GV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN SON097201199 CNG N THI HC SINH GII CHUYN HA
HC HU C A L THUYT CN BN PHN MTHA HC HU CPHN LOI HP CHT HU C
Hirocacbon Hp cht hu c c nhm chcCxHy (y2x + 2) (l dn xut cha
hirocacbon)+Phn loi HCHC c nhm chc : -Thnh phn: Gc hyrocacbon + nhm
chc.-Cng thc tng qut: CxHy-kAk (iu kin ky).n chc a chc Tp chc1 nhm
chc ( k=1) 2 nhm chc cng loi tr ln (k 2) 2 nhm chc khc loi tr ln (k
2) Gc CxHy no (CnH2n+2-kAk) HCHC no.Gc CxHy khngno (CnHy-kAk) HCHC
khng no.+ Bng cng thc tng qut mt s HCHC quan trng.Hp cht hu c Cng
thc tng qut iu kinHp chtcha C, H, OHp cht cha C, H, O, NHp cht cha
C, H, O, X(X l halogen)CxHyOzCxHyOzNtCxHyOzXuy2x +2y2x +2 +ty2x +2
u Ru , no Ru n chcRu bc I, n chcRu n chc, no, bc IR(OH)x hay
CnH2n+2-x(OH)xCxHy OH CxHy CH2OH CnH2n+1(OH) hay CnH2n+2OCnH2n+1
CH2OHx,n 1x 1, y 2x+1x0, y2x+1n1n0Andehit Andehit noAndehit n
chcAndehit on chc, noR(CHO)xCnH2n+2-x(CHO)xR CHO hay
CxHyCHOCnH2n+1CHO hay CmH2mOx1x1, n0x0, y2x+1n0, m1Axit n chci axit
noAxit n chc, noR COOH hay CxHyCOOHCnH2n(COOH)2CnH2n+1COOH hay
CmH2mO2x0, y2x+1n0n0,m1Este n chcEste n chc, noR COO R CnH2nO2R
Hn2Amin n chcAmin n ch, noAmin bc I, no, n chcCnHyNCnH2n+3NCnH2n+1
NH2y2x+3n1n1iu kin chung: x, y, z, t, u, n, m u N(R ) l gc
hidrocacbon no hay khng no+ Bng cc dy ng ng thng gp ng vi cng thc
tng qut.CTTQ C th thuc dy cc ng ng iu kinCnH2nO + Andehit no, n chc
( ankanal)+ Xeton no, n chc.+Ru n chc, khng no (c mt ni i phn gc
n1n3n3Trng THPT Nguyn Du1GV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN
SON097201199hidrocacbon)+Ete ( c 1 ni i gc CxHy ) n3CnH2nO2+Axit hu
c no, n chc.+Este no, n chc.n 1n2CnH2n+2O+Ru no, n chc
(ankanol)+Ete no, n chcn1n2CHNG IANCOL - PHENOL 1. Ancol ( Ru )I.
nh ngha, tn gi, bc ancol1. nh ngha- Ru l hp cht c nhm OH lin kt vi
gc hyrocacbon. Bc ca ru bng bc ca C mang nhm OH- Nu thay th H on
mch nhnh ca hirocacbon thm bng nhm ( -OH) ta c ru thm.- Khi thay th
mt nguyn t H ca ankan bng mt nhm OH th ta c ng ng ca ancol etylic.
(dy ng ng ancol no n cht)Cng thc: CnH2n+1OH (n 1)2. Tn gi:- Tn thng
thng Ancol + gc ankyl + ic- Tn quc t: Tn ankan + ol + s ch v tr nhm
OHV d:CH3 - CH2OH ancol mtylicButannol 2 ( Ru benzylic) (
p-Crezol)3. Bc ancol: l bc ca nguyn t C c nhm OHBc ca nguyn t C l s
nguyn t C khc lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t C .V d:CH3 - CH2 - CH2OH
(ancol bc 1)(ancol bc 2)II. Tnh cht l hc- Cc ancol u l cht lng hoc
rn iu kin thng.- Nhit si tng dn khi khi lng phn t tng thng thp hn
nhit si ca nc.- Tan tt trong nc- Nh hn ncIII. Tnh cht ha hc1.Tc dng
vi natri : +Ancol tc dng vi kim loa kim to ra ancolat v gii phng kh
hiro.2( ) ( )2x y z x y zzC H OH zNa C H ONa H + +CH3 CH2OH +Na
C2H5ONa + 212H+Ancol hu nh khng phn ng c vi NaOH, m ngc li, natri
ancolat ( RO Na) b thy phn hon ton:RO Na +H OH RO H +NaOHTrng THPT
Nguyn Du2GV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN SON0972011992. Tc dng vi Cu(OH)2: Ch
phn ng vi ru a chc c t nht 2 nhm OH k nhau cho dd c mu xanh lam.2
22 2 2 2CH HO||2 ( ) 2 | OH CHCH CH CH Cu OH CH O Cu O CH H O + +]2
2 | |||OHOHOH CH HO OH CH ^ng (II) glixerat, mu xanh lamPhn ng ny
dng nhn bit glixerol v cc poliancol m cc nhm OH nh vi nhng nguyn t
C cnh nhau, chng hn nh etylen glicol.3.Tch nc to ete: a. Tch nc to
ete: b. Tch nc to linkt : Khi un nng vi H2SO4 c 1700C,c mi phn t
ancol tch 1 phn t nc tothnh 1 phn t Anken hoc ankadien nu cht phn
ng co 1 lin kt :
CH3OH khng c phn ng tch nc to anken. Hng ca phn ng tch nc tun
theo quy tc zai-xp:Quy tc zai-xp (Zaitsev): Nhm OH u tin tch ra cng
vi H nguyn t C bc cao hn bn cnh to thnh lin kt i C=C. V d:4. Este
ha:Axit + RuEste +H2O5. Oxi ha:+Ru bc (I) b oxi ha cho andehit
:RCH2OH +CuO RCHO +Cu +H2O+Ru bc (II) b oxi ha cho xeton. : ' |OHR
CH R +CuO 2' ||OR C R Cu H O + +6. Cch chuyn ru bc (I) sang bc
(II):R CH2 CH2 OHR CH =CH2 +H2OR CH =CH2 +H2O 3 |OHR CH CH IV. iu
ch1. Ln men tinh bt:Trng THPT Nguyn Du33CH3OH +3C2H5OHGV: NGUYN VIT
CH BIN SON097201199(C6H10O5)n +nH2OnC6H12O6C6H12O6menru 2C2H5OH +
2CO2 2. Hirat ha anken xc tc axitCnH2n +H2OCnH2n+1OHCH2=CH2 +
H2OCH3CH2OH3.T andehit v xeton.R CHO +H2R CH2OH ( ru bc I )R CO RR
CHOH R ( Ru bc II)4. Thy phn dn xut halogen trong mi trng kim:R Cl
+NaOHR OH +NaClC2H5Cl + NaOHC2H5 OH +NaCl2 2 2 23 3 || ||| | ClCl
OHOHOHCH CH CH NaOH CH CH CH NaClCl + +5. Thy phn este ( x phng
ha):R COO R + NaOHR COONa + ROH6 . Metanol ( CH3OH )c th sn xut t2
cch sau:+CH4 +H2OCO + 3H2CO +2H2CH3OH+ 2CH4 +O22CH3 OHGii thiu
ancol a chc quan trng GLIXEROLI. Cng thc cu to v l tnhGlixerol l
ancol a chc C3H8O3hocC3H5(OH)3Cng thc cu toII. Tnh cht ha hc ( Mang
y tnh cht ha hc ca ancol a chc c nhm OH lin k)1. Phn ng vi
NatriTrng THPT Nguyn Du enzimH+H2SO4,
3000CNiNi,tototototo,xtto,xt,pto,xt,p4GV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN
SON0972011992. Phn ng vi axit (phn ng este ha)3. Phn ng vi
Cu(OH)2Cho cht lng mu xanh lam c trng nn c dng nhn bit glixerinIII.
