Dai Cuong Triet Hoc Trung Quan - TT Thich Vien Ly

8/3/2019 Dai Cuong Triet Hoc Trung Quan - TT Thich Vien Ly

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I CNG TRIT HC TRUNG QUN

Tc Gi: Jaidev Singh - Dch Gi: Thch Vin L Vin Trit L Vit Nam v Trit Hc Th Gii Xut Bn

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http://www.thuvienhoasen.org Chuyn sang ebook 16-7-2009 Ngi thc hin : Nam Thin [email protected] Link Audio Ti Website http://www.phatphaponline.org

Mc Lc

VI LI CA DCH GIACHNG I

1. I THA VNGUYN THY2. BA GIAI O N TRONG PHT GIO3. TRUNG LU N: CUC I CA LONG TH(NGRJUNA)VB(TH NH THIN RYADEVA)4. KHI NGUYN CA PHT GIO I THA (MAHAY NA)

CHNG II - T LIU VN B N5. TRC TC VGIO LCA HPHI TRUNG QU N TRIT HC6. LONG THVBA

7. BI N CH NG PHP TRUNG QU N(MADHYAMAKA DIALECTIC)

KHI NGUYN, CU TRC VPHT TRI N8. NG GP TCH CC CA LONG THO

CHNG III

9. SKHC BIT GIA NGUYN THYVI THA

CHNG IV
http://phatphaponline.org/kinh/Audio/Thien%20Tong/Hoc%20Thien/http://phatphaponline.org/kinh/Audio/Thien%20Tong/Hoc%20Thien/


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10. NH NG C IM CH NH CA TRIT HC TRUNG QU NCHNG V

11. SQUAN TR NG CA KHI NIM VTRUNG O

(MADHYAMPRATIPAD)12. TUYT I VHI N T NG13. BIU HI N CA THC TI (SAMVRTI: TC )VTHC TI TUYT I(PARAMRTHA SATYA: TH NG NGHA )14. CHN NH LNH LAI15. PHP GII (DHARMADHTU) VTHC TI (BHTAKOTI)

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VI LI CA DCH GI

Bn vn ny ch gii thiu nhng im ch yu c lin quan n trit hcTrung Qun mt cch ht sc n gin, d vy, vn bao hm c tt c mi yu im ct li ca hphi Trit hc ny.

Cng trnh bin son ny trnh by mt cch r rng t lch s hnhthnh v pht trin ca h thng trit hc Trung Qun cho n khi nguyn,cu trc, s pht trin v mc ch ca Trung Qun phi bin chng ph p.Chng nhng th, n cn thuyt minh mt cch tng tn nhng nhn xtkhc nhau v nhng khi nim Pht Ph p lun v.v... kc nhng l tng v gii lut, tn gio, Nit bn, quan h duyn khi, gia i Tha v NguynThy...

i vi ngha Khng v Khng Tnh k c nhng ngha c bao hm trong phng din gi trlun vcu thhc cng c vn bnny mx, trnh by mt cch rt ro, tm.

Ngoi cc vn trn, bn vn cn minh chng mt cch r rng mts khi nim v cng trng yu khc trong c Trung o, Th tc ,

Thng ngha , Chn nh, Ph p gii v Thc ti v.v... N khng ch giithiu v phng hng ph nh ca trit hc Long Th m cn tho luncn kvscng hin cch chnh din ca n.

V, chnh v s hm tng nhng yu im ca bn vn m tt c nhngnh nghin cu v Trit hc Trung Qun u cho n l mt bn vn v cnghu dng.


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l cch nhn xt v nh gi ca ngi dch t Anh vn sanhHoa ng; d vy, c nhn chng ti khng hon ton ng vmt s danhxng m tc gi s dng biu t mt t quan im ring ca mnh, trong bao gm nhng kin v cch suy lun. D sao th y cng l mt tc phm v cng quan yu v ht sc cn bn i vi nhng ai mun nghincu v mt t tng ti cc thm o ca Pht gio.

L ra, chng ti ch in phn Vit ng, nhng, c gi tin i chiu,do vy, ngoi bn Vit ng, chng ti in km c phn Hoa v Anh ng nhl ph bn cn thit, v, hy vng s gi p ch rt ln trong cng vic tm hiumt nn o hc vi diu m khng phi ai cng c th lnh hi mt cch ddng.

Trong khi dch thut, v phi bn vi mt s Pht s khc, do vy, tt

nhin dch gi khng sao trnh khi nhng khim khuyt ngoi mun.Trong tinh thn cu hc min tc, rt mong cc bc cao minh bi mn bchnh v, xin hi hng cng c cu nguyn cho Gio Hi Pht Gio Vit Nam Thng Nht sm c phc hot; ph p nn, quc nn chng gii tr thgii thi bnh, nhn sinh an lc.

Dch giCn bt,

Tu Vin Bo Ph p, Mnh ng 1998

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CHNG I

1. I TH A V NGUYN THY

Trit hc i Tha (Mahayna) gm c hai phi, l: Trit hc TrungQun (Madhyamaka) hay Khng Lun (Snyavda) v Du D Hnh phi(Yogcra) hoc Duy Thc Lun (Vijnnavda). y, chng ta ch tholun v Trit hc Trung Qun hoc Khng Lun mthi.

Mt cach ai cng, Nguyn Thy (Hinayna) va ai Tha(Mayahna) gm c ba danh xng thng dng. Ba danh xng thng dngdnh cho Nguyn Thy l: Pht Gio Nam Tng, Pht Gio NguynThy v Tiu Tha (Hnayna) v, ba danh xng dnh cho i Tha l:


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Pht Gio Bc Tng, Pht Gio Khai Hin v i Tha (Mayahna).Hai danh xng u c cc hc gi u Chu t ra, cn hai danh xngPht Gio Nam Tng v Pht Gio Bc Tng c t tn theo cn bna l. Cc hc giu Chu gi Pht Gio thnh hnh cc quc gia phaBc n nh Nepal, Ty Tng, Trung Quc v Nht Bn l Pht GioBc Tng v h gi Pht Gio thnh hnh nhng nc thuc pha Namn nh Tch Lan, Min in, Thi Lan, v.v... l Pht Gio Nam Tng.S phn bit theo li tht ra khng hon ton chnh xc; bi v, theo tins J. Takakusu th Pht Gio thnh hnh ti nhng ni trong Qun o NamDng nh Java va Sumatra, pha Nam n , r rng c s tng ngvi loi Pht Gio thnh hnh phng Bc n .

S phn bit gia Pht Gio Ngun thy v Pht Gio Khai Hin c t trn nhng tin tng v nhn xt rng Pht Gio i Tha vn

ch l s pht trin dn dn t gio ngha Pht Gio Nguyn Thy; nhng,nhn xt trn khng c Pht Gio i Tha (Mayahnists) ch pnhn. Cc hc giNht Bn cho rng c Pht cao siu thuyt ging giol ca Ngi cho cc mn ty theo khnng ti p nhn ca h. i vi mts mn , c Pht truyn t cho h nhng gio ngha thng tc (vyakta-upadsa) gm nhn thc ca Ngi trn mt hin tng; v mt s khc c trnh tri thc cao hn c Ngi truyn cho nhng gio ngha uynthm vi t(guhya-upadsa) bao hm nhn thc ca c Pht vphng din bn th. c Pht ch thuyt ging v hai gio ngha trn y mt cchkhi qut, v sau hai ngha c trin khai bi nhng bc a-v-l(acryas) v i (ch acryas c dch sanh ch Hn l gi phm s).V th, s phn bit v danh xng gia Pht Gio Nguyn Thy v PhtGio Khai Hin l mt s kin khng chnh xc. S truyn th v hai loigio l trn c thc hin ng thi v song hnh. gio l thng tcc th c gi lPht Gio c qung i qun chng bit n v giol o diu c th gi l Pht Gio c t ngi bit n. Gio l sauuyn thm v tinh t hn gio ltrc.

D sao th chng ta cng cn phi nghin cu, tm hiu v hai danh t

Pht Gio Nguyn Thy v Pht Gio i Tha th xem chng ckhi nguyn v lu truyn nh th no. Theo nhn xt ca R. Kimura th i Chng B (Mahsanghikas) l h phi bo tn gio ngha Pht Giothng tc, c nhiu tin b v t do hn Thng Ta B (Sthaviras).Trong cuc hi t p ti T X Ly (Vaisli), cc v t khu thuc i ChngB (Mahsanghikas) hoc Vijjian (Bt K Tc) b qu trch v trt xutv cc thy t khu thuc Thng Ta B (Sthaviras) cho rng gio ngha


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chnh thng v kin gii ca h b vi phm bi nhng quan im d bit,v, cng khai ch trch cc thy t khu thuc i Chng B l c tkhu (P pa Bhikkhus) vkthuyt phi ph p (Adhamma vadins).

i Chng B (Mahsanghikas) v mun biu th rng gio ngha cah l gio ngha u thng, vt hn gio ngha ca Thng Ta B (Sthaviras), cho nn h t ra danh t i Tha (chic xe ln) lmtn gi cho h phi ca h v h gi i th l Nguyn Thy (chic xenh). V vy, danh t Nguyn Thy v i Tha dn dn tr thnh thngdng v, dnhin chc Pht Gio i Tha mi sdng n.

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2. BA GIAI ON TRONG PHT GIO

Ba giai on ny cththy mt cch ddng trong trit hc Pht Giov Tn Gio.

1) Giai on A T t Ma (bhidharmic i Php) t khi c Phtnhp dit cho n thkth I sau Ty Lch.

y l giai on v thc ti lun v a nguyn lun ca Pht Gio.Phng ph p m h phi ny s dng l s phn tch. Hu ht trit hc

ch yu ca giai on ny l em hin tng ca tm l v vt l phn tchthnh dharmas (o ph p), sainskrta (ha h p hay hn nh). S quantm chnh yu trong giai on ny l tinh thn cu tc hc ca tm l hc(psychological-soteriological) m tn hiu u th ni bc nht ca h phiny l s kt h p gia l tnh ch ngha v thin nh thc tin. Ngn ng c s dng trong giai on ny l ch Pli v hc phi ny c bitvi tn gi lNguyn Thy (Hnayna).

2) Strin khai ca Pht Gio o diu (Esoteric teachings)

Giai on th hai l giai on trin khai gio ngha o diu ca cPht, nhng gio ngha a c lu truyn trong ai Chung B(Mahsanghikhas), mt giai on ng thi vi giai on A T t Ma( bhidharmic). S quan tm ch yu ca giai on ny l tinh thn cu hcca tn hc (ontological storeriological). Nt ni bt nht ca hc phi nyl skt h p gia chthuyt siu ltnh v Yoga (Du Gi).


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Mc ch ch yu ca n l tm hiu, nghin cu v Svabhva (bnth ca thc ti) t n s tri nhn v liu gii v n trong chnh t thn bng cch pht trin tr tu (Prajna). Ngn ngc s dng trong giai onny l Phn vn (Sainskrta) hoc T p Phn vn. Hc phi ny mang tn l i Tha (Mahayna). Trong giai on u, hc phi ny c tn gi l Trit hoc Trung Quan (Madhyamaka Philosophy) hay Khng Lun(Sunyavda) v sau l Du Gi Hnh phi (Yogcra) hoc Duy ThcLun (Vijnvda). Giai on cui ny l t th k th II sau Ty Lch nnm 500.

3) Spht trin ca Mt Tng (Tantra)

Giai on th ba l giai on mt ch. Giai on ny l giai on t nm 500 n nm 1000 A.D. sau Ty Lch. S quan tm ch yu ca giai

on ny ltinh thn cu tc hc ca VTr Lun (cosmical soteriological).Ch thuyt thn b l im c sc ni bt nht ca trng phi ny. Trng phi ny ch trng vo s iu ha v tr v s dng mt ch(mantra) cngnh nhng phng ph p thn b t n cnh gii gic ng. Ngn ngc s dng trong giai on ny phn ln l Phn vn (Sainskrta) vApabhrainsa (t p tc ng). Chn Ngn Tha (Mantrayna), Kim Cang Tha(Vajrayna), Cu Sanh Tha (Sahajayna) va Thi Lun Tha(Klacakrayna) lbn trng phi chyu ca Mt Tng.

y, chng ta chquan tm vthi u ca giai on II, cn giai onI vIII thtm thi khng tho lun.

Trung Lun (Madhyamaka Sstra) hoc Trung Quan Tung(Madhyamaka Kriks) do Long Th sng tc v c Nguyt Xng(Kandrakrti) ch gii nhng Stcherbtsky ch dch chng th nht v chng thhai mi lm, nhng chng ny cng chnh l hai chng tholun v s quan h ca nhn qu v nit bn (Nirvna). Trong phn giithiu tng qut ny, ngi vit c gng tm lc ton b h thng t tngTrung Qun (Madhyamaka).

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3. TRUNG LUN: CUC I C A LONG TH(NGRJUNA)

V B(THNH THIN RYADEVA)

S tn tai chu yu cua Trit hoc Trung Quan (Madhyamaka philosophy) chnh l Trung Lun (Madhyamaka Sstra) ca Long Th v TBch Lun (Catuh - Sataka) ca B (ryadeva).

Ti n , nhng kinh in c lin quan n Pht Gio i Tha u hon ton b tht lc. Nhng nhng bn dch sang Hoa ng, Nht ng vTy Tng ngthhin vn cn c lu gi. Phn ln vn kin i tha udng Phn vn (Sainkskrta) hoc T p Phn vn ghi ch p. Nhng sch cacc hc gi nghin cu vPht Gio ng c tin cy hin vn cn tn ti,a s u c vit bng Phn vn.

Vo nm 1833, ng Brian Houghton Hodgson c c n lmc s ti Kthamandu Nepal v, trong cng vny ng phc vti n nm 1843.

Trong sut thi gian ny, ng pht hin c 381 cun kinh Pht bng Phn vn nguyn bn. Nhng bn tho ny c chia ra v chuyn nnhiu on th hc thut khc nhau hiu nh v n hnh. Kt qu khm ph c rng: Kinh Pht bng Phn vn (Sainkskrta) rt khc vi bkinh bng ting Pali; v kinh in Pht Gio ti cc nc Trung Quc, Nht

Bn v Ty Tng rt ging vi cc b kinh bng Phn vn. Trong cc bntho bng Phn vn c pht hin c b Trung Lun (Madhyamaka Sstra)ca Long Th v bn Ch Thch Minh C Lun (Prasannapad) ca NguytXng (Candrakrti).

Sch ny do Louis de la Valle-Poussin su t p v c n hnh trongBibliotheca Buddhica, Vol. IV, St. Peterburg, Nga, nm 1912.

n bn sm hn ca n c Saraccandra Stri su t p v doBuddhist Text Society Calcutta n hnh vo nm 1897. n bn ny c rt nhiu ch b sai. Poussin s dng sch ny tham kho nhng ngcng mn hai nguyn bn khc, mt t Cambridge v mt t Paris i chiu. ng lc, ng cng s dng Trung Qun Tng (Kriks) v bn ch gii c dch sanh Tng vn (Tibetan) i chiu. Tin s P.L. Vaidya s dng n bn do Poussin su t p v 1960 ng xut bnTrung Lun (Madhyamaka Sstra) ca Long Th (Ngrjuna) v bn ch thch ca Nguyt Xng (Candrakrti) trong Thin Hnh Th (Devangari).


