias eris sulieri mwyemsis uflebebi

muxlebi 142,143 _ saqarTvelos konstitucia (miRebuli saqarTvelos damfuZnebelikrebis mier 1921 wlis Tebervlis 21) Tb. 1990

69

daakargvina, waarTva mTavari _ eris sulier ganaTlebaze zrunvis

funqcia.

1991 wlis 9 aprils saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesma sabWom

referendumze (amave wlis 31 marti) gamoxatuli xalxis nebis gaTva-

liswinebiT gamoacxada damoukidebeli qarTuli saxelmwifos aRdgena.

amasTan dakavSirebiT cvlilebebi Sevida saqarTvelos konstituciaSi.

kerZod, amoiRes is debuleba, romelic skolebs gamoyofda eklesiisagan,

Tumca Tavad eklesia kvlavac saxelmwifosagan gamoyofilad darCa. es

realurad arafris momcemi ar iyo, magram amiT erovnulma mTavrobam

daadastura Tavisi keTilganwyoba eklesiis mimarT.

1995 wlis 24 agvistos konstituciis me-9 muxlSi Caiwera, rom

`saxelmwifo cnobs saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gansakuTrebul rols saqarTvelos

istoriaSi~. amiT konstituciam sxva konfesiebTan SedarebiT upiratesoba

marTlmadidebel eklesias mianiWa. 2001 wlis 30 martis cvlilebiT me-9

muxls daemata me-2 punqti, sadac mieTiTa, rom urTierToba saxelmwifosa

da eklesias Soris mowesrigdeboda konstituciuri SeTanxmebis

safuZvelze [konstitucia 2004:6]. am SeTanxmebis _ konkordatis _

xelmoweriT ki axali etapi daiwyo saqarTvelos mravalsaukunovani

marTlmadidebeli eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTdamokidebulebaSi.

konkordatis sakiTxma gamoavlina eklesiisadmi sazogadoebis

damokidebuleba. sarwmunoebis sakiTxis gaaqtiureba da marTlmadidebeli

eklesiis mimarT Tanamdrove saxelmwifos urTierTobis iuridiuli

mogvareba qarTuli sazogadoebis didi nawilisTvis mowmendil caze

mexis gavardnasaviT iyo. magram Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT saqarTvelos

bolo periodis istorias, romlis ganmavlobaSic mravalma faqtorma

Seuwyo xeli qarTveli xalxis mSobliur eklesiasTan gaucxoebas, cxadi

gaxdeba, Tu ratom gamoxata sazogadoebam aseTi mZafri da mSfoTvare

damokidebuleba konkordatis gaformebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic

eklesiisTvis iuridiuli statusis miniWebas gulisxmobda. swored aseTma

araerTgvarovanma damokidebulebam sazogadoebis mxridan ganapiroba

70

saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris SeTanxmebis anu konkordatis Sedgenisa

da gaformebis gaWianureba.

sakonstitucio SeTanxmeba pirvel yovlisa, aRiarebis faqtia. aRiareba

imisa, rom marTlmadidebeli eklesia saxelmwifosgan gamijnulia da

sajaro samarTlis damoukidebeli subieqtia. xelSekruleba, Tavis mxriv,

iseTi Zalis mqone dokumentia, romelic normatiuli aqtebis ierarqiaSi

konstituciis Semdeg umaRles adgils ikavebs. igi, garkveulwilad,

konstituciis IX muxlis gagrZelebaa, misi dazusteba da gaSlaa. msgavsi

SeTanxmeba sakmaod gavrcelebuli formaa msoflio samarTlis

praqtikaSi.

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis

sxvadasxvagvari modeli arsebobs. zogierT qveyanaSi esa Tu is religia

pirdapiraa gamocxadebuli saxelwifo religiad da saxelmwifosgan

mTlianad mxardaWeriTa da mfarvelobiT sargeblobs. aseTi modelis

SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba laparaki iyos konkordatze an sxva raime

xelSekrulebaze. saxelmwifo eklesia saxelmwifo meqanizmis

struqturul erTeulad moiazreba. mag.: inglisis eklesiis saTaveSi

inglisis dedofali dgas da sinodis gadawyvetileba saxelmwifo

Tanxmobas saWiroebs. daniuri modelis mixedviT evangelistur-

luTeranuli eklesia folketings (daniis saxalxo palatas)

eqvemdebareba. igi centraluri saxelmwifo organoa da ar warmoadgens

avtonomiur samarTlebriv organos. aq mRvdlebic saxelmwifo moxeleebi

arian. aseTi (saxlmwifo-eklesia) modelisTvis damaxasiaTebelia

saeklesio gadasaxadebis arseboba, romelsac eklesiis (maT Soris,

mrevlis) yvela wevri ixdis.

aseve aris modeli, romlis mixedviTac tradiciuli religiebi

garkveuli prioritetiT sargebloben. am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifosa da

eklesias Soris urTierTobebi konkordatiTa da xelSekrulebiT

regulirdeba. aseTi qveynebia italia, espaneTi, luqsemburgi, avstria,

portugalia, garkveulwilad germania. aq saxelmwifosa da eklesiis

urTierTgamijvnis konstituciuri principi moqmedebs. SeTanxmebiTve

ganisazRvreba religiuri organizaciis statusi, saxelmwifosTan

71

urTierTobis principebi, rac gulisxmobs eklesiis Tavisuflebis

garantias organizaciaSi, ritualebisa da RvTismsaxurebis aRsrulebaSi...

[cacanaSvili 2001:2-3]. am modelisTvis damaxasiaTebelia saeklesio

gadasaxadebis ararseboba, saxelmwifosgan garkveuli finansuri

daxmareba kulturis Zeglebis dacvisa da saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobisTvis.

ase rom, saerTaSoriso samarTlis praqtikaSi arsebobs saxelmwifosa

da eklesias Soris urTierTobis mowyobis oTxnairi forma:

1. inglisuri modeli _ qristianoba saxelmwifo religiadaa

gamocxadebuli, eklesiis meTaurad dedofali iTvleba;

2. amerikuli _ saxelmwifo da eklesia erTmaneTisagan

damoukidebelia;

3. germanuli _ saxelmwifo eklesiasTan amyarebs korporaciul

urTier-Tobas adgilobrivi xelisuflebis saSualebiT;

4. italiuri _ saxelmwifo da eklesia emijneba erTmaneTs da maT

urTierTobas awesrigebs gaformebuli konkordati [mexatiSvili 2002:9].

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom TiToeuli es modeli individualuria

yoveli qveynisTvis.

sakonstitucio xelSekrulebis mixedviT saqarTveloSi deklaratiul

da normatiul doneze ganisazRvreba saxelmwifosa da marTlmadidebel

eklesias Soris urTierTobis principebi, romlebic SeiZleba ormxrivi

interesebis mqone sakiTxebze SeTanxmebis dadebis safuZveli gaxdes.

saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs marTlmadidebluri rwmenis, aRmsareblobisa

da ritualebis sajarod aRsrulebis sakanonmdeblo dacvas. aqve unda

aRiniSnos, rom marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sajaro samarTlis subieqtis

statusi ar niSnavs moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT saeklesio da sajaro

samsaxuris erTmaneTTan gaigivebas.

miuxedavad saerTaSoriso gamocdilebisa, konstituciuri SeTanxmeba

sruliad axali institutia qarTul samarTalSi. am SeTanxmebas

sxva religiuri organizaciebi saxelwifosgan ar iReben finansur daxmarebas, magramTavisufldebian gadasaxadebisgan. saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi ki gamomdinare iqidan, rommarTlmadidebloba ar aris saqarTvelos saxelwifo religia, qveynis biujetSieklesiisTvis gamiznuli Tanxa SeiZleba mxolod daxmarebad iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli[CikvaiZe 2003:25].

72

konstituciuri ewodeba imitom, rom misi dadebis SesaZlebloba da

subieqtTa wre mxolod saxelmwifos ZiriTadi kanoniT aris

gansazRvruli.

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia avtokefaluria. igi

saqarTveloSi moqmedi sazRvargareT arsebuli sxva eklesiis nawili ar

aris, aramed organizaciulad dasrulebuli saxiT swored

saqarTveloSia warmodgenili. sxva konfesiebi ki saqarTvelos farglebs

gareT arsebuli religiuri organizaciebis mxolod struqturuli

erTeulebia da Sesabamisad, eqvemdebarebian TavianT centrebs. maT ar

aqvT damoukidebeli moqmedebis uflebamosileba. amasTanave, saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan SedarebiT sruliad gansxvavebulia maTi

roli Cveni qveynis istoriaSi. amdenad, ar arsebobs maTTan

konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadebis iuridiuli an istoriuli

safuZvlebi [xecuriani 2001:10].

Tumca eklesia sruli saxelmwifoebrivi arsebobis erT-erTi

ganuyofeli atributia, istoriaSi mainc metwilad cnobilia

saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis garkvevasTan dakavSirebuli

vnebaTaRelvis magaliTebi. uaxles istoriaSi am movlenebma

gansakuTrebiT sastiki saxe ruseTSi miiRo, romlis erT-erTi

wamqezebeli lenini gaxldaT. antisaeklesio isteriis eqo ramdenadme

mxolod XX s-is 30-iani wlebisTvis Cacxra. amis Semdeg aTeistuli

ideologiis qveyanaSi eklesiam SezRudulad arsebobis ufleba mainc

SeinarCuna. politikur, saxelmwifoebriv Tu klerikalur centrebSi

aSkarad Tu Sefarulad yvelaferi keTdeboda marTlmadidebeli eklesiis

diskreditirebisTvis farTo gavlenis mqone religiuri gaerTianebebis

TvalSi, saerTaSoriso ekumenuri moZraobis sferoebSi.

saqarTvelos SigniTac mavanni eklesiis winaaRmdeg mimarTavdnen

politikas. eklesiis wiaRSi arsebul calkeul negatiur movlenebs

mTeli msoflios gasagonad azviadebdnen. TiToeuli xelisufali

cdilobda eklesia sakuTari politikuri miznebis ganxorcielebis

morCil instrumentad eqcia. mdgomareoba sakmaod daiZaba 1970-iani

73

wlebidan. gaizarda dapirispireba da agorda intrigebi kaTolikos-

patriarqis ilia II-is winaaRmdeg.

qarTuli eklesiis aSkara Seviwroebul mdgomareobaSi yofnis dros

pirvelma eduard SevardnaZem misca biZgi eklesiisadmi axleburi

damokidebulebis damkvidrebas. 1993 w. saqarTveloSi dabrunebuli

e.SevardnaZe gzad sionSi gaCerda, sanTeli daanTo da esaubra sruliad

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqs ilia II-s. saqarTvelos prezidentma

ministrTa sabWosTan arsebul religiebis saqmeTa departamentis

koleqtivs daavala yvelaferi gaekeTebinaT da uZvelesi avtokefaluri

eklesiisTvis gadaulaxavi problemebi piradad misTvis ecnobebinaT

[rurua 1993:4].

swored am periodidan daiwyo fiqri da muSaoba saqarTvelos

saxelmwifosa da marTlmadidebeli eklesiis urTierTobis iuridiulad

gaformebis Taobaze. aqve aRsaniSnavia Tavad e.SevardnaZis

damokidebuleba sasuliero xelisuflebisadmi 1990-ian wlebSi, romelic

misi mcire komentaris mixedviT Semdegnairad JRers: `konstituciuri

debulebaa, rom eklesia gamoyofilia saxelmwifosgan, magram qarTuli

marTlmadidebeli eklesiisa da qarTveli xalxis interesebi arasodes

yofila gayofili~ [imedaZe 1997:2].

Tavidan saubari iyo religiis kanonis Sesaxeb, magram sabolood

gadawyda SeTanxmebisTvis konkordatis saxe miecaT. konstituciur

SeTanxmebas is upiratesoba aqvs, rom masSi raimes Sesacvlelad orive

mxaris Tanxmobaa saWiro, xolo kanoni religiis Sesaxeb gulisxmobda

imas, rom mTavrobis an xelisuflebis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli

iqneboda kanonis Secvlac. am samarTlebriv dokumentze TiTqmis 10 wels

muSaobdnen [cxovrebaZe 2002:10-11].

konstituciuri SeTanxmeba (konkordati), ra Tqma unda, ar

iTvaliswinebs adamianis uflebebis SezRudvas da maT devnas religiur

niadagze, radgan imave dokumentSi aRniSnulia, rom saqarTvelos

konstituciiT aRiarebulia rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis sruli

Tavisufleba. igi afiqsirebs eklesiis tradiciul da realur adgilsa

da mniSvnelobas ama Tu im qveynis yofaSi, Tumca es garemoeba odnavadac

74

ar zRudavs qveyanaSi moqlaqeebis konstituciur uflebebs [labaZe

2002:12].

konkordatiT warmodgenili modelis mixedviT qarTuli

marTlmadidebeli eklesia aRiqmeva rogorc sajaro samarTlis

iuridiuli piri, gamijnulia saxelmwifosgan da dadgenili aqvs

kompromisuli urTierTobis principebi saerTo interesebis mqone

sakiTxebze [cacanaSvili 2001:2-3].

konkordatis kanonproeqtze aqtiuri muSaoba saqarTvelos iusticiis

saministrom Tedo niniZis ministrobis dros, 1997 wels daiwyo. masze

muSaobdnen iusticiis saministros specialistebi, qarTveli mecnierebi,

arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, sxvadasxva konfesiis warmomadgenlebi da

saqarTvelos sapatriarqo. saqarTvelos prezidentma e. SevardnaZem 2000

wels parlamentSi waradgina konstituciuri SeTanxmebis proeqti.

proeqti did dafiqrebas, msjelobas da uamravi sakiTxis

gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovda. am proeqtze momuSave komisiis Tavmjdomare

g. wereTeli iyo. parlamentis sxdomebze arcTu iSviaTad eTmoboda am

sakiTxs yuradReba. absoluturi umravlesoba mxars uWerda, rom

SeTanxmeba sakonstitucio xelSekrulebis saxiT unda gaformebuliyo,

rom masSi unda dafiqsirebuliyo eklesiis suvereniteti. xelSekruleba

moawesrigebda Semdeg sakiTxebs: eklesiis sakuTrebis uflebis cnoba,

sanebarTvo sistema, religiis swavlebis sakiTxi, saeklesio saganZuris

kuTvnilebis sakiTxi da sxv. [konkordati... 2000:3].

portugaliaSi, germaniaSi, belgiaSi, poloneTSi, slovakeTSi, xorvatiaSi, avstriaSi,safrangeTSi, litvaSi, aseve laT. amerikis qveynebSi kaTolikuri eklesiis mdgomareobaregulirdeba vatikansa da saxelmwifos Soris dadebuli konkordatebiT.gaerTianebul samefoSi (britaneTSi) ori saxelmwifo religiaa: anglikanuri eklesia daSotlandiis presviterianuli eklesia. SvedeTsa da norvegiaSi luTeranul eklesiassaxelmwifoebrivi statusi aqvs miniWebuli. poloneTis parlamentma marTlmadidebelieklesiis Sesaxeb calke kanonmdebloba miiRo, romelSic garkveuli iuridiuliprivilegiebia aRniSnuli. bulgareTis respublikis konstituciis 13-e muxlSiaRniSnulia, rom `bulgareTis respublikis tradiciuli religia aris aRmosavlur-marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoeba~. saberZneTis konstituciis me-3 muxlis Tanaxmad kisaberZneTis ZiriTad religias warmodgens `aRmosavleTis marTlmadidebeli qristeseklesia~. somxeTSi specialuri kanondeblobiT somxeTis samociqulo grigorianulieklesia erovnul religiad aris gamocxadebuli da kanoniT akrZalulia `ieRovelTaseqta~ da `xsnis armia. SezRudulia sxva seqtebis saqmianobac.

75

rogorc am droisTvis ukve yofilma iusticiis ministrma joni

xecurianma Tqva: es aris or damoukidebel subieqts Soris SeTanxmebis

yvelaze miRebuli forma (xelSekrulebis dadeba). amiT

marTlmadidebloba privilegirebuli ar xdeba, aramed moxdeba realobis

iuridiul enaze gadatana.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, msgavsi urTierTobis damyareba

saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris anu konkordatis dadeba kaTolikuri

samyarosTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli da evropis qveynebi amgvar

xelSekrulebas aformeben vatikanTan. aqedan gamomdinare, saWiro gaxda

ramdenime niuansis Sesworeba konkordatis zogad debulebaSi da aseve,

ramdenime cvlilebis Setana saqarTvelos konstituciaSi, rom modeli

morgeboda qarTul da marTlmadideblur realobas.

proeqtze muSaobis procesSi specialurad qveyndeboda Secvlil-

damuSavebuli teqstebi, raTa igi sajaro ganxilvis obieqti yofiliyo.

aman, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia.

xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa absoluturi umravlesoba mxars uWerda

konkordatis pirobebs da misi gaformebis aucileblobas. maT azrs

ZiriTadad g. wereTeli gamoTqvamda: `sazogadoebas surs, rom

saqarTvelos hqondes Camoyalibebuli ufleba-movaleobani. aq saubaria

ara raRac gansakuTrebul privilegiebze, aramed im saerTaSoriso

normebze, romlebic adamianis dacvis sferoSi moqmedebs. mizani erTia _

moxdes saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis reglamentacia. kanonSi

ver aisaxeba is specifika, romelic qarTul eklesias aqvs istoriulad.

saqarTvelosTvis marTlmadidebloba aramarto sulierebis, saxelmwifo

Zlierebis simbolocaa~ [anasaSvili 2001:4].

parlamentis umravlesobis ganwyoba dadebiTi iyo: `Cven eklesiis

fexze dayeneba gvsurs da migvaCnia, rom man Tavisi siZlieriT da

gavleniT unda dajabnos seqtebi... rac Seexeba sxva religiebs, sakiTxi

unda mogvardes sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT, romlebSic konkretulad

ganisazRvreba statusis, uflebamosilebis, registraciis meqanizmebi da

sxv.~ [ra qonebas... 2002:8].

76

azrs sxvadasxva arasamTavrobo da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis

warmomadgenlebic gamoxatavdnen. maTi SefasebiT, eklesiasa da

saxelmwifos Soris `SeTanxmebis gaformeba ufro demokratiulia, vidre

kanonis miReba~ [sapatriarqo sxvadasxva... 2001:9].

Tumca dadioda xmebi, rom zogierT politikoss Tavis kabinetSi

uaryofiTi damokidebuleba hqonda am xelSekrulebis mimarT, magram

dokumentebze maTi xelmowera sawinaaRmdegos amtkicebda [gulua 2001:9].

am proeqts bevri mxardamWeri hyavda, magram ara sakmarisi. mravali

werili daiwera amis Taobaze. bevri mecnieri, studenti Tu rigiTi

moqalaqe miesalmeboda aRniSnul wamowyebas. Tumca uaryofiTi

damokidebuleba gacilebiT didi iyo. yovel SemTxvevaSi, presaSi

gamoqveynebuli werilebis umetesi nawili swored am ganwyobas

gamoxatavda. is, rac yvela werilSi SeimCneoda iyo SiSi. SiSi imisa, rom

am xelSekrulebis gaformebiT saqarTvelo gadaiqceoda klerikalur

saxelmwifod. es SiSi ki sakmaod didi iyo da sazogadoebriv panikas

uaxlovdeboda.

presaSi gamoqveynebuli werilebis saTaurebSi cxadad igrZnoboda

sazogadoebis SiSi mosalodneli `saxelmwifoebrivi katastrofis~

mimarT: `aCrdili dadis saqarTveloSi, aCrdili marTlmadidebluri

totalitarizmisa~; `konkordatis proeqti sazogadoebas aSinebs~;

`aCqareba ar egebis~; `roca SeTanxmeba arRvevs Tanxmobas~; `gaacnobiereT,

saqarTvelos xelisufleba aSenebs klerikalur saxelmwifos~; `ra

qonebas miiRebs sapatriarqo?~ da mravali sxva amgvari saTauri.

ukmayofileba da pretenziebi konstituciuri SeTanxmebis preambulis

yvela Tavsa da muxlze gamoiTqva.

preambulis VI muxlis mixedviT `saxelmwifo aRiarebs eklesiis mier

Sesrulebul da registrirebul qorwinebas (jvrisweras)~ - am muxls

upirispirebdnen imas, rom eklesia ar iZleva da ar gamoscems

sakanonmdeblo aqtebs, aseTi jvriswera ki gamoiwvevs qaoss saojaxo

urTierTobebSi, memkvidreobis sakiTxSi, poligamiasa da sxva simaxinjeso

[loria... 2001:9].

77

sazogadoebis nawilis mxriv albaT samarTliani iyo is wamoyenebuli

brali, rom saqarTvelos eklesia aranairi saxelmwifo dokumentiT ar

iyo aRiarebuli. SeTanxmeba unda idebodes or damoukidebel subieqts

Soris. erTi aseTi subieqti garkveulia, es aris saqarTvelos

saxelmwifo, romelic aRiarebulia Tavisi konstituciiT, magram

marTlmadidebeli eklesia saqarTveloSi iuridiulad ar aris

aRiarebulio. 1999 wlis 1 ianvramde saqarTveloSi moqmed religiur

gaerTianebebs unda gaevloT registracia, rom gamxdariyvnen samarTlis

iuridiuli pirebi. amitom sazogadoebis nawili qarTul eklesias

araregistrirebulad da arauflebamosilad miiCnevda [loria... 2001:9].

Tvlidnen, rom Tu mRvdeli sapatriarqos ar daemorCileboda, igi

saxelmwifos unda daesaja; sasuliero pirebi unda gaewviaT jarSi;

taZris mSeneblobaze nebarTva teritoriuli saxiT saxelmwifos unda

gaeca da ara eklesias, moxatva-restavraciac saxelmwifo organoebis

kompetencia unda yofiliyo, aseve aprotestebdnen im sakiTxs, rom

samuzeumo eqsponatebi aranairad aRar ekuTvnoda eklesias da

dResaswaulebze maTi gamotana am ZeglebisTvis damRupveli iqneboda

[eris saganZuri... 2001:2].

kanonproeqtis preambulaSi ewera (muxli 21.1.) `saxelmwifo aRniSnavs

XIX-XX ss-Si, gansakuTrebiT 1921-90 wlebSi eklesiisTvis materialuri da

moraluri zianis miyenebis faqts da dReisaTvis, rogorc CamorTmeuli

qonebis nawilis mflobeli, aRiarebs am zianis nawilobrivi

anazRaurebis valdebulebas~. mecnierebaTa akademiis wevrTa nawili

miiCnevda, am muxliT aRiarebuli zaralis saxelmwifos mxridan

nawilobrivi anazRaurebis valdebuleba momakvdinebeli iqneboda

saqarTvelos biujetisTvis. isini miiCnevdnen, rom es iyo

`antikonstituciuri, zedmetad `miwieri~ (da `biwieri~) garigeba, rac

SinaaSlilobis kerad gadaiqceoda da sababi iqneboda Teokratiisa. isini

TiTqmis darwmunebulebi iyvnen imaSi, rom es aliansi qonebis dagrovebis

mizniTaa Seqmnili, rom sapatriarqosTvis gazrdili uflebebi

saqarTvelos `miwa-wylis~ dapatronebisa da `saxelmwifos sruli

gaZarcvisTvis~ damtkicda. pretenziebis nawili religiuri niSniT

78

adamianis Tanasworuflebianobis diskriminaciis muxliTac warmodgeboda

[afridoniZe 2001:1-6]. sazogadoebis nawilis azriT es xelSekruleba

arRvevda konstitucias _ kanonis winaSe adamianTa Tanasworobis Sesaxeb

ganurCevlad religiisa; ar pasuxobda adamianis sindisis,

aRmsareblobisa da rwmenis TavisuflebaTa SezRudvis dauSveblobas `Tu

maTi gamovlineba ar laxavs sxvaTa uflebebs~. darwmunebulebi iyvnen,

rom marTlmadidebluri religiis konstituciuri upiratesoba sworedac

rom laxavda aramarTlmadidebelTa uflebebs [loria... 2001:9].

zemoT Cven aRvniSneT, rom sakonstitucio xelSekruleba formdeba

im eklesiasTan, romlis gansakuTrebuli roli aRiarebulia am qveynis

istoriaSi. rac Seexeba seqtebTan urTierTobas, es yvelaze arasasurveli

religiuri warmonaqmnia nebismieri saxelmwifosTvis, amitom jer kidev

1991 w. evrosabWom gamosca specialuri rezolucia `seqtebisa da

religiuri mimdinareobebis Sesaxeb~, romliTac gamocxadda ideuri da

informaciuli brZola maT winaaRmdeg. Tanac evropis bevri qveynis

konstituciaSi Cawerilia, rom rwmenis Tavisufleba daSvebulia, magram

Tu esa Tu is religiuri mimdinareoba ewinaaRmdegeba eris tradiciebs da

mentalitets, is SeiZleba aikrZalos [bakaSvili 2001:5].

`_SeiniSneba seqtebis gansakuTrebuli momZlavreba da aqtiuroba;_SeiniSneba im organoTa uyuradReboba, romlebic valdebulni arian reagirebamoaxdinon am fatebze. es evropuli qveynebis religiuri neitralitetiT arisgamowveuli, rasac moxerxebulad iyeneben seqtebi;_seqtebis fenomenma saerTaSoriso masStabebi miiRo;_seqtebi uzomod sargebloben evrosabWos saxeliT. rezolucia saWirod miiCnevs, romSeiqmnas specialuri kanoni, romelic mimarTuli iqneba seqtis ukanono qmedebaTawinaaRmdeg, riTac gansakuTrebiT zaraldeba axalgazrda Taoba.1992 w.zemoaRniSnulma evropis sabWos saparlamento rezoluciam oficialuri statusimiiRo (# 1178\1992), romelSic naTqvamia:_ unda Seiqmnas specialuri saganmanaTleblo programa, romlis saSualebiTacsazogadoeba informirebuli iqneba seqtebis saSiSroebis Sesaxeb.saWiroa:_ saxelmwifos mier mosaxleobis farTo fenebis informireba im zianis Sesaxeb, racseqtebis saqmianobas mohyveba;_ aRniSnul Temaze adamianTa piradi iniciativisa da aqtivobis zrdis xelSewyoba;_ SemoRebuli iqnas specialuri kanonmdebloba, romlis ZaliTac saxelmwifoorganoebSi registracia unda gaiaron rogorc seqtebma, ise sazRvargareT mdebaremaTma centrebma;_ Seiqmnas specialuri kanonmdebloba, romelic daicavs axalgazrdebs seqtebis mavnezegavlenisgan;_seqtebis mimdevarni informirebulni unda iyvnen, rom arian Tavisufalni da nebismierdros SeuZliaT datovon seqta;_ seqtebSi momuSaveebs unda SeexoT kanoni Sromisa da dazRvevis Sesaxeb [grZeliSvili2002:13].

79

mRvdelmsaxurebi da mecnierTa nawili imedovnebda, rom `konkordati~

da momavlisTvis gaTvaliswinebuli `religiis Sesaxeb kanoni~ qveyanaSi

arsebul religiur siWreles da qaoss daaregulirebda. `religiuri

areulobebis~ erT-erT mTavar mizezad isini mZime socialur pirobebsa

da eklesiaSi SemTxveviTi xalxis moxvedras asaxelebdnen. dekanozi

rostomi (lorTqifaniZe) miiCnevda, rom aRniSnuli SeTanxmeba

aucilebeli iyo, rom religias qarTul sinamdvileSi sakuTari Tavi

aRmoeCina, aemoqmedebina azrovnebis sistema da sxv. `eklesias

saxelmwifosgan araferi sWirdeba, mas mxolod moRvaweobis ufleba unda

miscen~ _ ambobda igi da dasZenda _`religiur qaoss xels isic uwyobs,

rom eklesiaSi SemTxveviTi xalxi momravlda~. saxelmwifo samarTlisa

da religiis institutis direqtori b. gelaSvili Tvlida, rom

seqtantebis momravleba ucodinarobis brali ar iyo, `Tavi da Tavi aris

mZime socialuri mdgomareoba. seqtebi sazRvargareTidan finansdebian.

aqedan gamomdinare ama Tu im religiuri mimdinareobis wevric garkveul

gasamrjelos Rebulobs~. isini, aseve, sapatriarqos sisusteze saubroben

_ rom saqarTvelos sapatriarqo ver axerxebs marTlmadidebeli eklesiis

gaaqtiurebas da Tavisi religiuri mrwamsis propagandas [gulua 2002:6].

rogorc aRvniSneT, evropis saxelmwifoebSi yvelanairi urTierTobebi,

maT Soris religiuric, kanonis ZaliT regulirdeba. samwuxarod, CvenSi

SeiniSneba is azri, rom rwmenis TavisuflebaSi igulisxmeba religiuri

anarqia [grZeliSvili 2002:13]. konkordatis ZaliT swored saxelmwifosa

da eklesias Soris urTierToba regulirdeba da amiT orives meti

saSualeba eZleva win aRudgnen prozelitizms. eklesiis sabrZolo

iaraRs eresebis winaaRmdeg ara agresiuli, xmamaRali gamosvlebi da

qmedebebi, aramed qadageba hqvia.