iu ch1. Thy phn cht bo2. i t propylen+ 2CH4 +O22CH3 OH2. PHENOLI.
nh ngha - Cng thc cu toPhenol l hp cht hu c m phn t c nhm OH gn trc
tip vi nguyn t C ca vng benzen.V d: - CH3Khc vi Phenol, ancol thm l
hp cht hu c m phn t c nhm OH khng gn trc tip vo nhn benzen.V d:-
CH2 OHl ancol thm, ch khng phi phenolTrng THPT Nguyn Du to,xt,p5OH
OHGV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN SON097201199 Phenol c lc axit mnh hn ancol (
khng nhng tc dng c vi kim loi kim m cn phn ng c vi NaOH), tuy nhin
n vn ch l mt axit rt yu (b axit cacbonic y khi phenolat). Dung dch
phenol khng lm i mu qu tm.II. Tnh cht ha hc1. Phn ng vi kim loi
kim2.Phn ng vi dung dch kim - Phn ng ny chng t phenol c tnh axit,
nhng rt yu+H2O +CO2 +NaHCO3- Phn ng ny chng t C6 H5OH yu hn c
H2CO33. Phn ng th vi nc brm2, 4, 6 tribrm phenol- Phn ng ny dng nhn
bit phenol4. Tc dng vi HNO3 c:III. iu ch1. Chng ct nha than 2. T
C6H6:C6H6 C6H5CH(CH3)2C6H5OH + CH3COCH3C6H6 +Cl2C6H5Cl +HClC6H5Cl +
NaOHC6H5OH +NaClTrng THPT Nguyn Du CH2=CHCH3 , H+1)O2(kk);
2)H2SO4Feto, p6GV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN SON0972011993. T natri
phenolat:C6H5ONa +HCl C6H5OH + NaClC6H5ONa + CO2 +H2O C6H5OH +
NaHCO34. Oxi ha iso propyl benzen:CHNG IIANEHIT XETON_ AXIT
CACBOXYLIC 1. AndehitI. nh ngha-Andehit l nhng hp cht hu c m trong
phn t c nhm (CH=O) lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t cacbon hoc hiro. Nhm
CH=O c gi l nhm chc ca andehit, n c gi l nhm cacbanehit.Vd: HCH=O (
fomandehit); CH3CH=O( axetandehit), Cng thc phn t: CnH2n +2 -2k x(
CH=O ) x trong k= lin kt , x = s chc.No n chc l CnH2nO Cng thc cu
to : II. ng phn danh php:Trng THPT Nguyn Du7GV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN
SON097201199Cc cht trong nhm andehit gi theo IUPAC: tn ankan cng bc
cacbon cng thm ui -al, v d metan CH4 sang H-CHO metanal.Bc cacbon
Tn IUPAC Tn thng im si C Cng thc1 Metanal Fomandehit -19,5 H-CHO2
Etanal Acetandehit 21 CH3-CHO3 Propanal Propylandehit 48 C2H5-CHO4
Butanal Butyrandehit 75 C3H7-CHO5 Pentanal Amylaldehyd 103
C4H9-CHO6 Hexanal Hexandehit 131 C5H11-CHO7 Heptanal Heptylandehit
153 C6H13-CHO8 Octanal Octylandehit 171 C7H15-CHO9 Nonanal
Nonylandehit 193 C8H17-CHOMt s andehit c tn thng thng c theo quy
tc:"Andehit" + Tn axit tng ng hoc Tn axit tng ng b "ic" +
"andehit"HCHO : formandehit hay andehit formic; CH3CHO :
axetandehit hay andehit axetic;C2H5CHO : propionandehit hay andehit
propionic;CH3CH2CH2CHO : andehit butiric;(CH3)2CH-CHO : andehit
isobutiric;CH2=CH-CHO : andehit acrylic hay acrylandehit;OHC-CHO :
andehit oxalic hay oxalandehit.III. Tnh cht ha hc:1. Phn ng cng H2(
phn ng kh): Khi c xc tc Ni un nng, andehit cng vi hiro to ra ancol
bc I:RCHO +H2 RCH2OHCH3CH=O + H2 CH3CH2 OH 2. Phn ng brom v kali
pemanganat:Andehit rt d b oxi ha, n lmmt mu nc Brom, dung dch kali
pemanganat v b oxi ha thnh axit cacboxylic.RCH=O +Br2+H2O RCOOH +
2HBr3.Tham gia phn ng trng gng (Phn ng trng bc).RCHO +2
AgNO3+3NH3+H2O RCOONH4+2NH4NO3+2Ag.V d:OHC CHO + 4 AgNO3+6NH3+2H2O
NH4OOCCOONH4 +4NH4NO3+4AgCh : HCHO khi tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3
s to t l mol l 1:4 trong khi cc andehit n chc khc ch to bc theo t l
mol 1:2HCHO + 4 AgNO3+6NH3+2H2O (NH4)2CO3+4NH4NO3+4AgTrng THPT
Nguyn Du8GV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN SON0972011994. Phn ng vi Cu(OH)2