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n bn ny a c Mithil Vidyaptha, Darbanga phat hnh thm.Stcherbatsky s dng n bn do Poussin su t p vit cun Conceptionof Buddhist Nirvna (Khi nim vNit Bn Pht Gio).

c Pht thng dy rng gio l ca Ngi c tnh cch Trung o(Madhyam Pratipad-The Middle Path). Khi Long Th B Tt pht trintrit hc ca ngi, nm vng danh t trng yu ny nn gi trit hcca ngai la Trung Quan (Madhyamaka Philosophy Madhyamaivamadhyamakam) hoc Trung Lun (Madhyamaka-Stra) mnhng tn ca phi ny c gi l Trung Qun Phi (Madhyamika) (Madhyamakamadhiyte vidanti v Mdhyamikah). Danh xng chnh xc nht ca trng phi ny l Madhyamaka ch khng phi l Mdhyamika v l Madhyamikac ngha ltn ca trng phi Trung Qun (Madhyamaka).

Trung Qun (Madhyamaka-sastra) ca Long Th (Ngrjuna) gm hn400 tng tn ca (Krikas) trong anustubha (mt loi m lut, 4 x 8 m tit)v c chia thnh 27 chng.

A. Long Th(Ngrjuna)

Ngi l v T trin khai v hon thnh hc phi Trung Qun(Madhyamaka). Ngi cho i vo th k th II sau Ty Lch trong mt giatc B La Mn thuc nc ndhradsa, rt c th l ti Vidarbha (Berar).Sr parvata v Dhnyakataka l nhng trung tm hot ng ch yu ca Ngi ti Nam n. Bc n, shnh hot ca Ngi v cng su rng, rtnhiu ch, m mt trong nhng a im trng yu l Nland, mt Tu Vinv i Hc rt ni ting. Hai tng vin Amarvat v Ngrjunahonda cngl hai tng vin c slin quan mt thit n Ngi.

Cn c theo R jatarangin (vo th k th mi mt sau Ty Lch) th ngi hin din cng vi Huska, Juska v Kaniska (H S Gi Vng, SGiVng v GiNhSc GiVng).

Cn c bn tiu s ca B Tt Long Th c Ngi Cu Ma La Th p(Kumrajviva) dch sang Hoa vn khong nm 405 sau Ty Lch th, LongTh sanh trong mt gia nh B La Mn Nam n , Ngi c bitnghin cu v gio in Vedas (Ph ) v hc hi nhng iu trng yukhc ca BLa Mn gio trc khi Ngi xut gia u Pht.

Cn c vo quyn sch nh c ta l Suhrlekha (Bng Hu th Friendly Epistle) ca Ngi th nhng iu c vit l vit ring cho Vua


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ndhra (n t La Quc Vng), Stavhana. Nhng, Stavhana khng phi l tn ring ca mt v quc vng m l tn ca mt vngtc c tn l ndhra (n t La) c kin l p bi Simuka (Hy Mc Ca)(Tham kho R. C. Majumdar Ancient, India, P.133). V th, mt s hc gi cho rng Suhrlekha (Bng Hu Th) l sch c vit cho Kaniska (Ca NSc Vng).

Cmt truyn thuyt clin quan n tn ca Ngi:

Ch Naga c ngha l mng x hoc Rng v Arjuna ltn camt loi cy. Cn c vo truyn thuyt ny th Ngi c sanh ra dimt ci cy tn l Arjuna v Ngi cng tng n thm Long Cung(Ngas) di y bin, Hi Long Vng (Naga) mang i Tr B Kinh(Mah prajnpramitStra) do c Pht y thc tng Ngi.

Nhng, ch Nga cng cn tng trng cho tr tu. Cn c vonhng li dy ca c Pht th Nga ldanh xng dng ch cho nhngai tiu tr s m say dc lc, gin d v kh au (savas) (Trung AHm-Majjhima Nikya, I 23). V th, c th bo Nga l nhng bc A LaHn (Arhants) c truyn tr tu Bt Nh Ba La Mt a (Prajn pramit)mLong Th tng thgio h.

Khng lm ln gia Long Th ca Pht Gio v Dc s Long Th Mt Gio (Ttrica Ngrjuna) ngi sng khong th k th VII sau TyLch.

Ngi Ty Tng cho rng B Tt Long Th sng tc tt c gm 122 b sch. Nhng, dng nh ch c th xc nh nhng cun sch c litk di y:

1. Trung Lun (Madhyamaka-Stra) cn ctn lBt Nh (Prajn: tr tu) hoc Tng (Kriks) vV y Lun (Akutobhaya) do

chnh tc gichgii.2. Hi Chnh Lun (Vigrahavyvartan) vi s chgii ca tc gi.3. Lc Th p Chnh LLun (Yuktisastik)4. Th p Tht Tng Khng Tnh Lun (sunyat-Sapsati) vchgii.5. Duyn Khi Tm (Pratyasamut-pdahrdaya) vch gii.6. TTng (Catuhstava)7. Tu T p Th(Bhvankrama)8. Bng Hu Th (Suhrllekha)9. Lu Chuyn Ch Hu (Bhvasamkrnti)


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10. Bo Hnh Vng Chnh Lun (Ratnval)11. Bt NhBa La Mt a Kinh Lun (Pr jn pramita-Sutra Sstra)12. Th p a Gii Thuyt Lun (Dasabhamivibhs Sstra)13. Nht KLun (Eka Sloka - Sstra)14. Nng ot Kinh (Vaidalya Sutra) vchgii (Prakarana)15. Ngn NgCu Cnh (Vyavahara - Siddhi)

Nhng b sch trn hin ch cn mt s nguyn bn nhng d sao thton b c dch sang ting Ty Tng.

Long ThTruyn Kca Cu Ma La Th p (Kumrajva) thcho rngnhng cun sch di y cng chnh l nhng tc phm ca Long Th:

1. u B X(Lun Ngh) gm Th p Vn tng

(Upadsa 100,000 Gthas)2. Trang Nghim Pht o Lun gm 5,000 tng (Buddhamr GlanksaSstra 5,000 Gths)3. V y Lun (Akutobhaya - Sstra) gm 100,000 tng.

Nhng bn c su t p bng Hoa vn c c p di y cngthuc v nhng tc phm ca Long Th:

1. i Tha Bo Yu Ngha Lun(Mahaynabhavabheda Sstra) Lu Chuyn Ch Hu Lun

(Bhavasankrntisastra)2. B T Tng Lun (Buddhisambhra - Sastra)3. Ph p Gii Tng (Dharmadhtustava)

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B. B (ryadeva hoc rya Deva)

Ngi cho i ti Simhala, Tch Lan, vl hctrca Long Th. Ngi theo BTt Long Thchudu y v g p phn rt ln i vi cngcuc truyn bhc thuyt ca Long Th.

Truyn kca Ngi c Ngi Cu Ma La Th p (Kumrajra) dchsang Hoa vng vo khong 405 nm sau Ty Lch.


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Tc phm ni ting nht ca Ngi lTBch Lun (Catuh - Sataka), bsch gm 400 kriks. Trong sch ny, Ngi bo vhc thuyt caLong Thv ng thi cng ph phn nhng trit hc khc nh NguynThy, SLun (Smkhya) vThng Lun (Vaiseska). Ngi cng cthl tc gica Bch TLun (Aksara Satakam). Cn cvo nhng gmNgi thuyt thChng Trung Lun (Hastavala - Prakarana) vTm TnhLun (Cittavisuddhi Prakarana) cthl blun do Ngi sng tc?

Theo truyn thuyt thNgi bhc trca mt ph p s dgio mu st v ng ta thua Ngi trong mt cuc tranh lun.

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4. KHI NGUYN C A PHT GIO I TH A (MAHAYNA)

Khi thy ca Pht Gio i Tha c th truy cu thi s khi cai Chng B (Mahsamghika) v thi s khi ca vn hin Kinh in iTha (Mahyana stras) (trc i Chng Bv Vn Hin i Tha).

Ti cuc hi ngh Vaisli (cn c theo Kimura) c mt s tng l bt ng kin trm trng vi mt s tng l khc v nhng im quantrng lin quan ti gio ph p (Dharma). S tng l c nhng kin khc bit tuy chim i a s nhng h b mt s tng l khc ln n v gi l

c t khu (P pabhikhus) v k thuyt phi ph p (Adhamma-vdins) ngthi trt xut h. Trong lch s Pht Gio, s t khu ny c gi liChng B(Mahsanghikas) vtrong cuc hi t p h chim i a shoccng c th l do h phn nh c kin ca i a s tc chng (Phtt ti gia). Nhng tng l xua ui nhng t khu ny, t xng l Thng Ta B (Sthaviras) hoc Trng Lo (Elders) v h t cho h l i biu chnh thng gio ngha Pht Gio nguyn thy. Nh trnh by, iChng B sng to danh t Mahayna i biu cho gio phi m hhnh tr v tnh phng v gi Thng Ta B (Sthaviras) l NguynThy.

Chng ta hy th xem giao nghia cn ca i Chung B(Mahsanghikas) gm c nhng g? S cng hin ca h c th c kt thnh4 im di y:

1. Cnh Gii ca Pht


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Theo nhn xt ca i Chng B th c Pht khng phi ch l mtnhn vt lch s. c Pht chn chnh l mt thc th siu vit, vt hinth, vnh hng v v hn. c Pht trong lch s ch l nhn vt c cPht chn chnh gi n vi th gian cu thnh mt nhn vt c hnh thl mt con ngi, c mt i sng sinh hot ging ht nh mt con ngithng tc hu thuyt ging Chnh Ph p cho nhn th. c Pht chn chnhl mt thc ti ti u vit. Ngi s khng ngng sai phi cc s gi n vitrn gian truyn bChnh Ph p cho ton thnhn loi.

2. Cnh Gii ca A La Hn (Arhat)

Thng Ta B cho rng A La Hn l mt bc hon thin, hon m;nhng i Chng B cho rng A La Hn l bc cha hon m, h vn cn b nhng nghi hoc quy nhiu v vn cn nhiu iu cha liu gii c.

Ngi ta khng nn tn th h nh l nhng biu tng l tng. Thay vvy, ngi ta nn noi gng nhng ngi cng hin trn i mnh, hysinh t ng v c gng tranh th khng ngng nhm t n cnh gii cach Pht nhng ngi nh th mi xng ng c xem nh nhng lthng ththng cn hc hi vnoi theo.

3. Cnh Gii ca Kinh Nghim Tri Thc

Theo nhn xt ca i Chng B (Mahsamghikas) th kinh nghim trithc khng thcung c p cho chng ta mt nhn thc thu o vthc ti.Ch c s siu vit qua tt c hin tng, mi s vt ca th tc, ca KhngTnh (Snyta) mi c kh nng gi p chng ta tri nhn c thc ti. Tt c nhng din t, pht biu ca ngn ngu cung c p cho ta nhng nhn xtsai lm v nhng g c lin quan n thc ti, chng qua ch l vt c cuthnh bi t tng.

4. V Thc ThTnh ca cc Php (Dharmas)

Theo Thng Ta B (Sthaviras) th t ng (pudgala) ca con ngivn khng c ci gi l thc th tnh m chnh l Ph p (mi hin tng, svt), hay s tn ti ca cc thnh t mi l thc th chn tht. i Chng Bcn i xa hn na, h cho rng khng phi ch c t ng ca con ngi mikhng c thc th tnh (Pudgala-nairtmya) m ngay c cc Ph p (Dharmas s tn ti ca cc thnh t) cng khng c thc th tnh (Dharma-nairtmya). Tt c mi s vt, mi hin tng vn u khng c thc th tnh (u lKhng Tnh).


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T nhng iu trn, c th bit rng tt c nhng im trng yu nhtca Trit hc Trung Qun (Madhyamka Philosophy) trn thc t u btngun ti Chng B.

i Chng B trc ht din gii nhng nhn thc ca c Pht v bn th, nhn thc ny trc tin c a vo kinh in i Tha(Mahayna Sutras) v sau mi pht trin thnh tn gio v trit hc iTha.

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CHNG II - T LIU VN BN

(Literary Sources)

Trong Pht gio, vn bn ca kinh (sutra) c coi l nhng gio l do c Pht thuyt ging trc ti p bng kim khu, cn lun (sstra) lnhng ch gii bnh lun, din t m v nhng gio l do c Pht thuytging trc ti p.

Nhng nhng kinh in i Tha m chng ta c bit l mt khilng vn bn rt ln. Nhng g c gi l kinh th l nhng gio lc c Pht trc ti p ging dy, nhng kinh in i Tha gm c tngvi khi lng rt ln, hin nhin c th l khng phi do c Phtthuyt ging ton b.

Mt s vn bn kinh in i Tha c s xen ln lin quan su xan kinh in Pht Gio nguyn thy vmi cho n nay hu nh khng th phn bit chng c.

Nhng trc tc quan trng nht trong s ny l Prajn paramit stra(Kinh bt nh ba la mt a). Thng thng, Prajn-prmit (bt nh ba lamt a) c dch l tr tu vin thnh.. Ch pram-it c ngha tn b bn kia (o b ngn), v th prajn-pramit nn c dch thnhng thc siu vit th c l ng hn. Dch bn ca Ty Tng dchnh th. Ti tt c cc nc m Pht gio i Tha ang thnh hnh, btnh ba la mt chn ngn (prajn-prmit mantra) sau y thng cngm tng l:

Gate, gate, praingate, prasaingate bohhi, savh


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(Trhu vt qua! Vt qua! Vt qua! bbnkia, hon ton vt qua bbn kia, ni i B v thnh tu mt cch vt tc)

Theo nhn xt ca Tin S Edward Conze th kinh vn cu thnh btnh ba la mt a (Prajn-prmit) ni ti p nhau khong trn 1,000 nm v c thc chia thnh 4 giai on sau:

* Giai on th nht (100 nm trc Ty Lch cho ti 100 nm sau TyLch) bao gm sdin su rng cn cvo vn bn gc.

* Giai on th hai (t nm 100 ti nm 300 sau Ty Lich) bao gm vickhai trin gio lny thnh ba hoc bn kinh in di.

* Giai on th ba (t nm 300 n nm 500 sau Ty Lch) l giai onmang gio lny rt li thnh vi kinh in ngn hn.

* Giai on th t (t nm 500 n nm 1200 sau Ty Lch) l giai on c ng thnh mt ch(Tantric dhranis) vchm ngn.