2000 wlis saaRdgomo epistoleSi saqarTvelos kaTolikos_patriarqi

swored am araswor midgomasa da mcdar gaazrebaze amaxvilebda

yuradRebas, romelic sazogadoebaSi iyo gavrcelebuli: `saxelmwifoSi,

sadac meqanikurad imeoreben sxvaTa naazrevs, sxvaTa formulebs, viRebT

usulo, daStampul, sicocxlis unardakargul sazogadoebas, romelic

80

aucileblad ganviTarebis degradaciuli gzisTvisaa ganwiruli. es

aqsiomaa...

demokratiuli wyobis erT-erTi mTavari dadebiTi mxare swored is

aris, rom aseT qveynebSi gansakuTrebulad ufrTxildebian sxvis

Rirsebas, TavisTavadobas da qmnian pirobebs adgilobrivi mosaxleobis

SesaZleblobebis sruli gamovlenisTvis. CvenTan ki zogierTni swored

demokratiis saxeliT upirispirdebian imas, rac ganapirobebs eris

individualobas da TviTmyofadobas, upirispirdebian Cvens tradiciebsa

da kulturas. gacnobierebulad Tu gaucnobiereblad cdiloben qveyanas

gadauWran is macocxlebeli fesvebi, romelic asazrdoebs Cvens ers da

ganapirobebs mis winsvlas~ [giorgaZe 2000:4].

bunebrivia, sakonstitucio SeTanxmebas eyoleboda mowinaaRmdege,

rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise mis gareT. im periodSi, roca moaxloebuli

iyo SeTanxmebis xelmoweris dro, gaisma xma, rom SeiZleba 14 oqtombers

prezidents xeli ar moewera konkordatze da amis erT-erT mTavar

mizezad dasaxelda `prezidentis administraciaSi iseTi pirebis

arseboba, romlebic Seecdebodnen SevardnaZisTvis dokumentze xelmowera

gadaefiqrebinaT~ [asaniSvili 2002:6].

winaaRmdegoba modioda qveynis garedanac da es winaaRmdegoba miT

ufro Zlierdeboda da kategoriul saxes Rebulobda, rac ufro

axlovdeboda dokumentis gaformebis TariRi.

2001 w. agvistoSi adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso

organizaciam `Human Rights Watch~_ma gamoaqveyna memorandumi, romelSic

aRwera saqarTveloSi aramarTlmadideblur sarwmunoebaTa

aRmsareblebis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli Tavdasxmebis faqtebi da

aSS-is administracias mouwoda, yuradReba mieqcia saqarTvelos

xelisuflebis uunarobisTvis am saqmeSi. 2002 w. maisSi prezidentma miiRo

15 senatoris, maT Soris hilari qlintonis mier xelmowerili werili,

romelSic mas mouwodebdnen, yuradReba gaemaxvilebina saqarTveloSi

mZvinvare religiuri Seuwynareblobaze, evropis sabWom ki saqarTvelo

rasizmSi daadanaSaula. prezidentma Sesabamis uwyebebs daavala mkacrad

gaekontrolebinaT es sakiTxebi [mexatiSvili 2002:9]. 2001 wels

81

evrosabWodan gamogzavnil rekomendaciebSi miTiTebuli iyo, rom

saqarTvelos unda mieRo kanoni religiur organizaciaTa Sesaxeb da ara

daedo xelSekruleba saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris [kikaCeiSvili

2001:8]. am faqtebisa da ruseTis gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT (ix. kari

II, Tavi I, $2), Cans, aSS-sa da evrosabWosTvis postkomunistur sivrceSi

politikis da maT Soris religiis sakiTxebis kontroli did

mniSvnelobas iZenda, rac, safiqrebelia, maTi gavlenis damyareba-

gafarToebisken mimarTuli RonisZiebebi iyo.

qveyanaSi romelime eklesiis an religiuri organizaciisTvis

gansakuTrebuli statusis miniWeba ar arRvevs saerTaSoriso normebs,

paqtebsa da xelSekrulebebs, ar zRudavs adamianis uflebebsa da

sindisis Tavisuflebas, ar ewinaaRmdegeba demokratizaciis principebs.

amis dasturad, 2000 wlis TebervalSi ekonomikisa da samarTlis

institutSi konferenciaze daiwera werili: `Cven, sxvadasxva religiuri

konfesiebis warmoadgenlebi da maTi liderebi vadasturebT istoriuli

religiis mniSvnelobas, rogorc kavkasiis yoveli konkretuli

qveynisaTvis, aseve sruliad kavkasiisTvis~ [bakaSvili 2000:10], romelsac

xels awerdnen saqarTveloSi arsebuli kaTolikuri da somxur-

grigorianuli eklesiebis, kavkasiel mahmadianTa da saqarTvelos

baptistTa meTaurebi saqarTvelos sapatriarqos warmomadgenlebTan

erTad. aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelo xelmZRvanelobda saerTaSoriso

normebiT da adamianis sindisis Tavisuflebis dacvis principiT.

Tanamedrove demokratiac imas niSnavs, rom umaRles doneze iqnes

uzrunvelyofili moqalaqeTa moTxovnilebebi, romelTa Soris erT-erTi

swored sulieri moTxovnilebaa.

konkordatis gaformebiT saxelmwifom eklesia aRiara sajaro

samarTlis iuridiul pirad, xolo imdenad, ramdenadac sajaro

samarTlis iuridiul pirs ayalibebs saxelmwifo an iqmneba kanonis

safuZvelze, eklesias sajaro samarTalSi eZleva gansakuTrebuli

iuridiuli piris statusi. konstituciuri SeTanxmeba umaRlesi rangis

sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri ewodeba iseT organizacias, romlis saqmianobamimarTulia saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad.

82

iuridiuli dokumentia. masze maRla mxolod saqarTvelos konstitucia

dgas.

miuxedavad didi winaaRmdegobisa da xelis SemSleli faqtorebisa,

2002 wlis 14 oqtombers, sveticxovloba dRes, mcxeTaSi, sveticxovlis

sakaTedro taZarSi xeli moewera sakonstitucio SeTanxmebas

saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel

avtokefalur samociqulo eklesias Soris. saxelmwifos mxriv xeli

moawera saqarTvelos prezidentma eduard SevardaZem, eklesiis mxriv ki

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma ilia II-m. 17 oqtombers

wminda sinodma moaxdina misi ratifikacia, 22 oqtombers ki SeTanxmeba

saqarTvelos parlamentma daamtkica.

dokumentze xelmoweris Semdeg ed. SevardnaZem warmoTqva sityva,

riTic xazi gausva pirad keTilganwyobas uwmindesisa da unetaresis

mimarT da aRniSna sakuTari keTili neba am dokumentis SeqmnaSi: `es

SeTanxmeba ar iqneboda da ar iqneboda igi xelmowerili, rom ar

yofiliyo gansakuTrebuli urTierToba da keTili neba ori adamianisa _

upirveles yovlisa misi uwmindebulesobisa da yovelgvari Tavmdablobis

gareSe vityvi _ saqarTvelos prezidentisa... me mimaCnia, rom Cemi

movaleoba, manam sanam saqarTvelos prezidenti viqnebi da Semdegac,

roca me Cveulebrivi moqalaqis roli unda Sevasrulo, imaSi

mdgomareobs, rom vizruno, raTa yoveli fraza, yoveli sityva am

dokumentisa iqces saqmed~ [ComaxaSvili 2002:14].

saqarTvelos prezidentis 2003 w. 7 ianvris #1 brZanebulebiT

saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris dadebuli konstituciuri SeTanxmebiT

gaTvaliswinebuli RonisZiebebis momzadebis mizniT Seiqmna 5 komisia:

a) jvriweris saxelmwifo aRiarebasTan dakavSirebuli samarTlebrivi

aqtebis momzadebis komisia;

b) kapelanis institutis Seqmnis komisia;

g) saRvTo sjulis swavlebis sakiTxTa komisia;

d) kulturuli memkvidreobis sferoSi samarTlebrivi da qonebrivi

urTierTobebis mowesrigebis RonisZiebaTa komisia;

83

e) eklesiisTvis miyenebuli materialuri zianis nawilobrivi

kompensaciis sakiTxebis Semswavleli komisia [CikvaiZe 2003:34].

aRniSnul komisiebSi Sevidnen rogorc mTavrobis, ise sapatriarqos

warmomadgenlebi. dagegmili iyo am SeTanxmebaSi Cadebuli pirobebis

droulad aRsruleba, magram saqarTvelos istoriis uaxlesma movlenebma

garkveulwilad Seaferxa da Seanela es procesi (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs

vardebis revolucia). Tumca imdenad, ramdenadac konkordati

sakonstitucio SeTanxmebaa, misi aRsrulebis aucilebloba iseTsave

mniSvnelobas iZens, rogorsac konstituciis dacva.

ase rom, sakonstitucio SeTanxmeba didi zewolis pirobebSi

momzadda. morwmuneTaTvisac da aramorwmuneTaTvisac es faqti

saeriozul gamowvevad iqca – bevri dabrkolda imis SiSiT, rom

saqarTvelo klerikalur qveyanad iqceoda. Tumca maTi molodini arc

iseTi saSiSi aRmoCnda, rogorc elodnen – saxelmwifosa da eklesias

Soris SeTanxmeba da am ukanasknelisTvis iuridiuli statusis miniWeba

iseTive Cveulebrivi movlenaa, rogorc nebismieri sxva iuridiuli

sakiTxis mogvareba qveynis SigniT. rac Seexeba sxva konfesiebis

uflebebs, maTi uflebebi yovelTvis daculia da istoriulad, arc erTi

erovnebisa da religiis warmomadgenels saqarTveloSi problema ar

hqonia. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia sazRvargareT arsebuli

sxva eklesiis nawili ar aris, aramed organizaciulad dasrulebuli

saxiT swored saqarTveloSia warmodgenili. sxva konfesiebi ki

saqarTvelos farglebs gareT arsebuli religiuri organizaciebis

mxolod struqturuli erTeulebia da Sesabamisad, eqvemdebarebian

TavianT centrebs. maT ar aqvT damoukidebeli moqmedebis

uflebamosileba. amasTanave, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan

SedarebiT sruliad gansxvavebulia maTi roli Cveni qveynis istoriaSi.

amitomac mxolod saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan arsebobs

konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadebis iuridiuli da istoriuli

safuZvlebi.

84

$2. sazogadoebrivi azri aTeizmsa da urwmunoebaze postsabWour

saqarTveloSi (axali aTaswleulis dasawyisi)

vardebis revoluciis Semdgom periods Cvens kvlevaSi Segnebulad ar

vexebiT, radgan es urTierToba eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris jer

kidev mimdinare procesia, ar dasrulebula da aseTi droiTi siaxlovis

gamo Tavs vikavebT SesaZlo araswori Sefasebebisa da daskvnebisgan.

Tumca garkveuli istoriuli periodis kvlevisas Znelia drois

konkretul CarCoebSi dateva, miT umetes iseTi mimdinare periodis

Seswavlisas, rogoric postsabWoTa xanaa. winamdebare sakiTxi vardebis

revoluciis Semdgom periodSi ufro aqtualuri gaxda. saqarTveloSi

aTeizmi araa didad popularuli da TvalSisacemi Tema, Sesabamisad, am

mimarTulebiT kvleva jer ar Catarebula. magram Cven mainc jerovnad

miviCnieT sawyis etapze aRniSnuli sakiTxisTvis yuradRebis miqceva.

evropisa da aziis mijnaze mdebare saqarTvelos mosaxleoba

yovelTvis gamoirCeoda erovnuli, enobrivi, kulturuli da religiuri

mravalferovnebiT. qveynis amgvari realoba XXI saukunis dasawyisSic

grZeldeba. 2002 wels Catarebuli sociologiuri gamokiTxvebis mixedviT,

saqarTvelos 4,4 milioniani mosaxleobis erovnul umravlesobas

qarTvelebi Seadgenen (daaxl. mosaxleobis 80%), Semdegi didi erovnuli

jgufia azerbaijanelebi (7%), somxebi (6%) da a.S. religiuri

kuTvnilebac metnaklebad Sesabamisadaa gadanawilebuli (samwuxarod,

saqarTveloSi am mxriv Catarebuli kvlevebi didi iSviaTobas

warmoadgens, amitom vkmayofildebiT Cvens xelT arsebuli 2002 wlis

gamokiTxviT da aseve mcire masStaburi kvlevebiT). qarTveli

mosaxleobis absoluturi umravlesoba Tavs qarTul marTlmadidebel

eklesias akuTvnebs. mosaxleobis daaxl. 10% muslimia (maTSi moiazreba

aWareli muslimebi da saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi azerbaijanelebi da CeCen-

qistebi). kaTolikebi daaxloebiT 0,8%-s Seadgenen, qurTi iezidebi 0,4%,

berZnuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis warmomadgenlebi 0,34% arian, xolo

ebraelebi 0,22%. protestantebi da sxva aratradiciuli denominaciebi

met aqtiurobas iCenen, magram realurad mosaxleobis 1%-sac ar Seadgenen

[International Religious… 2008].

85

am monacemebs erovnulad ganwyobili qarTveli siamayiT gaecnoba.

Tumca, mocemuli suraTis realobaSi darwmuneba advili araa, rodesac

ukeT CaveZiebiT sazogadoebaSi arsebul viTarebas.

sxvadasxva sociliogiuri Tu fsiqologiuri dakvirveba cxadhyofs,

rom saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiisadmi mosaxleobis 80%-is

kuTvnileba mTlad realuri araa – anu, esaa, ufro metad, fsiqologiuri

momenti, rodesac adamiani Tavs akuTvnebs qveynis tradiciul

sarwmunoebas, Tumca es araa am adamianebis morwmuneobisa da

eklesiurobis xarisxis pirdapirproporciuli...

am mimarTulebiT erT-erTi mcire kvleva (1000 gamokiTxuli) Catarda

2003 wels fsiqolog gaga niJaraZis xelmZRvanelobiT [religiuri

problematikis... 2003]. am kvlevis Sedegad gamoikveTa Semdegi konturebi:

kiTxvaze – miiCnevT Tu ara Tavs morwmuned? 18,5 %-ma sakuTari Tavi

Zlier morwmuneTa rigs miakuTvna, metnakleb morwmuneTa procentuli

maCvenebeli 78%-ia, xolo 5%-ze odnav metma ar miiCnia Tavi morwmuned.

mxolod umniSvnelo raodenobas gauWirda kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema.

imave kvlevaSi Cadebuli iyo wyviladi debulebac: ra aris umjobesi

qveynisTvis: rom yvela qarTveli marTlmadidebeli iyos, Tu saziano ar

iqneba sxva aRmsareblebis arsebobac? am kiTxvaze respodentTa 80%

miiCnevs, rom yvela qarTveli marTlmadidebeli unda iyos, xolo 20%-

isTvis es sulac araa aucilebeli. 60% miiCnevs, rom aRmsareblobis

arCevis sakiTxSi aucilebelia Tavisufleba da Caurevloba, 40% piriqiT

fiqrobs.

am kvlevis mixedviT Cans, rom eklesia didi mxardaWeriT sargeblobs.

es ki ganapirobebs tendencias, rom aramorwmuned Tavis gamocxadeba

arapopularulia, anu sazogadoebrivi saxis SesanarCuneblad sakuTari

Tavi morwmuned unda CaTvalo da gamoacxado.

imisTvis, rom davrwmunebuliyavi am kvlevebis sinamdvileSi,

gadavwyvite realuri suraTi Semeswavla da gavcnobodi sazogadoebriv

azrs iq, sadac xalxi dafaruli saxelebiT, magram gulwrfelad

86

saubrobs - aseTia saqarTvelos virtualur sirvceSi arc Tu mcire

raodenobis forumebi. radgan sakiTxi, romelic me wamovWeri mraval

aspeqts moicavs, gadavwyvite damekonkretebina da Semeswavla aTeizmis

mdgomareoba dRevandel saqarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdebSi.

sakiTxSi ufro Rrmad Caxedvis Semdeg, gamiCnda eWvi, rom axal

aTaswleulSi gaCnda urwmunoebis/aTeizmis axali saxeoba, romelic

gaTavisuflebulia komunisturi gadmonaSTebisgan, ar aris popularuli

sasaubro Tema, magram realurad sul ufro farTod vrceldeba,

gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdebSi. 1990-iani wlebidan rwmenisken mobrunebis

tendenciebis Semdeg SeiniSneba sarwmunoebisadmi sazogadoebis aRqmisa

da damokidebulebis cvlileba. amis gaTvaliswinebiT uprianad miviCnieT

sawyis etapze Segveswavla aRniSnuli problema.

aTeizmis Tema TiTqmis yvela forumzea gaxsnili. momxmarebelTa

arcTu mcire raodenoba emxroba mas da Tavis pozicias sxvadasxva

argumentebiT xsnis. Tumca aqvea aRsaniSnavi, rom mkveTrad aTeisturi

pozicia iSviaTia, umetesad fiqsirdeba uaryofiTi an agnostikuri

damokidebuleba eklesiisa da zogadad religiis mimarT. aseve SeimCneva

gauTviTcnobierebuloba urwmunoebis sakiTxSi: anu, aTeisti aris

adamiani, romelic erTmniSvnelovnad uaryofs RmerTis arsebobas;

urwmuno – ar misdevs saeklesio tradiciebs, xolo agnostikosisTvis

sul erTia nebismieri religiuri sakiTxi da tradicia. forumebis

monawileTa didi nawilisTvis es ase mkveTrad gansazRvruli araa

forumis wevrebi miiCneven, rom rac dro gadis, aTeizmi da zogadad

arareligiuroba ufro popularuli xdeba saqarTveloSi. amis gamomwvev

subieqtur da obieqtur mizezebze cota mogvianebiT visaubrebT.

forumelebis mosazrebebis Seswavlis safuZvelze gamoikveTa

ramdenime mizezi, ris gamoc isini miiCneven, rom arareligiuroba ufro

metad ikidebs fexs qarTul sazogadoebaSi:

1. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoeba

iqca erovnulobisa da patriotizmis simbolod da Sesabamisad, TiTqmis

savaldebulod. aqedan gamomdinare, 1990-ianebis `isteriuli

87

gaqristianeba-gamarTlmadideblobis~ fonze bunebrivad gaCnda

sawinaaRmdego tendencia, rac ufro metad `fsevdoaTeizmi da

ukureaqciaa tyuilad pirjvrismwereli xalxis saqcielze~;

[http://forum.tsu.ge 2009].

2. eklesiam ver moaxdina saWiro dros Tavis sworad warmoCena;

3. forumebis wevrebis nawili mniSvnelovan dabrkolebad miiCnevs

moZRvarTa arasakmaris ganTlebulobas da rac mTavaria, maT

mouclelobas. forumebis momxmarebelTa Soris araerTxel dafiqsirda

Semdegi pozicia: `me aTeizmsa da morwmuneobas Soris var gaWedili.

bevri kiTxva maqvs, razec veravin gamca pasuxi~ [http://tbiliso.ge 2009].

forumelebis garkveuli nawili wuxs an amayobs imiT, rom misTvis

saintereso sakiTxebze moZRvrebs esaubrnen an ekamaTnen da sabolood

maTgan an pasuxi ver miiRes an garkveul kiTxvebSi `CaWres~. faqti faqtad

rCeba, Tanamedrove moZRvrebis inteleqtualuri done xSirad ver

pasuxobs axalgazrdaTa interesebs: 1990-ianebSi sxva damokidebuleba iyo

eklesiis mimarT – maSin mTavari iyo Catarebuliyo wirva-locva,

aRsrulebuliyo ritualebi da manamde yovelive amas moklebuli

sazogadoeba xsnad da Svelad miiCnevda maTSi monawileobas. magram dro

da Taoba swrafad Seicvala da gaCnda axali moTxovnebi eklesiisa da

maT mesveurTa mimarT. axalgazrdebisTvis, romlebic informaciuli

epoqis Svilebi arian, aRaraa sakmarisi mxolod saeklesio ritualebSi

monawileobis miReba, maTTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovani gaxda meti codnis

miReba. moumzadebeli moZRvrebi, romlebic ver pasuxoben axalgazrdebis

molodins saqcieliT Tu inteleqtiT, dabrkolebad eRobebaT maT, xolo

inteleqtualuri moZRvris SemTxvevaSi problemas misi moucleloba

warmoadgens, roca mas faqtobrivad ar aqvs dro mrevlis

warmomadgenlebTan piradi saubrisTvis (rac aseve dabrkolebad iqceva,

gansakuTrebiT damwyebTaTvis).

4. Semdegi mizezi SeiZleba wina mizezidanac gamomdinareobdes an

damoukideblad gaCndes – esaa adamianis egocentrizmi. anu aTeists

(ufro xSirad, ubralod, urwmunos) metad swams sakuTari Tavis,

SesaZleblobebis, inteleqtis. amis dasturad, erT-erTi forumeli wers:

`saqarveloSi me forumeli da studenti aTeistebis garda sxva aTeisti

88

ar minaxavs. SesaZloa vaWarbebde, magram es imis bralia, rom

saqarTveloSi inteleqtualuri potenciali dabalia~ [http://forum.ge

2007].

saerTod, aramorwmuneTa, metadre aTeistTa azri aseTia, rom

morwmuneebi naklebs azrovneben, radgan mindobilni arian RvTiur Zalas,

maSin, roca aramorwmuneebi da aTeistebi sakuTari pirovnuli

siZlieriTa da inteleqtiT amayoben, radgan damokidebulni arian

mxolod sakuTar Tavsa da SesaZleblobebze da ara `gamogonil

zebunebriv Zalebze~. aseTi damokidebuleba damaxasiaTebelia yvela

aTeist-aramorwmunisaTvis aramxolod saqarTveloSi, aramed msoflioSic.

5. aTeizmisa da/an aramorwmuneobis erT-erTi mizezi mebrZoli

aTeizmis uaxloesi warsulicaa. sabWoTa kavSirSi dabadebul-gazrdili

adamianebi da maTi Svilebi Zalauneburad maSindeli ideologiis

gavlenis qveS rCebian, Tumca es SemTxveva araa imdenad gavrcelebuli da

ufro metad ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenlebs exebaT.

6. aTeizmis gapopularulebis kidev erT mizezad miiCneva moda. erT-

erTi forumeli ambobs – rogorc 90-ian wlebSi iyo morwmuneoba moduri,

ise axla dasavleTidan Semosuli aTeizmi da liberalizmia modaSi da

qarTvelebic vcdilobT msoflio modis tendenciebs ar CamovrCeTo

[http://politforumi.com 2009].

sainteresoa, rom aTeizmze sajaro saubari internet Tu beWdviT

sivrceSi daaxloebiT 2007 wlidan aqtiurdeba. erT-erT mizezad miviCnevT

egzistencialuri usafrTxoebis Teoriis erT-erT debulebas, romlis

mixedviTac rTul pirobebSi gazrdili bavSvi metadaa midrekili

religiurobisken da es grZeldeba zrdasrul asakSi, maSinac ki Tu misi

pirobebi gaumjobesebulia. am debulebaze dayrdnobiT, SegviZlia

miviCnioT, rom 2007 wels samoRvaweo asparezze gamodis is Taoba,

romelic im rTul 1990-ian wlebSia dabadebuli, magram maTi Segnebuli

cxovreba Semdgom periods emTxveva. Tuki amas davumatebT im politikur

ritorikas eklesiis mimarT, rac axali aTaswleulis pirvel dekadaSi

JRerda wamyvani politikuri Zalebis mxridan, msgavsi

89

urwmuno/agnostikuri/aTeisturi damokidebulebis gamomJRavnebac ucnauri

ar iqneba [kekelia... 2013:173].

sufTa wylis aTeisti iSviaTobaa Cven sazogadoebaSi, ZiriTadad

urwmunoebi, eklesiaze gabrazebulebi, antiqristianebi an nihilistebi

gvxvdebian. zogs miaCnia, rom eklesia xelisSemSlelia masa da RmerTs

Soris urTierTobebSi, zogi fiqrobs, rom eklesia is manqanaa, romelic

masebis marTvisTvisaa gamogonili, zogi ki ubralod ibralebs

aTeistobas imisTvis, rom iyos gamorCeuli. araerTi SemTxvevaa, rodesac

eklesiaSi Sesuli moumzadebeli adamiani gamoaZeves araswori

Cacmulobisa Tu sxva niSnis mixedviT. eklesiisa da marTlmadideblobis

winaaRmdeg maT gansawyobad esec sakmarisi gaxda.

forumebis wevrebis nawerebis gacnobisas SevniSne, rom axalgazrda

Taobis arcTu didi, magram mniSvnelovani nawilis inteleqtualuri

wiaRsvlebi, ganaTlebuloba da analitikuri azrovneba namdvilad

saSuria. isic SesamCnevia, rom zogi maTgani metismeti kiTxviT moqceula

sxvadasxva, saqarTvelosTvis aratradiciuli religiebis gavlenis qveS;

gavecani bevr saintereso mosazrebas. ra Tqma unda, yvelas ver

movaTavseb am naSromSi, Tumca aTeizmisa Tu urwmunoebis gamomwvev

fsiqologiur faqtorebze gadasasvlelad erT-erTi forumelis daskvnas

gamoviyeneb: `aTeizmi naklebi tvirTis Trevaa cxovrebaSi~ [http://planeta.ge

2009]. swored es da sxva ramdenime fsiqologiuri faqtori da ganwyoba

ganapirobebs adamianis daSorebas religiisgan.

urwmunoebis gamomwvevi fsiqologiuri faqtorebis gasacnobad

ramdenime Tanamedrove evropeli da amerikeli fsiqologis kvlevas

mivmarTeT, romelTac am sakiTxebze aqvT Catarebuli dakvirvebebi.

saintereso daskvnebi aqvs gakeTebuli niu iorkis universitetis

wamyvan fsiqologs pol s. vitss [Vitz 2011]. misi azriT, arsebobs ori

zogadi faqtori, ramac SeiZleba adamiani aTeizmamde miiyvanos: 1. rwmena

imisa, rom aTeizmi aris realisturi, maSin rodesac sarwmunoeba

sasurvelobis fiqria (wishful thinking) da 2. pirovnuli mizezebi. am

ukanasknelSi erTiandeba ramdenime faqtori: a) provincializmis fonze

90

dabneulobis gamo saero cxovrebaSi gamocdilebis miRebis survili; b)

gamorCeulobis survili; g) pirovnulad moxerxebuli mdgomareoba

arsebul sekularul sazogadoebasa da daCqarebul droSi.

am TvalsazrisiT, vitsi ganixilavs froidis mosazrebas aTeizmTan

dakavSirebiT. es ukanaskneli sakuTari `proeqciis Teoriis~ mixedviT

miiCnevda, rom adamiani qmnis/igonebs religias imisTvis, rom Tavi daicvas

zebunebrivi Zalebisgan. rogorc bavSvs sWirdeba mama, ise adamiani

grZnobs mcveli RmerTis Seqmnis saWiroebas. xolo oidiposis kompleqsis

gaTvaliswinebiT, aTeizmi swored is movlenaa, roca adamians surs

RmerTis anu mamis gansaxierebis, mokvla.

imisTvis, rom es Teoria gadaemowmebina, pol vitsma gamoikvlia yvela

met-naklebad cnobili warsuli Tu misi Tanamedrove aTeisti

fsiqologebis biografia. am dakvirvebis mixedviT vitsi mivida

daskvnamde, rom iseTi cnobili fsiqologebisa da filosofosebis

biografiebSi, rogorebic iyvnen: zigmund froidi, Tomas honi, ludvig

fon foierbaxi, artur Sopenhaueri, fridrix nicSe da sxvebi, yvelas aqvs

bavSvobisdroindeli ojaxuri problemebiT dazianebuli fsiqika.

uklebliv yvela am SemTxveveb-Si ojaxuri problemebi dakavSirebulia

mamebTan da maT Soris, yvelaze msubuqi tramva, romelic imdenad didad

ar moqmedebda mozardis Tavmoyvareobaze, mamis gardacvaleba iyo (sxva

SemTxvevebSi es iyo zneobrivad gaxrwnili mama; mama, romelmac ojaxs

uRalata da imave qalaqSi sxva qalTan daiwyo cxovreba; agresiuli mama;

mama, romelsac ar SeeZlo ojaxis rCena; mama, romelmac ojaxis wevri an

ucxo adamiani mokla da sxv.).

sapirispiro mdgomareoba gvaqvs morwmune mecnierebTan, romlebsac

SesaniSnavi urTierToba hqondaT mamebTan. pol vitsi gamoyofs or

gamonaklis SemTxvevas: erTia jon stuart mili, romelic cnobili

aTeisti iyo, miuxedavad imisa, rom mas SesaniSnavi urTierToba hqonda

mamasTan. magram aq sxva faqtori iyo – misi mama iyo aTeisti da SvilSi

aseTi msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibeba bunebrivi iyo. aseve iyo deni

didro, romelsac mozrdilobamde kargi urTierToba hqonda mamasTan.