trong mi trng kim:RCHO+2Cu(OH)2+NaOH RCOONa+Cu2O +3H2OV d: CH3CHO +
2 Cu(OH)2+NaOH CH3COONa+Cu2O+3H2O5. Phn ng trng ngng vi phenol:III.
iu ch :1. Oxi ha ru bc (I):R CH2 OH +CuOR CHO +Cu +H2OCH3OH
+CuOHCHO +Cu +H2OFomandehit cn c iu ch bng cch oxi ha metanol nh
oxi khng kh 600-7000C vi xc tc l Cu hoc Ag.2CH3 OH + O2 2HCHO +
2H2O2. Oxy ho ankan iu kin thch hp.CH4 + O2
HCHO + H2O3. Thy phn dn xut 1,1 ihalogen.3 Cl|2| ClCH CH NaOH +
CH3CHO +2NaCl +H2O4. Oxi ha cumen ri ch havi axit sunfuric thu c
axeton vi phenol:(CH3)2CH C6H5tiu phn trung gian CH3 CO CH3 +C6H5
OH *2CH CH +O22CH3CH=O*C2H2 +H2OCH3CHO*RCOOH=CH2 +NaOH RCOONa +
CH3CHO2. Xeton-Xeton l hp cht hu c m phn t c nhm >C=O lin kt trc
tip vi hai nguyn t cacbonV d:H3C CO CH3n l ng phn khc chc ca
andehyte Tn thay th :S ch v tr nhnh + Tn nhnh + Tn mch chnh + S ch
v tr nhm cacbonyl + "on"V d : CH3-CO-CH3 c tn thay th l propan-2-on
hay propanon.Trng THPT Nguyn Du to, to, to,xtto, 1)O22)H2SO4,
20%PdCl2, CuCl2HgSO4,to9GV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN SON097201199I. Tnh cht
ha hc1. Xeton tham gia phn ng cng hiro khi c mt Ni xc tc, un nng to
thnh ancol bc (II):3 3 2 ||OCH C CH H +3 3| OHCH CH CH 2 .Phn ng
cng nc, cng hiro xianua:3 3 3 3 C N | || CH C CH H CN CH C CH + |O
OH (xianohidrin)3 .Phn ng gc hirocacbonNguyn t hiro bn cnh nhm
cacbonyl d tham gia phn ng.V d:Phn ng xy ra khi dng brom khan v c
xc tc axit axetic un nng.II. iu ch :1.Oxi ha ru bc (II):' |OHR CH R
+CuO 2' ||OR C R Cu H O + +2.T Canxi axetat v
CH3COONa:(CH3COO)2CaCH3 CO CH3 +CaCO3 2CH3COONaCH3 CO CH3
+Na2CO33.Oxi ha cumen: Benzen --+propen---> Cumen --[O]--->
Phenol + Axeton3 . Axit hu c (axit cacboxylic) I. nh ngha Axt
cacboxylic: L mt loi axit hu c cha nhm chc cacboxyl, c cng thc tng
qut l R-C(=O)-OH, i khi c vit thnh R-COOH hoc R-CO2H trong R- l gc
hydrocarbon no hoc Trng THPT Nguyn Du to, to, 10GV: NGUYN VIT CH
BIN SON097201199khng no.Loi axt cacboxylic n gin nht l no, n chc, k
hiu R-COOH trong R- l gc hydrocarbon thm ch ch l 1 nguyn t hydro.
ng ng v danh php1 . ng ngAxit cacboxylic no n chc l nhng hp cht hu
c m phn t gm mt nhm - COOH lin kt vi gc alkyl.Cng thc tng qut
CnH2n+1COOH(n 0)HayCmH2mO2 (m 1)Cng thc tng qut ca it mch h l :
CnH2n +2 2k x(COOH) x2. Tn giS nguyn t Carbon Tn thng dng Danh php
IUPAC Cng thc cu to Thng c trong1 Axt formic Axt metanoic HCOOH Nc
ca cn trng2 Axt axetic Axt etanoic CH3COOH Gim n3 Axt propionic Axt
propanoic CH3CH2COOH4 Axt butyric Axt butanoic CH3(CH2)2COOH B i5
Axt valeric Axt pentanoic CH3(CH2)3COOH6 Axt caproic Axt hexanoic
CH3(CH2)4COOH7 Axt enantoic Axt heptanoic CH3(CH2)5COOH8 Axt
caprylic Axt octanoic CH3(CH2)6COOH9 Axt pelargonic Axt nonanoic
CH3(CH2)7COOH10 Axt capric Axt decanoic CH3(CH2)8COOH12 Axt lauric
Axt dodecanoic CH3(CH2)10COOH C nhiu trong du da18 Axt stearic Axt
octadecanoic CH3(CH2)16COOHTn thay th = tn ankan +oic Nu axit khng
no: CH2 = CH - COOH (axit acrylic)CH2 = C - COOH (axit
metacrylic)CH3 - (CH2)7 - CH = CH - (CH2)7 - COOH(axit oleic)II.