(1) Cn c theo nhn xt ca i a s hc gi th Bt thin tng (Astshasrik) bao gm 8,000 cu kinh c xa nht trong vn bn Bt Nh BaLa Mt a (Prajn paramita). N c th c khi ngun t i ChngB, chca nl hc thuyt khng tnh (snyat).

(2) Bt thin tng 300 nm ti p theo c pht trin thnh Th pvn tng (Satashasrik gm 100,000 cu), Nh vn ng thin tng(Pncavimsati-shasrik 25,000 cu) va Nht vn bt thin tung(Astdsashasrika 18,000 cu). Vn bn sau cng c Lokaraksa(Vng) chuyn dch vo nm 172 sau Ty Lch.

(3) Ti y, iu cn lun bn l s c ng nhng im trng yu cavn bn Bt Nh La Mt a. Bn c ng sm nht gm c Tm kinh(Hrdaya-stra) v Nng on Kim Cang Kinh (Vajracchedika stra).Nng on Kim Cang Kinh c dch sanh Hoa vn vo khong thkth 5 sau Ty Lch. Dch bn ny c in vo ngy 11 thng 5 nm 868ti Trung Quc. Theo truyn thuyt th y l cun sch in xa nht trn th gii.


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Hin qun trang nghim (Abhisamayalamkra) c coi l nhngtrch yu ca Nh vn ng thin tng (Pancavimsti Shasrik), do Ngi DiLc (Maitreyyantha), bc thy ca Ngi Asanga (V Trc) thc hin.

(4) Sau ht, iu cn bn n l Mt ch v chn ngn c c ngt Bt Nh La Mt a. Mt trong s l Ekksar cho rng tr hu vin thnh ch bao gm trong mt ch A. V ti hu, Bt Nh Ba La Mta c nhn cch ha thnh mt vnthn mi ngi sng bi.

Bt Nh Ba La Mt a va l trit hc nhng ng thi cng va ltn gio. N khng phi ch l trit hc theo ngha ch trit hc caTy Phng. Ty Phng, trit hc tch ra khi tn gio v trthnh s truy tm ca tr thc thun ty. Ti n , mi nn trit hc u l mt tn gio, v mi tn gio u c trit hc ring n. Cc tn gio Ty

Phng tr thnh nhng tn gio ca gio iu cng thc, cn tn gioca n l loi tn gio trit hc.

Ch ca vn bn Bt Nh Ba La Mt a (Pr jn pramit) l thuytTnh Khng (Snyat). Tn Pht Gio Nguyn Thy (Hinaynists) tinrng l chc c nhn mi v thc thtnh (pudgala-nairtmya). H emthc ti chia thnh cc ph p hoc thnh t tn ti, hn na h cho rngcc ph p l nhng thc th tht hu. Bt Nh Ba La Mt a phn itrit l li nhn xt ny v cho rng cc ph p vn l tnh khng (Sarva-dharma-snyat).

Hin tng ty thuc vo nhng iu kin hn nh tn ti. Do s lthuc ny nn trn thc thchng vn khng c chn tht tnh, v th chngch l khng (snya).

Nit Bn (Nirvna) siu vit vt qua tt c mi phm tr t tng, bnthn nchnh l Khng Tnh (Snyat).

C ci ta b (samsra) v Nit Bn (Nirvna), hn nh v v hnnh, u chl vt c cu thnh bi t tng, vthchng khng cthcti tnh.

Thc ti ti hu c th c gi l Khng Tnh (Snyat) v n siuvit trn tt cmi hn nh, kinh nghim vdo t tng cu thnh.

Bt Nh (Pr jn) hoc tr hu siu vit chnh l s nh ch mi cu tcca t tng trm m. Vth, Bt Nhng ngha vi Khng Tnh.


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Tm li, s thu trit tri nhn c Khng Tnh khng phi ch do s nhit tm tha nhn m c c, cng khng phi do s nghin cu tranhlun v chngha mc c; Khng Tnh cht c trong thin nh.

Chng ta cn minh tng v Khng Tnh nh l v t ng (s vngmt ca bn ng), minh tng tt c ph p u khng c thc th tnh, minhtng Khng Tnh nh l h khng v hn nh. Cui cng, bn thn caKhng Tnh cng b tr b v ch xem n nh l mt chic b gi p ta vtqua bin v minh. Tuy nhin, loi minh tng ny s tr thnh v hiu qu,nu chng ta khng bi dng mt c tnh no .

Mc don vn trn y chl mt tm lt rt ngn vkinh vn Bt Nh Ba La Mt a, nhng cng cho thy rng vn bn ny baogm tt c nhng yu tct li ca Pht Gio i Tha.

V th chng ta bit rng trit hc Trung Qun (Madhyamaka) ckhai trin trn c s ca gio ngha i Chng B, cho nn i Tha PhtKinh cng c gi lBt Nh Ba La Mt a Kinh (Pr jn paramit).

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5. TRC TC V GIO LC A HPHI TRUNG QUN TRIT HC

Trng phi trit hc Trung Qun ch yu l do Long Th khai trin. Ngi l mt trong nhng i thin ti li lc nht trong lch s thgii. Ngi xy nn cho gio phi ny, v sau cc mn kit xut ca Ngi ti p tc khai trin. Lch s pht trin ca nn trit hc ny lin tc t thkthnhsau Ty Lch cho mi n thkth11.

S pht trin ca hc phi ny gm ba giai on rt d phn bit. Trithc Trung Qun giai on th nht, do Long Th v B xng v thuyt minh mt cch c h thng. Giai on th hai, h thng trit hc nyc phn chia thnh hai phi l Qui Mu Lun Chng Phi (Prsangika)v T Y Lun Chng Phi (Svtantrika). Giai on th ba l giai onkhng nh li Qui Mu Lun Chng Phi.

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6. LONG THV B

(Th KThNhSau Ty Lch)

Giai on u - Long Th vit rt nhiu ch gii cho Bt Nh Ba La Mt a

(Pr jn paramita), nhng ch gii ny c gi l Bt Nh Ba La Mt aLun (Pr jn paramit-sstra). Lun ny c Ngi Cu Ma La Th p(Kumrajiva) (Ty nguyn 402 nm n 405 nm) dch thnh Hoa vn. Dsao th s thuyt minh t tng trit hc ch yu ca Long Th nmtrong quyn Bt NhCn (Pr jn-mla) hoc Cn Bn Trung Qun tng(Mla-Madhyamaka-Kriks) hoc Trung Lun (Madhayamka Sstra). B, t knh cn ca Ngi, khai trin t tng trit hc y trong t Bch Lun (Catuh-Sataha). Chng ti c p phn trn v nhng kinhsch khc ca Long Thv B.

Giai on thhai

- Long Th s dng k thut ca prasanga, thuyt minh TritHc Trung Qun ca mnh. Ch prasanga l mt thut ng, n c nghal qui mu lun chng. Long Th khng ra bt c hc thuyt noca ring mnh; v th, Ngi khng cn phi ra bt c lun chng no chng minh cho hc thuyt ca mnh c. Ngi ch s dng qui mu lunchng ph p (prasangavkya) chng minh rng nhng l lun do i th ra ch dn n sphi l, ngay ci vi nhng nguyn l mchnh hch p nhn. iu ny ng rng thc ti lthg vt ln trn t tng.

Pht H(Buddhaplita) sanh vo gia thkth6, ltn nhit thnhca Long Th, Ngi cm thy qui mu lun chng (Prasanga) l phng ph p chnh xc ca h thng Trit Hc Trung Qun (Madhyamaka) nn ng dng n trong hc thuyt v tc phm ca mnh. Ngi vit quynTrung Qun Ch (Madhyam-akavrtti), mc ch l ch gii cho b

Trung Lun ca Long Th. Sch ny nguyn bn b tht lc, hin ch cn bn dch bng Tng vn.

Thanh Bin (Bhavya hay Bhvaviveka) l ngi cng thi i vi PhtH, nhng trtui hn. Ngi cho rng, ch nu ra s sai lm ca i th vncha , m cn phi ra t y lun chng (svatantra) hoc lun chng cl p h p l khin k phi im ting. Ngi tin rng ch da vo phng


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ph p bin chng thkhng th nu ra c chn l tuyt i mt cch chnhxc.

Ngi vit i Tha Chng Trn Lun (Mahyna-Karatala-Ratna Sastra). Trung Qun Tm Lun (Mdhyamikahrdaya) vi ch thchc tn l: T Trch Dim Lun (Tarkajvl), Trung Lun Yu Ch(Madhyamrtha-Saingraha) ch gii Trung Lun ca Long Th v Bt Nh ng Lun (Prajn-pradipa). Nhng tc phm ny hin nay ch ctn ti trong bn dch Ty Tng.

Tin S L. M. Toshi chuyn Trung Lun Yu Ch sang ch Ngariv dch sang ting Hindi c ng Ph p S (Dharmadta), quyn th 29-thng 7-8 nm 1964.

Gio s N. Aiyswmi dch Chng Trn Lun (Karatalaratna) bng ting Trung Hoa ca Ngi Huyn Trang tr li thnh Phn vn(Vsvabbhrati Santiniketan, 1949).

Nh trn, chng ta bit rng vo th k th nh gn 400 nm sau khiLong Thvin tich, trit hc Trung Qun c chia thnh hai phi l:

a) Quy Mu Lun Chng Phi (Prsangka) do Pht H (Buddhaplita)cm u v

b) T Y Lun Chng Phi (Satantrika) do Thanh Bin (Bhvaviveka)cm u.

Y. Kajiama cho rng nguyn nhn gy chia r Trung Qun phi chnhl cu hi rng l h thng tri thc tng i c th c tha nhn haykhng. Mc dng trn quan im tuyt i thn l h vng?

Theo nhn xt ca Ngi Huyn Trang, th mc d b mt Thanh Bin

khoc chic o ca S Lun (Smkhya), nhng trn thc t th Ngi ng hgio lca Long Th.

Giai on thba

- Trong giai on ny, Trung Qun phi xut hin hai v hc gi kitxut, l Nguyt Xng (Candrakrti) vTch Thin (Sntideva).


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S lng ch gii v Trung Qun Lun ca Long Th rt nhiu(khong 20 quyn). Nhng tc phm ny hin ch c bo tn trongnhng dch bn ca Tng vn. Trong Minh C Lun (Parasannapad)ca Nguyt Xng l bn duy nht cn tn ti trong Phn vn nguyn thy(Sainskrta), dng nh n khin cho nhng ch gii khc tr thnh lithi.

Ngi Nguyt Xng cho i v hot ng xut chng Samanta, Nam n , vo u th k th 7 sau Ty Lch v vit mt s tc phmni ting. Ngi tng theo Lin

Hoa Gic (Kamalabuddhi-mt t ca Pht H) nghin t p vTrit Hc Trung Qun (Kamalabuddhi), v c th Ngi cng l t caThanh Bin. Nh trn c p, Minh C Lun l lun do Ngi vit

ch gii Trung Qun Lun ca Long Th. Ngoi ra, Nh p Trung Lun(Madhyamakvatra) v ch thch ca n chnh l tc phm c l p ca Ngi. Trong Minh C Lun Ngi thng c p n Nh p Trung Lun, iuny cho thy r rng Nh p Trung Lun c vit sm hn Minh C Lun.

Ngoi ra, Ngi cn ch gii Tht th p tng khng tnh lun (SnyatSaptati). Lc th p tng chnh l lun (Yukti Sastik) ca Long Th v Tbch lun (Catubsataka) ca B. Ngoi ra cn chai bin khi lun(pakaranas), l Nh p Trung o Bt Nhlun

(Madhyamakaprajnvatra) v Ng Un Lun (Pancaskandha). Trong ttc cc sch ca Ngi, hin ch c Minh C Lun l vn cn bn chnh gc,ngoi ra tt cu chcn li nhng dch bn bng Tng vn.

Nguyt Xng bin h cho Qui Mu Lun Chng phi (Prasangika)mt cch cc lc, hn na Ngi cn nu ra rt nhiu s h v lun l caThanh Bin.

Ngi cng ng h ch trng quan im thng thc ca cm quantri gic v ch trch hc thuyt T tng (Svalaksana) v V Phn Bit(Kalpan podha).

Ngi cng cn ph bnh v v thc thuyt (Vijnnavda) v cho rng thc (Vijnna) m khng c i tng l mt iu khng th quan nimc.


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Tch Thin (Sntideva) l mt nhn vt tr ct ln ca Qui Mu LunChng phi. Ngi xut hin v rt ni ting th k th 7 sau Ty Lch,theo Trntha th Tch Thin l con ca c Khi Vng (Kalanavarman) nc Saurstra, vl ngi tha k ngi vua chnh thng. Khi Ngi cn lmt vng t, tn ca Ngi l Tch Khi (Sntivarman). V ti p nhn mtcch su m t tng i Tha nn pht tm la bvng quc v n cha Nland bng ca Thnh Thin (Taideva), v vy sau ngi ta gi Ngi lTch Thin (Stideva).

Kinh in ca Ngi gm c Hc X Yu T p (Siks-samuccaya) v Nh p B Hnh Lun (Bodhicaryvatra). Trong cun trc, Ngi c p n rt nhiu kinh in i Tha v cng trng yu ny, tt c gn97 loi, nhng sch ny hin nay hon ton b tht truyn. Trong Nh pB Hnh Lun Ngi nhn mnh v thit tha ku gi hy bi dng

B Tm (Bodhicitta). Ngi l mt thi ho v i nht trong hc phiTrung Qun.

Hu ht nhng tc phm ca Ngi u biu hin s kt h p p giathi ca v trit hc. Ngi l tn ca Qui Mu Lun Chng phi v cnhng ph bnh mnh mi vi Duy Thc Lun.

C th ni rng Tch H (Sntaraksita) v Lin Hoa Gii (kamalasila)l i biu cho s dung h p ca hc thuyt Trung Qun v Duy Thc Lun,v th khng th gi h l nhng ngi thuc Trung Qun phi chn chnh.Tch H cho i vo th k th 8 sau Ty Lch, tc phm ch yu ca Ngi l Chn L Khi yu (Tattvasamgraha). Lin Hoa Gii, v t c ca Ngi vit Chn L Khi Yu Tng Thch (Tattvasamgraha- panjik) chu giai mt cach tinh tng v chn ly Khai Yu(tattvasamgraha)

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7. BIN CHNG PHP TRUNG QUN (MADHYAMAKA DIALECTIC)

KHI NGUYN, CU TRC V PHT TRIN

Nh c p, mi yu ngha ca trit hc Trung Qun, hu ht c nu ra mt cch i lc trong phn i Chng B v vn bn Bt Nh Ba La Mt a (Prajn paramit). Long Thch l ngi khai trin chngm thi. Vy th Long Th cng hin c nhng g ca chnh Ngi? S


21/80

cng hin c th ca chnh Ngi l bin chng ph p (dialetic) m Ngi khai trin. ng nhin l Ngi chiu ri nhng tia sng mi m ln ccch thuyt khc nhau ca Pht Gio i Tha, bao hm trong t tng cai Chng B v trong tc phm Bt Nh Ba La Mt a, hn na i vinhng llun ny Ngi thuyt minh su xa hn vph phn nhiu hn vnhng ch thuyt ; nhng, s cng hin c o nht ca Ngi vn lbinchng ph p.