91

fsiqologebi aRiareben, rom rwmena an urwmunoeba araa didad

damokidebuli garemo faqtorebsa da gavlenaze, anu SesaZloa

morwmuneoba gagrZeldes inerciiTa da tradiciiT, rac arsebobs ojaxsa

Tu garemoSi; SeiZleba piriqiT, iqces adamianisTvis Tavis daRwevis,

winaaRmdegobis da Sesabamisad, urwmunoebis mizezad. SesaZlebelia

sawinaaRmdegoc, urwmuno adamiani gaxdes didi morwmune da TiToeuli am

SemTxvevis araerTi magaliTi gvaqvs Tundac dRevandel yofaSi.

fsiqologebi gamoyofen urwmunoebis sam saxes: `pozitiuri aTeizmi~ -

erTmniSvnelovnad RvTis urwmunoeba; `negatiuri aTeizmi~ - ubralod

Teisturi rwmenis arqona da `agnosticizmi~ - romelsac arc swams da

arc ar swams RmerTis. filosofosebi bevrs daoben imaze, miiCnion Tu

ara aTeizmi religiad. wamyvani aTeisti filosofosi maiql martini (2002)

miiCnevs, rom aTeizmi unda iyos ganxiluli rwmenis TvalsazrisiT,

radgan igi moicavs rwmenas [Hood... 2009]. daaxloebiT imaves amtkicebs

RvTismetyveli a. osipovi, oRond cota gansxvavebul aspeqtSi, roca

ambobs `aTeizmi aris rwmena da rwmenaTa Soris erTaderTi, romelsac

Tavisi namdvilobis damamtkicebeli arcerTi argumenti ar gaaCnia~-o

[gignaZe 2004:12].

amerikeli fsiqologebis dakvirvebiT arsebobs cxovrebiseuli

periodebi, rodesac adamiani droebiT an samudamod tovebs rwmenas. aseTi

kvleva Catarda kolejis studentebze 1991, 1993 da 1999 wlebSi.

morwmuneTa umetesoba studentobis wlebSi religiis mimarT inertuli

gaxda, magram kolejis dasrulebis Semdgom isini daubrundnen eklesias.

fsiqologebis dakvirvebiT, erT-erT ganmapirobebel faqtorad am

studentebis ojaxebSi dabruneba da ojaxTan axlo urTierToba gaxda.

amave sakiTxze 1977 wels amerikelma fsiqologebma kaplovicma da

Seroum Caatares kvleva da gamoyves 4 faqtori, romelic ganapirobebs

urwmunoebas (rwmenis mitovebas): 1. mcire doziT mSoblebTan urTierToba,

2. nevrozisa an nervuli darRvevebis simptomebi, 3. radikaluri an

memarcxene politikuri orientacia, 4. inteleqtualizmis pretenzia

[Hood... 2009].

92

marTalia, erebs Soris fsiqologia da msoflmxedveloba didad

gansxvavdeba, magram migvaCnia, rom ucxoeli mkvlevrebis es dakvirvebebi

sayuradRebo unda iyos Cveni sazogadoebisTvisac.

radgan analizisas gavcdiT saqarTvelos farglebs, minda aqve

moviyvano statistika, romelic gviCvenebs, rom msoflioSi gavrcelebuli

religiebis (qristianoba (yvela mimarTulebis) – 33%, islami (yvela

mimarTulebis) – 21%) Semdeg, aTeizmi/urwmuneoba/agnosticizmi mesame

adgilzea msoflio mosaxleobis 16%-iT. urwmunoebis yvelaze maRali

maCvenebeli SvedeTSia, igi mosaxleobis 46-85%-s Seadgens. israelSi –

15-37% Tvlis Tavs aTeistad-urwmunod; ukrainaSi 20%, somxeTSi 14%,

ruseTis sazogadoebaSi aTeizmi da urwmunoeba daaxloebiT 24-48%-mde

meryeobs, xolo erTaderT qveyanaSi - saberZneTSi, sadac

marTlmadidebloba saxelmwifo religiadaa gamocxadebuli, es

maCvenebeli 16%-ia [Zuckerman, 2005]. ucnaur daskvnamde mividnen

mkvlevarebi, msoflioSi aTeizmisa da urwmunoebis sakiTxis Seswavlisas:

minesotas universitetis mkvlevarebma aRmoaCines, rom msoflioSi

aTeistebi yvelaze naklebi ndobiT sargebloben iseT umciresobebTan

SedarebiTac ki, rogorebic arian musulmanebi, axali emigrantebi,

seqsualuri umciresobebi da kriminalebic ki. aTeistebi SedarebiT

gavrcelebulni arian evropaSi, avstralia-axal zelandiaSi da yofil da

axlandel komunistur qveynebSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom SedarebiTi kvlevis

mixedviT msoflioSi daaxloebiT 14-16% urwmunoa, xolo aTeistebi 2,5-

4%-s Seadgenen [Discrimination against… http://en.wikipedia.org]. am monacemebis

mixedviT irkveva, rom aTeistebi raodenobrivad imaze metni arian, vidre

odesme yofilan, Tumca procentuli maCvenebeli aCvenebs TiTqos maTi

raodenoba iklebs. es imitom, rom Sobadoba gacilebiT maRalia

religiur sazogadoebebSi [Eurobarometer Poll 2005].

misaniSnebelia, rom zusti cifrebis miReba metad rTulia, rogorc zogadadsarwmunoebis sakiTxSi, ise urwmunoebis SemTxvevaSic, radgan gamokiTxulTagangarkveuli nawili akuTvnebs Tavs urwmunoebs, magram mxolod mcire ricxvi TuaRiarebs rom ekuTvnis aTeistTa rigebs. ori maCvenebeli aRniSnavs sxvadasxva gamokiTxvaTa Sedegebis mixedviT minimum damaqsimim procentulobas.

93

SedarebiTi analizisTvis, ruseTSi postsabWouri aTeizmis kvlevisas

aRmovaCineT, rom rusi aTeistebi didad gansxvavdebian qarTveli

Tanamoazreebisgan. iq aTeizmi gacilebiT agresiulia, organizebuli da

aqtiuri. misi aqtiurobis gamovlena 1993-94 wlebidan daiwyo da dRes ukve

moicavs sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan elitarul nawils, rogorebic arian

mecnierebi, politikosebi, Jurnalistebi da rac mTavaria, studenti-

axalgazrdebi. maT Seqmnili aqvT organizaciebi, Jurnalebi, saitebi da

didad aqtiuroben politikaSi damkvidrebisTvisac.

SedarebisTvis davinteresdi saqarTvelos aTeistebiT, magram

sakuTari ZalebiT mivakvlie mxolod `saqarTvelos aTeistTa vebgverds~,

romelic Seqmnilia rusul serverze 2006 wels da amdeni wlis arsebobis

manZilze me mxolod 880-e vizitori viyavi. sasacilo da erTgvarad

amazrzeni iyo is faqtic, rom rodesac movisurve gavcnobodi saitis

forums, linkma gadamiyvana friad uxams rusul gverdebze. es yvelaferi

araseriozulad aRiqmeba, aCens kiTxvebs, Tumca amasTanave yvelaferi

pasuxis gareSec naTeli xdeba.

yovelive amis fonze religias da religiurobas mainc myari

safuZveli aqvs saqarTveloSi: gamokiTxvebis mixedviT, qveynis

mosaxleobis 83% marTlmadideblobas akuTvnebs Tavs. gamokiTxulTa 41%-

s religia Zalian mniSvnelovnad miaCnia yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, 52%-s

ki mniSvnelovnad. RvTismsaxurebaze daswrebis maCvenebeli sakmaod

dabalia 17%, Tumca es ricxvi cvalebadia: 2008 wels igi 16% iyo, 2009-Si

22%, 2010-11-Si kvlav 17-18%. am monacemebSi yvelaze sayuradRebo mainc

isaa, rom religiurad mcxovrebi adamianebis didi nawili dedaqalaqSi

mcxovrebi, umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone axalgazrdebi arian, romelTac

bavSvoba 1990-ian wlebSi, mZime politikur da ekonomikur (arausafrTxo)

situaciaSi gaatares [Caucasus Barometer 2012]; [kekelia... 2013:70].

postsabWouri saqarTvelos sazogadoebaSi didia eklesiisadmi ndoba.

kvlevebis mixedviT, qarTuli eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelis sityvas qveynis

http://geoatheism.narod.ru

94

pirvel pirze meti reitingi gaaCnia. dResdReobiT erTgvar pliusad

miiCneva morwmuneoba da eklesiuroba – rac arsebul gadatvirTul

droSi arcTu ioli Sesasrulebelia. urwmunoeba da aTeizmi, aseT

morwmune sazogadoebaSi araerTgvarovnad aRiqmeba, asociacias iwvevs

komunistur warsulTan da warmoSobs erTgvar gaucxoebasac ki. Tumca

aramorwmuneoba sul ufro vrceldeba axalgazrdebSi, romlebic zemoT

CamoTvlili mizezebis garda ver naxuloben dros eklesiaSi

sasiarulod. eklesiis mxridan didia Rvawli, gansakuTrebiT bolo 20

wlis manZilze. arc isaa dasaviwyebeli, rom sazogadoeba Tavad iyo

tradiciuli da misi mxridan mzaobam da eklesiis mesveurTa mxridan

aqtiurobam gamoiRes nayofi da dRes qarTveli eri religiurad da

eklesiurad miiCneva. amas araerTi ucxoeli damkvirvebeli Tu rigiTi

stumari aRniSnavs. Tumca eklesiis mxridan jer kidev bevria

gasakeTebeli, rom gamoinaxos axali gzebi da ena axal TaobasTan

sasaubrod da maT SesanarCuneblad da ar moxdes es saeklesio

tradiciebis daTmobisa da gaTanamedrovebis xarjze, rogorc moxda

kaTolikur da sxva religiebSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom rwmenac da

urwmunoebac araa mudmivi mdgomareoba da orive metad individualuri

sakiTxia. dRevandel axalgazrdobaSi morwmuneobis damcveli gacilebiT

metia, Tumca umetesobis codna ar Seesabameba maTi religiurobis

survils.

miuxedavad imisa, rom aTeizmi da urwmunoeba adamianis piradi

arCevania da ar idevneba, Cven sazogadoebaSi wminda wylis aTeizmis

gamovlena iSviaTobaa da Cveni sazogadoebis tradiciulobidan

gamomdinare erTgvar gaucxoebasac ki iwvevs. umetesad urwmunoebasTan

da/an nihilizmTan gvaqvs saqme, riTic adamianebi iioleben cxovrebas da

amiT Tavs imarTleben saeklesio msaxurebaSi armonawileobis gamo.

religiuroba erT-erTi maxasiaTebelia, rac qarTvel ers gamoarCevs sxva

erebisgan da miuxedavad drois daCqarebisa da cxovrebaSi axali

Rirebulebebis gaCenisa, mniSvnelovania tradiciulobis SenarCuneba da

Sesabamisad, religiisTvis saTanado adgilis miCena yoveldRiurobaSi.

95

axal istoriaSi saxelmwifosa da tradiciul eklesias Soris

iuridiuli statusis gansazRvra aucileblobas warmoadgens. msgavsi

araferi momxdara saqarTvelos damoukidebeli respublikis arsebobis

manZilze (1918-21 ww.). sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis dros amis saWiroeba ar

damdgara, sabWoeTis dacemis Semdeg dRis wesrigSi dadga saqarTvelos

saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris iuridiuli statusis gasazRvra,

magram es procesi arsebuli subieqturi Tu obieqturi mizezebis gamo 11

weliwads gagrZelda. es idea e. SevardnaZis saqarTvelos saTaveSi

mosvlis Semdeg gaCnda maSin, roca eklesiasa da saxelmwifs Soris

urTierTobebi SedarebiT daTba. SeTanxmebis dadebis ideam didi

gamoxmaureba gamoiwvia sazogadoebis mxridan. gaCnda SiSi, rom

SevardnaZis TanxmobiT patriarqi agebda Teokratiul saxelmwifos.

xalxis gaucnobiereblobam sakonsti-tucio SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb didi

SfoTi da winaaRmdegoba gamoiwvia sazogadoebaSi – akritikebdnen

SeTanxmebis formas, SeTanxmebis TiToeul muxls da masSi didi

safrTxes xedavdnen. iseve rogorc ruseTSi, saqarTveloSic religiis

statusis Sesaxeb ganxilvaSi aqtiurad CaerTvnen amerikis SeerTebuli

Statebis warmomadgenlebi. maTi daintereseba saqarTvelos, rogorc

strategiuli partnioris mimarT, didi iyo da maT ar aZlevda xels

qveyanaSi marTlmadideblobis da zogadad, religiurobis poziciis

ganmtkiceba. miuxedavad didi winaaRmdegobisa, sakonstitucio SeTanxmeba

Sedga. misi ganxorcieleba ramdenadme Seferxda qveyanaSi revoluciuri

viTarebis gamo, Tumca misi Sesruleba iseTive aucilebelia, rogorc

konstituciis.

yovelive amis miuxedavad, kvlavac mouwesrigebelia seqtebis

Semosvla-moRvaweoba qveynis SigniT, xolo aTeistebi saerTod ar arian

gaTvaliswinebulni TiTqmis arcerTi qveynis kanonmdeblobaSi, miuxedavad

imisa, rom zogierT qveyanaSi maT seriozuli gavlena aqvT da

mniSvnelovani Zalis religiuri organizaciis saxiT arian

warmodgenilni (magaliTad, ruseTSi). saqarTveloSi aTeistebis

aqtiuroba didad ar SeimCneva, rogorc wesi, Cven qveyanaSi aTeizmi pirad

96

msoflmxedvelobad aRiqmeva da Sesabamisad, aseTi xedvis adamianebisTvis

aranairi SezRudva ar arsebobs. Tumca Cveni gamokvlevidan gamomdinare

vaskvniT, rom saqarTveloSi ufro metad gvaqvs saqme nihilizmTan da

araekelsiurobasTan/urwmunoebasTan, vidre wminda wylis aTeizmTan.

saerTaSoriso gamokiTxvebidan aSkara xdeba aTeistTa da urwmunoTa

ricxvis zrda, rac safiqrebelia, gamowveulia imiT, rom aqtiurad xdeba

sxvadasxva tradiciuli Tu aratradiciuli Tanamedrove religiuri

mimdinareobebis propagandirebiT da aseve, RirebulebaTa gadafasebiT.

kari II

marTlmadidebeli eklesia, saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi azri

postsabWoTa ruseTSi

Tavi pirveli

ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia da rusuli sazogadoebrivi

azri 1990-2004 wlebSi

$1. rusuli sazogadoebrivi azri marTlmadidebel sarwmunoebaze

postsabWoTa periodSi da kanoni religiis Sesaxeb

qarTul da rusul marTlmadidebel eklesias xangrZlivi

urTierTobis istoria gaaCnia. miuxedavad erTmorwmuneobisa, am ori

qveynis qristianuli tradiciebi sakmaod gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan.

miuxedavad imisa, rom qristianoba kaTolike (sayovelTao) religiaa,

TiToeul erSi man, garkveulwilad, erovnuli saxe da datvirTva miiRo.

aqedan gamomdinare xSirad sxvadasxva qveynis marTlmadidebeli

eklesiebi amave qveynis saxeliT moixsenieba, mag.: qarTuli eklesia,

97

rusuli eklesia da sxv. es ar niSnavs maT Soris dogmatur an

eklesiologiur gansxvavebas, es aris ubralod mcire sxvaoba sxvadasxva

saeklesio wesebs Soris. Tumca gansxvaveba qarTuli da rusuli

eklesiebis urTierTobaSi mxolod am faqtoriT ar ganisazRvreboda. aq

iyo sxvaoba ara sarwmunoebaSi, aramed erovnul msoflmxedvelobebSi.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg rTul mdgomareobaSi Cavarda Tavad

sabWoeTis Seqmnis iniciatori qveyana – ruseTi, romelic saukuneebis

manZilze SeCveuli iyo imperialistur xedvasa da mmarTvelobas. 1990

wlidan, igi dadga faqtis winaSe – unda emarTa mxolod sakuTari qveyana

– es arc Tu ioli gamowveva iyo. mravalmilioniani qveyana darCa marto

Tavisi imperiuli warsulisa da miswrafebebis amara. idga qveynis yofna-

aryofnis sakiTxi – gaizarda daZabuloba rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise

saerTaSoriso asparezze. ruseTis postsabWoTa periodi, qveynis

masStabebdan gamomdinare, gacilebiT datvirTuli iyo movlenebiT.

X saukuneSi gaqristianebuli ruseTi didi ambiciebiT gamovida

saerTaSoriso politikur asparezze mas Semdeg, rac bizantia gaqra

msoflio rukidan da Tavad ruseTi gaTavisuflda TaTar-monRolTa 400

wliani batonobisgan. Tumca bizantia aRar arsebobda,

marTlmadidebluri imperiuli globalizaciis idea ar gamqrala da mis

ganmxorcieleblad maleve gamoCnda moskovis samefo, gamoacxada ra Tavi

msoflio marTlmadidebluri imperiis TviTaRiarebul kanonier

memkvidred _ `mesame romad~ [Красиков 2005:38]. aqedan moyolebuli rusuli

eklesia, konstantinopolis msgavsad sul ufro eqceoda saero

xelisuflebis gavlenis qveS. ruseTma iseve gamoiyena eklesia

zesaxelmwifos Sida da gare avtoritaruli politikis gasatareblad,

rogorc sCveviaT imperiebs.

1917 wlis bolSevikurma gadatrialebam axali globalizaciuri

proeqti warmoSva, romelic Tavisi masStabebiT udidesi unda yofiliyo

kacobriobis istoriaSi. leninma, trockim da zinovievma Secvales

marTlmadideblur-imperialisturi `mesame romis~ utopia msoflio

revoluciisa da `mesame internacionalis~ lozungebiT. stalinis dros

98

situacia odnav Seicvala. man TiTqos xumrobiT uwoda moskovs

`marTlmadidebeli vatikani~. warmoidgenda ra Tavis geostrategiul

fanataziebs, warmoudgeboda rusuli marTlmadidebeli eklesia im saxiT,

rogoricaa romis papi kaTolikur samyaroSi [Красиков 2005:38].

Tumca sabWoeTSi religia adamianebisTvis mainc akrZaluli xili iyo.

sabWoTa periodSi yvela saSualebiT cdilobdnen sasuliero pirTa

dakninebas, maT uaryofiTi saxiT warmoCenas. mRvdlebi dafarulad

moqmedebdnen, akrZaluli iyo yovelive, rac religias ukavSirdeboda.

1985-86 wlebidan mdgomareoba Seicvala _ 1985 wels moskovis

politbiurom gamosca kanoni, romlis mixedviTac eklesiis

mRvdelmsaxurs neba eZleoda eklesia gaexsna ockaciani morwmuneTa

jgufiT (am jgufis wevrTa monacemebi moskovSi igzavneboda). amdenwliani

aTeisturi propagandis Semdeg mosaxleobaSi eklesiisa da sasuliero

pirTa mimarT uaryofiTi damokidebuleba sufevda. am barieris daZleva ki

xalxisTvis advili aRar iyo. am periodidan sabWoTa xelisufleba aRar

krZalavda wminda werilis (bibliis) beWdva-gavrcelebas, mis sagazeTo

publikaciebs. am fonze, roca bibliis avtoriteti kvlav gaizarda, xolo

eklesiisa da sasuliero pirTa avtoriteti xalxis TvalSi dacemuli

iyo, myari safuZveli mieca seqtantobis gavrcelebas. baftizms,

ieRovelobas da sxva seqtebs moqmedebis asparezi gaexsnaT, radgan isinic

wminda bibliis avtoritets aRiarebdnen, xolo samRvdeloebas ar

cnobdnen [jafariZe 2003:1].

1990 w. aTeisturi reJimis cvla daemTxva rusul eklesiaSi axali

meTauris mosvlas. am wlidan ruseTis eklesiis mwyemsmTavari aleqsi II

(ridigeri) gaxda. bevris gasaocad, igi eklesiis saxelmwifosgan

gamoyofis momxre iyo. gamoyofisa `saxelmwifosgan da ara xalxisa da

sazogadoebisgan~, rogorc igi Tavad azustebda [Красиков 2005:38].

msoflio marTlmadideblobaSi mkveTrad gaimijna ori pozicia: erTi,

romelsac misdevs msoflio sapatriarqo _ aRiarebs zogadsakacobrio

adamianur Rirebulebebs mkacri marTlmadidebluri dogmebis yovelgvari

uaryofis gareSe; meores ki ZiriTadad ruseTi uWers mxars da mis

mixedviT adamianur Rirebulebebs da dogmatebs mkveTrad mijnavs da

upirispirebs erTmaneTs. romaul-kaTolikurma eklesiam mxari dauWira

99

zogadsakacobrio adamianur Rirebulebebs, daasaxela ra adamianis

pirovneba `sawyisad, sagnad da miznad yvela saerTo dadgenilebebisa~.

ruseTi ki jiutad icavs sakuTar pozicias. ramdenime wlis winaT gamoica

rus sasuliero pirTa mosazrebebi, romelTagan araerTi amxilebda

`evropeizacias~, romelmac `daaavada rusuli cxovreba~ da Seuqmna

`safrTxe gamqraliyo yvela eresis erTianobaSi. am saSineli niRbis qveS

nadiri imaleba~. eresebs Soris yvelaze saSinlad kaTolicizmi

gamocxadda, anu ruseTis gaxrwnaSi didi brali swored dasavlur

evropul saxelmwifoebs daedo. aranakleb safrTxes xedaven ebraelTa

sionizmsa da masonizmSic [Красиков 2005:40].

1990-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi rusuli saeklesio moRvaweebi

dauaxlovdenen saero xelisuflebas, gaimyares poziciebi centrsa da

periferiaSi da gaxdnen qveynis politikuri cxovrebis SesamCnevi

faqtori. am periodSi eklesiam Tavad SesTavaza Tavi politikas. 1990

wels ruseTSi gamocxadda liberaluri kanoni aRmsareblobis

Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworuflebianobis Sesaxeb. marTlmadidebloba,

romelic 1000 wlis ganmavlobaSi kontroldeboda saxelmwifos mier da

amasTanave, mxars uWerda mas, ar aRmoCnda mzad didi xnis naocnebari

TavisuflebisTvis. ufro sworad, ruseTis arc saero da arc sasuliero

xelisufleba ar iyo naCvevi damoukideblobas, amitom XX s-is miwuruls

orive isev erTmaneTis samsaxurSi Cadga.

1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Camoyalibda saero da sasuliero ZalTa

tradiciul azrTa mimdinareoba. isini ar eTanxmebodnen 1993 wels

miRebul konstitucias ideologiuri da religiuri mravalferovnebis

Sesaxeb. am mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebi Ciodnen ra warmoqmnili

`ideologiuri vakuumis~ Sesaxeb, SesTavazes dagreuli `sabWoTa

ideologiis~ nacvlad gamoeyenebinaT marTlmadidebloba rogorc

rusebis `tradiciuli religia~. am azris didi mxardaWeris miuxedavad,

ruseTis konstituciurma sasamarTlom ruseTi religiuri pluralizmis

qveynad gamoacxada.

imave 1993 wels msoflio rusuli krebis forumze Camoyalibda

Tezisi, romlis mixedviTac rus ers aqvs `gansakuTrebuli msoflio-

istoriuli misia, rom SeinarCunos da gaamyaros marTlmadidebloba

100

dedamiwaze~. rus maRal sasuliero ierarqebs ar daviwyebiaT maT mier

propagandirebuli misia CaerToT rusul saxelmwifoSi, gamoacxades ra

marTlmadidebloba ara mxolod `Cveni civilizaciis fundamentad~,

aramed ruseTis `saxelmwifo idead~ [Красиков 2005:50].

1990 wels, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisTanave, ruseTSi miiRes

sakanonmdeblo aqti `aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb~, romelmac

TiTqmis maSinve moiTxova koreqtireba, magram masSi cvlilebebis Setanis

pirvelive mcdelobebs sxvadasxva konfesiebs Soris cxare polemika

mohyva. maSin, konfesiebis warmomadgenlebisa da saerTod, rusuli

sazogadoebis SeSfoTeba iman ganapiroba, rom arafriT ar izRudeboda

sxvadasxva juris religiuri misionerebisa da totalitaruli seqtebis

moRvaweoba.

imdenad, ramdenadac uSedego iyo Zveli kanonis daxvewa, saxelmwifo

saTaTbiros deputatebma SemdgomSi SeimuSaves axali kanonproeqti

`sindisisa da religiuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb~, romelic 1997 w. 4 ivniss

ruseTis parlamentis qveda palatam TiTqmis erTsulovnad moiwona,

xolo 4 ivliss misi pozicia federaciis sabWomac gaiziara.

kanonma `tradiciuli religiebis~ (aseTebad miiCnies

marTlmadidebloba, islami, budizmi da iudaizmi) warmomadgenelTa

mowoneba daimsaxura. samagierod, ukmayofiloni darCnen `religiuri

umciresobani~. am kanoniT maTTvis iuridiuli piris statusis misaRebad

15 wliani cenzi wesdeboda. swored am muxlma gamoiwvia ruseTSi moqmedi

60-mde konfesiis, maT Soris kaTolikebis mtkice protesti. vatikanis

gamosvla rus kaTolikeTa uflebebis dasacavad, agreTve, aSS-s senatis

gadawyvetileba _ kanonis miRebis SemTxvevaSi ruseTisTvis ekonomikuri

daxmarebis gayinvis Sesaxeb, ruseTis religiurma sazogadoebam da

parlamentarTa umravlesobam qveynis Sida saqmeebSi Carevad aRiqva. gaisma

braldeba, rom ruseTis prezidenti boris elcini okeanisgaRmeli

politikosebis karnaxiT ruseTis sazianod moqmedebda. garda amisa,

proeqtis ramdenime debuleba ewinaaRmdegeboda konstitucias. yovelive

amis gaTvaliswinebiT, 1990 wlis 22 ivliss b. elcinma tabu daado

101

aRniSnul kanonproeqts da saTaTbirosa da federaciis sabWoSi

gadasamuSaveblad daabruna.

ruseTis sainformacio saSualebebSi Cndeboda mtkicebulebebi, rom

saxelmwifos meTaursa da ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis

winamZRols aleqsi II-s Soris misaRebi kanonis irgvliv seriozuli

azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobda. marTlac, es ukanaskneli araerTxel

gamosula sindisis Tavisuflebis `Crdiloamerikuli~ normebis

winaaRmdeg da xazgasmiT aRniSnavda, rom `ruseTis kanonmdebloba,

pirvel rigSi, qveynis erovnul tradiciebs unda iTvaliswinebdes~.

kompromisi gamoinaxa _ kanonis axal redaqciaSi Caido orive

mxrisaTvis misaRebi formulireba. 19 seqtembers xelaxla miRebul

kanonSi saxelmwifo saTaTbiros deputatebma gaiTvaliswines b. elcinis

winadadebebis daaxloebiT 90%. 1997 wlis oqtombris dasawyisSi

`sindisis da religiuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb~ kanons ruseTis

prezidentma xeli moawera. am faqtma mkveTrad uaryofiTi reaqcia

gamoiwvia rogorc oficialur vaSingtonSi, ise aSS-is religiur wreebSi

_ iq axali kanoni `religiis araTavisuflebis~ legitimaciad aRiqves.

gamoiTqva didi SeSfoTeba da ukmayofileba aSS-is mxridan. amerikis

azriT, `am kanonis miReba adamianis uflebaTa dargSi yvelaze didi

ukangadadgmuli nabijia postsabWoTa ruseTis Seqmnis Semdeg~ [maCxaneli

1997:1-7].

kanons `sindisisa da religiuri gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb~ amerikelebi

did yuradRebas aqcevdnen. es pirvel rigSi, rasakvirvelia, gamodioda

TviTon aSS-is interesebidan. b. qlinTonic da al. goric (respublikuri

partiis prezidentobis kandidati 2000 wlis aSS-is saprezidento

arCevnebSi) im konfesias ekuTvnodnen, romelic iCagreboda ruseTSi.

demokratebisa Tu respublikelebis saxeli unda warmoCeniliyo ruseTis

religiis Sesaxeb kanonis srulyofaSi, rac erT an meore amerikels

sakmao xmebs Sehmatebda. Tumca qlinTonis Carevis Sedegad, elcinis

vetos dadebis Semdeg, amerikelebma xelebi daibanes, CaTvales ra, rom

Semdgomi saqme maT daelodebodaT. magram rusebi Tavis mxrivac Tvlidnen

Tavis amomrCevlebze, amitom kanonproeqtis Tavidan saredaqciod

102

dabruneba elcinis mier, saqmis moulodneli Semobruneba iyo

amerikelTaTvis da amas verc al. goris moskovSi stumrobam `uSvela~

[maCxaneli 1997:1-7]. ase rom, sasuliero sakiTxebi politikosebisTvs arc

Tu iSviaTad `miwier~ problemebs niSnavs da masStaburi politikuri

nabijis mniSvnelobas iZens.

rogorc aRvniSneT, postsabWoTa periodSi ruseTSi sakmaod

gaxangrZlivda religiis kanonis SemuSaveba, romelsac ufro metad

politikuri (Tanac saerTaSoriso urTierTobis donis) mniSvneloba

hqonda. Zalian mwvaved idga am qveynis mravalkonfesiurobis problema,

rac damabrkolebeli da mwvave disputebis mizezad iqca.

miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTSi demokratiis aRmSeneblobis periodSi

eklesia saxelmwifosgan damoukideblad gamocxadda, verc eklesiam da

verc saxelmwifo politikam erTmaneTisgan damoukidebloba didxans ver

aitana, radgan rusuli saeklesio mmarTveloba istoriulad

mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebda rusul politikas da piriqiT. ruseTSi

eklesiisa da saero xelisuflebis urTierTmimarTeba uaxlovdeboda

papistur evropul mmarTvelobas. axla ki, demokratias moyolili

gancalkeveba sruliad uCveulo iyo am didi qveynisTvis, es ki TavisTavad

gamoucdelobis da marto yofnis SiSs warmoSobda. ukve 1995 w.