Tnh cht vt l- Cc axit tan trong H2O v to lin kt hiro vi H2O- Cc
axit c nhit soi cao hn hn so vi ancol c cng s nguyn t C do gia hai
phn t axit to c 2 lin ht hiro.-Axit cacboxylic lnhng hp cht hu c m
phn t c nhm cacboxyl ( -COOH) lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t cacbon hoc
nguyn t hiro.III. Tnh cht ha hc1. Tnh axit:-Axit cacboxylic in li
khng hon ton trong nc theo cn bng:R COOH +H2O H3O+ + R COO-;3[ ][
][ ]aH O RCOOKRCOOH+ (Ka l mc o lc axit, Ka cng ln th axit cng mnh
v ngc li)- Axit cacboxylic l mt axit yu. Tuy vy, chng c tnh cht ca
1 axit: lm qu tm ha , tc dng c vi kim loi gii phng hiro, vi oxit
kim loi, vi baz, vi mui v ru. HCOOH +Na HCOONa +1/2 H22CH3COOH +MgO
(CH3COO)2Mg +H2O2CH2=CH COOH +Na2CO3 2CH2CH COONa +CO2+H2OTrng THPT
Nguyn Du11CH3GV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN SON097201199HOOC COOH +Ca(OH)2 22
\/CaOOC COO H O +- Trong cc axit no n chc, axit fomic (HCOOH) mnh
hn c. Cc nhm ankyl y electron v pha nhm cacboxyl nn lm gim lc axit.
Cc nguyn t c m in ln gc R ht electron ca nhm cacboxyl .2 Phn ng vi
ancol ( phn ng este ha )3. Phn ng tch nc lin phn t:Khi cho tc dng
vi P2O5. hai phn t axit tch i mt phn t nc to thnh phn t anhirit
axit:4. Phn ng th gc no.Khi dng photpho xc tc, Cl ch th cho H
cacbon bn cnh nhm cacboxylCH3CH2 CH2COOH +Cl23 2 |ClCH CH CHCOOH
HCl +5. Phn ng th CacbonCH3 - CH2 - COOH + Cl2 asCH3 - CH - COOH +
HCl
6. Phn ng th gc thm.Nhm cacboxyl vng benzen nh hng cho phn ng th
tip theo vo v tr meta lm cho phn ng kh khn hn so vi th vo benzen.
7. Phn ng c bit ca gc R: + Nu HOOH c kh nng tham gia trng bc:HOOH
+2AgNO3 + 4NH3( NH4 )2CO3 + 2Ag+ 2NH4NO3+Rc ni i , th c phn ng tham
gia trng hp, cng, oxi ha Axit cha no cn cho phn ng cng, trng
hp.CH2=CH COOH +H2O HO CH2 CH2 COOH nCH2=CH COOH ( )2 |COOHnCH CH
+Ngoi ra axit c kh nng tham gia phn ng trng ngng:Trng THPT Nguyn Du
Pxt, t0, P12ClGV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN SON097201199IV. iu ch 1. Oxi ha
anhit tng ng Oxi ha hirocacbon, ancol, andehyt tng ng: C6H5
CH3C6H5COOKC6H5 COOH +Oxi ha ru bc I tng ng:5CH2 CH2OH + 4KMnO4 +
6H2SO4 5CH3COOH + 2K2SO4+4MnSO4+11H2O+Oxi ha hirocacbon cha no:5CH3
CH = CH CH3 +8KMnO4+12H2SO4 10CH3COOH + 4K2SO4+8MnSO4 +12H2O+Oxi ha
ankan thch hp:R CH3RCOOH +H2OCH3 - CH2 - CHO + 12O2 xt CH3 - CH2 -
COOH2. Ring CH3COOH cn thm cc phng php iu ch khc nh sau:a. Ln men
gimC2H5OH + O2 MengiamCH3COOH + H2Ob. Tng hp t C2H2C2H2 + H2O
4080HgSOC CH3CHOCH3CHO + 12O2 2Mg +CH3COOHCH2OH +COCH3COOH3 . R -CN
+ 2H2O RCOOH + NH3CHNG III ESTE LIPIT1. ESTEI. nh nghaEste l dn xut
ca axit cacboxylic. Khi thay th nhm hiroxyl (OH) nhm cacboxyl
(COOH) ca axit cacboxylic bng nhm OR th c este. Este n gin c cng
thc cu to: RCOOR vi R, R l gc hirocacbon no, khng no hoc thm II.
Cng thc cu to v danh phpViestetotaxitnchcnophnngvi ancolnchcno,
taccngthcCnH2n+1COOCmH2n+1hay CkH2kO2 (k 2)Cng thc este tng qut:
CnH2n +2 -2k x Ox( x = 2z); Rx(COO)xyRyTn este = tn gc hyrocacbon +
tn gc axitV d:CH3 - COO - C2H5 (tylaxetat)C2H5 - COO -
CH3(mtylproponat)Trng THPT Nguyn Du KMnO4 H2O,t0H3O+[O], xt. t0to,
xt13GV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN SON097201199III. Tnh cht ha hc1. Tnh cht
chunga. Phn ng thy phnEste + nc 0, H t+ axit + ancolH - COOC2H5 +
H2O 0, H t+HCOOH + C2H5OHb. Phn ng x phng haEste + NaOH 0t Mui
natri + ancolCH3 - COO - C2H5 + NaOH 0t CH3COONa + C2H5OH2. Tnh cht
c bit- Phn ng trng gng xy ra cc este fomiat khi phn ng vi dung dch
AgNO3/NH3H - C - O C2H5 + Ag2O 30NHt2Ag + CO2 + C2H5OH- Phn ng to
hai mui: xy ra cc este phenyl khi phn ng vi dung dch NaOH.CH3 -
COOC6H5 + 2NaOH 0tCH3COONa + C6H5ONa + H2O- Phn ng to axit v
anehit: xy ra cc este vinyl khi thy phnCH3 - COO - CH = CH2 + H2O
0, H t+CH3COOH + CH3CHO- Phn ng trng hp, cng lm mt mu nc brom... xy
ra cc este cha no.CH2 = CH - OOC - CH3 + Br2 CH2Br - CHBr - OOC -
CH34. iu ch- Cho axit tng ng phn ng vi ancol tng ng- Tuy nhin c cc
este c iu ch theo phng php ring nh sau:* Axit + Axetylen
EstevinylCH3COOH + CH = CH xtCH2 = CH = OOCCH3* Phenol +
anhiritaxit EstephenylC6H5OH + O(CH3CO)2 C6H5 - OOC - CH3 +
CH3COOH2 LIPIT I PHN LOI, KHI NIM V TRNG THI T NHIN1. Phn loi lipit