S im lng b n ca c Pht i vi nhng cu hi c tnh cch siuhnh cn bn nht thc y Long Th nghin cu tm hiu l do ti saoc Pht gi im lng. C phi c Pht ch trng bt kh tri (agnostic)nh mt s ngi Ty Phng nghin cu Pht Gio ngh? Nu khng thv l do g m Ngi gi thi im lng? Qua mt cuc nghin cu i vis im lng ny, Long Th t ra bin chng ph p.

C mt s cu hi tr danh mc Pht coi l v k (avaykrta),tc l nhng gii p m Ngi cho rng khng th din t. Trong nhngch gii ca Nguyt Xng v Trung Lun (MK, 22, 12) Ngi tng nu ranhng vn ny.

Ngi mu bng cu:

Tha caturdasa avykrta-vastni bhagavatnirdistni:c ThTn tuyn brng c14 svic khngththuyt minh c,V sau c p 14 svic trn theo tht:

1) Th gii phi chng l(a) vnh hng, (b) hay khng vnhhng, (c) hoc chai u ng, (d) hoc c hai ukhng ng.

2) Phi chng thgii l (a) hu bin, (b) v bin (c)hoc chai u ng (d) hoc chai u khng ng.

3) Phi chng sau khi Nh Lai nh p dit (a) vn tn ti,(b) hoc khng tn ti, (c) hoc chai u ng, (d)hoc chai u khng ng.

4) Phi chng linh hn vthxc lng nht haykhng ng nht.


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Trn y gm c14 vn :

Chng ta c th thy r trong ba nhm cu hi chnh mi mt cu higm c bn tuyn loi, v cu hi sau cng cng c th c bn th tuynloi, bn tuyn loi ny cu thnh t kt lun (catuskoti) hoc bnmnh c s cn bn (tetra-lemma) v cng trng yu ca Long Th BinChng Ph p. Mi mt vn u c (1) khng nh mnh i phn can (2) lm mnh ca ph nh tng phn. Hai mnh ny l s tuynchn c bn. Sau (3) kt h p hai iu khng nh cu thnh tuyn loithba, (4) tuyn ngn ca hai phnh cu thnh tuyn loi tht.

i vi nhng tra vn cn bn ny, mtrli phi hoc khng phith e rng khng th nhn thc chn l mt cch trn vn v, c Pht dyrng loi t bin ny ch l mt loi kin gii lun thuyt (itthivda), cho

nn Ngi tchi vkhng mun thm cu chng.Cu trc ca nhng cu hi v s im lng ca c Pht c t

ra trc mt Long Th. c Pht t chi tr li dt khot cho nhng cuhi nh vy. c Pht vn thng dy l Ngi khng tin vo Thng hnglun (Ssvata-vda), mt loi khng nh tuyt i, m cng khng tin voon dit lun (Ucchedavda), mt ph nh tuyt i. L p trng ca Ngi chnh ltrung o (madhyam pratipada).

Long Th t duy mt cch su sc v thi ny ca c Pht v cho rng l do m c Pht c gi im lng trc nhng vn ny l bithc ti siu vit qua mi t tng. Ngi thnh l p h thng gm 4tuyn loi (antas hoc kotis), v vch r s khng hi ha ca mi tuynloi. Ngi thu trit mt cch thng sut v tm ra c nh lut bi phn (antinomy) ca l tnh (reason), kh tr mi s vt c chng chey, v chng minh rng vic kin l p mt h thng siu hnh hc(metaphysis) kin c trn c s ca ch ngha gio iu (dogmatism) hocch ngha duy l (rationalism) l mt iu bt kh. y chnh l bin chng ph p ca Ngi.

Bn tuyn loi ny c c Pht xut trt sm, nhng nguyn ca Long Th l ng dng lun l hc mt cch nghim tc gi nhnghm ca mi tuyn loi, rt ui ltnh n ngct (cul de sac) vnhth mi chun b cho tm thc phi quay ngc li (parvrti) hng n bt nh (prajn: trhu).


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i vi nhng c gi thiu thn trng, Long Th c xem nhmt nhn vt m nu khng phi l mt trit gia kh tnh mun phn bc ttc hc thuyt ca cc trit gia khc thcng lmt nh ngy bin sdngnhng n t xo diu (equivocation) p buc cc i th thiu cnh gic phi nhng b trong lc bin lun, v sau ci thm trc s lngtng ca i phng; nu khng th th t ra cng l ngi theo ui chngha h v ctnh phhoi, phnh mt cch cc cn tt cquan im v khng khng nh bt cmt quan im no.

Nu nghin cu mt cch k lng, cn thn hn v bin chng ph pca ngi, ths thy rng nhng lo lng trn hon ton khng ng vi ngi,v trong mt tm thc hon ton thanh tnh ngi ch c gng chng t rngkhi ltnh vt khi lnh vc ca nhng hin tng cth lgii th tinvo cnh a ca bn thbt kh tri (noumena), lc , tt nhin s g p phi

s mu thun.1/ NGHA CA BIN CHNG PHP

Vy th bin chng ph p c ngha l g? Ni mt cch n gin, binchng ph p l mt loi vn hnh t tng, nh vo s tra kho v nhngmt phi v tri (pros and cons) ca vn c mt thc r rng vnhng nh lut bi phn (antinomies) m l tnh b sa ly vo , v m chcon ng ra khi s b tc bng cch thng tin ln mt giai tng cao hnl tnh ra khi ngct.

2/ CU TRC CA BIN CHNG PHP

Chng ta bit khi nguyn ca bin chng ph p, ca Trung Qunnm trong bn tuyn loi ca mi vn khng th thuyt minh(avykrta) m c Pht im lng mt cch b n. Nhng Long Th th rrng tm cch thnh l p, h thng ha n v s dng t c l p(catuskoti: tetralemma hay quadrilemma) cng c gi l t cnh ph nh (four-cornered negation) biu minh.

Vy cu trc ca bin chng ph p c x p nh sau: S tuyn trchth nht ca t c l p gm mnh th nht l (i) mnh khng nh. Th hai l (ii) phn . Th ba l (iii) kt h p khng nh ca hai mnh trc,v tht l(iv) phnh ca hai mnh trc.

3/ K THUT BIN CHNG PHP


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K thut bin chng ph p l rt ra nhng ng v quan im ca i phng t trn cn bn ca nhng nguyn tc m chnh h tha nhn, vnh m vch ra s mu thun t thn ca quan im ny. Dng cch ny,i phng s b sa vo cm by ca chnh h. i phng bdn vo v tr phi l khi nhng kt lun t mu thun ca nhng gi thuyt ca h b vchtrn. Nh th, c th ni rng bin chng ph p bc b cc quan im bngcch s dng qui mu lun chng (reductio ad absurdum argument). K thut ny trong thut ng thng c gi theo Phn ng l prasanga(phin m sang chHn lthnh phn cht nan).

R. H. Robinson nu r trong Phi Trung Qun Thi S Khi n v Trung Quc (Early Mdhyamika in India and China) ca ng rngnhng thi c trong Trung Lun (Mdhyamaka) ca Long Th c mt s lnnhng tam on lun (syllogism) c tnh cch gi thit. Trong nhng thi c

, c nhng th d v hai loi tam on lun gi thit l hy on lut(modus ponens) v nghch on lut (modus tollens) v cn c mt cchngy bin trong tin bphnhn.

i vi thdly on lut (modusponens) Robinson trch dnon 3.2 trong Minh CLun (Prasannapad) v i vi thdnghch on lut thng trch dn on 19.6 trong MinhCLun.

ng ni ng khi bo rng trong thi c c rt nhiu lng ao lun ph p (dilemmas) m hnh thc thng thy nht l: nu p ri sau l q;nu chng phi p ri sau l q, y l hnh thc c th ca n thunkin cu lng ao lun ph p (simple constructive dilemma) trong lun l Ty phng.

Ngoi ra, trong thi c cn c th trng thy mt hnh thc lng aolun ph p khc, l: Nu p, ri sau q; nu khng phi p, th sau lr, y l hnh thc c th ca phc t p kin cu lng ao lun ph p(complex constructive dilemma) trong lun lTy phng.

4/ MC CH CA BIN CHNG PHP

Mc ch ca bin chng ph p l bc b, chng minh s sai lm canhng quan im ca nhng ngi khc ch khng phi chng minh bt cquan im no ca chnh chng ta. Ch c k no xng mt quan immi tht s cn chng minh n vi i tng m h mun thuyt phc,ngi khng c quan im xng th chng cn phi lm nh vy.


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Trong Hi Trnh Lun (Vigrahauyvartan) ca Long Th (thi c 29) ngi pht biu mt cch rt r rng, khng mt ai c th tm thy khuyt imca Trung Qun phi (Mdhyamika) bi vngi cha tng ra bt c quanim no ca chnh mnh.

Yadi kcana pratijnsyn me tata eva me bhaved dosah.Nsti ca mama pratijntasmn naivsti me dosah.

Nu ti xng mt lun ca chnh ti, thbnc th tm thy c khuyt im ca n. Nhng v ti khng clun xng, nn vn chng minh s sai lm khng cl do ny sanh.

Bin chng ph p nhm ph nhng k gio iu v nhng k duy l

ch trng mt quan im c nh v thc ti. Bng cch vch trn s rngtuch trong l lun ca h v nhng kt qu t mu thun ca nhng githit ca h, Long Th mun bc b nhng xc quyt ca L Tr rng n nm vng c Thc Ti. Nguyt Xng (Candrakrti) trong on vn diy, din t mt cch rt minh xc loi l p trng ny:

Nirupapttika paks bhyapagamtsvtmnam eva ayam kevalamvisamvdayan na saknoti paresmniscayam dhtum iti. Idameva asyaspastataram dsanam yadutasvapratijntrthasdhansma-rthyam iti.

Bng githit khng h p lca h, i phng ch tmu thun vi chnh mnh, vkhng ththuyt phcngi khc. iu gc tnh cch tco buc rrnghn ls kin i thkhng thchng minh nhnglun ctrn cn bn mngi xng llunca mnh.

(Minh C Lun p. 6)

Long Th thng tay ph hy mi kin trit hc trong thi i cangi, chng phi v ngi ly lm thch ch v hnh ng , m l v ngi cmt mc tiu thch ng. Mt cch tiu cc, bin chng ph p c chngminh rng Thc Ti khng th c o lng bng mt ci thc t tngtn mn. Nhng, khng phi chc vy. Nc mt s ng tch cc.


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Th nht, hin tng hoc thc ti nghim th thuc lnh vc tngi, trong mt thc th l khng (snya) hoc v t tnh (nis-svabhva), ngha l thc th khng c thc ti c l p hoc s v iukin.

Th nh, ngi ta c th hiu c Thc Ti bng cch vt ln mtgiai tng cao hn t tng lun l, l giai tng ca Bt Nh (prajna).

Th ba, khng th din t Thc Ti bng th ngn ng c, khngc theo li suy tng nhphn.

5/ S NG DNG CA BIN CHNG PHP

Long Th nghin cu mt cch nghim tc tt c nhng l thuyttrit hc ca cc nht tng cng thi i vi ngi.

Hng sng Bin chng ph p ca ngi nhm vo nhng khi nimnh tng quan nhn qu, ng v tnh, cc lnh vc cm gic (yatanas),cc un (skandhas), tng(tman), v.v...

Stcherbatsky ch c p n li ph bnh ca Long Th i vitng quan nhn qu vnit bn, bi vchng lnhng iu trng yu nht.V th, chng ta cng ch quan tm nghin cu hai trng im ny. y,chng ta s tho lun trc v s thm cu ny ca Long Th i vi quan

nim nhn qu, v i vi s nghin cu ca ngi v nit bn th s ctho lun di mt tiu khc.

Trc tin Long Th ph bnh v lut nhn qu, bi v n l vn trit hc ti trng yu trong thi i ca ngi.

6/ THM CU V QUAN HNHN QU

Long Th ng dng bn mnh chnh yu ca ngi, ngi cho rngchc th c4 loi quan im v lut nhn qu, l (1) quan im sanh ra;

(2) parata utpattih, tc l do vt khc sn sanh ra; (3) dv bhym utpattih, tcl do c hai (chnh mnh v vt khc) m sanh ra; (4) ahetuta utpattih, tc l v nguyn nhn msanh ra, ngu nhin msanh ra.

1) Svata Utpattih (do tthn msanh)


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C ngha nguyn nhn vkt qu l ng nht, s vt c sanh ra bit thn. Khi Long Th ph bnh v quan im ca s quan h nhn qu t sanh, th r rng trong tm ngh rng l nhn trung hu qu lun(Satkyavda) ca SLun (Smkhya).

S ph bnh ca Trung Qun phi i vi l lun ny c th tm lcnh sau:

i. Nu trong nhn c qu, ths sanh sn khng c mc ch. SLun cthcho rng tuy quc th hin hu trong nhn, sbiu l(abhivyakti) ca nl iu mi m. Tuy nhin, iu ny khng cngha rngqul mt thc cht mi, mchc ngha nl mthnh thc hoc trng thi mi ca thc cht. Nhng

s sai bit trn hnh thc hoc trn trng thi ny ingc li s ng nht ca tng l p bn di.

ii. Nu bo rng nguyn nhn lmt phn hin thc,v mt phn tim tng, thchng khc no tha nhnrng trong cng mt svt c tnh cht i phn.

iii. Nu nguyn nhn lmt ci ghon ton tim tng, th tnkhng thtrthnh hin thc khi khng cs trgi p ca ngoi lc. Du khng thtnchy ra t ht ging ngoi trc p bi mt my p du. Nuncn phi nhn strgi p ca ngoi lc thth khng c ci c gi lsvata utpattih, hoc dotthn msanh ra. iu ny cngha l phi loi b hng thuyt satkryavada (nhn trung hu qulun).

iv. Nu nguyn nhn vkt qul ng nht, thkhng th phn bit c ci no lci to sanh ci kia.V th, quan im cho rng nhn qung nht (nhntrung hu qulun) cy dy stmu thun.

2) Parata Utpattih (do vt khc msanh)


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C ngha l nguyn nhn v kt qu lkhc nhau. Quan im ny cgi l nhn trung v qu lun (asatkryavada), l ch trng ca nhngngi thuc thuyt Nht Thit Hu B (Sarvstivdins) v Kinh Lng B(Santrntikas), hoc ca tn Pht Gio Nguyn Thy (Hinayanists) nichung. Khi Long Th ph bnh v quan im ca loi nhn qu khc tnhcht ny, r rng lngi nhm n nhng bphi .