Camoyalibda politikuri moZraoba `derJava~ (`Держава~), romelmac

umTavres Rirebulebebad swored marTlmadidebluri swavleba wamoayena.

1996 wlidan is Caanacvla `rusul TemTa kongresma~ (`Конгресс Русских

Общин _ КРО~) da miiRo ufro masStaburi saxe da koncentrireba

moaxdina marTlmadidebel mosaxleobaze.

1996-97ww. viTareba mniSvnelovnad Seicvala. 1996 wlis 16 ivnissa da 3

ivliss ruseTSi or etapad Catarda saprezidento arCevnebi. mTeli wlis

manZilze maRali iyo politikuri aqtivoba da dapirispireba kandidatebs

Soris. arCevnebis Sedegebma uaryofiTad imoqmeda sazogadoebaze da mas

ruseTSi sazogadoebrivi krizisi mohyva, rac upirvelesad gamowveuli

iyo amomrCevelTa imedebis gacruebiT. moqalaqeTaTvis micemuli

pirobebis Seusrulebloba da gatarebuli reformebis uSedegoba,

korumpirebuli saxelmwifo moxeleebi miwasTan asworebdnen

103

sazogadoebis ndobas saxelmwifosa da politikuri struqtirebis mimarT

[Левашов 1997]. amis gamo, sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani nawili miubrunda

Zvel tradiciebs, imas, rac iyo nacnobi, erovnuli da amis

gaTvaliswinebiT ruseTSi kvlav `Semovida modaSi~ marTlmadidebloba,

kvlav aiwia sapatriarqos reitingma.

amis Semdeg damkvidrda tendencia da sxvadasxva organizacebi ar

iSurebdnen `investiciebs~, rom SeeqmnaT marTlmadideblobis Sesabamisi

ideologia (miT umetes, rom eqspertebis daqiravebiT es advilad

SesaZlebeli iyo) da amiT yvela politikuri dajgufeba cdilobda

moepovebina monopolia `simfoniis~ Seqmnaze [Церковь и… 1998:12].

Tumca, rasakvirvelia, yovelive arcTu uRrublod mimdinareobda. ra

Tqma unda, gaCndnen mowinaaRmdegeebi radikal-liberalebi, romlebic

adanaSaulebdnen ruseTis marTlmadidebel eklesias `arademokratiza-

ciaSi~. garda amisa, jer isev problemad rCeboda `wiTeli~

samRvdeloebisa da sxva komunisturi gadmonaSTebisa da Seusabamoebebis

gamosworeba.

ase rom, sabWoeTis daSlis Semdeg, ruseTSi dRis wesrigSi dadga

saxelmwifo ideologiis sakiTxi – sabWoTa ideologiis gadagdebis

Semdeg am mxriv vakuumi SeimCneoda. miuxedavad bevri mcdelobisa,

ruseTisTvis tradiciuli sarwmunoebaze – marTlmadideblobaze ukeTesi

veraferi moinaxa. miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTi mravalerovani da

mravalkonfesiuri qveyanaa, rac miRebuli konstituciiTa da religiis

Sesaxeb kanoniT dasturdeba, dominanti aRmsareblobis saWiroeba

namdvilad idga. TanamSromlobis istoriuli gamocdileba da aseve,

erTmaneTisTvis angariSis gaweva qveynisTvis saukeTeso Sedegs swored

ruseTis saxelmwifosa da marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris

partniorobiT miiRweoda.

simfonia – eklesiasa da saxelmwifos erToblivi, SeTanxmebuli moqmedeba. bizantiurimodeli.

104

$2. postsabWoTa periodSi ruseTis eklesiaSi mimdinare procesebis

ZiriTa-di tendenciebi da ruseTis sapatriarqos pozicia (1990-2008 ww.)

patriarqi aleqsi II (eriskacobaSi aleqsei ridigeri) 1990 wlis

ivnisidan saTaveSi Caudga ruseTis marTlmadidebel eklesias. misi

moRvaweobis xana sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis periods daemTxva.

am istoriul cvlilebaTa periodSi yvelaferi Tavidan an xelaxla

iyo gasakeTebeli, radgan icvleboda bevri ram: saxelmwifo wyoba,

ideologia, msoflxedveloba... mosaZebni da gadasadgmeli iyo mTeli rigi

politikuri, diplomatiuri da ideologiuri nabijebisa.

patriarqi aleqsi II metad moRvawe pirovneba iyo. sasuliero wreebSi

aRiarebdnen, rom man Rirseulad, arCevnebis gziT daikava ruseTis

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mwyemsmTavris taxti. misi patriarqobis

periodSi aSenda da aRdga axali da Zveli eklesia-monastrebi, mTeli

sisruliT gaiSala saeklesio moRvaweoba ruseTis mTel teritoriaze,

gaizarda monasterTa ricxvi. Sesabamisad, gaizarda mrevlis raodenoba.

Tumca, misi moRvaweoba arcTu umtkivneulod mimdinareobda. es iyo

did cvlilebaTa xana. Sesabamisad, winaaRmdegoba didi iyo, rogorc

sazogadoebis, ise xelisuflebisa Tu Tavad sasuliero pirTa mxridan.

unda aRiniSnos, rom eklesiis gaaqtiurebam da religiisTvis tabus

moxsnam sazogadoebis garkveuli wreebis gaRizianeba gamoiwvia.

patriarqis intronizaciis dRidan dRis wesrigSi dadga mTeli rigi

upirvelesi da umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebisa; maT Soris iyo eklesiis

iuridiuli statusis sakiTxi axal, postaTeistur xanaSi. amis miRweva

mniSvnelovnad iyo damokidebuli Tavad patriarqis iniciativasa da

unarze – ise aewyo urTierToba saxelmwifo xelisuflebasa da

politikosebTan, rom gaemyarebina eklesiis Rirseba da statusi. amis

unari aleqsi II-m maSinve gamoavlina: is dauaxlovda politikur

moRvaweebs da religia saxelmwifo ideologiis rolSi gamoiyvana.

1991 wels ruseTis marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi Tavi iCina

ganxeTqilebam e.w. tradicionalistebsa da reformistebs Soris.

105

ganxeTqilebis mizezad ramdenime sakiTxi iqca, maT Soris: saxelmwifosa

da eklesiis saeWvod mWidro urTierToba, eklesiis warmomadgenelTa

istoriuli TanamSromloba suk-Tan, eklesiis doqtrinisa da

eklesiologiis gamartivebis sakiTxi, Zveli slavuri saRvTismsaxuro

enis axliT Secvla, ekumenuri urTierTobebis gafarToebis moTxovna da

sxv.

1990-ian wlebis reformistebSi marto sasuliero pirebi ar

moiazrebodnen. eklesiis reformirebaSi aqtiur monawileobas iRebdnen

e.w. `saeronic~ (eriskacebi), anu iseT politikur ZalTa warmomadgenelni,

romelTa moRvaweobis amosaval wertilad marTlmadidebluri moZRvreba

miiCneoda. es kidev erTi faqtia, roca politika aqtiurad ereoda

saeklesio sakiTxebSi da piriqiT, eklesia monawileobda politikur

saqmianobaSi. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT 1993-94 wlebis mijnaze

patriarqma aleqsi II-m specialuri gancxadebac gaakeTa, radgan eklesiis

warmomadgenelTa monawileoba politikur procesebSi ukve sakmaod

TvalSi sacemi iyo da arc Tu iSviaTad xdeboda ise, rom erTiani

eklesiis warmomadgenelni sxvadasxva, erTmaneTisadmi dapirispirebul

politikur mxares xvdebodnen. uwmindesma aseT mRvdelmsaxurebs

SesTavaza arCevanis gakeTeba: gaenebebinaT politikisTvis Tavi an

ganegrZoT politikuri moRvaweoba anaforis gareSe [Верховский 2008].

1990-ian wlebSi ruseTis eklesiaSi kidev erTi ucnauri movlena

dafiqsirda, e.w. `axalgazrdaTa ufrosoba~ (“младостарчество”): naklebad

gamocdili mRvdelmsaxurebi ametebdnen TavianT uflebebs samwysos

mimarT da mrevls sakuTar nebas umorCilebdnen. patriarqs amazec

mkveTri reaqcia hqonda. sakiTxi ganixiles sinodze da miiRes Sesabamisi

gadawyvetileba msgavsi moqmedebebis aRsakveTad. 1998 wlis 28 dekembers

wminda sinodma gamoitana ganmarteba: `bolo periodSi zogierT

moZRvarTa mier gaxSirebuli RvTisgan miniWebuli Zalauflebis

CamoSorebis Sesaxeb~. am dadgenilebaSi ewera: `mieTiTos RvTismsaxurebs,

rom dauSvebelia mrevlis nebis sawinaaRmdegod: monazvnad aRkvecis,

sxvadasxva saxis saeklesio morCilebebis, nebismieri saxis

suk – saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komiteti

106

Semowirulobebis, daqorwinebis an ganqorwinebis (im SemTxvevis garda,

roca kanonikurad qorwineba akrZalulia); qorwinebaSi myof meuRleTa

movaleobebze, samxedro samsaxurze, arCevnebSi monawileobaze,

samedicino daxmarebaze, ganaTlebis miRebaze uaris Tqmisa Tu sxva

moqalaqeobrivi movaleobebis arSesrulebis iZuleba an gadabireba~

[Русская церковь в… 2014].

saerTod, sapatriarqos aleqsi II-is mizani iyo inteleqtualurad

aemaRlebina rwmena sazogadoebaSi da misi xedviT, es mrevlis

cnobierebis amaRlebiT unda dawyebuliyo. amisaTvis saWiro iyo

kvalificiuri RvTismsaxurebi, Sesabamisi sasuliero literatura, rac

aleqsi II-is patriarqobis pirvel etapze iSviaTobas warmoadgenda.

Sesabamisad, patriarqis iniciativiT, daiwyo didi muSaoba am

mimarTulebiT: iTargmneboda literatura, ixsneboda samrevlo skolebi,

xdeboda RvTismsaxurTa gadamzadeba da sxv.

patriarqis aseTi moRvaweobisa da aTeisturi xanis dasrulebis

Sedegad rusulma sazogadoebam didi interesi gamoavlina religiis

mimarT. gaizarda religiuri aqtiuroba, romelmac piks 1990-94 wlebSi

miaRwia. amis Semdeg daiwyo marTlmadideblobiT dainteresebis SeCereba

da kleba. amis mizezad iqcnen Tavad eklesiis mesveurni:

gapolitikurebuli religia – roca xelisufleba xSirad iyenebda

marTlmadideblobas sakuTari interesebis gasatareblad; eklesiisa da

uSiSroebis warmomadgenelTa mravalwliani TanamSromloba;

mouwesrigebeli kanonmdebloba; eklesiis wiaRSi warmoSobili

dapirispireba tradicionalistebsa da reformistebs Soris da sxv. maT

Soris iyo ruseTis mougvarebeli kanoni `religiis Sesaxeb~

sazogadoebaSi gaurkvevlobas da gaRizianebas iwvevda. konceptualurad

es kanoni emyareboda miTiur `saerTaSoriso~ standarts, sinamdvileSi

ki azianebda ruseTis teritoriaze myofi erebis sulier identurobas.

kanonSi ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli sxvadasxva religiebis problemuri

sakiTxebi, romlebic gansxvavebul, individualur midgomas saWiroebdnen.

arsebuli kanoniT ki xdeboda ara imdenad konfesiaTa iuridiuli

gaTanasworeba, ramdenadac Zaladobrivi, faqtobrivi gaTanabreba.

107

aseTi dabrkolebebis arsebobis gamo sazogadoebam sxva `rwmenis

obieqtebis~ Zieba daiwyo. aman ki mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli ruseTSi

sxvadasxva warmomavlobisa da mimarTulebis seqtebis SeRwevas.

mosaxleobaSi gazrdili religiurobis garda, ruseTSi seqtebis SeRwevas

mouwesrigebeli kanonmdeblobac daexmara, romlis mixedviTac daSvebuli

iyo religiuri pluralizmi. sabWoeTis daSlis Semdeg, pirveli

SesaZleblobisTanave, ruseTSi aTasobiT sxvadasxva warmomavlobis

mqadagebeli gamoCnda, ramac daaCqara kanonmdeblobis mowesrigeba da

gaamZafra seqtebTan dakavSirebuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxi. Tumca,

kanonmdeblobis da saerTod, sarwmunoebrivi situaciis mowesrigebas

xels uSlida ruseTis mosaxleobis religiuri siWrelec. 1990-2000

wlebSi Catarda aTobiT sociologiuri gamokiTxva religiur sakiTxebze,

magram zusti monacemebi mainc ar arsebobs. saSualod ruseTis

mosaxleobis 50% marTlmadideblobas akuTvnebs Tavs, Tumca imave

gamokiTxvebidan gamomdinare, ruseTSi religiurobis xarisxi mis

procentul maCvenebelTan SedarebiT Zalian dabalia, anu, es ar niSnavs

imas, rom isini zedmiwevniT aRasruleben marTlmadideblur wesebs,

aramed es ufro fsiqologiuri movlenaa, rogorc kulturuli

kuTvnileba an ubralod, modis ayola.

seqtebis garda, ruseTis federalur kanonmdeblobaSi arc aTeizmia

gaTvaliswinebuli, es ki religiur eqstremistebs aZlevT samarTlebriv

safuZvels, aRiqvan aTeistebi specifiur seqtantebad, romelTac RmerTis

ararsebobis swamT. sxvaTa Soris, 1992-94 wlebidan gamoCdnen pirveli

postkomunisturi aTeistebi, romelTa ricxvi aqtiurad matulobda da

2000 wlisTvis SemaSfoTebeli masStabebi miiRo. unda aRiniSnos, rom

axal aTeistTa absolutur umetesobas axalgazrdoba Seadgenda.

umravlesoba Tavad mivida am e.w. `axal rusul aTeizmamde~, romelsac

CamoSorebuli hqonda marqsistul-leninisturi gadmonaSTebi [Сачков 2011].

patriarq aleqsi II-is moRvaweobis manZilze, rogorc aRvniSneT,

SeiniSneboda eklesiisa da xelisuflebis daaxloeba. amis ramdenime

mizezis Sesaxeb zemoT ukve visaubreT. orive mxares xels aZlevda es

daaxloeba – eklesia amiT saydens iZlierebda da maRldeboda

108

saxelmwifo religiis donemde, saxelmwifo ki, iyenebda ra sasuliero

pirTa siaxloves adamianebTan, cdilobda Tavisi Sida politikisa da

ideologiis gatarebas. swored aseTma damokidebulebam gamoiwvia

sazogadoebis didi winaaRmdegoba.

erT-erTi sakiTxi, ramac xalxis nawili aRaSfoTa, iyo

marTlmadideblobis aqtiuri propaganda ara mxolod masobrivi

sainformacio saSualebebiT, aramed skolebsa da sxva saswavlo

dawesebulebebSic. maTi azriT, es iyo marTlmadideblobis Tavs moxveva

da sxva religiebis uflebebis Selaxva da diskriminacia, radgan maSin

konstituciiT arc erT religias ar eniWeboda upiratesoba. marTlmadi-

deblobis propaganda ki xdeboda TiTqmis yvela mniSvnelovan sferoSi –

ganaTlebasa Tu masmediaSi.

Tumca yvelaze mniSvnelovani, rac sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg

ruseTis eklesiaSi moxda, ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiisa da

sazRvargareTis eklesiis gaerTianeba iyo. gamokiTxvis Sedegad es

movlena postsabWoTa periodSi momxdar faqtebs Soris Tavisi

mniSvnelobiT pirvel adgilze gavida (gamokiTxulTa 67%-is xmebiT).

ruseTis sazRvargareTis eklesiis Camoyalibeba politikuri mizeziT

iyo ganpirobebuli. Tavad am eklesiamac politikuri mniSvneloba SeiZina

aramarto ruseTisTvis, aramed zogadad qristianuli msofliosTvis. esaa

yvelaze politizebuli eklesiis nimuSi msoflio marTlmadideblobaSi.

ruseTis 1917 wlis revoluciam da misma momdevno samoqalaqo omma

ruseTSi damyarebul reJimTan Seugueblobis gamo moqalaqeebis masobrivi

emigracia gamoiwvia. yofili ruseTis imperiis 8 milionze meti

marTlmadidebeli moqalaqe darCa sabWoTa saxelmwifos sazRvrebs gareT.

emigrantuli mrevlis mwyemsva xelSi aiRes im episkoposebma da

sasuliero pirebma, romlebic sazRvargareT ltolvilebTan erTad

aRmoCndnen. ase Camoyalibda ruseTis sazRvargareTis eklesia. 1920 wlis

noemberSi mmarTvelobis wevrebma datoves ruseTi. sazRvargareTis

eklesiis warmomadgenlebi msoflioSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis

sawinaaRmdego mowodebebs avrcelebdnen, riTic am ukanasknelT metad

109

aRizianebdnen. droTa ganmavlobaSi gamwvavda urTierToba ruseTis

eklesiis mwyemsmTavrebsa da emigrantul eklesias Soris, rac ara

mxolod politikurad gansxvavebul TvalTaxedvas, aramed sazRvargareT

sakuTrebebis gadanawilebasac exeboda. miuxedavad amisa, se Tavs mainc

ruseTis eklesiis ganuyofel nawilad miiCnevda 1927 wlamde, sanam

mitropolitma sergim mxari ar dauWira sabWoTa mmarTvelobas eklesiis

gadasarCenad. `emigrantebma~ es nabiji axali xelisuflebisadmi eklesiis

morCilebad aRiqves da gamovidnen deda-eklesiis daqvemdebarebidan,

Tumca locviT-evqaristuli kavSiri ar gauwyvetiaT. 1950 wlidan

`emigrantebi~ niu-iorkSi damkvidrdnen.

1988 wels sazRvargareTulma da ruseTis Sida eklesiebma aRniSnes

ruseTis gaqristianebis 1000 wlisTavi [Федотов 2009:465]. amasTan

dakavSirebiT ruseTis marTlmadidebelma eklesiam `emigrantebs~

gaugzavna mowodeba gaerTianebisken, pirobiT, rom ar SezRudavdnen maT

Tavisuflebas da ar moindomebdnen maTze gabatonebas, magram

sazRvargareTis eklesiis mxridan garkveul winaaRmdegobebs waawydnen.

ruseTis patriarqma aleqsi II-m araerTxel mimarTa emigrantebs

gaerTianebis mowodebiT. am saqmeSi aqtiurad iyo CarTuli Tavad ruseTis

prezidenti v. putini. urTierTobis aRdena 2003 wlidan daiwyo – aRdga

evqaristuli kavSiri da gadawyda Seqmniliyo komisia, romelic

Seiswavlida da gadaWrida wlebis manZilze dagrovil problemebs.

TanamSromloba aqtiur fazaSi gadavida da sabolood, 2007 wlis 17 maiss

moskovSi, qriste macxovris taZarSi, sazeimod moewera xeli `kanonikuri

erTobis aqts~ moskovis sapatriarqosa da sazRvargareTis eklesias

Tavdapirvelad ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia ewinaaRmdegeboda bolSevikurwyobas. sasuliero pirTa masobrivi dapatimrebebisa da devnis Semdeg, aseve patimrobaSimyofi mitropoliti sergi stragorski (patriarqis movaleobis Semsrulebeli) 1927 welsdaTanmxda saxelmwifo politikur diqtatTan molaparakebaze. sergim daTmowinaaRmdegoba da eklesiuri loialoba gamoiCina bolSevikTa mimarT, romlis xarjzecgadaarCina eklesia sruli likvidaciisgan. es daTmoba gaxda mizezi didi sqizmisa,romlis gamoc bevri morwmune miwisqveSa sazogadoebebSi gaerTianda da romelmacsabolood miiRo saxelwodeba `WeSmariti rusuli marTlmadidebeli eklesia~.mitropolit sergis moqmedebam aseve uaryofiTi gamoxmaureba gamoiwvia sazRvargareTiseklesiisgan. maT es nabiji Seafases rogorc ara eklesiis mwyemsmTavrisTvis Sesaferisisaeklesio-kanonikuri, aramed politikuri svla. amitom gamovidnen deda-eklesiisdaqvemdebarebidan.

se – sazRvargareTis eklesia

110

Soris. xelmoweris Semdeg Catarda pirveli erToblivi RvTismsaxureba.

aRniSnul ceremonials eswreboda ruseTis prezidenti – v.v. putini,

romelsac eklesiis orive mxaris warmomadgenlebma madloba gadauxades

gaerTianebis saqmeSi didi wvlilis SetanisaTvis. am gaerTianebas Tan

axlda emigrantebis erTi nawilis didi winaaRmdegoba, rac mdgomareobda

imaSi, rom maT ar surdaT rme-Tan urTierToba, radgan igi iyo ekumenuri

moZraobis nawili, romelsac emigrantebi eresad miiCnevdnen. amis gamo

erTi episkoposi gamoeyo kidec se-s da Camoayaliba `sakuTari eklesia~.

saboloo jamSi, sazRvargareTis eklesia daubrunda mSobliur eklesias.

zemoT ganxiluli masalebis gacnobisas pirveli kiTxva, rac Cndeba

aris – Tu ratom undoda ruseTis eklesias se-s SeerTeba? ratom

xarjavda esoden did Zalisxmevas ruseTis prezidenti putini, romelmac

yvela Rone ixmara am nawilTa gaerTianebisTvis? savaraudo pasuxad

SeiZleba moviyvanoT amonaridi statiidan, romelic gamoqveynda 2007

wlis 25 maiss amerikul gazeTSi `Wall Street Journal~: `saubaria, aramxolod

movlenis saRvTismetyvelo da zneobriv mxareebze – aramed aris eWvi,

rom putini ayalibebs gavlenis axal qsels da amisTvis iyenebs eklesias

mTel msoflioSi gafantuli rusul sazogadoebebTan kavSirebis

gasamyareblad~.

putinis es qmedeba martivi asaxsneli iqneba, Tu gavixsenebT rusul

politikasa da eklesias Soris urTierTobas. ruseTis mTavrobis xelSi

rusuli eklesia mudmivad imperializmis erT-erTi mZlavri iaraRi iyo.

Sesabamisad, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT sazRvargareTis eklesiis gavlenas aSS-

sa da dasavleT evropis politikur da biznes wreebze, eklesiaTa

gaerTianeba, rusuli mTavrobis mxridan, gavlenis sferoebis

mniSvnelovan gafarToebasa da gaZlierebas gulisxmobda.

saxelmwifosa da eklesiis axlo urTierTobam eklesiis qonebasa da

Zalauflebazec iqonia gavlena. Tuki XX s-Si mis sameurneo-finansur

saqmianobas mkacrad akontrolebda sabWouri xelisufleba, 1990-iani

wlebidan suraTi radikalurad Seicvala. sul ramdenime weliwadSi

ruseTis marTlmadidebelma eklesiam miiRo uzarmazari sagadasaxado

111

SeRavaTebi; moaxerxa gamxdariyo mompovebeli da gamsaRebeli

navTobproduqtebis, saiuveliro nakeTobebis, alkoholuri sasmelebisa;

monawileobda konversiiT miRebul SeiaraRebaSi. garda amisa, is

uSualod monawileobda uSvelebeli ucxouri humanitaruli daxmarebis

miReba-ganawilebaSi. Tumca, am yovelives finansuri aRricxvis miReba

praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. miCneulia, rom ruseTis eklesia erTaderTi

Tu ara, erT-erTi yvelaze didi kapitalistia ruseTSi da verc

prezidenti, verc xelisufleba gverds ver uvlian mis komerciul

interesebs. es yovelive imis sazRaurad, rom eklesia Cadga saxelmwifos

samsaxurSi da erTad axorcieleben saero politikas [Сачков 2011].

es mxolod mcire CamonaTvalia im movlenebisa, rac 1990-2008 wlebSi

ruseTis eklesiaSi xdeboda. saerTo jamSi, unda iTqvas, rom

sapatriarqom didi wvlili Seitana ruseTis sulierebis ganviTarebaSi

postkomunistur xanaSi. samocdaaTwliani aTeizmis Semdeg

mravalmilioniani da eTnikurad da religiurad Wreli ruseTis

marTlmadideblobaze moqceva metad did Zalisxmevas saWiroebda.

patriarqma aleqsi II-m SeZlo ruseTis marTlmadidebeli mosaxleobis

metnaklebad eklesiisken mobruneba, eklesiis avtoritetis amaRleba,

sasuliero muSaobis ganvrcoba da sxv.

am epoqaSi patriarqi verc xelisuflebasTan axlo urTierTobas

auvlida mxars, radgan im xanebSi eklesiisaTvis damoukideblad amdenis

miRweva SeuZlebeli iqneboda. garda amisa, ruseTisTvis tradiciulia

eklesiisa da xelisuflebis TanamSrobloba saxelmwifo interesebis

gatarebis mizniT. Tumca, sazogadoebis mxridan es nabiji ar iyo didad

mowonebuli. gapolitikurebuli religia aramarto Sida gankiTxvis,

aramed saerTaSoriso sasaubro Temadac iqca. yvela erTxmad aRiarebda,

rom msgavsi movlena ruseTis saxelmwifos dromoWmulobis maCvenebeli

iyo.