- Lipit c chia lm hai loi: lipit n gin v lipit phc tp. + Lipit n
gin: sp, triglixerit ( cn gi l cht bo) v steroit + Lipit phc tp:
photpholipit Sp: - Este ca monoancol phn t khi ln vi axit bo phn t
khi ln - L cht rn iu kin thng (sp ong) Steroit: - Este ca axit bo c
phn t khi ln vi monoancol a vng c phn t khi ln (gi chung l sterol)
Trng THPT Nguyn Du14OGV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN SON097201199 - L cht rn
khng mu, khng tan trong nc Photpholipit : - Este hn tp ca glixerol
vi axit bo c phn t khi cao v axit photphoric - V d: lexithin (trong
lng trng g) 2. Khi nim cht bo - Cht bo l trieste ca glyxerol vi cc
axit bo ( axit bo l axit thng t 12C n 24C khng phn nhnh, gi chung l
triglixerit. - Khi thy phn cht bo th thu c glyxerol v axit bo (hoc
mui) - Cht bo c cng thc chung l:- Axit bo no thng gp l: C15H31COOH
(axit panmitic, tnc = 63oC); C17H35COOH (axit stearic, tnc = 70oC)
- Axit bo khng no thng gp l: C17H33COOH (axit oleic hay axit
cis-octaeca-9-enoic, tnc = 13oC); C17H31COOH (axit linoleic hay
axit cis,cis-octaeca-9,12-ienoic, tnc = 5oC) - Tristearin (glixeryl
tristearat) c tnc = 71,5oC; tripanmitin (glixeryl panmitat) c tnc =
65,5oC; triolein (glixeryl trioleat) c tnc = - 5,5oCII TNH CHT CA
CHT BO 1. Tnh cht vt l- Cc cht bo khng tan trong nc do gc
hirocacbon ln ca cc axit bo lm tng tnh k nc ca cc phn t cht bo - Du
thc vt thng c hm lng axit bo cha no (u dng cis) cao hn m ng vt lm
cho nhit nng chy ca du thc vt thp hn so vi m ng vt. Thc t, m ng vt
hu nh tn ti trng thi rn cn du thc vt tn ti trng thi lng 2. Tnh cht
ha hc a) Phn ng thy phn trong mi trng axit: TriglixeritGlixerolAxit
bo b) Phn ng x phng ha: TriglixeritGlixerol X phng - Khi un nng cht
bo vi dung dch kim th to ra glixerol v hn hp mui ca cc axit bo. Mui
natri Trng THPT Nguyn Du15GV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN SON097201199(hoc
kali) ca axit bo chnh l x phng - Phn ng x phng ha xy ra nhanh hn
phn ng thy phn trong mi trng axit v khng thun nghch - xc nh cht lng
ca cht bo ngi ta thng da vo mt s ch s sau: + Ch s axit: l s miligam
KOH trung ha hon ton cc axit t do c trong 1 gam cht bo + Ch s x
phng ha: l tng s miligam KOH x phng ha cht bo v axit t do c trong 1
gam cht bo + Ch s este: l hiu ca ch s x phng ha v ch s axit + Ch s
iot: l s gam iot c th cng vo lin kt bi trong mch cacbon ca 100 gam
cht bo c) Phn ng hiro ha: Triolein (lng) Tristearin (rn) Phn ng
hiro ha cht bo lm tng nhit nng chy ca cht bo d) Phn ng oxi ha: Ni i
C=C gc axit khng no ca cht bo b ox ha chm bi oxi khng kh to thnh
peoxit, cht ny b phn hy thnh anehit c mi kh chu. l nguyn nhn ca hin
tng du m b i thiu II VAI TR CA CHT BO (SGK ha hc nng cao lp 12
trang 11) 1. S chuyn ha ca cht bo trong c th 2. ng dng trong cng
nghip C. CHT GIT RA I KHI NIM V TNH CHT CA CHT GIT RA 1. Khi nim
cht git ra - L nhng cht khi dng cng vi nc th c tc dng lm sch cc cht
bn bm trn cc vt rn m khng gy ra phn ng ha hc vi cc cht - Cc cht git
ra ly trc tip t thin nhin nh b kt, b hn,v cc cht git ra tng hp 2.
Tnh cht git ra a) Mt s khi nim lin quan: - Cht ty mu lm sch cc vt
bn nh nhng phn ng ha hc nh nc Gia-ven, nc clo - Cht u nc l cht tan
tt trong nc nh etanol, axit axetic, - Cht k nc l nhng cht hu nh
khng tan trong nc nh hirocacbon, dn xut halogen. Cht k nc th a du
m, tc tan tt vo du m. Cht u nc th thng k du m b) c im cu trc phn t
mui natri ca axit bo: (Cng thc cu to gn nht ca phn t mui natri
stearat) - Gm u a nc l nhm COO Na+ ni vi mt ui k nc, a du m l nhm
CxHy (thng x 15) - Cu trc ha hc gm mt u a nc gn vi mt ui di a du m
l hnh mu chung cho phn t cht git ra c) C ch hot ng ca cht git ra:
Ly trng hp natri stearat lm v d, ui a du m CH3[CH2]16 thm nhp vo vt
bn, cn nhm COO Trng THPT Nguyn Du16GV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN
SON097201199Na+ a nc li c xu hng ko ra pha cc phn t nc. Kt qu l vt
bn b chia thnh nhng ht rt nh c gi cht bi cc phn t natri stearat,
khng bm vo vt rn na m phn tn vo nc ri b ra tri i. II X PHNG V CHT
GIT RA TNG HP
X phng
Cht git ra tng hpGing nhau
Cng kiu cu trc, ui di khng phn cc a du m kt hp vi u phn cc a
nc