S ph bnh v nhn trung v qu lun ca ngi gm c nhng trngim di y:

i. Nu nhn vqukhc nhau thkhng mt lin hnogia nhn v quc thtn ti. Trong trng h p thbt cthg cng cthl sn phm ca bt c thg khc.

ii. Nhng ngi thuc phi Nguyn Thy cho rng nhnsau khi sanh ra quthkhng cn tn ti. Nhng gianhn v quc mt loi quan hnhn qungnhin (exhypothesi). Nhn vqucng tn tith chng mi cthlin hvi nhau. Nu chngkhng clin h thquan hnhn qutrthnh v ngha.

iii. Nhng ngi thuc phi Nguyn Thy tin rng qu c sanh ra bi skt h p ca nhng yu t. Bygis kt h p ca nhng yu tny li i hi phic mt yu tna, v kskt h p mi ny li s i hi mt yu tkhc. iu ny sdn n tnh trngv cng hu thoi (regressus infinitum)

3) Dv bhyma Upattih (do chai msanh ra)

L lun ny tin rng qu v nhn va ging nhau li va khc nhau.y l s kt h p ca Nhn trung hu qu lun v Nhn trung v qulun, nn bao gm s mu thun ca c hai. Ngoi ra, loi l lun ny bao trm thc ti vi hai loi i l p tnh (ng nht v khc nhau) cngmt lc.

4) Ahetutah Utpattih (v nguyn nhn msanh ra, ngu nhin msanh)


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Llun ny cho rng s vt sn sanh mt cch ngu nhin, khng c nguyn nhn. Nhng ngi tin vo T tnh lun (Svabhvavdins) lnhng ngi theo ch ngha t nhin (naturalists) hay ch ngha hoi nghi(sceptics) tin vo l lun ny. Loi l lun ny nu khng nu ra c l do th n chng khc no mt l lun c on hon ton hoang ng. V nu c mt l do c nu ra th chng khc no n tha nhn mtnguyn nhn.

Sau khi vch r bn cht mu thun ca cc quan im trn, Long Th i ti kt lun rng s quan h nhn qu ch l mt loi kin to t tngc t trn trt t khch th ca s sinh tn. Theo cch ni ca trit giaKant thquan h nhn quch l mt thphm trt tng.

---o0o---

8. NG GP TCH CC C A LONG TH

Khi c Trung Qun Tng (Madhyamaka Krias) ln u, c v nhLong Th ch l mt ngi tiu cc khng th tha hi p. Nhng, nh TinS K. Venkata Ramanan ra mt gii thch tuyt diu: Trong i Tr Lun (Mah prajn pramit Sstr) Long Th trnh by nhng quanim tch cc ca ngi v vn Thc Ti mt vn gy nhiu tranhlun.

1/ C Trung Qun Tng (Madhyamaka Krias) v i Tr Lun(Mah prajn pramita Sstra) u coi v t tnh (naihsv bhvya), hay hnnh tnh, tng i tnh nh l s xm nh p cn bn ca Khng Tnh(Snyata) xt theo bn cht th tc ca s vt, nhng i Tr Lun vchra r rng hn Trung Qun Tng v ng ca v thc th tnh ca s vtth tc. N cho rng khuynh hng ca con ngi mun coi tng i nhtuyt i bt r t kht vng thm kn ban s trong thm tm con ngimun t c s tuyt i (dharmaisan). Do V Minh thm cn, kht

vng ny b p dng sai lm. Loi ngi bm vu vo tng i v coi nnh l tuyt i cho nn khng th trnh khi b tht vng. Nhng nu h bm vo s khc bit ca tuyt i v coi chng nh l tuyt i ring rthhli vng vo li lm bm vu theo mt hnh thc khc.

Long Th c gng vch ra cho ngi ta thy ci chn l su xa rngiu kin v hn nh vsthtuyt i khng nhng chl cn c ca iu


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kin hn nh hay tng i m tht ra n l bn cht ca chnh tng i,chkhng phi l mt thc thkhc bit vi tng i.

2/ Tuyt i, v hn nh khng nhng l bn cht ti hu ca nhngthc thmcn lbn cht ti hu ca con ngi.

Chnh v nh th, s khao kht thc ti ca con ngi cng c nghathm su hn. Vi t cch l mt c th, con ngi ng nhin c lin h vi ton th thgii, vi cc hin tng, vi cc un (skandhas) ca y, tihon cnh ngu nhin vhn nh, nhng y khng btch ra khi ci v hnnh m tht ra v hn nh chnh l bn cht ti hu ca bn th y, v ykhng b tri buc vnh vin vo s phn ha ca mnh. Hon ton mi mvi s trnh din thong qua ca nhng thc th hn nh, v khng bit n ngha ni ti ca bn th mnh, y nm ly tng i v coi n nh l tuyt

i vdo y khng thtrnh khi bvng mc vo s au kh. Mt khi ytnh ng i vi tnh cch hn nh (snyata) ca s vt hn nh, lc thc v gi trca y s thay i. Y tr thnh mt ngi bin i v lc s khao kht tuyt i (dharmaisana) ca y, lng khao kht mong mi ThcTi ca y s tm thy ngha vnc mn nguyn.

Trung Qun tng nhn mnh s khng y , s khng ton vn, s thiu thc cht ca cc dharmas (ph p, thc th) vpudgala (tng). i Tr Lun th nhn mnh ngha ca thc v s bt ton vn ny, v chorng chnh s thc sc bn v s khng y ny thi cho tia la nh bca s khao kht Thc Ti v tuyt i trong con ngi bng chy thnhngn la sng ng ca chn l.

3/ Tht ra, mi cn bn khi nim ch yu ca trit hc Long Th unm trong Trung Qun Tng (Krik), nhng chng b lm lu m bi tnhcch tiu cc ca ng li din t.

Tt nhin phi l nh th, khng th no c th khc hn, bi v trongTrung Qun Tng Long Th thy chung vn s dng k thut thnh phncht nan lun chng (prasangavkya), cch l lun theo qui mu lunchng. S quan tm chnh yu ca ngi l vch trn nhng sai lm xemtng i tnh (nihsvabhva) nh l tuyt i tnh (sasvabhva). Ngay c trong Trung Qun tng Long Th xc nh mt cch minh bch rng vt bhn nh hin ththnh vt v hn nh nh lc sti hu ca n.

Ci cbn cht i v n, sanh vdit trn phngdin hu hn, thcng chnh lNit Bn trn phng


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din v hn nh.(XXV, 9)

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CHNG III

9. SKHC BIT GI A NGUYN THY VI TH A

C vi kha cnh ca trit hc Pht Gio v tn gio m trong c skhc bit gia i Tha v Nguyn Thy. Nhng g c trnh by di ychyu lnhm vo Trung Qun Phi (Madhyamaka) ca i Tha.

1/ Skhc bit trong cch gii thch vDuyn Khi(Pratityasamutpda)

Thuyt Duyn Khi l mt hc thuyt v cng trng yu trong PhtGio. N l lut nhn qu ca c v tr v mi mt sinh mng ca c nhn. N quan trng v hai quan im. Th nht, n a ra mt khi nim rt rrng v bn cht v thng v hu hn ca mi hin tng. Th hai, nchothy sanh, lo, bnh, t v tt c nhng thng kh ca hin tng sinh tnty thuc vo nhng iu kin nh th no, vtt cnhng thng khny s

chm dt nh thno khi vng mt cc iu kin .Chng ta thy quan im ca Trung Qun Phi v nhn qu. V

duyn khi l lut nhn qu ph qut, Trung Qun Phi thi hnh mtcuc kho st c tnh cch ph phn vlut ny.

S gii thch ca Trung Qun Phi v lut ny c nhiu im khc vis gii thch ca phi Nguyn Thy. Ch duyn khi (Pratttyasamutpda)thng c dch sang ting Anh l conditioned co-production (ng snsanh c iu kin) hoc interdependent origination (ty thuc ln nhau m

sanh ra).Theo Nguyn Thuy th (Pratityasamutpada) co nghia la

pratipratiitynin vinsinin samutpadah tc l s xut hin nhanh chngngn ngi, v thng ca s vt. Theo phi Nguyn Thy th pratya-samutpda l lut nhn qu chi phi s sanh v dit ca thnh t (cc ph p- dharmas) khc nhau.


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Theo Trung Qun Phi th ly s sanh v dit ca cc thnh t ca s tn ti (dharmas) gii thch duyn khi (pratiyasamutpda) l iu khngchnh xc.

Theo Nguyt Xng (Candrakrti) th:Hetupratyay peksochvnmutpdah pratyasamutpdrthah

(Minh C Lun, p. 2)

Ngha l:

Duyn khi lsbiu lca cc thc thtngquan vi cc nguyn nhn vcc iu kin (duyn).

Pht gio Nguyn Thy gii thch duyn khi nh l mt tin trnhthi gian ngn ngi ca nhng thc th ch tht m gia chng c mtchui tng quan nhn qu.

Theo Trung Qun Phi th duyn khi khng c ngha l nguyn l camt tin trnh ngn ngi m l nguyn l v s l thuc vo nhau mt cchthit yu ca cc s vt. Ni tm tt, duyn khi l nguyn l ca tng itnh (relativity). Tng i tnh l mt khm ph v cng quan trng cakhoa hc hin i. Nhng g m ngy nay khoa hc khm ph th c Pht

v i pht hin t hn 2,500 nm trc. Khi gii thch duyn khi nh ls lthuc ln nhau mt cch thit yu hoc tnh cch tng i ca mi svt, Trung Qun Phi bc b mt tn iu khc ca Pht gio NguynThy. Pht gio Nguyn Thy phn tch mi hin tng thnh nhngthnh t (dharmas), v cho rng nhng thnh t ny u c mt thc tiring bit ca chng.

Trung Qun Phi th cho rng chnh thuyt duyn khi tuyn b r tt c cc ph p u tng i, chng khng c ci gi l thc ti tnh(svabhva) ring bit ca chnh mnh. Nis-svabhvatva (v t tnh, tngi tnh) ng ngha vi khng tnh (snyat), ngha l khng c s tn tich thc v c l p. Duyn khi hoc s ph thuc ln nhau c ngha ltng i tnh, v tng i tnh th bao hm ngha phi thc ti tnh(snyata) ca nhng thnh tring bit.

Nguyt xng ni rng:


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Tadatra nirodhdyasta visesana visistah pratityasamutpdah sstr bhidheyrthah

(Minh CLun, p. 2)

Chhoc khi nim ch yu ca lun n nyl tnh c thca tm im phnh."

S quan trng hng u ca duyn khi l vch ra rng s tn ti catt c mi hin tng v ca tt c thc th trn th gian ny u hu hn,chng khng c stn ti ch thc vc l p.

Nh Long Th trnh by, Nahi svabhavobhvnm pratyaydisuvidyate (Trung Qun Tng, M. K., 1.5) Khng c s hin hu c l p canhng thc th trong cc iu kin hn nh (cc duyn). V nh Tin S E.

Conze gii thch:Tt cni dung cthu ty thuc vo tcng htrng ca v s iu kin hn nh(duyn).

(Buddhist Thought in India, p. 240)

Long Th tng lt vduyn khi nh sau:

Aprattya samutpanno dharmah kascinna

vidyate. Yasmt tasmt asno hi dharmahkascinna vidyate(Trung Qun Tng, 24, 19)

Bi vkhng cyu tno ca s sinh tn(dharma) c thhin mkhng ccc iu kin,cho nn khng cph p (dharma) no chng l khng(snya) ngha lkhng cstn ti c l p chtht.

Duyn khi trthnh tng ng vi khng tnh, duyn khi chnh lkhng tnh (snyat) hoc tng i tnh. Long Th ni:

Yah pratityasamutpdah snyatm tm pracaksmahe

(Trung Qun, 24, 18)


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Nhng gc gi lduyn khi chng ta gi l khng tnh.

Khng (snya) hoc khng tnh (snyat) l khi nim trng yu nhtca Trit Hc Trung Qun. V vy, chng ta s xt n trong mt tiu ring nhm nghin cu, tm hiu thm vn.

Tuy nhin, trong Trung Qun Tng (Karika), mc ch ch yu caLong Th l ngi mun dn ng cho vic trnh by trit l tch cc cangi, ngha l vai tr ca tr tu siu vit (prajn) trong vic lnh hi nhngtrnh khc nhau ca shiu bit.

Trong i Tr Lun (Sska) ngi gii thch mt cch chi tit v tr tu siu vit (prajn). V li, trong Trung Qun Tng khng c s c p

trc ti p v dharmaisan (skhao kht bn trong lng ngi i vi thcti), nhng trong i Tr Lun th dharmaisan c l p i l p lirt thng xuyn. Trong Trung Qun Tng, t c s m t no v qu trnhhng n mc ch; nhng trong i Tr Lun thim ny c m t mt cch sinh ng.

Trong Trung Qun Tng, ch c s m ch gin ti p rng ci v hnnh l thc th ni ti ca ci hu hn; nhng trong i Tr Lun th im ny c ch trng nhiu. c bit l chng lun v Chn Nh(Tathat), ni ti ca thc th trong mi c th c vch r. Chng niv thc ti t (bhtakoti: khng c vt tn ti mt cch tuyt i) giithch v k xo v ch p (upya). V th, i Tr Lun v Trung QunTng btc cho nhau.

2/ Skhc bit trong khi nim vNit Bn (Nirvna)

i Tha v Nguyn Thy c nhng quan im ging nhau v NitBn nh sau:

1) Nit Bn l cnh gii khng th din t bng ngn ng. N khng cngun gc, khng thay i, khng h hoi v bt t(amrta).2) Nit Bn phi c nhn thc trong ni tm. S nhn thc ny ch c ththc hin khi on tuyt hon ton mi khao kht vdc vng.

3) Trong Nit Bn, bn ng c nhn chm dt, khng cn tn ti. Mun vo Nit Bn chc cch duy nht lphi on tuyt bn ngc nhn.


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4) Nit Bn l mt cnh gii tch mch (sama hoc upsama) siu vit quami lgii.

5) Nit Bn cung c p san bnh vnh cu.

Ch Nirvna (Nit Bn) cngha l on dit vt a dn ntm thc thanh tnh.

Trong kinh in Pht gio, c bn cch m t Nit Bn, l (1)cch ph nh, (2) cch khng nh, (3) cch nghch l, v (4) cch tngtrng.

1. Cch ph nh: M t theo li ph nh l phng thc thng thy nht. Nit Bn l (a) bt t (amrta), (b) bt bin, (c) bt dit (acyuta), (d) v bin(ananta), (e) bt tc, (f) bt sanh, (g) cha sanh, (h) bt th, khng b hyhoi (apalokina), (i) v to (abhtam), (j) v bnh, (k) bt lo, (l) bt alun hi, (m) v thng (anuttaram), (n) dit kh (duhkha nirodha), (o) giithot ti hu (apavagga).

2. Cch khng nh: Nit Bn l(a) thanh tnh (sama hoc upasama), sauy xin trch dn kvn ca Kinh i Bt Nit Bn(Mah parinirvvastra) lm sng tkhi nim:Antityvata samskr utpda vyaya dharminah / utpadya hi nirudhyantetesm vyapasamas sukham.