112

* * *

eklesiis winaSe mdgari mravali problemuri da gadauWreli sakiTxi,

maT Soris eklesiis statusis da mdgomareobis gansazRvra, axal

politikur Tu religiur gamowvevebze adekvaturi reagireba da sxva

araerTi pirveladi mniSvnelobis mougvarebeli sakiTxi gaxda sababi

ganxeTqilebis dawyebisa ruseTis eklesiaSi. amas garda, iyo sakiTxebi,

romlebsac eklesiis warmomadgenelTa erTi nawili moZvelebulad

miiCnevda da moiTxovda maT ganaxlebas. azrTa sxvadasxvaobam imdenad

didi uTanxmoeba gamoiwvia, rom moxda ganxeTqileba da ruseTis eklesia

sasuliero pirTa dapirispirebul jgufebad daiyo. 1991 wels

marTlmadidebeli mRvdeli beniamin noviki werda: `rom SeiZlebodes

ruseTis sulieri mdgomareobis erTi sityviT daxasiaTeba, es sityva

iqneboda `sqizma~ [Knox 2005:91].

es dayofa-dapirispirebebi gacxadda mas Semdeg, rac gorbaCovma

oficialurad dauSva religiur sakiTxebze Ria diskusiebis warmoeba.

gansxvaveba ki sakmaod mkveTri iyo da am dapirispirebaSi gamoiyofoda

oTxi fraqcia/dajgufeba: ultra-nacionalistebi, ekumenistebi,

institucionalis-tebi da pastoralistebi, Tumca saerTo jamSi isini

mainc reformistebad da tradicionalistebad iyofodnen. eklesiis

SigniT TiToeulma dajgufebam sakuTari saero organizacia, gamocemebi

da institutebi Seqmna.

eklesiis momavlisa da saxelmwifosTan urTierTobebis Sesaxeb

msjelobisas ramdenime Tema amotivtivda, romelic dResac Zalian

aqtualuria ruseTis eklesiisaTvis. maT Soris erT-erTi upirvelesi

sakiTxia eklesiis warmomadgenlebis TanamSromloba suk-Tan (saxelmwifo

uSiSroebis komitetTan - КГБ)

eklesiis warmomadgenelTa TanamSromlobam saxelmwifo

uSiSroebasTan didi dapirispireba gaaRviva da CaiTria samRvdeloebis,

mrevlisa da saero pirTa mravali warmomadgeneli. es Tema pirvelad

disindenturma Jurnalma “Гласность” wamowia, romelmac gamoaqveyna suk-s

Sexvedrebis faqtebi patriarq pimenTan, mitropolit aleqsisTan da sxva

113

ierarqebTan, rac dadasturebuli iyo yofili suk-is generlis

interviuTi. Semdeg, Jurnalebis “Гласность” da “Огонёк”–is Jurnalistebma

Caatares kvleva da gamoaqveynes detalebi, Tu rogor irCeodnen

saeklesio kadrebi suk-is mier sandoobis mixedviT da rogor xdeboda

maTi TanamSromloba. Jurnalistebma gaSifres koduri saxelebi da maTSi

eklesiis zogierTi ierarqi amoicnes. debatebi sxva cnobil gamocemebsac

moedo, rogorebicaa: “Аргументы и Факты”, “Русская Мысль” da sxva, imdenad,

rom patriarqma mouwoda bralmdeblebs Tavi SeekavebinaT braldebebisa

da eklesiis gankiTxvisagan. mrgval magidasTan gamarTulma kamaTma

gadacemebSi “Огонёк” da “Столица” warmoadgina msoflmxedvelobaTa mTeli

rigi: dawyebuli TanamSromlobis dakanonebis aucileblobidan (risi

momxrec iyo mitropoliti ioane, diakvani andrei kuraevi), dasrulebuli

TanamSromelTa sasjelis moTxovniT (momxreebi liberali mRvdeli gleb

iakunini, Jurnalisti zoia kraxmalnikova) [Knox 2005:99].

kamaTi gaaZliera intervium patriarq aleqsi II-sTan. misi komentari

aseTi iyo: `me eklesiis msaxuri var, me unda aviRo pasuxismgebloba

yvelaferze, rac moxda eklesiis cxovrebaSi – ara mxolod kargze,

aramed imazec, rac iyo rTuli, samwuxaro da mcdari~. man gamoxata

mwuxareba da moubodiSa yvelas, vinc am yovelives Sedegad dazaralda.

es daTmoba da mobodiSeba mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda. bevri morwmune,

gansakuTrebiT ki disindentebi elodnen amas. am intervius sxva

sasuliero ierarqTa mobodiSebac mohyva. Tumca, mowinaaRmdegeebi ar

cxrebodnen, maTTvis es ar iyo sakmarisi.

suk-is sakiTxma, rogorc arcerTma sxvam – didi ufskruli warmoqmna

ierarqiasa da reformistebs Soris da dRemde ar Cans am ori poziciis

SeTanxmebis SesaZlebloba.

meore sakiTxi, romelic aseve `ganxeTqilebis vaSlad~ iqca, eklesiis

doqtrinisa da eklesiologiis gamartivebis moTxovna iyo. reformistebi

miiCnevdnen, rom saRvTismsaxuro Zveli slavuri ena Znelad gasagebia

rigiTi morwmunisaTvis da is unda Secvliliyo Tanamedrove rusuliT

[Стрельчик 2011].

114

es sakiTxic garTulda – partiarqis Tanxmobis gareSe mRvdelma

giorgi koCetkovma Tavis mrevls saxareba da liturgiis sxva nawilebi

Tanamedrove rusuliT waukiTxa. patriarqma amis gamo is SedarebiT mcire

taZarSi gadaiyvana. koCetkovs ormocma mRvdelma dauWira mxari.

moTxovnas moTxovna mohyva. reformistebi iTxovdnen RvTismsaxurebis

xangrZlivobis Semcirebas, ambionis taZris SuaSi gadatanas, rom

gazrdiliyo mrevlTan siaxlove da a.S. aRsaniSnavia, rom msgavsi

moZraoba mxolod moskovsa da sankt-peterburgSi SeiniSneboda da

TiTqmis ar SeimCneoda maT farglebs gareT [Knox 2005:93]; [mWedliZe 2003:13].

aseve mwvave disputi gamoiwvia ekumenuri urTierTobebis gafarToebam

da sxva marTlmadidebluri iurisdiqciebis mimarT patriarqis

damokidebule-bam.

reformistebs miaCndaT, rom qveyanaSi marTlmadideblobis garda sxva

denominaciebic unda moZlierebuliyvnen. mRvdeli giorgi Cistiakovi

wuxda: `dRes marTlmadideblobisTvis wesad iqca kaTolicizmisa da

protestantizmis winaaRmdeg brZola, iseve, rogorc ekumenizmis sruli

uaryofa da Caketiloba sxva konfesiaTa mimarT. terminma `ekumenizmma~

damamcirebeli mniSvneloba SeiZina, xolo misadmi raime simpaTiis

gamoxatva marTlmadideblobis ueWvel Ralatad aRiqmeba~. Cistiakovma

gaagrZela religiur aratolerantulobaze braldebebis wayeneba da

morwmuneebs interkonfesionaluri Segnebisken mouwoda [Knox 2005:95].

miuxedavad imisa, rom patriarq aleqsis hqonda ekumenur

struqturebTan urTierTobis gamocdileba da wlebis manZilze evropuli

eklesiebis konferenciis prezidenti iyo, is mainc atarebda sxva

sarwmunoebebisgan ruseTis dacvis politikas. amis gamo, reformistebs

ruseTis oficialuri eklesia sxva denominaciebTan TanamSromlobisa da

dialogis warmoebisTvis uunarod miaCndaT.

reformistebis SeniSvna ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis

Caketilobaze Sors ar dgas realobisgan. eklesiis mesveurebSi jerac

mkvidradaa gamjdari `velikoderJavuli~ didebis aRdgenis idea. ase, rom

damokidebuleba sxva marTlmadidebeli eklesiebis iurisdiqciebisadmi

115

scdeba da-eklesiebis urTierTobis CarCoebs. sabWoeTis daSlis Semdeg

moskovis sapatriarqos politikur prioritetad iqca marTlmadideblur

eklesiebze Zveli dominanturi poziciis aRdgena. postsabWoTa

saxelmwifoebi ruseTis eklesiisgan ruseTis teritoriis farglebSi

Catevas da sazRvrebis dacvas moiTxovdnen. Tumca, maTi moskovis

sapatriarqosgan gamoyofis survili pirad Seuracxyofad aRiqves

ruseTis eklesiaSi tradicionalistebma da eklesiis gareT Sovinistebma.

orive mxares Rrmad swams rusuli mesianizmis da imis, rom moskovs

msoflio marTlmadideblobaSi unikaluri adgili ukavia [Knox 2005:81].

rogorc wina TavSic aRvniSneT, XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis

dasawyisSi araerTi sasuliero piri iyo CarTuli politikur arCevnebSi,

rac imiT dasrulda, rom erTi eklesiis warmomadgenlebi sxvadasxva da

erTmaneTTan dapirispirebul politikur partiebSi aRmoCndnen. amas,

rasakvirvelia, gamoxmaureba hqonda eklesiis mesveurTa mxridan. didi

dava da debatebi mohyva 1993 wlis noemberSi wminda sinodis mier

miRebul gadawyvetilebas, rom samRvdeloeba ar unda CarTuliyo

politikaSi da politikur saqmianobaSi. garTulebuli msoflio

politikuri mdgomareobis gamo dumis muSaobaSi Cabmul 4 mRvdels

patriarqma aleqsi II-m SesTavaza arCevanis gakeTeba: gaenebebinaT

politikisTvis Tavi, an ganegrZoT politikuri moRvaweoba anaforis

gareSe. mRvdeli gleb iakunini erTaderTi aRmoCnda, vinc politikuri

moRvaweoba arCia (1994 w.).

dRemde saeroni aqtiurad monawileoben masStabur politikur

proeqtebSi. maT miaCniaT, rom marTlmadidebloba is sarwmunoebaa,

romelsac SeuZlia da unda daexmaros demokratiis ganviTarebas post-

sabWoTa ruseTSi. isini aseve aqtiurad iyvnen CarTulebi 1997 wels

`sindisis Tavisuflebisa da religiuri asociaciebis Sesaxeb kanonis~

miRebaSi. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom miuxedavad maTi amgvari mimarTebisa –

gamoiyenon marTlmadidebloba politikuri miznebisTvis – eriskacoba

magaliTad sakmarisia ruseTis mxridan ukrainis, belorusiisa da estoneTismarTlmadide-beli eklesiebis avtokefaliis arcnobis faqtebis motana, rasac Sedegadmoskovisa da konstantinopolis sapatriarqoebs Soris urTierTobebis daZabva mohyva.

116

arcTu keTilganwyobilia sapatriarqos mimarT da xSirad udgas

opoziciaSi [Knox 2005:96].

1997 wels miRebulma am kanonmac gamoiwvia azrTa sxvadasxvaoba

rogorc eklesiaSi, ise sazogadoebaSi. nawils miaCnda, rom es kanoni ver

aRmofxvrida ruseTSi ucxo religiuri organizaciebis parpaSs da

piriqiT, SezRudavda eklesiis SesaZleblobebs. politikurad aqtiuri

samRvdeloeba da eriskacoba aRniSnavda, rom saWiro iyo ruseTis

eklesiis ufro meti aqtiuroba da monawileoba tolerantobisa da

demokratiis gaZlierebis, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebis

procesSi [Knox 2005:98].

rogorc wesi, ucxoeli mkvlevarebi ar aqceven did yuradRebas

ruseTis eklesiaSi reformistTa arsebobas da ZiriTad aqcents

tradicionalistebze akeTeben. maTTvis ruseTis eklesiaSi yvela –

rigiTi mrevlidan dawyebuli, mRvdlisa da `starecis~ CaTvliT

nacionalisti, Sovinisti, antisemiti, antidasavleli an antikaTolikea,

an, umetes SemTxvevaSi, am yvelafris naerTi. yvela mkvlevari erTxmad

aRniSnavs, rom ruseTis eklesiaSi Zlieri Sovinisturi viTareba sufevs.

Tumca, es ar niSnavs, rom eklesiaSi reformistebi ar, an Zalian cotani

arian. piriqiT, isini mravlad arian da sakmaod axlosac dganan

sazogadoebasTan [Knox 2005:91].

istoriuli faqti erTia: ruseTis eklesiaSi yovelTvis iyvnen

reformistebi, romlebic cdilobdnen rusuli eklesiis wyobis evropul

yaidaze gadayvanas, Tumca, Sedegic praqtikulad igive iyo – moskovis

sapatriaqro aqtiurad TanamSromlobda saxelmwifo xelisuflebasTan da

stareci – rusul eklesiaSi monastris xelmZRvaneli da uxucesi mRvdeli, beri aRsaniSavia, rom zemoT moyvanil magaliTebs analogi moepovebaT ruseTis eklesiisada sazogadoebis istoriaSi. reformatorulma moZraobam ruseTSi jer kidev XIVsaukuneSi miiRo masStaburi saxe da gascda oficialuri marTlmadideblobissazRvrebs. am religiur moZraobas mkafiod gamoxatuli amocana hqonda – oficialuriierarqiis uaryofa da misdami absoluturi daumorCilebloba. Zveli ruseTis saeklesioierarqiis problema maSinac iyo ganaTlebis dabali done, romlebic konkurencias veruwevdnen saRvTismetyvelo polemikas. Tumca, saxelmwifo xelisuflebisa da saeklesioierarqiis erToblivma brZolam maSinac moaxerxa rusuli eklesiis modernizaciismoZraobis CaxSoba. igive ganmeorda XVII da XIX-XX saukuneTa mijnaze [Казакова… 1955:544];[pavliaSvili 2008:45].

117

isini erToblivi ZalisxmeviT axerxebdnen msgavsi moZraobebis aRkveTas.

ruseTi erTguli rCeboda bizantiuri wyobilebisa da arasodes uTqvams

uari `mesame romobaze~. sakiTxavi isaa, ramdenad gamoadga ruseTs aseTi

religiuri politika da rogor Sedegebs miaRwevs dRevandeli

reformistuli frTis moRvaweoba. am etapze kvlavac SeiniSneba

sapatriarqosa da saxelmwifos TanamSromloba, xolo imperialisturi da

nacionalisturi xedva ruseTis eklesias did problemebs uqmnis

saerTaSoriso doneze, sxvadasxva marTlmadidebel avtokefalur

eklesiebTan urTierTobaSi.

postsabWoTa periodSi ruseTis sasuliero sfero metad datvirTuli

iyo movlenebiT: gardamavali epoqa da axali drois gamowvevebi,

mravalerovani da mravalkonfesiuri uzarmazari saxelmwifo,

mouwesrigebeli kanonmdebloba religiis dargSi da saerTod,

mouwesrigebeli politikuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareoba mTel ruseTSi,

Semosuli seqtebi da ganxeTqileba Tavad marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi did

sirTuleebs qmnida. sazogadoebis damokidebuleba araerTgvarovani da

arastabiluri iyo – xSirad icvleboda ruseTis sapatriarqosadmi

ndobis reitingi. Tavad sazogadoebaSic da xelisuflebaSic SeimCneoda

erTgvari Widili tradiciebsa da axali drois moTxovnebs Soris, rasac

sabWouri guSindeli dRis gamoZaxilic emateboda. sabWoTa kvali

emCneoda im araoficialur garigebebs, rac xdeboda qveynis Sida

politikaSi, maT Soris, saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris. axal

gamowvevebs ki axmaurebdnen reformistebi eklesiaSi da Tavad

sazogadoeba, romelic cdilobda fexi aewyo axali cxovrebisTvis, mas

Semdeg rac gairRva sabWoTa sazRvrebi. am yovelivedan gamomdinare

sapatriarqos moRvaweoba metad datvirTuli iyo da mas mravali

faqtoris gaTvaliswineba uwevda, Tumca sapatriarqom sabWoeTis

arsebobis bolo wlebSic da Semdeg ukve axali drois dasawyisSic

sakuTari arCevani gaakeTa da Cadga saxelmwifos interesebis samsaxurSi,

sadac sakmaod komfortulad grZnobs Tavs da xelisuflebisganac did

SeRavaTebs iRebs.

118

$3. religiuri mdgomareoba da rusuli sazogadoebrivi azri

postsabWour periodSi

rodesac vsaubrobT eklesiaSi mimdinare procesebze, aseve

saxelmwifosa da eklesiis damokidebulebaze, ar SeiZleba ar

gaviTvaliswinoT da ar SevCerdeT iseT mniSvnelovan sakiTxze,

rogoricaa sazogadoebis damokidebuleba am yovelives mimarT.

winamdebare namuSevris erT-erT mizans swored eklesiis Sesaxeb

sazogadoebrivi azris Seswavla warmoadgens da wina TavebSi SevecadeT

es sakiTxi kvlevis paralelurad warmogveCina. sazogadoeba isaa,

visTvisac keTdeba saero Tu religiuri politika. rogorc wesi,

sazogadoeba gamodis xolme damkveTis rolSi, Tumca ramdenad iyo es ase

postsabWoTa ruseTSi, am TavSi ganvixilavT.

iseve rogorc ruseTis politikaSi, ekonomikaSi, religiasa da sxva

sferoebSi, rusul sazogadoebasa da mis msoflaRqmaSic didi

cvlilebebi moitana aTeisturi reJimis daSlam. mkvlevarebi Tu sakiTxiT

dainteresebuli Jurnalistebi statiebsa Tu sxva saxis literaturaSi

aRniSnaven, rom postkomunisturi xanis ruseTis mosaxleobaSi gazrdili

iyo religiaze moTxovnileba, ase vTqvaT, mosaxleobis religiuroba.

komunizmis daRupvam gamoiwvia didi ideologiuri vakuumi rus xalxSi,

romlebic miCveulni iyvnen saxelmwifos mier msoflmxedvelobis

miwodebas, Sesabamisad, ruseTs dasWirda suliereba axal cxovrebaSi

gzis gasagnebad (saxelmZRvanelod). amis gamo, ruseTis religiur

cxovrebasTan dakavSirebul statiebsa Tu literaturaSi xSirad ixmareba

termini `sulieri vakuumi~, rac swored ssrk-s daSlis Semdeg sabWoTa

ideologiis moSliTa da religiis arqoniT iyo gamowveuli. am yovelivem

ki ganapiroba religiuri bumi [Воронцова 1995].

arsebuli viTarebis Sefasebisas, vakuumis Sevsebis mTavar kandidatad

udavod ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia igulisxmeboda. Tumca

yvelaferi martivad ar iyo. sazogadoebisgan didi iyo sapatriarqos

moqmedebebze molodini. am sazogadoebis didi nawilis imedebi ver

gamarTlda. ruseTis eklesiis uunarobam – epasuxa postsabWouri

119

gamowvevebisTvis da gaZRoloda qveyanas gaZlierebisa da

keTildReobisken, sazogadoebaSi didi imedgacrueba gamoiwvia. amasTan

dakavSirebiT publicisti dmitri pospelovski werda: `ruseTis

marTlmadidebelma eklesiam ver moaxerxa epovna sakuTar TavSi

sasicocxlo Zalebi, rom gaZRoloda rusul sazogadoebas moralurad

da sulieri TvalsazrisiTac, arada sworad es eimedebodaT

morwmuneebsac da aramorwmuneebsac ssrk-s daSlis Semdgom~. eklesiis

mimarT sazogadoebis damabrkolebel ZiriTad mizezebad iqca:

gapolitikurebuli religia – roca xelisufleba xSirad iyenebda

marTlmadideblobas sakuTari interesebis gasatareblad. amas emateboda

eklesiisa da uSiSroebis warmomadgenelTa mravalwliani TanamSromloba;

mouwesrigebeli kanonmdebloba; eklesiis wiaRSi warmoSobili

dapirispireba tradicionalistebsa da reformistebs Soris da sxv.

aseTi dabrkolebebis arsebobis gamo sazogadoebam sxva `rwmenis

obieqtebis~ Zieba daiwyo. aman ki mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli ruseTSi

sxvadasxva warmomavlobisa da mimarTulebis seqtebis SeRwevas.

mosaxleobaSi gazrdili religiurobis garda, ruseTSi seqtebis

SeRwevas mouwesrigebeli kanonmdeblobac daexmara, romlis mixedviTac

daSvebuli iyo religiuri pluralizmi. garda amisa, mosaxleobaSi

seqtebis swrafi gavrcelebis faqtori maTi mimdevrebis finansur

dainteresebaSic ido. seqtis saqmianobaSi aqtiurad CarTul mimdevrebs

gzavnidnen ucxoeTSi saswavleblad, an asaCuqrebdnen fuladi Tu

sxvadasxva fasiani saCuqrebiT. religiuri aqtiuroba ki erT-erTi is

momxibvleli faqtori iyo, rac ase surda da xiblavda rus mosaxleobas.

sabWoeTis daSlis Semdeg, pirveli SesaZleblobisTanave ruseTSi

aTasobiT sxvadasxva warmomavlobis mqadagebeli gamoCnda. 1995 wels

aRiricxa dasavleTis 25 udidesi saagentos iurisdiqciis qveS myofi

misionerebi, romelTa saerTo raodenoba yofili ssrk-s teritoriaze

3 190 iyo. Sesadareblad moviyvan amave periodSi aRmosavleT da

centralur evropaSi aRricxul misionerTa saerTo raodenobas, romelic

120

1 716 utoldeboda. am misionerebis absoluturi umravlesoba ruseTsa da

ukrainaSi moRvaweobda [Тирле 1999].

protestantebma jer kidev 1960-iani wlebidan daiwyes ssrk-Si

religiuri literaturis Targmna da gamoSveba. `xsnis armia~ 1913-23

wlebSi aqtiurobda sankt-peterburgSi da miwisqveSeTidan bolSevikebis

xelisuflebis dacemis Semdeg – 1991 wlidan gamovidnen. maT sakmaod

gaSales moRvaweobis masStabebi, magram 1999 wels moskovis iusticiis

departamentma akrZala am seqtis saqmianoba, im ganmartebiT, rom es

ukanaskneli paramilitaristul organizacias warmoadgenda.

iseTi denominaciebi, rogorebicaa: ieRovas mowmeebi, ieso qriste

ZvelTa dReTa eklesiis wmindanebi, saientologTa eklesia, erTobis

eklesia da hare kriSna aseve warmoadgenen ruseTis postsabWour

religiur cxovrebas [Тирле 1999].

rac Seexeba adgilobrivi warmoSobis seqtebs, Seiqmna ramdenime

cnobili religiuri dajgufeba: `didi TeTri saZmo~, `RvTismSoblis

centri~ da `ukanaskneli aRTqmis eklesia~. adgilobriv religiur

warmonaqmnebSi ZiriTadad gaerTianebulia neo-paganizmi, qristianoba da

xsnis armia – 1875 wels inglisSi Camoyalibebuli gasamxedroebuli seqta, romelicTavs zekonfesionaluri gamoRviZebisa da xsnis armias uwodebs – sakuTar TavsgadarCenilebad miiCneven da zrunaven sxvaTa gadasarCenad. saientologia – 1953 wels daarsebuli religiuri-filosofiuri swavlebaa, romelicmoicavs iseT sferoebs, rogoricaa morali, eTika, marTvis teqnologiebi... igi metadskandaluri seqtaa, radgan mravali SezRudva aqvs Tavisi mimdevrebis mimarT,gansakuTrebiT samedicino daxmarebis sferoSi. mas gansakuTrebiT misdeven holivudSi,xolo safrangeTSi, germaniaSi, irlandiaSi, britaneTSi, luqsemburgSi, israelSi,meqsikasa da belgiaSi igi danaSaulebriv seqtadaa aRiarebuli da akrZalulia misimimdevroba. esaa wminda komerciuli organizacia, romelic did Tanxas sZalavs sakuTarmimdevrebs maTive samomavlo gamdidrebis mizniT. saientlogiam religiis statusi aSS-Si 1993 wels miiRo. erTobis eklesia, igive munizmi – 1954 wels seulSi daarsda da didi ganviTareba aSS-Si hpova. misi fuZemdebelia san miung muni. esaa sinkretul-spiritualuri moZraoba. igiemyareba damaarseblis gamocxadebas, romlis mixedviTac mas qriste, buda da sxvawinaswarmetyvelebi gamoecxadnen da maTi saqmis bolomde miyvana daavales. kriSna – induisturi religiis erT-erTi RvTaebis viSnus merve gansaxiereba, romlismoZRvrebac emyareba indur eposs. didi TeTri saZmo – 1991 wels kievSi Camoyalibebuli seqta klinikurisikvdilgancdili qalbatonis mier, romelic Tavs msoflio dedad asaRebs da qadagebssaSineli sasjelis moaxloebas. 1991 wels ruseTSi Camoyalibebuli seqta. 1991 wels ruseTSi daarsebuli seqta besarion `qristes~ mier.

121

aRmosavluri misticizmi. am seqtebis moZRvreba ZiriTadad eyrdnoba maT

damaarsebelTa `xilvebsa~ da `gamocxadebebs~, maT msoflmxedvelobas.

1998 wels norvegi-elma mkvlevarma sabrina rametma Caatara kvleva da

300 000-mde saxalxo mkurnali, mCxibavi, jadoqari Tu fsiqologi aRricxa.

ucnauria, magram faqtia, aRniSnul periodSi ruseTis jandacvis

saministros gamzadebuli hqonda testi, romlis warmatebiT Cabarebis

SemTxvevaSic adamians aniWebdnen grZneulis, jadoqrisa Tu

naTelmxilvelis serTifikats. 1990-ian wlebSi gansakuTrebiT

popularuli iyo e.w. xalxuri fsiqologia. amis erT-erTi TvalnaTeli

da cnobili magaliTia anatoli kaSpirovski da misi gadacemebi [Knox

2005:45].

kanonmdebobis mowesrigebis daCqareba da seqtebTan dakavSirebuli

usafrTxoebis sakiTxi gaamZafra `aum SinrikiosTan~ dakavSirebulma

skandalma. am seqtis damfuZnebelma sioko asaharam ruseTSi, iseve

rogorc aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi, moaxerxa sazogadoebis yuradRebis

mipyroba da rac mTavaria, gavida sazogadoebis maRal fenebTan

kontaqtze. amiT man moaxerxa moepovebina gavlenis farTo masStabebi da

moqmedebis sruli Tavisufleba. ufro metic, man ruseTis umaRlesi

eSelonebisa da gavleniani xalxis aRiareba moipova, romlebic mas

patronaJs uwevdnen da `mwvane Suqs~ unTebdnen seqtis moRvaweobis

gafarToebas ruseTSi. aum SinrikiosTan dakavSirebulma skandalma

`aum Sinrikio~ aseve cnobili rogorc `alefi~ 1987 wels iaponiaSi daaarsa siokoasaharam. esaa qristianobis, budizmisa da induizmis narevi. aum Sinrikio – sanskritsada kanjis enebze daaxloebiT niSnavs `WeSmaritebis religias~, `umaRles simarTles~.2000 wels organizaciam Seicvala saxeli da dairqva ebrauli anbanis pirveli asossaxeli `alefi~. 1995 wels iaponiaSi mas hyavda 9000 mimdevari, maSin rodesacmsoflioSi misi mimdevrebis raodenoba 40 000 aRwevda. misma damfuZnebelma siokoasaharam, romelic tokios erT-erT gareubanSi erToTaxian binaSi cxovrobda, TavisbinaSi daiwyo iogasa da meditaciis swavleba, misi mowafeTa ricxvi gaizarda. moizidaaxalgazrdebi da Camoayaliba religia elitisaTvis. igi gaemgzavra indoeTsa datibetSi da gaecno ra budizms da iqaur filosofias, Seqmna axali religia. igiqadagebs apokalifsis aCqarebul moaxloebas, romlis Sedegadac gadarCeba mxolod misimimdevari. misi gaTvliT apokalifsi jer kidev 1997 wels unda momxdariyo.[www.wikipedia.com] `aum~ seqtam 1995 wels iaponiis metroSi asobiT mgzavri mowamla gaziT. gamoZiebamaRmoaCina tokiodan 100 km-is daSorebiT seqtis mier Seqmnili bio iaraRis mwarmoebeliqarxana, romelic cdebis Catarebas arc adamianebze Takilobda.

122

sabolood ganapiroba ucxouri religiuri organizaciebis ruseTSi

SeRwevis mkacri akrZalva [Куницын 2004].

viTarebas arTulebda ruseTis mosaxleobis religiuri siWrelec.

1990-ian da 2000-ian wlebSi araerTi socilogiuri kvleva Catarda

ruseTis religiuri mravalferovnebis Sesaswavlad, Tumca zusti

monacemi mainc ar arsebobs. saSualo maCvenebeli aseTia: ruseTis 144

milioniani mosaxlidan saSualod 50% marTlmadidebelia, anu ruseTis

daaxloebiT 75 mln moqalaqe marTlmadideblad aRiqvams Tavs, 1 mln

mosaxle kaTolikea, protestantebis raodenoba 1,5-1,8 mln-ia, xolo

staroverebis rigs 1,5 mln-ze naklebi ekuTvnis. Sesabamisad, ruseTis

mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 60-65% qristianul religias ekuTvnis [Религия в

цифрах 2007].

rac Seexeba muslimebs, maTi ricxvi 9-dan 20 mln-mde meryeobs,

iudevelebi 50 aTasamde arian, budistebi 550 aTass Seadgenen. ruseTis

mosaxleobis savaraudod 10% aTeistia, xolo seqtas ramdeni adamiani

ekuTvnis, dazustebuli araa [Музафаров 2004].

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, postsabWoTa periodSi mosaxleobaSi

religiuroba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. Tumca sagulisxmo faqtia, rom

kulturuli religiuroba anu igive religiuri TviTidentifikacia ar

gulisxmobs religiuriobas am sityvis pirdapiri gagebiT. esaa garkveuli

msoflmedvelobiTi aRqma, ideologiuri pozicia, rac avtomaturad ar

niSnavs Sesabamisi rwmena-warmodgenebis gaziarebasa da religiuri

wesebis mimdevrobasa da aRsrulebas. religiuroba da religiuri

TviTidentifikacia igive kulturuli religiuroba – erTmaneTisgan

mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba.

ruseTis religiuri siWrele aseve qmnis ruseTis erTgvar religiur

geografiasac: iudaizmi, gavrcelebulia ZiriTadad moskovsa da sankt-

peterburgSi. budisti mosaxleoba koncentrirebulia buriatiaSi, tuvasa

da kalmikiaSi; panTeizmi da warmarToba ki gansakuTrebiTaa

gavrcelebuli iakutiasa da Cukotkaze, aseve nawilobriv ugro-finebsa da

CuvaSebSi. ruseTis muslimi mosaxleoba ki ZiriTadad centralur

123

respublikebSi cxovrobs. sul rva muslimuri respublikaa. Tavad

moskovSi daaxlobiT 1 mln. muslimi cxovrobs [Религия граждан... 2012].

saintereso faqti daadgines sociologiurma gamokvlevebma – ruseTis

muslimi mosaxleoba orjer ufro xSirad dadis meCeTSi, vidre

marTlmadidebeli morwmuneebi eklesiaSi, isini mets loculoben da meti

mondomebiT aRasruleben religiur wesebs. saerTodac,

TviTgansazRvruli aramarTlmadideblebi ufro metad monawileoben

religiur cxovrebaSi, vidre TviTgansazRvruli marTlmadideblebi.

muslimebis, ebraelebisa da budistebis SemTxvevaSi es SeiZleba imiTic

aixsnas, rom did qveyanaSi erovnuli umciresobebisTvis uZlieresi

TviTidentifikaciis faqtori religiaa.

am religiur warmomadgenlebTan moskovis sapatriarqos perioduli

da gansxvavebuli intensivobis urTierToba sxvadasxva interesebiT iyo

ganpirobebuli, magaliTad, roca saWiro iyo religiis gamkacrebuli

kanonis lobireba. Tumca iyo periodebi, roca marTlmadidebeli

samRvdeloebis antimuslimur gancxadebebs dauZimebia maT Soris

urTierTobebi.

rogorc zemoT CamoTvlili faqtebidan Cans, aTeistuli wyobilebis

Semdeg rusul sazogadoebas sapatriarqosgan didi molodini hqonda.

religias mowyurebuli mosaxleoba imedovnebda, rom rwmena gaiyvanda maT

axali cxovrebis gzaze da daubrunebda erovnul Segnebasa da

tradiciebs. magram moxda is, rasac naklebad elodnen – eklesiam

ganagrZo saxelmwifos morCileba. Sesabamisad, xalxis molodini

gadaizarda eWvsa da dapirispirebaSi, axali, saimedo rwmenis obieqtebis

ZiebaSi, ramac, rogorc eklesias, ise saxelmwifos didi zarali miayena

seqtebis SeRwevis saxiT. ruseTis geografiuli masStabebidan da

eTnikuri mravalferovnebidan gamomdinare, marTlmadideblobis fonze

izrdeboda sxva tradiciuli Tu aratradiciuli sarwmunoebebis

warmomadgenelTa religiurobac – magaliTad, rogorebic iyvnen

muslimebi, iudevelebi, kaTolikeebi da sxv. [Русская церковь... 2007].