ui di khng phn cc a du mu phn cc a ncC17H35COO Na+Natri stearat
C17H35COONa (trong x phng)C12H25OSO3 Na+Natri lauryl sunfat
C12H25OSO3Na (trong cht git ra)Khc nhau- ui l gc hirocacbon ca axit
bo, u l anion cacboxylat- Khi gp Ca2+, Mg2+ trong nc cng th natri
stearat cho kt ta lm gim cht lng x phng - ui l bt k gc hirocacbon
di no, u c th l anion cacboxylat, sunfat- Natri lauryl sunfat khng
c hin tng nn c u im l dng c vi nc cng
Phng php sn xut- un du thc vt hoc m ng vt vi xt hoc KOH nhit v p
xut cao- Oxi ha parafin ca du m nh oxi khng kh, c xc tc, ri trung
ha axit sinh ra bng NaOH:Oxi ha parafin c axit cacboxylic, hiro ha
axit thu c ancol, cho ancol phn ng vi H2SO4 ri trung ha th c cht
git ra loi ankyl sunfatThnh phn chnh- Cc mui natri (hoc kali) ca
axit bo, thng l natri stearat (C17H35COONa), natri panmitat
(C15H31COONa), natri oleat (C17H33COONa)- Cc ph gia thng l cht mu,
cht thm
-Ngoi cht git ra tng hp, cht thm, cht mu, cn c th c cht ty trng
nh natrihipocloritNatri hipoclorit c hi cho da khi git bng tayCHNG
IVGLUXIT1. GLUCOZ1. Cu trc - L tnha. Glycoz l hp chttp chc, c cu to
ca ancol a chc v anhit n chc.HOCH2 - CHOH - CHOH - CHOH - CHOH - CH
= OTrng THPT Nguyn Du17GV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN SON097201199Hoc HOCH2 -
(CHOH)4 - CH = Ob. Glucoz l cht rn, khng mu, tan nhiu trong nc v c
v ngt, nng chy 1460C.2. Tnh cht ha hca. Tnh cht ca ancol a chc- Tc
dng vi Cu(OH)2 0tphongdung dch xanh lam- To ra este cha 5 gc axit
trong phn tV d:CH2OH - (CHOH)4 - CHO + 5CH3COOH 2 4H SOCH2OCOCH3 -
(CHO - COCH3)4 - CHO + 5H2Ob. Tnh cht ca anehit- Phn ng trng
gngCH2OH - (CHOH)4 - CHO + AgO 30NHtCH2OH - (CHOH)4 - COOH + 2Ag-
Phn ng vi Cu(OH)2 ung nngCH2OH - (CHOH)4 - CHO + 2Cu(OH)2 0tCH2OH -
(CHOH)4 - COOH + Cu2O+ 2H2O- Phn ng cngCH2OH - (CHOH)4 - CH = O +
H2 Ni CH2OH - (CHOH)4 - CH2OHc. Phn ng ln men ancolC6H12O6 men
ru2C2H5OH + 2CO23. iu ch(C6H10O5)n + nH2O 0, H t+nC6H12O6Tinh bt4.
ng phnGlucoz c ng phn l fructoz. Fructoz c cu to sau:Dng mch hDng
vng - Fructoz Fructoz cng c tnh cht ca ancol a chc,v ch tuy khng
cha nhm - CHO trong phn t nhng Fructoz cho c phn ng trng gng v to
kt ta vi Cu(OH)2khi un nng, do trong mi trng baz, Fructoz chuyn ha
thnh glycoz.2. SACCAROZ C12H22O111. Trng thi t nhinTrng THPT Nguyn
Du18GV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN SON097201199Saccaroz l loi ng ph bin, c
trong nhiu loi thc vt, nh ma, ca ci ng.Cng thc phn t : C12H22O11
Cng thc cu to: 2. Tnh cht l hcCht rn, khng mu, khng mi, c v ngt,
tan trong nc3. Tnh cht ha hca. Phn ng thy phnC12H22O11 + H2O 0, H
t+ C6H12O6 + C6H12O6glucozfructozb. Phn ng vi Cu(OH)2. Cho dung dch
xanh lam4. ng phnSaccaroz c ng phn l mantoz (ng mch nha)Mantoz c cu
to sau:Gc - glucoz Gc - glucozKhc vi saccaroz, mantoz cho c phn ng
ca mt anhit.3. TINH BT (C6H10O5)n1. Trng thi t nhinTinh bt cnhiu
trong cc loi ht thc vt: go, m, k, ng... Trong cc loi c nh: khoai
ty, khoai lang, sn...2. Tnh cht vt lTinh bt l cht bt v nh hnh, mu
trng, khng tan trong ncKhi un si mt phn tinh bt tan trong nc, cn
phn ch yu to thnh dung dch keo l h tinh bt.3. Cu toGm 2 dnga.
Amiloz: mch thng, gm 600 - 1200 gc - glucoz ni vi nhau nh cc lin kt
- 1,4 - glucozit.b. Amilopectin: mch phn nhnh, gm 6000 - 36000 gc -
glucoz ni vi nhau nh cc lin kt - 1,4 - glucozit v - 1,6 -
glucozit.4. Tnh cht ha hca. Phn ng thy phn(C6H10O5)n + nH2O 0, H
t+nC6H12O6Glucozb. Phn ng mu vi itTinh bt+ nc it mu xanh* Ch : tinh
bt khng cho cc phn ng ca mt anhit4. XENLULOZ (C6H10O5)nTrng THPT
Nguyn Du19GV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN SON0972011991. Trng thi t
nhinXenluloz l thnh phn chnh to nn lp mng t bo thc vt.Xenluloz c
nhiu trong: bng, si ay, gai, tre, na v.v... trong g khong 40 - 50%
xenluloz.2. Tnh cht l hcXenluloz l cht rn, c dng si, mu trng, khng
mi, khng tan trong nc, ete, ancol, benzen... tan trong nc Svayde
(dung dch NH3 cha Cu(OH)2)3. Cu toXenlulozchccutomchthng,
hnhthnhdngsicaxenluloz, gmt6000n42000gc - glucoz ni vi nhau nh cc
lin kt - 1,4 - glucozit.Do mi gc glucoz C6H10O5 c ba nhm OH nn cng
thc ca xenluloz c th vit [C6H7O2(OH)3]n4. Tnh cht ha hca. Phn ng
thy phn(C6H10O5)n + nH2O 0, H t+nC6H12O6Glucozb. Phn ng este ha :