Tt cmi thhu hn u lv thng. Bn chtca nl sanh vdit. Nsanh ra ri li bhy dit.Son dit ca nem li thanh tnh van lc.

(a) Nit Bn l sama hoc upasama c ngha l mt cnh gii tch tnh,khng cdc vng vthng kh.

(b) Nit Bn l Cc lc Nibbnam paramain sukham Nit Bn l cnhgii cc lc ti thng

(c) Nit Bn lsambodhi (tam b) hoc prajn(bt nh, trhusiu vit).

(d) Nit Bn l jnna (chnh tr) hoc vinnnam thc thun ty trongsng, hon ton tinh khit, minh mn.

(e) Nit Bn lksamam (an lc).


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3. Cch nghch l (Paradoxical): Phng thc m t ny thng thy nhiunht trong Bt NhBa La Mt a (Prajn pramit) hoc trong kinh in iTha. Nit Bn tr trong cnh gii v str. Con ng duy nht t nmc ch ny l liu gii mt cch rt ro rng chung cc th khng c btc mc ch no t n. Nit Bn l thc ti m thc ti li l khngtnh (snya).

4. Cch tng trng: S m t theo cch tng trng khc vi cch m t nghch l, n trnh n li din t tru tng v s dng nhng hnh nh cth thay th. T quan im ny, Nit Bn l: (a) ch tr n mt m, (b)hn o trong vng nc lt, (c) b bn xa xi, (d) thnh ph thnh thin,(e) ni lnh nn, (f) ni che y, (g) ni dung dng an ton.

Mt cu hi c nu ra y lc phi Nit Bn chl trng thi bin

i ca tr tu hay n ch l mt chiu (dimesion) khc ca thc ti. Ch Nit Bn c dng cho tt c trng thi tm l bin i ln mt trngthi siu hnh hc.

Trong kinh in Pht Gio c y dy nhng din t cho thy rng Nit Bn lmt trng thi bin i ca nhn cch v thc. S bin i nyc m t bng nhng t ng ph nh, nh on dit i dc (tanh) vch p m (savas), nhng cng c khi dng t ng khng nh, nh sn sanhtr husiu vit (prajnhoc sambodhi) van bnh (snti).

Mc d c bit nhn mnh vo trng thi tm l bin i, nhng cng c nhng pht biu ni rng Nit Bn c mt loi trng thi siu hnh, l mt chiu khc ca thc ti.

Chcn hai trch dn cng ni rim ny.Kinh in ni rng c Pht ni vNit bn nh sau:

lmt thtn ti bt sanh, bt ha, bt thnh, bt ha h p; vnu khng cci bt sanh, bt ha, bt thnh, bt ha h p ny, thhin nhin lkhngthtrn trnh ci thgii sanh, ha, thnh, ha h pny.

(Udna, TThuyt Kinh, VIII, 3)

iu ny cho thy Nit Bn khng phi l s tn dit, m l tin vomt chiu khc ca thc ti. c mt s ngi c gng l gii n nh l


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trng thi bin i ca nhn cch. Lun l ca t ng khng cho ph p cchgii thch nh th.

Tuy nhin, c mt pht biu khc trong T Thuyt Kinh (Udna) m ngi ta khng th dng k xo ca ngn ng gii thch nh l mt s bin i nhn cch. on kinh nh sau:

Atthi bhikkhave tad yatanain, yatthaneva pathavi na po na tejo va vyo naksnancyatanam,vinnnncyatanain nakncannyatanam nanevasannnsannnnnyatanamnyain loko na paraloko ubho

candimasriy, tad aham bhikkhaveneva gatim vadami na gatim, nathitim na cutim na upapa ttimappatittham appatittham appavattam anrammanam eva tam, sevanto dukkhass ti

(TThuyt Kinh, 80)

Cmt cnh gii khng phi lt khng phi l nc khng phi l la khng phi lkh; ni khng phi lcnh gii khng gian v bin, cngkhng phi cnh gii tm thc v bin, cng khng phi lh v, cng khng phi do quan nim cuthnh, cng khng phi do phi quan nim cu thnh.Cnh gii khng phi i ny, khng phi isau, khng phi chai, cng khng phi mt trnghay mt tri. Ta bo khng phi tmti, cngkhng i ti . Nkhng lu bn min vin mcng khng suy vi, hy hoi; nkhng ckhi thy

mcng khng csthnh l p; nl v qum cng v nhn; y ch tht lchung kt ca kh au.

on vn di trch dn trn y khng cn li mt cht nghi ngnorng n c p ti Nit Bn nh l mt chiu khc ca thc ti. Tht ra, NitBn lcnh gii khng thdin t bng ngn ng.


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Trong Tng ng B (Samyutta Nikya) (1069-76) ghi li mt oni thoi c lin quan n Nit Bn gia Upsiva v c Pht. Trong cuchuyn m thoi , hai li dy sau y ca c Pht tht l rt ng cch:

Accyathvtavegena khittoAttham paleti, na upeti sankham /evam muni nmakay vimuttoattham paleti, na upeti sankhm.

Nh ngn la khi bgithi tt thi vo ni ynnghv bit tch; cng th, bc thnh hin thotkhi danh vthn xc thi vo ni yn nghv bittch.

Atthan gatassa na pamnam atthi;yena namvajju, tam tassa n atthi;sabbesu dhammesu samhatesusamhat vdapathpi sabbeti

K yn nghthkhng cn go lng; k githg c tht tn. Khi tt c cc ph p(dharmas) b phb, thtt cmi con ngca ngn tcng bphb.(Theo bn dch ting Anh ca Conze)

C Nguyn Thy v i Tha u c nhng m t p hu nhging nhau v cnh gii Nit Bn.

Ch c th s dng bn ng cht ca chnh mnh lm bn p thchng ta mi c th thng ln Nit Bn. Nh Suzuki ni:

Nit Bn theo Pht Gio khng phi chc ngha lstn dit honton ca thc, cng khng phi lsd p tt tm thi hay vnh vin ssuytng, nh mt sngi nghml s tn dit nim vbn ngv ttc nhng kht vng pht xut tquan nim sai lm ny.(Outlines of Mahyna Buddhism:Khi Lun VPht Gio i Tha (p. 50-51)


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V by gi chng ta quay sang tho lun v s khc nhau gia iTha vNguyn Thy trong vic gii thch vNit Bn.

(1) Nguyn Thy cho rng Nit Bn l thng hng (nitya), cc lc (sukha).Trung Qun Phi th cho rng khng th c s xc quyt no v Nit Bn.

(2) Nguyn Thy cho rng Nit Bn l th c th th c. Trung Qun Phithcho rng Nit Bn lthkhng ththc.

Long Th m tNit Bn qua nhng tngsau:

Aprahnam asamprtamanucchinam assvatam /Aniruddham anutpannam etannirvnaim cyate.

(Trung Qun Tng XXV, 3)

Nit Bn lcnh gii khng thx bcng khngththc; nkhng phi lmt th btn dit,cng khng phi lmt thvnh cu, nkhng b hy dit cng khng c sn sinh ra.

Nguyt Xng thcho rng:Sarvaprapancopasamasivalaksanam, nirvnam

(Minh CLun, p. 2)

Nit Bn bao hm s nh ch tt c mi li ni v n, bao hm s tchmch ca s sinh tn v mt hin tng, v bao hm s t ti iu thin ticao.

(3) Phn Thuyt Gi (Vaibhsika: Tn mt b phi Pht Gio) cho rng Nit

Bn l mt thc th hu tnh (bhva). Long Th bo rng phi NguynThy tin rng Nit Ban la v iu kin. Bo n l v iu kin(sasamskrata), nhng li cho n l thc th hu tnh th l iu t muthun, bi v ngi ta khng th tm thy mt thc th hu tnh m li honton khng ty thuc vo nhng iu kin hn nh (duyn).


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Nu n khng hu tnh (bhva), th n cng khng th l v tnh(abhva) (hon ton on dit), bi chv tnh (abhva) lmt chtngi. Ch c th c v tnh (abhva) khi no trc c hu tnh(bhva). V li, hon ton on dit (abhva) l mt s kin xy ra trongthi gian. Nu da theo khi nim ny, thNit Bn lv thng tm b.

Nguyt Xng khi ch gii Trung Qun Tng (Mathyamka Karika), dn dng t trong Thanh Bo Hnh Vng Chnh Lun (ryaRatnvali) mt cu cslng quan:

Nac bhvopi nitvnam kuta evsya bhvan/Bhv bhvaparmarsa ksayo nirvnam ucyate //

(Minh CLun, p. 229)

l Nit Bn thkhng phi lv tnh (abhva).Lm sao bn li ckhi nim nh th? Tht sNitBn lson dit hon ton cc loi so snh nhhu tnh (byava) hoc v tnh (abhava). Nvtqua tng i tnh ca tn ti vphi tn ti.

Nguyt Xng c kt ton bvn nu trn nh sau:

Tatasca sarvakalpan ksayar pam eva nirvnam(Minh CLun, p. 229)

Nit Bn hoc Thc Ti lci ggii thot khi ttc nhng gdo t tng cu thnh.

(4) Phi Nguyn Thy cho rng Nit Bn l s i nghch ca Samsara (cita-b: th gian, th gii ca nhng hin tng). Long Th th cho rngkhng cs khc bit gia Nit Bn vSamsara.

Na samsrasya nirvnat kincid asti vissanam/ Na nirvnasya samseat kincid asti vissanam//(Trung Qun Tng, XXV, 19)

Khng cci g thuc thgii hin tng khc bitvi Nit Bn, khng cci g thuc Nit Bn likhc bit vi thgii hin tng.


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Nirvnasya ca ykotih kotih samsranasya ca/ Na tayor antaram kincit susksmam api vidyate//

(Trung Qun Tng, XXV, 20)

Ci g l gii hn ca Nit Bn thcng lgii hnca thgii hin tng, khng c my may sai bitno gia hai ni.

Ya javamjavibhva updya pratiya v/So pratitya anupdya nirvnam upadisyate//

(Trung Qun Tng, XXV, 9)

Ci g khi s tr, y ch hoc khi l tng i (updya: duyn khi),hoc khi l thuc (pratitya v), m lu chuyn ti lui trong bn cht hu hnca n, th ci c coi l Nit Bn khi n khng c s tr, hoc khi n khng tng i hoc khng l thuc ngha l trong bn cht v hn nhca n.

Tm li, c hai c im ni bt phn bit s bt ng trong quannim vNit Bn gia Trung Qun phi vNguyn Thy phi:

(1) Phi Nguyn Thy coi mt s ph p (dharmas, thnh t) b u v hnnh l c tht, v ng thi cng tin rng mt s ph p khng b u (v

nhim) v khng b hn nh l c tht. Theo nhn xt ca Nguyn Thy th Nit Bn c ngha l mt s thay i thc s ca nhng s sinh tn c bit,hu hn (samkrta dharmas: hu vi ph p) v u (klsas) thnh nhng ph pv hn nh (asamskrta) v khng u.

Nhng, Trung Qun Phi th cho rng, Nit Bn khng c ngha l mt bin i theo th t khch quan, m tht ra s bin i ch l ch quan.Chng ta khng cn phi thay i thgii, mchcn thay i chnh mnh.

Nu nhng u (klsas) v hu vi ph p (samskrta dharmas) l c tht,th trn th gian ny khng c bt c sc mnh no c th thay i chngc.

V th, s thay i chl trong quan im ca chng ta; nl mt loi bin i trn phng din tm l, ch khng phi l s thay i trn phngdin tn hu. Suzuki tm tt l p trng ca Trung Qun Phi v Nit Bnnh sau:


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Trn mt l thuyt, Nit Bn l s xua tan nhng m my m ang bay trn nh sng ca tu gic siu vit (gic ng). Trn phng din oc, th n l s c ch tnh ch p ng v s thc tnh ca tm t i (karun).Trn phng din tn gio, n l s u hng tuyt i (absolute surrender)ca tngi vi mun ca ph p thn (dharmakya).

(i Tha Pht Gio Khi Lun, p. 369)

C thni rng trn mt tn hu, nchnh lTuyt i.

Nit Bn khng phi l th g c th t b hoc thc, khng phi l thc thon dit cng khng phi l ththng hng; nbt dit vcng bt sanh.

(Trung Qun Tng, XXV 3)

Trong Tuyt i hoc Thc Ti khng th c bt c bin ha no. Nnht nh hng thng. Tt nhin sbin ha chpht sanh trong chng ta.

(2) Tuyt i v kinh nghim, bn th v hin tng. Nit Bn v th gian(samsra) chng phi l hai nhm thc ti ring r i nghch nhau. Tuyti hoc Nit Bn, nu c nhn qua t duy (vikapla), th chnh lthgian(samsra); m th gian, nu c nhn t l hnh hng thng (sub specieaeternitatis), thchnh lTuyt i hay Nit Bn.

Nhn y c th ni rng s d c bao nhiu s ri tr lin quan n Nit Bn lv cng mt chNit Bn ny c dng chs thay iv tm l, do hu qu ca s on dit s tham cu i dc v lng t ng;ng thi n cng c dng ch Thc Ti hoc Tuyt i trn phngdin tn hu. iu cn ch l Long Th, trong sut 25 chng ca TrungQun Tng (Madhymaka Karka), s dng ch Nit Bn ch thcTi Tuyt i, v s ph bnh ca ngi nhm vo phi Nguyn Thy l t l p trng ny.

3/ Skhc bit trong ltngL tng ca Nguyn Thy l cnh gii A La Hn (Anh ng:

Arhantship hay Arhatship), cn l tng ca i Tha l Hnh B Tt(Bodhisattva). Ni mt cch n gin th l tng ca phi Nguyn Thy lgic ng c nhn, cn l tng ca phi i Tha l gic ng cho tt c mun loi.


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Ch yna thng c phin dch nh l con ng, li i hoc c xe (tha). T khu Tng H (Sangharaksita), trong Pht Gio KhiLun (Survey of Buddhism) dch yna thnh career (snghi p) cly lchhay nht trong ting Anh tng ng vi chyna.

Trong thi ks khai ca Pht Gio c ba loi yna tc Srvaka-yna (Thinh Vn Tha). Pratyekabuddha-yna (c Gic Tha) v Boddhisattva-yna (BTt Tha).

Ch Srvaka (Ch Pali: Svaka) c ngha l k nghe ging (thinhvn), dng gi nhng t nghe c Pht thuyt ph p hoc nhng t ca c Pht ang cu t ti cnh gii A La Hn. A La Hn c ngha l bc thnh gi t ti gic ng. Ch A La Hn (Arhat) c nguyn ch l xng ng. Trong mt s kinh in Pht Gio, ch ny cn c gii

thch l ngi git (han) qun ch (ari) tc l ngi dit trnhng u(klsas).