124

saerTo jamSi, sabWoeTis daSlis Semdeg religiis da rwmenis

moTxovnileba gazrdili iyo yvela sarwmunoebis warmomadgenelSi,

romelic sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze cxovrobda. 1990-ianebis

dasawyisSi masobrivi gaxda sarwmunoebisken Semobruneba. mosaxleobis

didi nawilis religiuri gauTviTcnobiereblobiTa da ucodinarobiT

isargebles seqtebma da farTod gaSales saqmianoba ruseTis Wrel

sazogadoebaSi. gazrdili religiuri moTxovnileba da am dargSi xalxis

gamoucdeloba da ucodinaroba xels uwyobda Semosuli Tu adgilobrivi

religiuri organizaciebis saqmianobas da zrdida maT finansur

Semosavlebs. amis miuxedavad, ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia dRemde

uZlieresi da upirvelesi religiuri organizaciaa ruseTSi, romelsac –

yvela miwieri biwierebisa da araerTgvarovani damokidebulebis

miuxedavad, yvelaze meti da, statistikuri monacemebis mixedviT, mzardi

mimdevari gaaCnia.

kari III

afxazeTisa da Sida qarTlis sakiTxi saqarTvelosa da ruseTis

saeklesio urTierTobebSi postsabWoTa periodSi

Tavi pirveli

saeklesio (eparqialuri) sazRvris problema da ruseT-saqarTvelos

saeklesio urTierTobebi XX-XXI saukuneebis mijnaze

(afxazeTisa da Sida qarTlis magaliTze)

$1. Sida qarTli

saqarTvelos istoriul centralur teritoriaze bolo ori saukunea

gaCnda axali teritoriuli erTeuli `samxreT oseTi~, romlis msgavsi

manamde istorias ar axsovs. misi gaCeniT, saqarTvelos axali

Sidapolitikur-eTnikuri problemebi Seeqmna. `samxreT oseTis~ daarseba

125

iyo zogadad imperiuli, konkretulad ki rusuli politikuri principis

`dayavi da ibatone~-s mizanmimarTuli qmedeba.

Tanamedrove osebis winaprebi alanebi, indoevropuli

(Crdiloiranuli modgmis) skviT-sarmatebis STamomavlebi arian,

romlebic Crdilo kavkasiaSi Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi gamoCndnen. maT

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi adgilobrivi modgmis tomebTan erTad Zlieri

tomTa kavSiri Seqmnes, romelic alaniis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.

ax. w-s II saukunidan osebi xSirad esxmodnen Tavs qarTlis

mosaxleobas, rasac qarTveli mefeebis sapasuxo sadamsjelo laSqrobebi

mohyveboda. mas Semdeg, rac gorgasalma ilaSqra oseTSi, daimorCila

isini da Seqmna `karni darialisani~, isini karga xans ar ixsenebian

qarTul istoriul wyaroebSi. XIII s-Si, umefobis xanaSi osebma

isargebles saqarTvelos Sida areulobiT da darubandis gziT kvlav

iwyes aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi Camosvla da mosaxleobis darbeva

[gvasalia 2003].

VII saukunidan qarTvelTa da bizantielTa gavleniT alanebSi

qristianoba gavrcelda. XIV saukunidan qarTlis mTaSi iwyeba osuri

nakadis SemoRweva. IX-XIII saukuneSi (qarTuli istoriuli wyaroebi maT

Tavidanve “ovsebad” moixsenieben) alanebs CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi hqondaT

feodaluri saxelmwifo, romelsac mWidro ekonomikuri, kulturuli da

politikuri urTierToba hqonda saqarTvelosTan, bizantiasa da kievis

ruseTTan. XIII saukuneSi monRolTa da XIV saukuneSi Temur-lengis

Semosevebma bolo mouRes alanTa saxelmwifos. CrdiloeT kavkasiis

baridan gandevnili osebi sxvadasxva mxares (ungreTSi, balkaneTSi da

sxv.) gaifantnen. ZiriTadma masam ki Tavi kavkasionis qedis viwro da mwir

xeobebs Seafara. SemdgomSi maT daiwyes qedis samxreT kalTebze,

saqarTvelos teritoriaze gadmosvla. osebi jer didi da patara liaxvis

saTaveebTan, xolo ufro mogvianebiT qsnis xeobis saTaveebSi

dasaxldnen. XIII-XIV saukuneTa mijnaze qarTlis barSi moxvedrili osTa

didi jgufi Seecada aq damkvidrebas, magram qarTvel feodalebTan

brZolaSi osebi damarcxdnen da iZulebuli gaxdnen ukan, mTebisken

126

daexiaT. sabolood, XVII-XVIII saukunisTvis osurma mosaxleobam

kompaqturad moiyara Tavi kavkasionis qedis centralur nawilSi da

aqedan daiwyo osebis gavrceleba saqarTvelos mTiswina da baris zolSi.

es procesi daiwyo XIV saukunidan da dRemde grZeldeba. XIV

saukunidanve TandaTan gafarTovda am procesis moqmedebis areali. Tu

qarTvelTa da dvalTa gaoseba wina saukuneebSi mxolod maRalmTian

xeobebs moicavda, XIV-XX saukuneebSi procesma dabalmTiani da

gardamavali zolisaken gadmoinacvla.

samaCablos (imave Sida qarTlis Crdilo da centraluri nawilis)

teritoriis uZvelesi mosaxleoba qarTuli iyo da Zv. w. I aTaswleulis

II naxevridan iberiis samefos nawils warmoadgenda. maRalmTian zolSi

darialis xeobidan mamisonis uReltexilamde I saukunidan ixsenieba

dvalTa tomi. kavkasionis mTavari qedis centraluri nawilis

CrdiloeTiT, nar-mamisonis tafobSi, kasaris xeobamde (mdinare ardonis

saTaveebSi), mdebareobda sakuTriv dvaleTi.

am teritoriaze 1922 wlis 20 aprils komunistebma, moskovidan

miRebuli brZanebis Tanaxmad, osebs aCuqes saqarTvelos odindeli

miwebis nawili, romelzec usafuZvlod uwodes `samxreT oseTis

avtonomiuri olqi~. osebis istoriuli samSoblo, `samxreTis~ fonze

gadarqmeuli, "CrdiloeT oseTi", mdebareobs CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da

sazRvari saqarTvelosa da oseTis Soris yovelTvis gadioda bunebriv

zRvarze didi kavkasiuri qedis saxiT. osebs ukan mdgari ruseTi, zurgs

umagrebda maT separatistul moZraobebs da swored qarTvelebze

kontrolis dasaweseblad aamuSava Tavis droze e.w. "samxreT osuri"

proeqti.

cnobilia, rom XIX saukunemde werilobiT wyaroebSi - qarTuli,

rusuli da sxv. - ar aris dafiqsirebuli arc erTi SemTxveva, sadac

gamoyenebuli iqneboda termini `samxreT oseTi~ da saerTod, oseTis

dayofa samxreTisa da CrdiloeTis nawilebad. pirvelad aseTi

gamonaTqvami werilobiTi saxiT gamocxadda XIX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi

da maSinac Zalian iSviaTad ixmareboda [kvirikaSvili 2010];

[sonRulaSvili 2010].

127

miuxedavad imisa, rom samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi Semavali

teritoria arasodes yofila osebis samSoblo, saqarTveloSi maT mainc

yvela piroba hqondaT erovnuli kulturisa da ekonomikis

gansaviTareblad, gansxvavebiT CrdiloeT oseTis mosaxleobisa, sadac

moxda osi mosaxleobis garuseba [gvasalia 2003].

rac Seexeba osebis ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlas, is

ganpirobebuli iyo XVIII saukunidan osmaleTisa da yirimis TaTarTagan

mosalodneli didi samxedro safrTxiT, ris gamoc osebma gadarCenis

mizniT sTxoves ruseTs mieRo isini misi teritoriis farglebSi.

CrdiloeT oseTis SeerTeba ruseTTan 1774 wels moxda.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, osebSi SeiniSneboda religiisken

mibruneba – warmarTobasTan erTad aRorZinda marTlmadideblobac.

cxinvalis universitetis studentis aleqsandre puxates iniciativiT

Camoyalibda ori samrevlo, romelTac Tavidanve surdaT SeerTebodnen

rme-s, radgan 1990-1993 wlebSi saqarTvelosa da samxreT oseTs Soris

mwvave eTnikuri dapirispireba mimdinareobda. am konfliqtis mizezi

samxreT oseTis saqarTvelodan gamoyofis survili iyo. maT

saqarTvelosTan SeuTanxmeblad gamoacxades samxreT oseTis respublikis

saxelmwifo suvereniteti. es svla saqarTvelom Seafasa rogorc

arakonstituciuri, ramac TaviTgamocxadebul respublikas CamoarTva

aramxolod SesaZlebloba gamxadriyo saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobis

subieqti, aramed perspeqtivac, sakuTari surviliT Sesuliyo ruseTis

federaciis SemadgenlobaSi. 1992 wels a. puxatem mimarTa rme-s mieRo

samxreT oseTis eklesia mis SemadgenlobaSi, magram moskovis

sapatriarqom uari uTxra im motiviT, rom ar SeiZleba erTi eklesia

meore eklesiis/sapatriarqos saqmeebSi Caerios. radgan ruseTis eklesiam

e.w. samxreT oseTis samrevlos gamo ar gairTula saqme saqarTvelos

eklesiasTan, puxatem gadawyvita nebismier fasad moeZia Zlieri

mfarveli. amitom, imave wels imave TxovniT man mimarTa ruseTis

sazRvargareTis eklesias. Txovna maleve dakmayofilda. 1992 wels

ruseTis eklesia formalurad dRemde ar aRiarebs afxazeTisa da Sida qarTliseparqiebis damoukideblobas. siRrmiseul mizezebze am Tavis daskvnaSi visaubrebT.

128

aleqsandre puxate emigrantuli eklesiis episkoposma – lazare

Jurbenkom (tambovisa da morSanis eparqia) xeldaasxa. aleqsandres

giorgi ewoda. igi 2000 wlidan saTaveSi Caudga axaldaarsebul samxreT

oseTis eparqias emigratuli eklesiis sazRvrebSi. am droisTvis

marTlmadidebelTa raodenoba samx. oseTSi daaxloebiT 6 aTass

Seadgenda. mas Semdeg, rac 2001 wels emigrantul eklesiaSi ganxeTqileba

moxda da orad gaiyo, samxreT oseTis eparqia gamoeyo maT, radgan iyo

saSiSroeba, ganxeTqilebis mxareebs Soris molaparakebisas samxreT

oseTis eparqia kanonierad miekuTvnebinaT saqarTvelos eklesiisTvis.

2003 wels daiwyo molaparakeba saberZneTis eklesiis `mowinaaRmdegeTa

sinodis~ warmomadgenlebsa da samxreT oseTs Soris, ris Sedegadac

miaRwies SeTanxmebas, mieRoT samx. oseTi am meZvelstileTa dajgufebaSi.

samxreT osebis mier es nabiji aRiqmeva rogorc am eparqiis aRorZineba.

arc saqarTvelos da arc ruseTis mxridan am faqts didi gamoxmaureba

ar mohyolia. iRumeni giorgi aiyvanes arqimandritis xarisxSi da daniSnes

eparqiis mwyemsad. 2005 wlis 7 noembers igi `alaniis eparqiis~

episkoposad akurTxes. alaniis eparqiasa da samxreT oseTis de-faqto

xelisuflebas Soris dadebulia konstituciuri xelSekruleba

(konkordati). de-faqto prezidenti eduard kokoiTi Riad adasturebda

Tavis dadebiT damokidebulebas marTlmadideblobis aRdgenis sakiTxSi

[Непризнанное православие 2011].

rogorc mkvlevari q. xuciSvili aRniSnavs, miuxedavad imisa, rom

cxinvalis regionis gamoklebiT saqarTvelos danarCen teritoriaze

38 000-ze meti osi cxovrobs, maTSi ar dafiqsirebula `alaniis eparqiis~

an `meZvelstileTa eklesiis~ mrevlad gaxdomis arc erTi faqti. metic,

2004 wels, rodesac os separatistebsa da centralur xelisuflebas

Soris dapirispirebam Zaladobrivi saxe miiRo, pankisis xeobis sami

soflis osi da qarTveli mosaxleoba marTlmadideblurad erTad

moinaTla alazanSi, ris Semdegac joyolos eklesiaSi saqarTvelos

mSvidobisa da gamTlianebisTvis locva aRevlina [xuciSvili 2004:37].

129

saqarTvelos sazogadoebaSi e.w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiis Seqmnasa

da aseve, alaniis eparqiis CamoyalibebasTan dakavSirebiT erTsulovani

damokidebuleba sufevs – politikur, sazogadoebriv Tu sasuliero

moRvaweTagan yvela erTxmad adasturebs am administraciuli da

saeklesio erTeulis naZaladev Seqmnas. maTi azriT, cxinvalis regionSi

arsebuli religiuri viTareba sxva araferia Tu ara religiuri

separatizmi. politologTa nawilis azriT ki, es aris

saxelmwifoebriobis winaaRmdeg gadagmuli nabiji, romelSic aqtiurad

CarTes eklesia. Tavad axalgazrdebSic igive azri musirebs, romelic

mkafiod gamoixateba sxvadasxva internet forumebze [markozaSvili

2011:61]

samarTlebrivad ki, dRevandeli konfliqtis teritoria, e.w. `samxreT

oseTis~ eparqia, ekuTvnis saqarTvelos eklesiis, niqozisa da cxinvalis

eparqias, mTavarepiskopos isaias (Wanturias) meTaurobiT. Sesabamisad,

saqarTvelos eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris konstituciuri

SeTanxmebis mixedviT yvela marTlmadidebluri taZari am teritoriaze

saqarTvelos sapatriarqos daqvemdebarebaSia.

qarTvelebsa da osebs Soris ruseTis mier gaRvivebuli konfliqtisa

da separatizmis daZleva metnaklebad TiTqmis yvela etapze iqneboda

SesaZlebeli, rom yofiliyo mxolod ori mxaris molaparakebis sagani.

konfliqtSi ruseTis Carevam igi mougvarebel problemad aqcia

[markozaSvili 2011:24].

$2. afxazeTi

afxazeTis istoria did azrTasxvaobas iwvevs mecnierebSi, Tumca

yvela erT rameSi Tanxmdeba, rom es regioni udavod mniSvnelovani

rolis Semsrulebeli iyo mTeli qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis

arsebobis manZilze. afxazeTis teritoria odiTganve iyo saqarTvelos

ganuyofeli nawili, am teritoriaze mcxovrebi tomebisa da erebis

istoria ki swored is Temaa, romelic amden msjelobas iwvevs. rogorc

130

zogadad, kavkasiis mTebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, tomTa migracia Tu

xSiri samezoblo tomobrivi urTierTobebi Cveuli movlena iyo

afxazeTSic. regionSi istoriis manZilze warmmarTveli iyo qarTuli

elementi, xolo sxvadasxva tomebis urTierToba droebiTi migracia Tu

Serwyma amis Tanamdevi procesi gaxldaT.

afxazeTSi ZiriTadad qarTveluri, aseve abazur-adiReuri tomebi

saxlobdnen. am tomTa warmomavlobas da maT urTierTobebs ar

CavuRrmavdebiT, radgan msjeloba gascdeba Cveni kvlevis Temas. afxazeTi

iyo antikuri qarTuli saxelmwifoebis: kolxeTis da cota mogvianebiT,

egrisis (lazikis) nawili. VIII saukunidan Camoyalibda qarTuli samTavro

afxazeTisa, romelic gaxda erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos Seqmnis erT-

erTi moTave da monawile. erTiani saqarTvelos mefeTa titulaturaSic

afxazebi pirvelebi ixseniebodnen: `mefe afxazTa, qarTvelTa, ranTa,

kaxTa, somexTa, SirvanSa da SahanSa da yovlisa aRmosavleTisa da

dasavleTisa~. momdevno saukuneebSi saxeli `afxazeTi~ ganevrco da

ewodeboda ara mxolod erT mxares, aramed mTlianad dasavleT

saqarTvelos. arcTu iSviaTad, qarTvelTa mefis titulatura SemoklebiT

ixmareboda, rogorc `mefe afxazTa~, xolo `afxazebi~ `qarTvelTa~

sinonimi iyo.

situacia XVI saukunidan Seicvala, roca osmaleTma daipyro

uzarmazari teritoriebi, Savi zRvis yvela sanapiro da saqarTvelos

samxreTidan da CrdiloeTidan moadga. maTgan waqezebulma Crdilo

kavkasielma tomebma: abazebma, jiqebma, adiRelebma, Cerqezebma da sxvebma

masiurad iwyes Camowola da dasaxleba afxazeTis teritoriebze. amave

periodidan SeiniSneba afxazeTis mosaxleobis qristianobisgan

gaucxoeba. maT damkvidrebas is faqtoric uwyobda xels, rom imave XVI

saukunidan Sida aSlilobisas afxazeTis Tavadebi iyenebdnen Crd.

kavkasielebs samegrelos samTavros dasarbevad. sadac maTi mosaxleoba

gaCnda, iq gauqmda qarTuli, marTlmadidebluri sakaTedro centrebi,

monastrebi, Sewyda RvTismsaxureba. ori saukunis manZilze aseTi

mizanmimarTuli darbevebis Sedegad qarTul cnobierebaSi `afxazi~

gaigivda araqarTvelTan, momxdur mterTan. adiRur-abazurma tomebma,

131

romelzec qarTvelebma meqanikurad gadaitanes am mxaris uZvelesi

qarTuli mosaxleobis TviTwodeba `afxazi~, eTnikurad aiTvises md.

kelasurisa da md. RaliZgas Soris arsebuli teritoria.

XIX saukunis dasawyisidan saqmeSi ruseTi Caeba, romelsac didi xania

Tvali eWira mTlianad saqarTveloze, gansakuTrebiT ki afxazeTze. 1864

wels, roca ruseTis imperiam daasrula kavkasiis damorCileba, jeri

afxazeTze midga. dagegmili iyo Savi zRvis aRm. sanapiro daesaxlebinaT

md. yubanidan md. bzifamde kazakebis stanicebiT da amiT afxazeTi

mTlianad gaerusebinaT.

afxazeTSi rusuli kolonialuri reJimis damyarebis da reformebis

gatarebis Sedegad dawyebuli glexTa ajanyeba 1866 wels CaaxSes da misi

monawileebis mniSvnelovani nawili osmaleTis imperiaSi gadaasaxles.

afxazTa muhajiroba kavkasiaSi ruseTis kolonialuri politikis Sedegs

warmoadgenda. ruseTis imperia xels uwyobda afxazeTis mosaxleobis

gadasaxlebas TurqeTSi, xolo dacarielebul miwebze farTod nergavda

kolonizaciis praqtikas, am miwebze dasaxlebis uflebas aZlevda yvelas,

qarTvelebis garda. mizani swored qarTul-afxazuri identobis moSla,

maTi erTmaneTisgan gaucxoeba da sabolood, afxazeTis saqarTvelosgan

CamoSoreba iyo. amave mizniT 1860-iani wlebis dasawyisSi rusi

kavkasiologisa da lingvistis p. uslaris mier Seiqmna afxazuri

damwerloba rusuli grafikis safuZvelze. amiT ruseTis saboloo mizani

cxadze cxadi xdeboda.

1917 wels afxazeTSi airCa afxazi xalxis warmomadgenlobiTi

saxalxo sabWo, romlis delegaciac 1918 wels Camovida TbilisSi da

saqarTvelos erovnul sabWosTan awarmoa molaparakebebi afxazeTis

statusis Sesaxeb. miRweuli SeTanxmebiT, afxazeTs mieniWa avtonomiuri

TviTmmarTveloba saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi. saqarTvelos mxridan

afxazeTis avtonomia damtkicda da oficialurad gamocxadda,

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damoukideblobis

gamocxadebidan ramdenime dReSi (1918 wlis ivnisi).

132

1919 wels afxazTa saxalxo sabWo gardaiqmna afxazeTis saxalxo

sabWod, romelmac imave wlis 20 marts miiRo aqti, afxazeTis, rogorc

avtonomiuri erTeulis, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlis Sesaxeb. 1920 wlis 7 maiss sabWoTa ruseTisa da

saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas Soris dadebuli

xelSekrulebiT, ruseTma upirobod cno saqarTvelos damoukidebloba da

afxazeTis yofna saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi.

roca 1921 wlis 21 Tebervals sabWoTa ruseTis wiTelma armiam

moaxdina saqarTvelos okupacia da gasabWoeba, afxazeTi, saqarTvelosTan

erTad da mis SemadgenlobaSi gaxda sabWoTa imperiis nawili.

sabWoTa mmarTvelobis periodSi afxazebi (igulisxmeba ukve

afxazeTis teritoriaze Camosaxlebuli Crd. kavkasielebi) rusebis mier

iyvnen waqezebulni da afxazeTis mmarTvelobis yvela sferoSi maRali

Tanamdebobebis umetesoba ekavaT, miuxedavad imisa, rom imdroisTvis

isini afxazeTis mosaxleobis mexuTedsac ar Seadgendnen. amrigad, mTeli

sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis manZilze afxazeTSi adgili hqonda sxva

erovnebebis eTnikur diskriminacias afxazTa eTnokratiis xarjze.

afxazeTis nomenklatura, romelmac 1980-iani wlebis damlevidan

saqarTvelosgan gamoyofasa da ruseTTan SeerTebaze aiRo kursi,

provokaciulad aRvivebda afxazeTSi qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg eTnikuri

xasiaTis siZulvils da sabWoTa kavSiris xelisuflebasac afxazeTis

saqarTvelosgan gamoyofisken mouwodebda. moTxovna moTxovnaze

igzavnebo-da da ibeWdeboda cilismwamebluri braldebebi saqarTvelosa

da qarTveli xalxis mimarT, rasac 1989 wlidan separatistuli

provokaciebi mohyva, romelsac mravali udanaSaulo xalxi Seewira.

1991 wels, afxazeTis assr umaRlesma sabWom, romlis umravlesobas

afxazi separatistebi Seadgendnen, aqtiurad daiwyo afxazeTis

saqarTvelosagan gamoyofisaken mimarTuli praqtikuli da

kanonSemoqmede-biTi saqmianoba.

1992 wlis zafxulSi afxazeTis umaRlesma sabWom, romelic

separatistuli kursisadmi protestis niSnad datoves qarTvelma da sxva

133

erovnebis deputatebma, ukanonod miiRo ramdenime sakanonmdeblo aqti,

romliTac afxazeTis saqarTvelosgan gamoyofa cxaddeboda.

mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad 1992 wlis 10 agvistos, saqarTvelos

xelisuflebam miiRo gadawyvetileba afxazeTSi sapolicio da SemdgomSi

samxedro nawilebis Seyvanis Taobaze rkinigzisa da saavtomobilo

magistralis dacvis RonisZiebebis gasatareblad, ris Sesaxebac

miRweul iqna winaswari SeTanxmeba afxazeTis xelmZRvanelobasTan. 1992

wlis 14 agvistos, afxazeTis xelmZRvanelobasTan SeTanxmebis Semdeg,

saqarTvelos policiisa da samxedroebis SezRuduli kontingenti

gadaadgilda afxazeTis teritoriaze. saqarTvelos saxelmwifom

Tavissave teritoriaze, romlis ganuyofel nawils Seadgens afxazeTi,

sakuTari policiisa da samxedro razmis gadaadgileba ganaxorciela.

imave dRes afxazeTis separatistulma liderebma gauxsnes cecxli

qarTul nawilebs oCamCirisa da gulrifSis raionebSi, rasac mohyva

msxverpli. separatistebma masobrivi informaciis saSualebebiT saqveynod

ganacxades, rom saqarTvelo Tavs daesxa afxazeTs da mosaxleobis

sayovelTao mobilizacia gamoacxades. ase daiwyo 1992-1993 wlebis omi

afxazeTSi.

afxazeTSi konfliqtis pirvelive dRidan mesame mxared ruseTis

federacia gamovida, romelsac Suamavlis roli miekuTvna.

1992 w. 3 seqtembers moskovSi moewyo saqarTvelosa da afxaz

separatistTa liderebis Sexvedra ruseTis federaciisa da Crdilo

kavkasiis respublikebis warmomadgenlTa monawileobiT. miiRes saboloo

dokumenti, romelSic naTqvami iyo:

muxli 1. abzaci pirveli: `uzrunvelyofil iqnes saqarTvelos terito-

riuli mTlianoba~;

1992 wlis 1 ianvrisTvis afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis mosaxleoba 535 061 kacsSeadgenda, 1997 wels es ricxvi 145 586-mde Semcirda (anu 72%-iT). 1992 wlis 1ianvrisTvis afxazeTSi qarTvelTa raodenoba mosaxleobis 45,76%-s Seadgenda, 1997wlisTvis qarTvelTa ricxvi 200 000-iT Semcirda. rac Seexeba afxazebs imave 1992 wlisdasawyisisTvis isini mTeli mosaxleobis 17,73%-s Seadgendnen, xolo amJamaddaaxloebiT 36,98%-ia, Tumca es maTi ara raodenobrivi, aramed dacarielebul mxareSimxolod procentuli cvlilebis maCvenebelia [cincaZe 1998:23].

134

muxli 9: `ruseTis federaciis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, romlebic droebiT

imyofebian saqarTvelos respublikis teritoriaze, maT Soris afxazeTSi,

icaven mkacr neitralitets da ar monawileoben Sida konfliqtSi.

saqarTve-los respublikis, maT Soris afxazeTis, saxelmwifo

xelisuflebisa da marTvis organoebi pativs scemen iq dislocirebuli

ruseTis federacis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis neitralitets da

aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi aRkveTen samxedro momsaxureebis, maTi ojaxis

wevrebisa da samxedro qonebis mimarT ukanono qmedebebs~.

muxli 11. abzaci pirveli: `ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi myofi

Crdilo kavkasiis respublikaTa da mxareTa xelisufalni miiReben

efeqtur zomebs maTi teritoriebidan nebismieri qmedebis aRsakveTad,

romelic emijneba am SeTanxmebas. isini Seuwyoben xels mis Sesrulebas

da regionSi mSvidobis damyarebas~ da a.S.

Tumca es iyo formaluri SeTanxmeba. sinamdvileSi viTareba sapirispi-

rod ganviTarda. imave 1992 wlis 3 oqtombers gemebis jgufis meTaurma,

pirveli rangis kapitanma v. fominma gasca brZaneba:

1. ar dauSvaT qarTuli desantis Camosxdoma gagrisa da biWvinTis

raionebSi, Tundac iaraRis gamoyeneba gaxdes saWiro.

2. gudauTaSi ganxorcieldes haersawinaaRmdego dacvis akustikuri

emisia;

3. dadgindes gagris qarTuli dajgufebis SeiaraRebuli ZalebiT

uzrunvelyofis faqti tuafsedan da soWadan gagris sanapiro zolSi

da a.S. [afxazeTis labirinTi 1999:63].

aseve, imave periodSi mTiel xalxTa konfederaciis prezidentis m.