Tc dng vi HNO3 c (c H2SO4 c lm xc tc, un nng) [C6H7O2(OH)3]n +
3nHOON2 2 40H SOt[C6H7O2(ONO2)3]n + 3n H2OTrng THPT Nguyn Du20GV:
NGUYN VIT CH BIN SON097201199CHNG VAMIN - AMINOAXIT V PRTIN1. AMINI
KHI NIM, PHN LOI, DANH PHP V NG PHN 1. Khi nimAmin l hp cht hu c c
to ra khi th mt hoc nhiu nguyn t hiro trong phn t amoniac bng mt
hoc nhiu gc hirocacbon. V d:2. Phn loi Amin c phn loi theo hai cch
thng dng nht: a) Theo c im cu to ca gc hirocacbon: amin thm, amin
bo, amin d vng. V d: b) Theo bc ca amin: Bc amin: l s nguyn t H
trong phn t NH3 b thay th bi gc hirocacbon. Theo , cc amin c phn
loi thnh: amin bc 1, bc 2, bc 3. V d:3. Danh php a) Cch gi tn theo
danh php gc chc : ank + yl + amin b) Cch gi tn theo danh php thay
th : ankan + v tr + amin c) Tn thng thng ch p dng vi mt s amin Hp
chtTn gc chc Tn thay th Tn thng CH3NH2metylaminmetanamin
CH3CH(NH2)CH3isopropylamin propan-2-amin CH3NHC2H5etylmetylamin
N-metyletanamin CH3CH(CH3)CH2NH2isobutylamin 2-metylpropan-1-amin
CH3CH2CH(NH2)CH3sec-butylamin butan-2-amin (CH3)3CNH2tert-butylamin
2-metylpropan-2-amin
CH3NHCH2CH2CH3metylpropylaminN-metylpropan-1-amin CH3NHCH(CH3)2
isopropylmetylaminN-metylpropan-2-amin C2H5NHC2H5ietylamin
N-etyletanamin (CH3)2NC2H5etylimetylamin N,N-imetyletanamin
C6H5NH2phenylamin benzenaminanilin Ch : Trng THPT Nguyn Du21GV:
NGUYN VIT CH BIN SON097201199- Tn cc nhm ankyl c theo th t ch ci a,
b, c - Vi cc amin bc 2 v 3, chn mch di nht cha N lm mch chnh, N c
ch s v tr nh nht. t mt nguyn t N trc mi nhm th ca amin - Khi nhm
NH2 ng vai tr nhm th th gi l nhm amino. V d: CH3CH(NH2)COOH (axit
2-aminopropanoic) 4. ng phn Amin c cc loi ng phn: - ng phn v mch
cacbon: - ng phn v tr nhm chc - ng phn v bc ca amin II TNH CHT VT L
- Metyl, imetyl, trimetyl v etylamin l nhng cht kh c mi khai kh
chu, c, d tan trong nc, cc amin ng ng cao hn l cht lng hoc rn -
Anilin l cht lng, nhit si l 184oC, khng mu, rt c, t tan trong nc,
tan trong ancol v benzen III CU TO PHN T V SO SNH LC BAZ 1. Cu trc
phn t ca amoniac v cc amin 2. Cu to phn t ca amoniac v cc aminTrn
nguyn t nit u c cp electron t do nn amoniac v cc amin u d dng nhn
proton. V vy amoniac v cc amin u c tnh baz. 3. c im cu to ca phn t
anilin- Do gc phenyl (C6H5) ht cp electron t do ca nit v pha mnh, s
chuyn dch electron theo hiu ng lin hp p p (chiu nh mi tn cong) lm
cho mt electron trn nguyn t nit gim i, kh nng nhn proton gim i. Kt
qu l lm cho tnh baz ca anilin rt yu (khng lm xanh c qu tm, khng lm
hng c phenolphtalein). - Nhm amino (NH2) lm tng kh nng th Br vo gc
phenyl (do nh hng ca hiu ng +C). Phn ng th xy ra cc v tr ortho v
para do nhm NH2 y electron vo lm mt electron cc v tr ny tng ln 4.
So snh lc baz a) Cc yu t nh hng n lc baz ca amin: - Mt electron trn
nguyn t N: mt cng cao, lc baz cng mnh v ngc li - Hiu ng khng gian:
gc R cng cng knh v cng nhiu gc R th lm cho tnh baz gim i, ph thuc
vo gc hirocacbon. V d tnh baz ca (CH3)2NH > CH3NH2 > (CH3)3N
; (C2H5)2NH > (C2H5)3N > C2H5NH2 b) Phng php Trng THPT Nguyn
Du22GV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN SON097201199Gc y electron lm tng tnh baz,
gc ht electron lm gim tnh baz. V d: p-NO2-C6H4NH2 < C6H5NH2 <
NH3 < CH3NH2 < C2H5NH2 < C3H7NH2 IV TNH CHT HA HC 1. Tnh
cht ca chc amin a) Tnh baz: tc dng ln giy qu tm m hoc
phenolphtalein v tc dng vi axit - Dung dch metylamin v nhiu ng ng
ca n c kh nng lm xanh giy qu tm hoc lm hng phenolphtalein do kt hp
vi proton mnh hn amoniac - Anilin v cc amin thm rt t tan trong nc.
Dung dch ca chng khng lm i mu qu tm v phenolphtaleinb) Phn ng vi
axit nitr: - Amin no bc 1 + HNO2 ROH + N2 + H2O. V d:C2H5NH2 + HONO
C2H5OH + N2 + H2O - Amin thm bc 1 tc dng vi HNO2 nhit thp to thnh
mui iazoni. V d: C6H5NH2 + HONO + HCl C6H5N2+ Cl- + 2H2O
benzeniazoni clorua c) Phn ng ankyl ha: amin bc 1 hoc bc 2 tc dng
vi ankyl halogenua (CH3I, .) Phn ng ny dng iu ch amin bc cao t amin
bc thp hn. V d: C2H5NH2 + CH3I C2H5NHCH3 + HI d) Phn ng ca amin tan
trong nc vi dung dch mui ca cc kim loi c hiroxit kt ta 3CH3NH2 +
FeCl3 + 3H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3CH3NH3Cl 2. Phn ng th nhn thm ca anilinV .