Ch Pratyekabuddha (Ch Pli: Paccekabuddha) dng ch mt cnhn n c, khng cbt csgi p no ca ngoi ti nhng cthtti cnh gii A La Hn. ngha ca ch pratyeka l ring t, c bit,n nht, n c. Bc c Gic khng chia xvi k khc shiu bit m h phi gia cng tm kim v nhng phng tin dng t ti Nit Bn. Bc c Gic tin rng nhng ngi khc, khi h thc t khcnghit ca nhng kh au trn trn th thc y, cng s i vo con ngthnh thin nhng bc c Gic khng bn tm ti vic dy bo hoc gicngh.

Hai loi hnh gi trn y i din cho l tng ca ch ngha c nhn.H coi s gic ng lmt thnh tu v phng din c nhn chkhng phivphng din x hi hoc thgii.

Bc Boddhisattva (B Tt) (Ch Pli: Boddhisatta) tm cu s gicng ti thng khng phi ch cho chnh mnh m cho tt c chng sanh.Mc ch ca B Tt Tha (Boddhisattvayna) l t ti Pht Tnh tithng (Supreme Buddhahood). V th, B Tt Tha cn c gi l Buddhayna (Chnh ng Gic Tha) hoc Tathgatayna (Nh La Tha).

Ch bodhi cngha ltr tuhon ho hoc dch st hn, hu gicsiu vit, gic ngti thng. Ch sattva cngha lbn cht.


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Tht ra, ch bodhi khng th phin dch, v n l s phn nh ca thc, ca ph p thn ni ti (dharmakaya) trong con ngi. B Tt lmt conngi c sn bn cht chnh gic ti thng, l bc ang i trn conng t ti tr hu siu vit. B Tt l mt con ngi c kh nng thnhPht. S nghi p ca bc B Tt ko di qua nhiu i nhiu ki p, mi mti u thc hnh lc (6 loi hon ho) v 10 giai on (dasabhmi) cu c qu v chnh gic ti hu, ng thi ly s phn u v i v tmkin nhn phi thng v khng ngng t hy sinh mu cu s tt p chott c chng sinh.

Trong lng B Tt c B Tm (bodhi-citta) v nguyn lc(pranidhnabala). B Tm c hai din hng, l tr hu siu vit(prajn) v i t bi (karun). Nguyn lc l s quyt tm kin nh cu thot tt c chng sanh. Nhng iu y chnh l3 phng din ca ph p

thn (dharmakaya), phn nh trong thc tn gio ca B Tt. Tr hu siuvit l t ng cao nht ca phng din tri nhn, t bil t ng cao nhtv tnh cm, v nguyn lc l t ng cao nht v phng din ch ca thc. Nh vy l BTt pht huy tt cnhng phng din ca thc.

B Tm (Boddhicitta) l c im quan trng nht ca B Tt.Trong cun i Tha Pht Gio Khi Lun Suzuki ly Thuyt Gingv Siu Vit Tnh ca B Tm ca Long Th lm c s m t v B Tm mt cch chi tit. C thtm lc nh sau:

1) B Tm siu vit tt c mi hn nh Ng Un (skandhas), 12 x(yatanas), 18 gii (dhtus). Nkhng phi lc bit, ml phqut.

2) T Bi chnh l bn cht ca B Tm, v th, tt c B Tt coi B Tm ll do tn ti (raison dtre) ca h.

3) B Tm c ng trong tri tim ca bnh ng tnh (samat) to nnnhng phng tin gii thot cho c nhn (upya).

B Tt phi tri qua 10 giai on pht huy (dasa bhmis), tc l:

1) Pramudit (giai on hoan h, hoan h a) tl tng h p hi ca NitBn c nhn n l tng cao p hn gi p cho tt c chng sanh giithot mi v minh au kh.

2) Uimada (giai on ly cu, ly cu a) theo ngha phnh thchny cngha lkhng b u, vtheo ngha khng nh thl tm thanh tnh.


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3) Prabhkari (giai on pht quang, pht quang a) hiu thu trit tnhcch v thng ca tt cs vt.

4) Arcismati (giai on dim hu, dim hu a)- trong giai on ny, BTtthc hnh s an nhin t ti v t b nhng th nhim v v minh(varanas)

5) Sudurjay (giai on nan thng, nan thng a) trong giai on ny, B Tt pht huy tinh thn bnh ng ng nht (samat) v gic ng nh thinnh.

6) Abhimukhi (giai on hin tin, hin tin a) trong giai on ny, B Tt trc din vi Thc Ti, v thc c s ng nht ca tt c cc hintng.

7) Drangam(giai on vin hnh, vin hnh a) trong giai on ny, B Tt lnh hi c kin thc c th gi p h gii thot, chng c NitBn nhng vn cn cha tin vo v cn bn rn dn thn vo vic gi p chott c chng sanh u c gii thot.

8) Acal (giai on bt ng, bt ng a) trong giai on ny, B Tt triqua v sanh ph p nhn (anutpattika dharma - ksnti), tc l ch p nhns bt sanh ca tt c cc hin tng; ngi tri nhn s tin ha v thoi haca vtr.

9) Sdhumti (giai on thin hu, thin hu a) trong giai on ny, B Tt chng ng c tri thc bao qut m tr hu thng thng ca nhn loikh c th hiu c. B Tt c th bit c nhng dc vng v t tngca ngi khc, vc thgio dc hty theo khnng ca mi ngi.

10) Dharmamegh (giai on ph p vn, ph p vn a) trong giai on ny, bc B Tt chng ng c s minh tng mt cch vin mn, bit c s huyn b ca s sinh tn, v c tn sng l mt bc hon m. n y, B Tt thnh Pht.

L tng ca Nguyn Thy l qu vA La Hn, l s gic ng c nhn.L tng ca i Tha l s nghi p B Tt (Bodhisattvayana). Theo PhtGio i Tha th mc ch ca Thinh Vn Tha vDuyn Gic Tha l ch cu t ti gic ng c nhn, l mt l tng hn h p. Nhng B Tt th ly s gic ng ca th gian lm mc ch. nh mnh ca mi c nhn l


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tr thnh Pht. L tng B Tt ca i Tha th cao ln hn (mah), v l tng ca Nguyn Thy thth p hn (hna).

S khc bit gia hai loi l tng tinh thn ny cn c din t bngmt cch khc na. L tng ca Nguyn Thy l Nit Bn. L tng cai Tha l tr thnh Pht. i vi i Tha th Nit Bn khng phi lmt l tng ti cao; ltng ti cao lt ti Pht tnh, tc ltugic siuvit (prajn) vi tbi (karuna).

4/ Skhc bit v phng tin t ti Nit Bn

Nguyn Thy cho rng nh lnh ng b c gi la v ng tnh(pudgalanairtmya) (v ng hoc v thc th tnh ca con ngi) m ta ctht ti Nit Bn.

i Tha th cho rng, mun t n cnh gii Nit Bn chn chnhkhng nhng ch cn phi lnh ng b c gi la v ng tnh (pudgala-nairtmya) m cn phi lnh ng ph p v ng tnh (dharma-nairtmya:tc l cc ph p v cc thnh t ca s sinh tn u khng c tnh thc th,khng cthc th c l p ca chnh n) thta mi ctht ti Nit Bn.

Theo phi i Tha th mun t ti Nit Bn cn phi lnh hi c b c gila v ngtnh ln ph p v ngtnh.

5/ Khc bit vstr khnhng chng ngi vt (varanas)Cslin quan mt thit i vi vn trn y lvn khtrphc

chng.

Nguyn Thy cho rng s d ngi ta cha th chng c Nit Bn l v Thc Ti bche du bi ci mn (varanas: chng) ca nhng am mnh s ch p trc, c cm, o tng (klesvarana). Klsvarana l chngngi trn con ng t ti Nit Bn. V th, mun chng c Nit Bn th cn phi tr kh klesvarana. Tuy nhin, s tc ng ca cc kless (otng) ty thuc vo s tin tng v mt bn ng ng nht (satkyadrsti).V vy, ch c s lnh ng b c gi la v ng tnh (pudgalanairtmya,tc l v thc ti tnh hoc v thc th tnh ca mt bn ng c bit), mic th tr kh o tng hoc nhng chng ngi. V ch khi no o tngv chng ngi b trkhht thmi ctht c cnh gii


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Nit Bn. Cho nn, tr kh o tng, v chng ngi v b c gi lav ngtnh lin quan mt thit vi nhau. Nguyn Thy cho rng chcn trkho tng lt c cnh gii Nit Bn.

Nhng i Tha th cho rng Thc Ti khng nhng ch bche ph bio tng (klesvaranam) mcn bngn che bi trchng (jneyvarana),tc lci mn che ph ln kin thc ch thc. V th, trtr chng cng l iu cn thit, m mun tr kh tr chng th cn phi lnh ng ph p vng tnh (dharmanairtmya) hoc ch ph p khng tnh (dharmasnyata),tc ls v ngv khng tnh ca tt cthnh tca s sinh tn.

Chnh vtiu tro tng (klesvaranam) vlnh ngbc gila vng tnh (pudgada-nairatmya) c s lin quan mt thit vi nhau, nn victiu tr tri chng (jneyvarana) va lanh ng pha p v ng tnh

(dharmanairtmya) cng clin quan mt thit ln nhau. i Tha cho rng,ch da vo vic tiu tr o tng thi khng c th t c t dohon ton, mvic tiu trtr chng cng lmt iu rt cn thit.

6/ Skhc bit trong khi nim vphp (dharma)

Phi Nguyn Thy tin tng vo mt s thc hu rt ro (ultimatereals) gi l dharma. Ch dharma hiu theo ngha ny rt kh phindch. C lc n c dch thnh s vt (things trong Anh ng). Nhngnn ch rng dharma khng phi l s vt hiu theo ngha nhng dkin ca tri thc thng thng. C th coi nhng t ng thnh t ca tnti, thc hu rt ro l nhng ch phin dch st ngha hn. Phi NguynThy cho rng th gii c cu thnh t s lu chuyn khng ngng camt s ph p rt ro no cc ph p ny n thun, nht thi v khchquan. Trong a s l hu vi ph p (samkrta), v mt s l v vi ph p(asamskrta).

i Tha th cho rng nhng ph p ny khng phi l nhng thc th rt ro, m ch l nhng cu tc ca tm tr. i Tha vch ra rng ngay cnhng ci gi l hu vi ph p rt ro v v vi ph p rt ro l ty thucvo nhng iu kin v ch l tng i. V l tng i, cho nn chng l sunya (khng cthc th).

7/ Skhc bit trong quan nim vPht lun (Buddhology)


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Sc thn (r pa-kya) ca c Pht chng qua ch l nhc th c th trng thy c. Nguyn Thy v i Tha u khng coi y l c Phtthc s.

Pht gio thi k s khi tng ra nim ha thn(nirmnakya), l mt thn xc h cu m c Pht c th dng ph pthn thng yoga c th hin ra ti bt c ni u m ngi mun. i viim ny, Nguyn Thy v Trung Qun Phi khng c qua im khc bit.

S khc bit l do khi nim v ph p thn (dharma-kya) ca cPht. Khi nim cao nht ca phi Nguyn Thy lin quan ti phm cht(dharmas: cc ph p) ca c Pht. Khi mt tn qui y vi c Pht, tc lni n s qui y vi Pht-tnh ny, ch khng phi qui y vi c Pht C

m (Gautama Buddha) lngi tch dit vkhng cn na.Trung Qun Phi khai trin khi nim v ph p thn (dharma-kaya)

vi mt phng ph p khc. Ngoi ra, Du Gi hnh phi (Yogcrins) cn ra khi nim v bo thn (sambhoga-kya). Chng ta s thm cu v tholun thm v nhng khi nim v thn (kyas) ny, di mt tiu bitl p khc.

8/ Nguyn Thy l tri thc, nhng vi i Tha cn ctn ngng

Nguyn Thy hon ton thuc v tri thc. S quan tm chnh ca tn phi Nguyn Thy l i theo Bt Chnh o do c Pht nu ra. Phi Nguyn Thy nhn mnh vo phng din nhn tnh ca c Pht.

Trong Pht gio i Tha, c Pht c xem l v Thn ti thng, l Thc Th ti cao, v mun gi p nhn loi nn ng hin thnh thn ngiging trn. Trong Pht Gio, khi nim vThng khng phi l ngto ha, m ch l T Bi Thnh Thin (Divine Love) mn hnh th con ngi trn th gii thot cho nhn loi au kh. Ngi c sng bi vi tn ngng ca Pht gio i Tha th hin qua ngh thut iukhc v hi ha. Nhng tng Pht trang nghim p c iu khc,nhng bc tranh do tr tng tng tuyt vi v c Pht v nhng phng din khc nhau ca cuc i ngi.

i Tha cho rng con ng gian nan ca tr hu siu vit (prajn) ch dnh cho mt thiu stin bhn, nhng i vi nhng ngi trung bnh thch cn t tn ngng vo c Pht cng c th gi p h chng c Nit


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Bn. c Pht c ngi i tn th qua B Tt Qun Th m(Avalokitesvara), qua Pht A Di (Amit bha) v qua Pht Di Lc(Maitreya).

9/ Nguyn Thy thuc loi ch ngha a nguyn, i Tha thuc loichngha bt nh

Trit hc ca Pht Gio Nguyn Thy thuc loi ch ngha a nguyntrit , cn trit hc ca Pht Gio i Tha th hon ton l ch ngha btnh(advaya).

10/ Nguyn Thy thin vl tr, i Tha thin vthn b

Cch t n chn l m phi Nguyn Thy p dng thuc v chngha duy l m mu sc thn b, cn con ng ca Pht Gio i Thath ly loi chngha siu ltr v thn bthm su.

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CHNG IV

10. NHNG C IM CHNH C A TRIT HC TRUNG QUN

1/ Khng (Snya) vKhng Tnh (Snyata)

c im ni bt nht ca trit hc Trung Qun ls sdng nhiu lnhai ch khng v khng tnh. V y l khi nim chnh yu ca h thng trit hc ny, cho nn, h thng trit hc ny thng c gi l Sunyavda c ngha l h thng trit hc xc nh rng khng (snya)l c tnh ca Thc Ti.

Snya l ch khin ngi ta cm thy v cng bi ri trong trit

hc Pht Gio. Nhng ngi khng phi l Pht t gii thch n nh lthuyt h v (nihilism). Nhng, khng phi l ngha ca chny.

Trn phng din ng nguyn th ch gc ca n l sv, c ngha l n ln, bnh trng. C iu ng ly lm l l ch Brahnam (B LaMn) c gc l brh hoc brinh, cng c ngha l n ln, bnh trng.Cn c vo li dy ca c Pht v Khng l (Snya tattva), v da vo


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suy lun th ch khng (snya) ny dng nh c s dng theongha ca tn hu hc (ontology). S bao hm v ngha ng nguyn cachny dng nh khng c din t mt cch y v trn vn.

C mt s hc gi cho rng ch snya khng mang mt ngha trn phng din tn hu hc, m n ch mt loi m th trn mt cu th hc(soteriological) mthi. Nhng rrng chsnya cng c dng theo ngha tn hu hc, km theo ng ca gitr lun vbi cnh ca cu thhc.