Sanibovisa da am organizaciis parlamentis Tavmjdomaris iusuf

soslambekovis brZanebulebaSi naTqvamia: `imis gamo, rom amoiwura

afxazeTidan saqarTvelos saokupacio jarebis gayvanis yvela mSvidobiani

saSualeba, kmxk-is X sesiis dadgenilebis safuZvelze vbrZanebT: 1.

kmxk – kavkasiis mTiel xalxTa konfederacia – ruseTis mier droebiT Seqmnili (1989-1994 ww.) politikuri erTeuli, romlis mizani iyo daecva sabWoTa kavSiris interesebikavkasiaSi da problemebi Seeqmna im respublikebisTvis, romlebic ssrk-dan gasvlasgadawyvetdnen. am konfederaciis mTavari samizne afxazeTi iyo, amas mowmobs isic, romCrd. kavkasiaSi ganTavsebuli respublikaTa dedaqalaqad soxumi gamocxadda.

135

konfederaciis yvela Stabma ganaxorcielos moxaliseTa gadasrola

afxazeTis teritoriaze agresoris SeiaraRebuli winaaRmdegobis

gasawevad; 2. konfedaraciis yvela SeiaraRebuli formireba im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu Sexvdebian romelime Zalis winaaRmdegobas, CaerTos

brZolaSi da nebismieri meTodebiT gadavides afxazeTis teritoriaze; 3.

q. Tbilisi gamocxaddes ubedurebis zonad; 4. konfederaciis

teritoriaze myofi qarTveli erovnebis yvela adamiani gamocxaddes

mZevlad; 5. dakavebuli iqnas saqarTvelos kuTvnili yvela tvirTi da

aRikveTos nebismieri gadazidva. . .~ [afxazeTis labirinTi 1999:65].

1992 wlis 1 oqtombers dairRva 3 seqtembris SeTanxmeba da mZime

teqnikis gamoyenebiT afxazuri mxare gadavida Setevaze gagris

mimarTulebiT. brZolebSi monawileobdnen kazakebi, somxebi,

konfederatebi da ruseTis samxedro SenaerTebi.

momavali 1993 wlis 27 ivliss kvlav ruseTis federaciis

monawileobiT xeli moewera kidev erT SeTanxmebas `afxazeTSi cecxlis

Sewyvetisa da mis Sesrulebaze kontrolis meqanizmebis Sesaxeb~,

romelic imave wlis 16 seqtembers dairRva da ruseTis sardlebis

meTaurobiT `afxazurma samxedro formirebebma daiwyes aqtiuri SeteviTi

moqmedebebi oCamCiris raionSi~ - citata ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa

ministris moadgilis b. pastuxovis brifingidan, romelic qarTul-

afxazuri molaparakebebis ucvleli monawile iyo.

1993 wlis seqtember-oqtomberSi da 1994 wlis TebervalSi afxazeTSi

qarTuli mosaxleobis masiuri xocva-Jleta da eTnowmenda mimdinareobda,

orasormoci aTasi afxazeTis mkvidri qarTveli gandevnil iqna, afxazeTi

datova misma legitimurma xelisuflebam – afxazeTis umaRlesma sabWom

da ministrTa sabWos wevrebma.

erebis dapirispireba, omi da Sedegad qarTvelTagan sakuTari miwis

iZulebiT datoveba umZimesi tragediaa qarTveli erisTvis. amisTvis

ruseTi ori saukune Tanmimdevrulad moqmedebda. axla ki igi aqtiurad

axorcielebs afxazeTis teritoriis ruseTTan SeerTebis politikas.

136

aseTi iyo afxazeTisa da afxazi xalxis eTnikuri da politikuri

warsuli. axla gavecnoT, Tu rogor warimarTa afxazeTis eparqiis

istoria da rogor gamoiyena ruseTma eklesia Tavisi miznebis misaRwevad

afxazeTSi.

* * *

iseve rogorc mTeli saqarTvelo, ax. w-is I saukuneSi afxazeTic

moiares mociqulebma da iqadages qristianoba. wminda mociqulis, svimon

kananelis saflavi afxazeTSia. afxazeTi, Tavisi mdebareobis gamo axlos

iyo bizantiasTan da aq qristianobis Temebi Tavidanve mravlad iyo. I-III

saukuneebSi romis imperiaSi qristianebis devnisas afxazeTSi, mravali

qristiani gadaasaxles. 325 wels nikeis pirvel msoflio saeklesio

krebaze miwveulTa Soris ixsenieba biWvinTeli episkoposi –

stratofile. es faqti saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi adridanve mtkice

qristianuli Temebis arsebobis maniSnebelia. qristianobis saxlmwifo

religiad gamocxadebis Semdeg ki, sarwmunoebis ganmtkicebas xels

uwyobda msoflio marTlmadideblobis iseTi didi mamebis cxovreba da

moRvaweoba afxazeTSi, rogorebic iyvnen wm. ioane oqropiri, wm. mowame

vasilisko, wm. mowame longinoz biWvinTeli, wm. mowame erna komaneli da

sxvebi.

V saukunemde afxazeTi da zogadad, dasavleT saqarTvelo, bizantiis

gavlenis qveS imyofeboda, maT Soris religiuri TvalsazrisiTac. V

saukuneSi mefe vaxtang gorgasalma SeZlo qveynis gaerTianeba da

afxazeTSi bizantiuri gavlenis moxsna. Sesabamisad, mTeli qveynis

masStabiT erTi avtokefaluri sakaTalikosos Seqmna.

VI s-Si egrisSi didi omianobisa da VII s-is pirvel mesamedSi herakle

keisris Semosevebis Sedegad kvlav gavrcelda bizantielTa gavlena. VI-

VII ss-dan saqarTvelos dasavleTi provinciebi berZnulenovan msxvil

samRvdelmTavroebSi - lazikis samitropolitosa da abazgiis

saarqiepisko-posoSi gaaerTianes. berZnuli samRvdelmTavroebi e.w. skanda-

Sorapnis xazs iqiT, dasavleT saqarTvelos teritorias moicavda.

137

konstantinopols daqvemdebarebul samRvdelmTavroebis aqtiuri

moRvaweobis mimaniSnebelia am mxareSi maT mier eklesiaTa intensiuri

aRmSenebloba da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis sruli gaqristianeba.

VIII saukunis hagiografiuli teqstidan vigebT, rom afxazeTSi

Sefarebuli wm. abo Tbileli madlobda RmerTs `rameTu ixila man

queyana savse qristes sarwmunoebiTa da aravin urwmunoTagani mkvidrad

ipovebis sazRvarTa maTTa~.

biWvinTis sakaTalikoso saydari mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos -

egris-afxazeTis samefos moicavda. biWvinTas eqvemdebareboda sakuTriv

afxazeTis, samegrelos, guriis, aWaris, imereTis, leCxum-svaneTisa da

sxva samRvdelmTavro kaTedrebi. afxazeTis samTavros Seqmnis Semdeg iq

arsebuli berZnulenovani samRvdelmTavroebi nelnela gadmoqarTuldnen.

`afxazTa samefos~ Seqmnis Semdeg aRniSnuli kaTedrebis gaerTianebiT

Camoyalibda `afxazeTis sakaTalikoso~, romelic saqarTvelos erTiani

eklesiis organul nawils warmoadgenda da mas `qvemo iveriis~ anu

dasavleT saqarTvelos sakaTalikosos saxeliT ixseniebdnen. erTiani

saqarTvelos mefeebma afxazeTSi aaSenes sakaTedro taZrebi – bediaSi,

WyondidSi, biWvinTaSi... am kaTedrebis daarsebiT afxazeTi sruliad

gaTavisuflda berZnuli gavlenisgan.

erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos daSlis Semdeg, XV-XVI ss-Si

afxazeTis mimarTulebiT Crdilo-kavkasieli tomebi gaaqtiurdnen. adiRe-

Cerqezuli tomebi dapyrobil teritoriebze ojaxebiT saxldebodnen.

1533 wlis 31 ianvars gurielisa da dadianis gaerTianebuli jarebi

gagrasTan brZolaSi damarcxdnen afxazeTSi SemoWril momTabareebTan da

am ukanasknelT gza gaexsnaT biWvinTis umdidresi sakaTalikoso

taZrisken. am Semosevis gamo sakaTalikoso taxti gelaTSi gadmoitanes,

xolo biWvinTisa da afxazeTis danarCeni taZrebis simdidreebi

momxdurebma miitaces. am movlenebis Sedegad, XVII s-is 40-ian wlebSi

afxazeTi-odiSis sazRvarma axali aTonidan md. engurze gadmoinacvla.

mTielTa Semosevebis gamo XVII saukunidan srulad Sewyda

mRvdelmsaxureba afxazeTis taZrebSi. afxazeTis saepiskoposo aRdga XIX

138

saukunis 50-ian wlebSi, romelsac 1885 wlamde ganagebdnen qarTveli

mRvdelmTavrebi. 1885 wlidan soxumis eparqiis saxeliT aRmdgar

afxazeTis eparqias antiqarTuli orientaciis rusi episkoposebi Caudgnen

saTaveSi. eklesiis meSveobiT aqtiurad xdebda erovnuli dapirispirebis

waqezeba [pavliaSvili 2008:58]; [www.orthodoxy.ge].

XX saukunis dasawyisSi, roca realuri gaxda saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis sakiTxi, ruseTis

sinodisa da xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma afxazeTis eparqiis

saqarTvelodan CamoSoreba ganizraxes, magram afxazma patriotebma da

samRvdeloebam yvelaferi iRones, raTa es ase ar momxdariyo.

1917 wlis seqtemberSi, avtokefaliis aRdgenis Semdeg mowveul

saqarTvelos pirvel saeklesio krebaze aRadgines afxazeTis eparqia,

romlis mwyemsmTavars cxumel-bedieli ewoda.

sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis manZilze qarTvelTa da afxazTa

dapirispirebis propaganda grZeldeboda, Tumca gamokveTili saeklesio

reformebi da moZraoba ar SeimCneoda, sabWoeTis aTeisturi ideologiis

gamo da amasTanave im mizeziT, rom afxazeTic da mTlianad saqarTveloc

imperiis Semadgeneli nawilebi iyvnen da xelisufleba maT arsad

gaSvebas ar apirebda.

afxazeTis omis periodSi separatistebi da momxdurebi

gansakuTrebul sisastikes iCendnen RvTismsaxurTa mimarT, angrevdnen

eklesiebs, saartilerio dabombvebis dros pirdapiri damiznebiT

araerTxel moartyes Wurvebi soxumis xarebis saxelobis sakaTedro

taZars da saxls, sadac moZRvrebi cxovrobdnen [cincaZe 1998:45].

saqarTveloSi da mTel saqristianoSi cnobilia wminda adgili

soxumis maxloblad – sof. komani. iq pirvelive saukuneebidan arsebobda

qristianuli eklesia, romelic XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi aRadgina

afxaz anuaTa ojaxma. komanis eklesiaSi asvenia wm. ioane oqropiris

sarkofagi, aqaa dakrZaluli wm. vasilisko da esaa wm. ioane

naTlismcemlis mokveTili Tavis povnis adgili.

139

swored am midamoebSi mimdinareobda sabrZolo qmedebebi. komanis wm.

ioane oqropiris saxelobis eklesiis winamZRvari mama andria (yuraSvili)

am omis dros mowameobrivi sikvdiliT aResrula taZris teritoriaze.

oms Seewirnen mama sergi, deda maria da sxva araerTi RvTismsaxuri.

omis periodSi mRvdlebi da monazvnebi xSirad midiodnen brZolis

wina xazze, naTlavdnen mounaTlavebs da aziarebdnen qristianebs da

momakvdavebs [afxazeTis labirinTi 1999:69].

ruseTis damokidebuleba afxazeTisa da Sida qarTlis mimarT

yovelTvis calsaxa da erTmniSvnelovani iyo – mas arasdros daufaravs

saqarTvelos am regionebis xelSi Cagdebis survili. sabWoTa kavSiris

arsebobis manZilze am regionebSi gatarebuli politikisTvis aravin

sTxovda ruseTs pasuxs, sabWoeTis dacemis Semdeg saerTaSoriso

sazogadoebis mxridan moTxovnili axsna-ganmartebis pasuxad mogonili

iqna ruseTis moqalaqeebis uflebebis dacva qarTvelTa agresiisagan.

qarTuli eklesia gaxda msxverpli rusuli saero da saeklesio

politikisa. miuxedavad imisa, rom oficialurad ruseTis eklesia

samaCablosa da afxazeTs saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis

farglebSi aRiarebs, saqmiT sruliad sapirispiro mtkicdeba. rom ara

ruseTis mizanmimarTuli saeklesio aneqsia am or regionSi, politikuri

peripetiebis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos eklesia SesZlebda am eparqiebSi

sakuTari gavlenis SenarCunebas.

$3. ruseTi da saqarTvelos avtonomiuri respublikebi postsabWoTa

periodSi

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis wina periodSi, rogorc ki saqarTvelom

daiwyo moZraoba damoukideblobisken, ssrk-s prezidentma m. gorbaCovma

daufaravad gamoacxada: `saqarTvelo gava sabWoTa kavSiridan, magram

afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis gareSeo~ [kvirikaSvili 2006]. saqarTvelos

140

ltolva damoukideblobisa da teritoriuli mTlianobisken da ruseTis

TviTmpyrobeluri politika da imperiuli mada gaxda mizezi afxazTa,

osTa da qarTvelTa Soris konfliqtis warmoqmnisa.

1990 wlis 11 dekembers saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom miiRo kanoni

`samxreT oseTis avtonomouri olqis gauqmebis Sesaxeb~, romelSic

naTqvami iyo, rom: `miuxedavad saqarTvelos respublikis xelisuflebis

umaRlesi organoebis araerTi gafrTxilebisa, aRkveTiliyo avtonomiuri

olqis TviTmarqvia xelisuflebis ukanono moqmedebani, olqSi 9

dekembers mainc Catarda e.w. `samxreT oseTis sabWoTa respublikis~

umaRlesi sabWos arCevnebi, riTic saqarTvelos respublikis

teritoriul mTlianobas realuri safrTxe Seeqmna. imis

gaTvaliswinebiT, rom samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi 1922 wels

Seiqmna am regionSi mcxovrebi mkvidri qarTveli mosaxleobis nebis

ugulebelyofiT da sruliad saqarTvelos interesebis sazianod, rac

araerTxel dadasturda olqis arsebobis manZilze, agreTve imis gamo,

rom os xalxs sabWoTa kavSirSi gaaCnia sakuTari saxelmwifoebrioba

Tavis istoriul teritoriaze - CrdiloeT oseTSi da rom saqarTvelos

respublikaSi mcxovrebi osi mosaxleobis mxolod mcire nawili

cxovrobs samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis farglebSi, sadac mas aqvs

da momavalSic eqneba kulturuli avtonomiis yvela ufleba~,

saqarTvelos respublikis konstituciis 104-e muxlis me-3 da me-11

punqtebis Sesabamisad saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesma sabWom gaauqma

samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi da baTilad da iuridiuli Zalis

armqoned cno e.w. `samxreT oseTis sabWoTa respublikis~ umaRlesi

sabWos 1990 wlis 9 dekembris arCevnebi da misi Sedegebi [www.parliament.ge

2010].

1991 wlis 7 ianvars ssrk prezidentis mixeil gorbaCovis mier

gamocemul brZanebulebaSi naTqvami iyo, rom ssr kavSiris konstituciasa

da ssr kavSiris kanonebs ewinaaRmdegeboda samxreT oseTis saxalxo

deputatTa saolqo sabWos 1990 wlis 20 seqtembris da saqarTvelos ssr

uzenaesi sabWos 1990 wlis 11 dekembris aqtebi. brZanebulebis Tanaxmad, 3

dRis vadaSi `samxreT oseTis avtonomouri olqis~ teritoriidan

141

gayvanili unda yofiliyo SeiaraRebuli formirebebi, garda ssr kavSiris

Sinagan saqmeTa saministros Sinagani jarebisa.

gorbaCovis brZanebulebis Semdeg daiwyo SeiaraRebuli dapirispireba

cxinvalSi Seyvanil qarTuli miliciis damatebiT Zalebsa da

adgilobriv osur mosaxleobas Soris. ramdenime dReSi miliciis

damatebiTma Zalebma cxinvali datoves, rasac qalaqis qarTuli

mosaxleobisgan dacla mohyva.

SeiaraRebuli konfliqti yvelaze aqtiur fazaSi swored am

movlenebis Semdeg Sevida.

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II konfliqtis

warmoqmnisTanave cdilobda mSvidobiani urTierTobiT daeregulirebina

erTa Soris uTanxmoeba, igi aRavlenda locvebs erTa mSvidobisaTvis da

mouwodebda erebs erTobisaken. kaTolikos-patriarqi sasuliero pirebTan

erTad mimarTavda qarTvelebs, osebsa da afxazebs damdgariyvnen

monaniebisa da Serigebis gzaze, rasac saqarTvelos maSindeli

prezidenti mxars uWerda, magram soxumsa da cxinvalSi arc prezidents

daujeres, arc ptriarqs [Непризнанное православие 2011].

saintereso sakiTxia Tavad ruseTSi xelisuflebisa da eklesiis

damokidebuleba saqarTveloSi mimdinare procesebis mimarT. 1992-3 wlebis

omiT ruseTis xelisuflebam daarRvia saqarTvelos teritoriuli

mTlianoba da daamyara sakuTari kontroli samxreT oseTsa da

afxazeTSi. gansxvavebuli gza airCia rme-m. saeklesio urTierTobebSi igi

agrZelebs saqarTvelos kanonikuri teritoriis erTianobis aRiarebas.

1993 wlidan moyolebuli afxazeTis da samxreT oseTis eparqiebi

sulieri sazrdos gareSe darCnen. ruseTis Zalismieri politika ar

aZlevs qarTul eklesias uflebasa da saSualebas aRasrulos iq Tavisi

funqcia-valdebulebebi. amaze afxazebisa da osebis survilmac didad

imoqmeda.

TbilisTan saeklesio kavSirebis gawyvetis Semdeg samxreT oseTma da

afxazeTma gansxvavebuli gzebi airCies.

142

ukve aRvniSneT rogor ganviTarda samxreT oseTis axalSeqmnili

eparqiis istoria. igi Tavidanve iTxovda rme-s SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlas

da miuxedavad imisa, rom axla sabrZneTis meZvelstileTa sqizmas

ekuTvnis, ruseTis eklesiisadmi giorgi puxates moTxovna kvlavac ZalaSi

rCeba. samxreT oseTis eparqiam imasac ver miaRwia, rom CrdiloeT

oseTTan erTad stavropolisa da vladikavkazis eparqiis SemadgenlobaSi

Sesuliyo. is ki ara, giorgi puxate am eparqiis mRvdelmTavars meufe

Teofanes brals debs imaSi, rom am ukanasknelma Selaxa osi xalxis

erovnuli Rirseba Tavisi saqcieliT da osebisadmi agdebuli

damokidebulebiT [Непризнанное православие 2011]; [Храмов (б) 2009]. amasTan

dakavSirebiT alaniis eparqiis mRvdelmsa-xurebma gaagzavnes werili

moskovis sapatriarqoSi SekiTxviT: `miviCnioT Tu ara meufe Teofanes

sacieli rme-s oficialuri poziciis Sesabamisad?~, magram pasuxi jerac

ar miuRiaT.

alaniis eparqiisgan araerTi provokacia SeiZleba gavixsenoT. Tundac

2008 wlis ivlisSi aleqsi II-isadmi miwerili werili, sadac samxreT

oseTis axalgazrdaTa nawilma amcno ruseTis mwyemsmTavars, rom ilia II-

m `akurTxa osi eris genocidi~. Tumca ruseTis maSindel patriarqs

sakuTari mosazreba gaaCnda.

agvistos omis Semdeg rusebisa da osebis urTierToba SedarebiT

daTba da warsul provokaciebs imdenad aRar ixsenebdnen.

rac Seexeba afxazeTs, aq mdgomareoba ganxsxvavebulia. afxazeTis

omis Sedegad saqarTvelos eklesiis mTavarepiskopos daniels mouxda

afxazeTis eparqiis datoveba. eparqiis xelmZRvaneloba mama besarion

apliaam iTava, romelmac mezobel sapatriarqoebs mimarTa daxmarebisTvis

da maleve gawyvita evqaristuli kavSiri saqarTvelos sapatriarqosTan.

eparqias dRemde ar gaaCnia oficialuri iuridiuli statusi, Tumca

sargeblobs moskovis sapatriarqos SemweobiT da arsad wasvlas ar

apirebs, arc saberZenTisken da arc emigrantebisken.

erT-erT Sexvedraze samxreT oseTSi meufe Teofane osebs `araraobad~ moixseniebda. 2010 wlis 21 dekembers am eparqiis mmarTveloba gadaeca sruliad saqarTveloskaTolikos-patriarqs ilia II-s

143

Tumca oficialurad ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia

oficialurad kvlav ar aRiarebs am eparqiebis damoukideblobas. swored

amasTan dakavSirebiT 2008 wlis 6 oqtombers Catarda ruseTis

sapatriarqos sinodis sxdoma, sadac sabolood gamoikveTa, rom kremli

darCa eklesiis Tanadgomis gareSe afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis

sakiTxSi. sapatriaqros oficialur gancxadebebSi, mkveTrad ismis, rom

`oseTisa da afxazeTis rme-s SemadgenlobaSi Seyvanaze saubaric

zedmetia~. rogorc wesi, praqtikaSi ase iyo, rom sadac myardeba rusuli

gavlena, miT umetes ki Sedis rusuli samxedro nawilebi, iq Sedis

ruseTis sapatriarqoc. magram samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis SemTxvevaSi

ase ar moxda. wesiT, rme-sac unda eRiarebina is saxelmwifoebi, romelTa

damoukideblobac ruseTis saxelmwifom cno, magram moskovis

sapatriarqo jerjerobiT Tavis azrze dgas. miuxedavad imisa, rom mas

SeuZlia Cveuli xerxiT `Seifaros~ es eparqiebi da amis gasamarTlebeli

sababic advilad ipovos. magram am SemTxvevaSi aranairi simfonia ruseTis

eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris ar Sedga – rusi mRvdlebi ar gayvnen

rusul tankebs [Храмов (a) 2009].

aRsaniSnavia, rom es mxolod oficialuri mxarea, realurad ki

rusul politikasTan erTad afxazeTSi Cndebian rusi mRvdelmsaxurebi,

arqiteqtor-restavratorebi da Sesabamisad, mrevlic.

am masalebis gacnobis Semdeg Cndeba kiTxva: nuTu kanonikisadmi aseTi

siyvarulisa da morCilebis gamo wavida rme saxelmwifo politikis

kursis sapirispirod? ruseTisTvis es metad uCveulo iqneboda. ra Tqma

unda, ara. saqme sruliad sxva rameSi mdgomareobs: moskovis sapatriarqo

iyenebs termins `kanonikuri teritoria~ swored Tavisi politikis

gasamarTlebad ukrainisa da estoneTis marTlmadidebli eklesiebis

mimarT, ase rom, saqarTvelos am eparqiebis aRiarebiT, igi maSinve

dakargavs am qveynebis samrevloebze pretenziis uflebas. meore mxriv,

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebli eklesia im ramdenime erTeuls miekuTvneba,

romelic ruseTis sapatriarqos mokavSirea saerTaSoriso

marTlmadideblur urTierTobebSi [Священный синод 2008], maSin rodesac

sxva marTlmadidebel eklesiebs mkveTrad pro-konstantinolpolis

144

pozicia ukaviaT. ase rom, aseTi mokavSiris dakargva moskovis

sapatriarqos xels ar aZlevs. garda amisa, ori, teritoriulad mcire da

ekonomikurad SeWirvebuli eparqiis aRiareba mas daakargvinebs

gacilebiT did da Zlier eklesiebs ukrainisa da estoneTis saxiT. Tanac,

saqarTvelos eparqiebis sakuTar mfarvelobis qveS gamocxadeba did

xarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli, radgan am teritoriebze didi sarestavracio

saqmeebia Casatarebeli, rasac ruseTis eklesia Tavis teritoriaze

mdebare dazianebul taZrebzec ver axerxebs [Храмов (a) 2009].

ase rom, ruseTis eklesiis kanonikisadmi morCileba mxolod

formalobaa, romlis ukanac didi ekonomikuri da politikuri gaTvlebia.

daskvnis saxiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom ruseTis interesi afxazeTis

mimarT, istoriulad ar Secvlila. ekonomikuri da strategiuli

gaTvlebi mosvenebas ar aZlevda mas, afxazeTi saqarTvelos farglebSi

egulisxma. ruseTis interesi da mizani Cveni qveynis mimarT yovelTvis

erTi iyo, verc arc moqmedebis meTodebi Secvlila didad saukuneebis

manZilze. rac Seexeba Sida qarTls, rogorc Cans, mas imdenad didi

mniSvneloba ar aqvs, rogorc zRvis piras mdebare afxazeTs, Tumca Sida

qarTlis marTviT, ruseTs mniSvnelovani placdarmi Seeqmneba mTel

amierkavkasiaSi. ruseTis eklesias ki Tavisi gaTvlebi aqvs. miuxedavad

imisa, rom XVIII saukunidan moyolebuli ruseTis saero da sasuliero

xelisufleba erToblivad moqmedebdnen Sida Tu gare politikis

gatarebisas, am SemTxvevaSi ruseTis eklesiam xelisuflebisgan

moskovisa da konstantinopolis sapatriarqoebs Soris araerT sakiTxzeadapirispireba. upirvelesia msoflio marTlmadideblobaSi globaluri mmarTvelobismopovebis pretenzia. aseve, estoneTisa da ukrainis marTlmadidebeli eklesiebissakiTxi. am orive qveyanaSi arsebobs marTlmadidebeli eklesiebi, romelTagan erTnikonstantinopolis sapatriarqos iurisdiqciis qveS arian, meoreni – moskovis. oriveqveyanaSi konstantinopolis sapatriarqo moiwvies imisTvis, rom ruseTis eklesiaarakanonierad cdilobda adgilobrivi morwmuneebis ZaldatanebiT sakuTariurisdiqciaSi Seyvanas. imdenad, ramdenadac am orive qveyanaSi ruseTis moqalaqeebismniSvnelovani nawili cxovrobs, ver xdeba konsensusis miRweva. ukrainismarTlmadidebeli eklesia arcerTi avtokefaluri eklesiis mier araa aRiarebuli,xolo estoneTSi paralelurad arsebobs ori marTlmadidebeli eklesia, erTikonstantinopolis, meore ki moskovis daqvemdebareba-Si da es urTierToba metad mwvavesaxes atarebs. am politikur taqtikaSi saqarTvelos sapatriarqo ruseTis svlasemxroba. es mimxroba iZlebiTaa ganpirobebuli, radgan saqarTvelos eklesiis mxridanestoneTisa da ukrainis eklesiebis avtokefaliis aRiareba gamoiwvevs ruseTissapatriarqos mier samaCablosa da afxazeTis eparqiebis aRiarebasa da miTvisebas.

145

gansxvavebuli pozicia airCia ufro didi lukmis – ukrainisa da

estoneTis eklesiebis xelSi Casagdebad. erTi ki cxadia, misTvis saWiro

da mosaxerxebel Jams ruseTi ar moerideba saerTaSoriso, saerTo

marTlmadidebluri kanonikis ugulebelyofas saqarTvelos saeparqio

sazRvrebis dasarRvevad da saamisod aucileblad moZebnis

gamamarTlebel sabuTebs.

Tavi meore

postsabWoTa periodis saqarTvelosa da ruseTis saeklesio

mdgomareobis SedarebiTi analizi

imperiebis istoria metnaklebad hgavs erTmaneTs. garkveulwilad,

msgavsia maTi miznebi, ganviTareba da aRsasrulis mizezebi.

gansxvavebulia imperiebSi Semavali qveynebis bedi imperiebis dacemis

Semdeg. Tumca, saerTo, albaT am qveynebsac aqvT is, rom daSlis Semdeg

isini ama Tu im imperiis elfers atareben da axalgaTavisuflebulni

daaxloebiT msgavsi problemebis winaSe dgebian. am mosazrebidan

gamomdinare, arc sabWoTa kavSiris istoria da dasasruli iyo

gamorCeuli. metnaklebad erTnair mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen masSi

Semavali qveynebic.

rTulia ori iseTi gansxvavebuli qveynis Sedareba, rogoric

saqarTvelo da ruseTia, miuxedavad imisa, rom maT saerTo sarwmunoeba

gaaCniaT. esaa ori sxvadasxva masStabis, asakis, eTnogenezisis, istoriis,

fsiqikisa da msoflmxedvelobis mqone eri. maTTvis saerTo

marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebac ki TiToeul qveyanaSi nacionaluri

niSniT xasiaTdeba. saerTo rac gauCndaT bolo or dekadaSi, esaa

postsabWouroba. sabWoTa kavSiris yvela yofili respublika, miuxedavad

maTi individualurobisa, araerT saerTo maxasiaTebels atarebda

146

sabWoeTis daSlis Semdeg. esenia: moSlili saxelmwifoebrioba, asawyobi

ekonomika, mosapovebeli msoflio aRiareba, Sida aSliloba, eTnikuri

dapirispirebebi, religiis gazrdili moTxovna da moTxovnis Seusabamo,

mouwesrigebeli religiuri sistema da sxv. sxva sakiTxia, vin rogor

daZlia arsebuli problemebi, ramdenad daaRwia Tavi sabWourobis

iarliys da daiwyo axali cxovreba.

Temis interesebidan gamomdinare, yuradRebas SevaCerebT im sakiTxze,

romelSic saqarTvelos da ruseTs meti saerTo gaaCniaT – movaxdenT

saeklesio sferos SedarebiT analizs. aqve aRviSnavT imas, rom ruseT-

saqarTvelos eklesiaTa urTierToba ZiriTadad afxazeTisa da Sida

qarTlis sakiTxze mimdinareobs. 1917 wels iyo uTanxmoeba avtokefaliis

aRdgenis sakiTxze, ris gamoc saqarTvelosa da ruseTis eklesiebs Soris

25 wlis manZilze Sewyvetili iyo evqaristuli kavSiri; 1951-70 wlebSi

tardeboda sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebul religiur konfesiaTa meTaurebis

Sexvedra, samSvidobo konferenciebi; aseve, qarTvelebi da rusebi

TanamSromloben araerT samecniero proeqtSi, Tumca oficialuri

urTierTobebi ZiriTadad zemoaRniSnuli regionebis garSemo trialebs.

molodinis miuxedavad, iseve rogorc saqarTvelo, ruseTic

moumzadebeli Sexvda sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas. sabWoTa kavSiris

arsebobis manZilze daCagruli eklesiac moumzadebeli aRmoCnda am

faqtisa da gamowvevis winaSe. orive qveyanaSi gadavardnili aTeizmis

Sedegebs imkidnen – uaRresad iyo gazrdili moTxovna religiaze, magram

ar iyo sakmarisi inteleqtualuri da fizikuri resursi. manamde

saWiroebisa da Sesabamisad, gamocdilebis arqonis gamo ar iyo

mowesrigebuli kanonmdeblobac religiis Sesaxeb. am faqtorebiT metad

sargeblobdnen seqtebi da aqtiurad moqmedebdnen orive qveynis

teritoriaze. seqtebis moRvaweobis arealis gafarToebas xels uwyobda

isic, rom mosaxleoba gaunaTlebeli iyo sarwmunoebriv sakiTxebSi,

religiurobis moTxovna ki, rogorc aRvniSneT, didi iyo. gansxvaveba

qveynis masStabebSi mdgomareobda – Tuki patara saqarTveloSi kargad

Canda TiToeuli seqtis moZraoba da moqmedeba, did ruseTSi SedarebiT

advili iyo maTi moqmedebebis miCumaTeba, yuradRebidan gamoparva.

147

gansxvaveba iyo isic, rom seqtebis raodenoba da mravalferovneba

gacilebiT meti iyo did qveyanaSi.

religiis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis mowesrigebas saqarTveloSic da

ruseTSic sakmao dro dasWirda da didi dabrkolebebis gadalaxva

mouwia. eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris oficialuri urTierTobebi

didad ar gansxvavdeba am or qveyanaSi. orivegan eklesias sakuTari

politika da moqmedebis sfero gaaCnia, iTvaliswinebs saerTo

saxelmwifo interesebs, cdilobs Seqmnas simfonia saero da saeklesio

xelisuflebebs Soris, samagierod saxelmwifosgan iRebs sxva rwmenebTan

SedarebiT erTmniSvnelovan upiratesobas da garkveul finansur

garantiebs. gansxvaveba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom ruseTSi eklesia metadaa

politizebuli da gamoyenebulia saero politikis gatarebis

`saSualebad” – ruseTis saxelmwifo aqtiurad ereva saeklesio

sakiTxebSi, svams sakuTar kadrebs eklesiis saTaveSi da arc Tu iSviaTad

Tavad iRebs gadawyvetilebebs saerTaSoriso saeklesio urTierTobebSi.

saqarTveloSi, mcdelobebis miuxedavad, ver moxerxda eklesiis

politikisadmi daqvemdebareba da saero politikasTan mimarTebaSi mas

neitraluri pozicia ukavia. cxadia, eklesiisa da saxelmwifos meTaurTa

Soris axlo urTierToba da SeTanxmebuli moqmedeba e. SevardnaZis dros

saqarTveloSic gamokveTili iyo, magram am urTierTobebis Sedegi ar

aisaxeboda saeklesio yoveldRiurobaSi da ar gamxdara saeklesio

dapirispirebis mizezi, rogorc es moxda ruseTis eklesiaSi

tradicionalistebisa da reformistebis frTis warmoSobis saxiT.

aRniSnul or qveyanas Soris gasxvavebuli eklesiaTa iuridiuli

statusicaa: saqarTveloSi saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris gaformda

konstituciuri SeTanxmeba (konkordati), riTic marTlmadidebeli

eklesia gaemijna saxelmwifos da iuridiulad gaxda sajaro samarTlis

damoukidebeli subieqti. am SeTanxmebis upiratesoba imaSi mdgomareobs,

amis TvalnaTeli magaliTia, ruseTis axali patriarqis arCeva, ruseTis oficialurida sazRvargareTis eklesiebis gaerTianeba da sxv. amis mizezi isev da isev saqarTvelos eklesiis sekularuloba gaxda. saqarTveloseklesiaSi arsebuli yvelaze mwvave dapirispirebis drosac ki (1997 wlis ganxeTqilebismcdeloba), saxelmwifo ar Careula eklesiis Sida saqmeebSi da mdgomareobisdaregulireba ZiriTadad eklesiis Sida ZalebiT moxda.

148

rom misi Zala uzenaesia konstituciis Semdeg da masSi raime cvlilebis

Setana mxolod orive mxaris SeTanxmebiTaa SesaZlebeli.F ruseTSi ki

religiis sakiTxebs agvarebs `sindisisa da religiuri gaerTianebebis

Sesaxeb~ kanoni. ruseTSi eklesias ar gaaCnia iuridiuli statusi da

kanonic advili xelSesaxebia.

saerTod, eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierToba orive qveyanaSi

sakmaod mWidro iyo istoriis manZilze. istoriulad, orivegan

saxelmwifo ideologia eyrdnoboda marTlmadideblobas. socializmis

dacemis Semdeg, axali cxovrebis dasawyisSic – maSin, roca gazrdili

iyo moTxovna religiasa da yvelafer erovnulze – marTlmadidebloba,

rogorc tradiciuli sarwmunoeba, Zalauneburad aRmoCnda saxelmwifo

ideologiis safuZvlad. Sesabamisad, axali saxelmwifos Senebisas

SeTanxmebuli iyo am ori institutis qmedeba, rogorc ruseTSi b.

elcinis prezidentobisas, ise saqarTveloSi e. SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis

wlebSi.

Tavad eklesiaTa meTaurebis amocanebic da maTdami damokidebulebac

ramdenadme hgavda erTmaneTs. iseve, rogorc kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia

II-is amocana iyo sazogadoebaSi Semecnebis amaRlebiT gaezarda

eklesiuroba da ara moesyida mrevli, rogorc amas seqtebi akeTebdnen –

imave azrze iyo ruseTis patriarqi aleqsi II da atarebda Sesabamis

RonisZiebebs. eklesiaTa orive meTaurs gaazrebuli hqonda qveynis

erTiani marTvis aucilebloba, “saerToobis” principi, rac erTgvarad

SegviZlia miviCnioT socialisturi mmarTvelobis memkvidreobad.

Sesabamisad, am orive meTauris mmarTvelobis periodSi farTod gaiSala

saeklesio aRmSenebloba, mTargmneloba, sasuliero saswavleblebis

daarseba, mrevlTan siaxlove, naTlobebi, qadagebebi, misioneruli

moRvaweoba, orive qveynis dedaqalaqebSi XX saukunis miwuruls daiwyo

saukunis mSenebloba, romelTa masStabebi ramdenamde axlosaa

erTmaneTTan: saqarTveloSi didi samebis sakaTedro taZari, moskovSi ki

macxovris sakaTedro taZari da sxv.

149

erTgvari da amasTanave gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba aqvs

saqarTvelosa da ruseTis marTlmadidebel eklesiebs ekumenur

moZraobasTan dakavSirebiT. saqarTvelosTvis ekumenur moZraobaSi

monawileobis mizani msofliosTvis xmis miwvdena, diptixSi adgilis

sakiTxi da sakaTalikoso-samamamTavro statusis aRdgena iyo. rac Seexeba

ruseTs, igi Tavidanve uaryofiTad iyo ganwyobili ekumenizmis mimarT,

magram iZulebuli gaxda CarTuliyo am moZraobaSi. ruseTi aqac cdilobs

sakuTari religiuri politikis gatarebas da rogorc eklesiaTa

msoflio sabWos wevri, cdilobs moipovos hegemonia msoflio ekumenur

moZraobaSi da Cauyenos mas saTaveSi marTlmadidebluri moZRvreba.

rogorc saqarTvelo, ise ruseTi aRiarebs ekumenur moZraobas mxolod

misi erTmniSvnelovnad marTlmadidebluri gagebiT.

iseve rogorc saqarTveloSi, ruseTSic gamouCnda mowinaaRmdege

eklesiis ekumenur moZraobaSi yofnas. orivegan eklesiis SigniT moxda

dapirispireba. 1997 wels saqarTveloSi sqizmis mcdelobam, aseve sxva

saeklesio mniSvnelobis sakiTxebma ganapiroba saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gamosvla eklesiaTa msoflio sabWodan.

ruseTis eklesiaSi aRmocenebulma dapirispirebam tradicionalistebsa

da reformistebs Soris, romelTa dapirispirebis erTerTi sakiTxi

swored ruseTis eklesiis ems-Si yofnas exeboda, Sedegi ver gamoiRo –

ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia kvlavac sabWos wevria, xolo

disputi reformistebsa da tradicionalistebs Soris kvlavac mwvavea.

kidev erTi msgavseba saqarTvelosa da ruseTis religiur yofas

Soris socilogiuri gamokiTxvebis maCveneblebia. orive qveyanaSi

gamokiTxulTa didi umravlesoba (saqarTveloSi daaxl. 80%, ruseTSi

daaxl. 50%) Tavs marTlmadideblobas akuTvnebs, magram arcerTgan ar

Seesabameba es maCvenebeli realur rwmenasa da eklesiurobas. orive

qveyanaSi sabWoeTis daSlisTanave uaRresad maRali iyo religiuroba,

eklesiisadmi ndoba da molodini, magram wlebTan erTad orivegan

nelnela klebulobs es tendencia da modaSi Semodis aTeizmi da

urwmunoeba. Tumca aq xarisxebsa da masStabebs Soris didi sxvaobaa,

razec zemoT ukve vrclad gvqonda ganxilva.

150

faqtia, rom msgavseba sakmaod didia postsabWour marTlmadidebel

eklesiebs Soris saqarTvelosa da ruseTSi – maTi miznebi da amocanebi,

taqtika da politika didad gavs erTmaneTs, magram arsebobs

mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba – saeklesio politikis xasiaTi: imis

gaTvaliswinebiT, rom ruseTis eklesia angariSs uwevs saxelmwifo

interesebs, ruseTis saero politikidan gamomdinare misi moqmedebac

imperiulia. ruseTis eklesia Tavis saxelmwifos darad cdilobs,

aRadginos gavlena sabWoTa imperiis farglebSi da mis iqiTac

(vgulisxmob SemoerTebuli sazRvargareTis eklesiis gavlenis

teritoriebsa da sferoebs). msgavsi urTierTobebis naTel magaliTs

warmoadgens ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis damokidebuleba

ukrainis, belorusis, estoneTis marTlmadidebel eklesiebTan, aseve

afxazeTisa da Sida qarTlis eparqiebTan. es gansxvaveba ki Crdilavs

yvela msgavsebas da Sesabamisad, saqarTvelosa da ruseTis

sapatriarqoebs Soris ver myardeba iseTi harmoniuli urTierTobebi,

rogoric mezobel da-eklesiebs SeSvenis.

daskvna

istoriuli mimoxilvidan davinaxeT, rom did da marTlmadidebel

ruseTTan kavSiri mahmadiani mezoblebiT garSemortymuli qarTvelebis

mier yovelTvis aRiqmeboda erTmniSvnelovani xsnis gzad da kavSirad

evropasTan anu qristianul samyarosTan. Tumca, cnobilia rom sasikeTo

nabijebi da realuri daxmareba ruseTisgan saqarTvelos arasodes

miuRia, piriqiT, am urTierToba-kavSirisTvis mudmivad isjeboda

agresiuli mahmadiani mezoblebisgan da yovelTvis martos uwevda am

agresiis gamklaveba.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobebSi

TiTqos axali etapi daiwyo, rodesac socialisturi mmarTveloba

dasrulda da masSi Semavali qveynebi damoukidebelni da Tanasworni

gaxdnen. Tumca, ruseTi ver malavs Tavis dampyroblur miswrafebebs da

151

imperiuli sazRvrebis aRdgenis survils. marTalia, ruseTis sasuliero

xelisuflebis oficialuri gancxadebebi amas ar adastureben, magram

saqarTvelos okupirebul teritoriebze rusi samRvdelo pirebis

cxovreba da moRvaweoba sapirispiros amtkicebs.

postsabWoTa periodis saqarTvelosa da ruseTis Sedarebisas cxadi

xdeba, rom orive qveyanas aRniSnuli istoriuli periodisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli araerTi saerTo niSani aqvs.

sabWoeTis daSlis Semdeg orivegan SeiniSneboda sazogadoebis

gazrdili molodini eklesiis aqtiurobis mimarT, moTxovna, rom eklesia

Caereoda saxelmwifo saqmeebSi da qveyanas erovnul-tradiciuli wesebiT

moawyobda. metnaklebad orive qveyanaSi Sedga saxelmwifosa da eklesiis

TanamSrobloba damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis aRdgenis

saqmeSi, Tumca sxvaoba eklesiaTa iuridiul statusSi da urTierTobaTa

xasiaTsa da xarisxSi mdgomareobs. Tuki saqarTveloSi eklesias

ZiriTadad Suamavlis roli akisria saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebas

Soris, ruseTSi eklesia erTmniSvnelovnad saxelmwifo struqturis

organod aRiqmeba.

aRniSnul periodSi saqarTveloca da ruseTic gaxdnen seqtebis

agresiuli Semotevis obieqtebi. arcerT qveyanaSi seqtebis moRvaweobis

aRmkveTi kanoni ar SemouRiaT. maT orivegan morwmuneebi da eklesiis

warmomadgenlebi ebrZodnen qadagebiT. gansxvaveba, rogorc aRvniSneT,

seqtebis mravalferovnebasa da raodenobaSia – saqarTveloSi seqtebis

didi raodenoba ver ikidebda fexs, radgan es qveyana SedarebiT mcire

masStabebisaa da ver agrovebdnen mimdevrebis sakmaris raodenobas, didia

eklesiis roli da reitingi da aseve, maRalia sazogadoebaSi

tradiciebisadmi pativiscemac.

ruseTic da saqarTveloc eklesiaTa msoflio sabWos wevrebi iyvnen.

am motiviT orivegan moxda saeklesio ganxeTqileba. rodesac

saqarTvelom metnaklebad amowura Tavisi molodinebiems-Si

moRvaweobiT, aseve dadga eklesiologiuri da sqizmis safrTxis winaSe,

saerTaSoriso aRiareba, mamamTavris statusi, adgili diptixSi

152

man datova sabWo da amiTi Tavidan aicila rogorc sazogadoebis

gaRizianeba, ise sqizmis gafarToeba da gavrceleba, aseve

eklesiologiuri xasiaTis cvlilebebis moTxovna ems-sgan. rac Seexeba

ruseTs, miuxedavad didi dapirispirebisa eklesiaSi, igi ganagrZobs ems-

Si Tavis moRvaweobas damkvirveblis statusiT, xolo dapirispireba

tradicionalistebsa da reformistebs Soris grZeldeba da axal

masStabebs iZens.

rac Seexeba morwmuneobas, saqarTveloSic da ruseTSic

marTlmadidebel eklesias yvelaze didi mrevli hyavs, tradiciuli

religiaa da miiCneva saxelmwifoebrivi xedvis safuZvlad. Tumca bolo

periodSi SeimCneva axali xanisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mciredmorwmuneoba.

ruseTSi ukve 1993-94 wlidan iCina Tavi axalma aTeizmma, romelsac

CamoSorebuli aqvs marqsistul-leninisturi safarveli da gamoirCeva

agresiulobiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom rusuli axali aTeizmi farTod

gavrcelda maRal fenebSi – mecnierebSi, politikosebSi, JurnalistebSi

da aseve axalgazrdobaSi. rusuli axali aTeizmis masStabebi da

ambiciebi imdenad didia, rom misma warmomadgenlebma weriliTac ki

mimarTes ruseTis xelisuflebas marTlmadidebeli eklesiis roli da

adgili maTTvis daeTmo [Сачков 2011]. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, aq

urwmunoeba bolo periodSi iCens Tavs da sazogadoebaSi aRiqmeva

rogorc uCveulo da gamonaklisi. saqarTveloSi ufro metad SeiniSneba

urwmunoeba, vidre aTeizmi, rac axali droisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

araerTi mizeziTaa gamowveuli.

ruseTis marTlmadidebel eklesias didi politikuri da ekonomikuri

interesebi gaaCnia, romlis masStabebi qarTul eklesiasTan SedarebiT

friad STambeWdavia. swored amiT iyo ganpirobebuli ruseTis yofili

patriarqis aleqsi II-isa da yofili prezidentis v. putinis egzom

daucxromeli mcdeloba, gaeerTianebinaT ruseTis marTlmadidebeli da

sazRvargareTis eklesiebi, rom moepovebinaT farTo, saerTaSoriso

masStabebis politikuri gavlena da ekonomikuri sargebeli. savaraudoa,

rom swored am mizeziT ikavebs Tavs ruseTis eklesia afxazeTisa da

Sida qarTlis eparqiebis damoukideblobis aRiarebisgan, radgan met

153

ekonomikur da politikur sargebels elis estoneTis, ukrainisa da sxva

postsabWoTa qveynebis eklesiebisgan, romelTa meurveobazec acxadebs

pretenzias.

am da sxva araerTi msgavsebebis miuxedavad, saqarTvelosa da ruseTis

eklesiebs Soris gansxvavebac didia, romelic saero politikaSi – mis

miznebsa da masStabebSi mdgomareobs. SeiZleba erTi SexedviT

mogveCvenos, rom arafer SuaSia saero politika eklesiasTan, magram

ruseTis SemTxvevaSi amas pirdapiri mniSvneloba aqvs. rogorc naSromSi

moyvanili faqtebidan Cans, ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia metad

politizebulia da saxelmwifos dakveTebis Semsrulebelia, Tumca

afxazeTisa da Sida qarTlis eparqiebTan dakavSirebiT, rusuli saero da

sasuliero politika oficialurad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan, rasac

ufro metad diplomatiuri datvirTva aqvs rusuli eklesiis mxridan.

rac Seexeba saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesias, masa da qarTul

saxelmwifos Soris dadebuli sakonstitucio SeTanxmebis safuZvelze

(da manamdec), erTmaneTisgan mkafiod gamijnuli politika gaaCniaT.

saerTo suraTidanac Cans, rom konkordatis orive mxare cdilobs

SeTanxmebiT imoqmedos. saqarTvelos eklesiis moqmedebebis Sefasebisas

Znelia iTqvas, rom misi esa Tu is nabiji saero politikis dakveTiTaa

ganpirobebuli. swored es ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli ganasxvavebs am or

mezobel da-eklesias.

154

d a n a r T i

zilotizmi

berZnulad - moSurneoba. a) zilotizmsac da fundamentalizmsac

Tavidan dadebiTi mniSvnelobebi hqondaT, magram SemdgomSi SeiZines

uaryofiTi datvirTva, gansakuTrebiT – fundamentalizmma; b)

zilotizmsac da fundamentalizmsac, upirveles yovlisa, aqvT

religiuri xasiaTi da amozrdilebi arian ama Tu im religiuri

tradiciidan; g) orives mizania SeinarCunon tradicia da daicvan igi

ganmaaxleblobisagan, amave dros, gamoiyenon es tradicia, rogorc

qmediTi saSualeba awmyosa da momavlis SemosazRudavad; d) zilotizmica

da fundamentalizmic Tanabrad ugulebelyofen pirovnebas da

absolutur mniSvnelobas aniWeben kanonebsa da upirovno sawyisebs.

zilotizms grZeli winaistoria aqvs, maSin roca fundamentalizmi

saTaves iRebs me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi da aRmocenebulia religiuri

modernizmis sapirispirod. es dapirispireba pirvelad tradiciiT Rarib

protestantizmSi warmoiSva. am winaaRmdegobis pirveladi mizani iyo

religiuri safuZvlebis dacva. 1919 wels amerikaSi dafuZnda msoflio

fundamentaluri sazogadoeba. romis kaTolikuri eklesiis wiaRSi

fundamentaluri moZraoba iwyeba mas Semdeg, rac vatikanis II krebam

ganmaaxlebluri gadawyvetilebebi miiRo. marTlmadideblobis

SemTxvevaSi ki SeiZleba aRiniSnos Zvalmestileoba saberZneTSi,

staroobriadelebis gaaqtiureba ruseTSi da ekumenuri moZraobis

mowinaaRmdeg dajgufebebi, romlebic ganbneulni arian mTel msoflioSi.

[Jurn. Tavisufleba №5(29) maisi, Tavisuflebis instituti, 2004w.]

aseve, zilotebis da saerTod, kalendarul sakiTxebze saberZneTSi

ganviTarebul movlenebze isaubra msoflio patriarqma barTlomeos I-ma

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi stumrobisas 2003 wlis 20

seqtembers:

`religiur cdomilebaTa tipologiisas iseT gamovlinebaTa winaSe

aRmovCndiT, rasac hqvia: eresi, fanatizmi, fundamentalizmi, zilotizmi

155

anu moSurneoba da siZulvili. wmida sulieri Tvalsazrisidan

gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia, cdomilebaSi Cavardnen is pirebic, romelTac

ara aqvT gansazRvruli dogmatur WeSmaritebaTagan gadaxveva.

fanatizmi, fundamentalizmi, siZulvili da zilotizmi ZiriTadad

afeqturi sulieri mdgomareobaa calkeuli religiisa Tu zogierTi

moZRvrebis mimarT. magram, Tuki pirveli sami movlena advili

gamosacnobi da dasagmobia, gaucnobierebeli zilotizmi advilad

SeiZleba aRerios gacnobierebul zilotizmTan, radgan zilotizmi

sulis afeqturi - Tavidan metad kargi - energia da Zalaa, romelic

SesaZloa miimarTos rogorc WeSmariti sikeTis, aseve fenomenaluri da

moCvenebiTi sikeTisken. wmida werilSi araerTgzis vxvdebiT RmerTis

moSurneTa wyebas, magram werili aseve araerTgzis gmobs iseT

moSurneobas, romelic araa RmrTismieri.

wmida mamani mravalgzis warmogviCenen simSvides, viTarca marTebul

sulier mdgomareobas, xolo Surs - viTarca mcdars. aTormetTa

mociqulTa swavlani gvirCeven: ”Svilno Cemno... nu iqnebiT mrisxane, nuca

moSurne” (III Tavi), xolo Rirsma Teodore studielma, romelsac

araerTgzis imowmeben zilotebi, Tavisi berebisadmi mimarTvisas

xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom beri unda iyos ”mizezi mSvidobisa”, xolo Tuki

igi aRvsilia SuriTa da mtrobiT, ganxeTqilebis mosurneobiT, maSin igi

aris ”brma da axlomxedveli” (swavl. 39-e).

marTlmadidebel eklesiSi myofi dRevandeli zilotebi kalendris

sakiTxs, diaqristianul da religiaTaSoris dialogebs, e.w. ekumenur

moZraobas ZiriTad dogmatur sakiTxTa rangSi ganixilaven, vinaidan

mcdari damokidebuleba aqvT rogorc am sakiTxTa zusti ganzomilebebis,

aseve Sesabamisi qmedebebis mimarT. gamoacalkeveben xolme mamaTa

zogierT gamonaTqvams da maTze dayrdnobiT mcdar mecnierul

safuZvlebs ayalibeben.

ase, magaliTad, kalendris sakiTxi cxovnebis sakiTxTa rangSi ahyavT,

TiToeuli adamianis cxovnebis kriteriumad warmoaCenen maSin, rodesac

is mxolod wesrigis sakiTxs ganekuTvneba. amave dros, ugulebelyofen

ioane oqropiris swavlebas, rom ”ar arsebobs dro RmerTisaTvis” da

156

aseve: ”arca dReTa da arca droT, da arca weliwadT viTvliT, aramed

eklesias mivyvebiT sizustis dacviT, siyvarulsa da mSvidobas

vamjobinebT yvelafers. da Tuki eklesiam mainc dauSva Secdoma, is ar

iyo gamowveuli drois sizustiT, aramed ganxeTqilebiTa da sqizmiT

Cadenili danaSaulis gamo. amitomac nuravin metyvis sityvas drois

Sesaxeb, rameTu ar iqneba igi RmrTis mier” (P.G.48,870). rac Seexeba

dialogebs, zilotebi maT miuReblad miiCneven, radganac, maTi

mtkicebulebebis Tanaxmad, dialogebis meSveobiT mzaddeba erTi

sayovelTao religia an xdeba mcdeloba eklesiebis SeerTebisa,

dogmaturi kanonebis ugulebelyofis xarjze [misi yovladuwmindesobis...

2009].

157

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gv.2

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#3 gv. 1

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sarwmunoebisa t.V Tb. 1995

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saqarTvelos respublika 2001 10 marti #57 gv.4

7 ara gaqvs ufleba waarTva sicocxle imas, visTvisac ar miginiWebia...

gaz. axalgazrda iverieli 1990w. (d) 8 noemb. #.123 gv.2

8 aroSvili gelasi (mRvdeli) _ `isini etlebiTa da isini hunebiTa,

xolo Cven saxeliTa uflisa RmrTisa Cvenisa~ _ sainformacio

saagento `gea~ 1998 22 ianv.

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59 kartaSevi a. `marTlmadidebeli eklesia da ekumenuri moZraoba~ _

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69 krebuli `afxazeTis istoriis problemebi~. z. cincaZe – afxazeTis

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70 krebuli `afxazeTis labirinTi~. Tb. 1999

71 labaZe T. `saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris konkordati

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72 loria v., gelaSvili b. `gaacnobiereT, saqarTvelos xelisufleba

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76 maCxaneli q. `ideologiuri omis safrTxe sazogadoebas `tranSeebs~

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84 mraval Soba dRes, qarTvelo ero. gaz. saqarTvelos respublika 1991

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93 pavliaSvili q. rusuli saeklesio reformaciis warumatebeli

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94 pavliaSvili q. saqarTvelos samociqulo marTlmadidebeli

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95 papaSvili m. saqarTvelo-romis urTierToba Tb. 1995 340 gv.

96 papuaSvili n. _ msoflio religiebi saqarTveloSi Tb. 2002 232 gv

97 paWkoria T. `mitropoliti mogviwodebs~ _ gaz. saqarTvelos

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98 pipinaSvili d. samxreT kavkasiis konfliqtebi da regionaluri

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99 JuJunaZe o. `XV s-is I naxevris saqarTvelos sagareo politikis

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100 Jurn. iveriis gabrwyineba #18

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102 Jurn. jvari vazisa 1979 #1 gv. 5; gv. 14

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124 seTuriZe m. `moswavleebi iTxoven” _ gaz. axalgazrda komunisti

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136 fanjikiZe T. _ religiuri procesebi saqarTveloSi XX da XXI

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137 fanjikiZe T. _ qristianoba qarTul-rusul urTierTobebSi. Tb. 2005

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138 feraZe, wm. mRvdelmowame grigoli _ `mamao Cvenos~ ganmarteba.

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142 Sexvedra sapatriarqoSi. gaz. saqarTvelos respublika 1991 9 maisi

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166

143 SveliZe evtiqi (ber-monazoni) sicruisgan Tavdasacavad! #1

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144 CikvaiZe d. _ konstituciuri SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa

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156 xuciSvili q. religiuri situaciis cvlileba da usafrTxoeba

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167

157 xucurauli i. `qristianuli religiisa da samarTlis

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158 javaxiSvili iv. qarTveli eris istoria, t. V, gv. 65-66, 68

159 javaxiSvili iv. qarTuli samarTlis istoria I Tb. 1928, gv.58, gv.220

160 jalabaZe g. eTnikuri procesebi Sida qarTlSi. Tb. 1987

161 janaSvili m. saqarTvelos saekklesio istoria tf. 1886 350 gv.

162 jafariZe anania (mitropoliti) _ saqarTvelos saeklesio krebebi

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163 jafariZe anania (mitropoliti) _ saqarTvelos saeklesio krebebi

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164 jafariZe anania (mitropoliti) _ saqarTvelos samociqulo

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165 jafariZe anania (mitropoliti) _ saqarTvelos samociqulo

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