Theo ngha ca tn hu hc th snya l mt loi khng m ngthi cng cha y. Bi v n khng phi l mt th t bit no , chonn n c kh nng tr thnh mi th. N c xem nh l ng nht vi Nit Bn, vi Tuyt i, vi Thc Ti Ti Thng (Paramrtha-Sat), vi

Thc Ti (Tattva). Nhng, snya-tattva (khng l) l g? Long Th pht biu:

Aparapratyayam sntam prapncair aprapncair

aprapancitam/ Nirvikalpam annrham etattattvasya laksanam//

(Trung Qun Tng, XVII, 9)

Khng c s i i (v i), tch tnh, h lun l iu rt kh biu t,

v phn bit, bt d (khng khc) chnh lchn thc tng.1) Khng l v i (aparapratyayam). N chnh l mt loi kinh nghimkhng th truyn th t ngi ny sang ngi khc. N phi do chnh mnhnhn thc.

2) Khng ltch tnh (sntam). Ntch mch, khng btm trchi phi.

3) Khng l khng th h lun (Prapancair, aprapancitam) ngha l khngthdin t bng tm trqua ngn ng. Nl phi hn nh.

4) Khng ll v phn bit (nirvikalpam), nsiu vit ln trn t tng lanman, t p lon.

5) Khng ll bt di (Annartham). N lphi nhnguyn.


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Snyat (Khng Tnh) l danh t tru tng bt ngun t ch snya (khng). N c ngha l s tc ot, v cn c hm l vinmn.

Tt hn ht, hai ch snyat v snya nn c hiu theo tngquan vi ch svabhva (t tnh). Ngha en ca ch svabhva l tk. Nguyt Xng (Candrakrti) cho rng trong trit hc Pht Gio, ch nyc dng bng hai cch:

1) Bn cht hay c tnh ca mt s vt, th d nh nng l svabhava (t tnh) hay c tnh ca la.

Iha yo dharmo yam padrtham na vyabhicarati,satasya svabhva iti

vyadisyate, apar patibaddhatvt.(trong th gii ny, mt thuc tnh lun lun itheo mt vt, tuyt i bt khphn ly, nhngkhng lin quan hng cu vi bt csvt nokhc, y chnh lsvabhva, tc lc tnh cavt y).

(Minh C Lun, p. 105)

2) Ch svabhva (t tnh) l phn ngha ca par bhva (tha tnh). Nguyt

Xng gi l:Svo bhvah svabhva iti yasya pedrthasyayadtin - yam r pain tat tasya svabhva iti

(Minh CLun, p. 115)

(Svabhva l t tnh, chnh l bn cht ca mt s vt). Long Th borng:

Akrtrimah svabhvo hi nirapeksah paratra ca(Trung Qun Tng, 15, 2)

Ci thc sl ttnh thkhng do bt cmt vtno khc em li, nl v tc (akritrimah), nkhnglin hvi bt c ci gkhc hn lchnh n,nkhng ty thuc vv iu kin(nirapeksah paratra ca).


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Trung Qun Phi (Madhyamika) bc b ngha th nht trn y cach svabhva (t tnh), v ch ch p nhn ngha th hai. Nguyt Xng khng nh mt cch minh bch:

Krtimasya paras peksasya ca svabhvatvamnestam

(Chng ta khng ch p nhn rng ttnh do vtno khc hn em li, hoc ty thuc hoc lin h vo vt no khc).

Ngha th nht s dkhng c ti p nhn l vci gi l ttnh camt vt hoc bn cht c tnh, vn l krtrima (gi s to tc c tmtr mt cch gi tm) v s peksa (s hu y quan c ch ty thuc v

lin h). D sc nng l c tnh nng ca la, n vn phi ty thuc vo bao nhiu iu kin (duyn) nh dim qut, thu knh hi t, nhin liu,hoc s c xt ca nhng ming g, v.v... V vy, svabhva (t tnh) khng phi l ngha cao nht ca g. Mt cch tm tt, t tnh l thc ti Tuyti, cn tt c mi th khc, mi hin tng u ch l tha tnh(parabhva) (ltng i).

Ch snya cn phi c hiu thai quan im:

(1) T quan im ca hin tng hoc thc ti kinh nghim (empirical

reality), n c ngha l svabhva-snya, tc l t tnh khng, hockhng cthc ti tnh ca thc thtkc l p.

(2) T quam im ca Tuyt i, n c ngha l prapanca-snya cngtc l h lun khng, khng c s din t bng ngn ng khng c hlun, khng do t tng cu thnh, v v a nguyn tnh.

Trc ht, chng ta hy xt ngha th nht ca ch khng ny.Chng ta bn lun ch svabhava (t tnh) mt cch di dng c thhiu r ch snya (khng) khi c dng trong tng quan vi thc tihin tng hoc cc ph p(dharmas: cc thnh t ca s sinh tn). Trongvn mch ny, ch snya u c ngha l Svabhva Syna (t tnhkhng), cng tc lkhng cthc ti tnh ca tht thc l p. Trn thgianny khng c mt s vt no l tht ti tuyt i m khng b hn nh mtcch v iu kin. Bt c s vt no cng u lin quan vi vt khc, uty thuc, nng ta vo vt khc vbvt khc hn nh.


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Trung Qun Lun tho lun di dng v s lin quan n lut nhnqu hoc duyn khi (pratitya - samutpda), ch v mun chng t rng trnth gian ny khng c s vt no nh vo chnh mnh m tn ti, khng c s vt no cmt thc thc l p ca chnh n. Mi thu bhn nh bis vt no (pratityasamutpanna [u do duyn sanh]). Th gii ny chng phi lThc Ti, nch l mt lnh vc ca tng i.

Vvy Long Th ni:

Yah pratiyasamutpdah snyatm tm pracaksmahe

(Khng csanh khi thc s; chc s biu hinca mt svt ty thuc vo nhng nguyn nhn

v nhng iu kin. Chng ta gi stng quanc iu kin ny (cng ng duyn sanh) l sunyata khng tnh)

Gia cc s vt khng c quan h nhn qu ch tht, m ch c s tythuc ln nhau gia mi s vt (htng y tn); ni cch khc, svt khngh c t ng c l p (svabhaha: t tnh). V th, quan h nhn qu khng phi lmt chui thc thlin tc, mch l mt chui hin tng lin tc.

Mi s vt trn th gii ny ty thuc vo ton th nhng iu kin

(duyn) ca n m tn ti. S vt ch l nhng biu tng. V th, duynkhi ng ng vi khng tnh hoc tng i tnh (h tng y tn tnh).Thgii khng phi lmt t p thca nhng s vt; nch l mt tin trnh,v svt ch l nhng skin xy ra trong . Mt svt t nkhng lci g. chnh l ngha ca khng tnh hoc s trng rng ca tt ccc ph p (dharmas) (ch Ph p tnh khng).

Ti p n , chng ta th xem ngha ca khng tnh (snyat) l g, trnquan im ca Tuyt i. ng trn quan im ny xt th khng tnhl prapanvair aprapancitam hoan ton khng c cu tc t tng(annrthm), khng c a nguyn tnh. Ni mt cch khc khng tnh(snyat) c s dng ni tattva (chn tht, nguyn l) thhm rng:

(a) ngn ngca nhn loi khng thdin t c.(b) nl, khng l, va lva khng l, chng phi lcng khng phi lkhng l phm trt tng hoc thut ngu khng th p dngtrong cc vtrn. Nsiu vit ln trn t tng.


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(c) nv a nguyn tnh, nl mt tng th, khng thphn chia thnhnhng bphn.

Tm li, ngha ca khng tnh c th l gii bng 6 phng thc. Trong ng lc xut hin 3 phng thc trong 18 thi c chng 24 caTrung Qun Tng (Krik):

Yah ptattityasamutpdah snyatm tm pracaksmahe/Sprajntirupdaypratipat saiva madhyam//Ci gi lkhng tnh, chnh lduyn khi, c to tc bi gidanh, trungo.

(1) i vi tc (vyavahra) hoc thc ti kinh nghim th khng tnh cngha l v t tnh (naihsv bhvya), ngha l khng c t ng, khng bn

cht, v iu kin. Ni cch khc, khng tnh l ch bao hm duyn khihoc shon ton tng i, htrng ln nhau ca svt.

(2) Cng c th s dng mt t ng khc biu t Khng Tnh, l updyaprajnapti, c ngha l gi danh s tc, s c mt ca mt ci tnkhng c ngha lthc ti tnh ca s vt c gi tn. Nguyt Xng ni:Cakrdinyupdya rathngni rathah prajn pyate, ngha l ci xe c ttn nh vy khi xt ti cc b phn cu thnh ca n nh bnh xe, v.v...;iu khng c ngha rng chnh ci xe c th l vt g khc ngoi nhngthnh phn ca n. y l mt v d khc v tng i tnh hoc s htng ln nhau ca svt.

Trn phng din h tng y tn th khng tnh cng bao hm tnhcht tng i vphi tuyt i ca nhng quan im c th.

(3) Khng tnh vch r s in r ca vic ti p nhn bt c s khi utuyt i no hoc s kt thc hon ton no; v vy khng tnh bao hmtrung o (madhyama pratipat), i xvi s vt theo bn cht ca chng,trnh nhng khng nh hoc phnh cc oan nh l vkhng l.

Ngoi ba im trn, trong trit hc Trung Qun khng tnh cn c nhng ngha khc.

(4) i vi thc ti ti thng (Thng ngha ) (paramrtha), khng tnhcn bao hm bn cht phi khi nim ca tuyt i.


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(5) i vi ngi tu t p, khng tnh c ngha l thi ca v s c(anupalambha), khng bm vu vo s tng i nh l tuyt i, cngkhng bm vu vo s tuyt i nh lsc thno .

(6) i TrLun (Mah prajna parmitSastra) xut mt hm khc v nguyn l khng tnh, chnh l ph p cu (dharmaisan), skhao kht khng th cng ch i vi vic i tm Thc Ti, siu vit lntrn i sng trn tc bin i ny.

---o0o---

ngha gi tr ca khng tnh

Ch khng tnh ny khng phi ch c hm tn hu hc, m n cnc hm trn phng din gi tr lun (axiology). Do tt c s vt kinhnghim (empirical things) u khng c thc th, v th chng u v gitr. S d chng ta t nhiu gi tr vo nhng s vt trn tc l v chng tangu mui. Mt khi chng ta lnh hi c khng tnh mt cch chnh xcth s khng cn m cu nhng th:

Nh tuyt ri trn sa mc, tan rt nhanh sau v chng lu li du vt no.

Khi on tuyt m cu, chng ta th nghim c s an bnh diu lc.

Hm ngha ca cu thhc khng tnhKhng tnh khng phi ch l mt khi nim trn mt tr thc. S

chng nghim, lnh ng khng tnh l mt phng tin (phng ph p) gii thot.

Nu nm vng mt cch trn vn, th n c th dn n s ph nhtnh a t p ca cc ph p, c th gii thot khi s thong hin canhng th cm d trong cuc i. Thin qun v khng tnh c th dn ntugic bt nh (prajn: tr tusiu vit), lth em li gii thot cho ngihnh o ra khi sti tm tinh thn.

Long Th din t c s tinh ty trong li dy ca ngi v khngtnh bng cu th di y:


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Karmaklesa-Ksaynmoksah karmakles vikalpatah//Te prapnct prapancastu snyataym nirudhyate//

(Trung Qun Tng, XVIII, 5)

Tiu trhnh vi vi dc ch kthc giithot. Tt chnh vi vi dc ch ku btngun tnhng cu trtng tng, chng coinhng s vt v gitrnh lngng s vt ygitr. Scu tc ca tng tng (vikalpas) pht sanh ttc ng ca tm trschm dt khi nhn thc c khng tnh, strng rng cas vt.

---o0o---Khng tnh nh lbiu tng ca nhng thkhng thdin t

Khng (snya) c s dng trong trit hc Trung Qun nh l mt hin tng trng ca nhng th khng th din t. Khi gi Thc Ti l khng (snya), trit hc Trung Qun ch c ni rng n l avcya,anabhil pya, tc l bt kh ngn truyn, khng th din t c. Ngaytrong cu th nht ca Trung Qun Tng (Mdhyamika Karida), Long Th khin cho l p im ca khng lun (snyavda) ni bt mt cch sngngi. L p im ny c cu thnh bi bt bt (tm iu khng).

Anirodham anutpdam anucchedam assvatam/Anekrtham annrtham angamam anirgamam//

Tc l,

1) bt dit (anirodham)2) bt sanh (anutpdam)3) bt on (anucchedam)4) bt thng (assvatam)5) bt nht nguyn (bt nht) (anekrtham)6) bt a nguyn (bt nh) (annrtham)7) bt lai (angamam)8) bt kh(anirgamam)


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Ni tm li, Thc Ti l th siu vit ln khi nhng l lun nh phnca tr thc. N l iu khng th din t c. Trong trit hc Trung Qun,ch khng (snya) (hoc khng tnh, snyat) thng cng c dng biu thavcya, avykrta (bt khngn truyn).

---o0o---

Khng tnh khng phi l mt l thuyt (llun)

Chng ta thy rng Trung Qun Phi s dng bin chng ph p ph bnh tt c cc l thuyt (drstis), trong khi khng c l thuyt no cachnh n. Nh vn dng bin chng ph p, m n t c kt lun rngch ph p (dharmas) u l khng hoc u v t tnh, ngha lchng khngc thc ti tnh c l p vtht th.

C thngi ta cho rng chnh khng tnh l mt l thuyt. Nhng, l mt hiu lm i vi l p trng ca Trung Qun Phi. Khng tnh(snya) khng phi l mt l thuyt. N va l thc v s bt lc ca L Tr trong vic th nghim Chn L va l s thc y thng tin ln mttrnh cao hn L Tr c th th nghim ra Chn L. Ch khi no k tduy t b ch ng ca h trn t tng lan man vng ng, th lc h mi cthc sthng tin ln mt trnh cao hn.

Trong thi c di y Long Th trnh by mt cch tt p ngha

ca khng tnh:Atra brmah snyatym na tra vetsi prayojanam/Snyatm snyatrtham ca tata evam vihanyase//

(Trung Qun Tng, XXIV, 7)

Ngi ta khng bit ngha vtn chca khngtnh. khi lm mt ngha ca n, khng tnhkhng thc s dng nh lmt lthuyt.

Nguyt Xng ni rng khng tnh c dng chm dt s t duy bt tn ca tm tr bng ngn ng (prapncastu snyataym nirudhyata).Chng ta hc v khng tnh chng phi vchnh n, ml s dng ndndt tm tr ti Thc Ti, bng cch ngn chn khuynh hng nim ha s vt ca tm tr. N chnh l s din t v ni khao kht cao thng chkhng phi v lthuyt.


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Khng tnh khng phi l thuyt h v

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