IU CH 1. iu ch Trng THPT Nguyn Du23GV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN
SON097201199a) Thay th nguyn t H ca phn t amoniac Ankylamin c iu ch
t amoniac v ankyl halogenua. V d:b) Kh hp cht nitro Anilin v cc
amin thm thng c iu ch bng cch kh nitrobenzen (hoc dn xut nitro tng
ng) bi hiro mi sinh nh tc dng ca kim loi (nh Fe, Zn) vi axit HCl. V
d: Hoc vit gn l: 2. AMINOAXIT1. nh ngha, cng thc cu to v danh phpa.
nh ngha : Aminoaxit l hp cht hu c tp chc, trong phn t ca chng c cha
ng thi nhm chc amino (-CH2) v nhm chc cacboxyl (-COOH).Cht n gin
nht: H2N - CH2 - COOH axit amino axticb. Danh php : Cc amino axit c
gi tn theo trnh t sauAxit + amino + tn axit cacboxylic tng ngV d:+
NH2 - CH2 - COOH axit amino axtic+ CH3 - CH - COOHaxit amino
propionic2. Tnh cht ha hca. Tnh bazAmino + axit muiH2N - CH2 - COOH
+ HCl H3N+ - CH2 - COOHCl-b. Tnh axitTc dng vi baz, oxit baz mui +
ncTc dng vi ancol esteH2N - CH2 - COOH + NaOH H2N - CH2 - COONa +
H2OH2N - CH2 - COOH + C2H5OHHClH2N - CH2 - COOC2H5 + H2Oc. Phn ng
trng ngngPhn ng to ra polipeptit2. PROTIT1. nh ngha Protit l nhng
chui polipeptit di m cc mt xch l cc gc - aminoaxit.2. Cu to ca
protitTrng THPT Nguyn Du24GV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN SON097201199Thnh phn
nguyn t: gm C, H, O, N. Ngoi ra c protit cn cha S, P, I v.v...* Cu
toPrtit thuy phanhn hp trn 20 aminoaxit khc nhau.V vy c th coi phn
t protit gm cc mch di polipeptit hp thnh.3. Phn ng thy phna. Phn ng
thy phnb. S ng tMt s prtit tan trong nc to thnh dung dch keo, khi
un nng to kt ta.c. Phn ng muaxit HNO3 c + lng trng trng (abumin) hp
cht c mu CHNG VIHP CHT CAO PHN TV VT LIU POLIME1. KHI NIM CHUNG
POLIME1. nh nghaNhng hp cht c khi lng phn t rt ln, do nhiu mt xch
lin kt vi nhau c gi l hp cht cao phn t hay polime.2. Tnh chta. Tnh
cht l hc- Cc polime khng bay hi, do khi lng phn t ln v lc lin kt
gia cc phn t ln.- Nhit nng chy khng xc nh- Kh ha tanb. Tnh cht ha
hc- Nhiu polime bn vi axit, baz, cht oxi ha.- Mt s km bn vng vi
axit, bazV d: len, t tm, t nilon...3. iu cha. Trng hp(CH2 = CH2)
0.200100xt Cat (-CH2 - CH2 -)nb. Trng ngngn H2N - CH2 - COOH 0t
(-HN - CH2 - C -)n + n H2O2. CHT DO1. nh nghaCht do l nhng vt dng c
kh nng b bin dng khi chu tc dng ca nhit, p sut v vn gi c s bin dng
khi thi tc dng.2. Thnh phn cht do : Cht do l hn hp ca nhiu cht :
Polime (thin nhin hoc tng hp), cht ha do. cht n, cht ph3. Mt s
polime dng lm cht doa. PE : Cng thc(-CH2 - CH2-)n- Sn phm trng hp
ca CH2 = CH2b. PS : Cng thc (-CH - CH2-)nTrng THPT Nguyn
Du25OC6H5GV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN SON097201199- Sn phm trng hp ca C6H5
- CH = CH2c. PVC : Cng thc (-CH2 - CH-)n- Sn phm trng hp ca CH2 =
CH - Cld. P.P : Cng thc (-CH2 - CH-)nSn phm trng hp ca CH2 = CH -
CH3e. Nha phenolfmandehitCng thcSn phm trng ngng ca C6H5OH v CH2O3.
T HA HCGm t nhn to v t tng hp1. T nhn toL loi t c sn xut t polime
thin nhin nhng cch bin thm bng con ng ha hc.T visco, t axetat...
thuc nhm t nhn to.2. T tng hpL loi t c sn xut t nhng polime tng hpT
polieste, t nilon... thuc nhm t tng hp4.CAO SUTrng THPT Nguyn
Du26ClCH3GV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN SON097201199PH LC *Cch vit ng phn ng
vi cng thc phn t:-Bc 1: Xc nh bt bo ha () v nhm chc c th c. bt bo
ha (): cho bit s lin kt (ni i, ni ba) hoc dng mch vng, hoc c hai m
HCHC c th c.Cch tnh gi tr (): Vi HCHC dng CxHyOzNtXu (Xl halogen)
ta c:2 2 ( )2x y u t + + Bng gi tr v loi HCHC tng ng ( c th c )
CxHy CxHyO CxHyOz CxHyNt0 AnkanRu no, n chc, Ete no, n chcRu no, 2
chc este + ruAmin no1 Anken xicloankenAndehit, xeton, ru, ete cha
noAxit. Este, Andehit+Ru, andehit+esteAmin khng no2Ankin, ankadien,
xicloankenAndehit, xeton c cha ( C=C)Axit, este cha no, andehit 2
chcTrng THPT Nguyn Du27GV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN SON0972011994Benzen dn
xut ca halogenAmin thm5Benzen c 1 lin kt (C=C) ngoi vng.Xc nh nhm
chc (c th c) :-Da vo cng thc phn t, gi tr c thsuy ra cc nhm chc c
th c.V d: Vi hp cht CxHyOzNt nu >0 th:= tng s lin kt v dng mch
vng m HCHC c th c.Cc lin kt c th thuc ( C=C); (-CC-); (C=O);
(C=N-); (-N=O), t suy ra c nhm nh chc v s ni a trong HCHC.-Bc 2:
Vit mch cacbon c th c, t mch di nht ( mch thng) n mch chnh ngn nht,
bng cch bt dn s nguyn t cacbon mch chnh to nhnh ( gc ankyl).-Bc 3:
Thm ni a(i, ba), nhm chc, nhm th vo cc v tr thch hp trn tng mch
cacbon.-Bc 4: Bo ha gi tr cacbon bng s nguyn t Hidro sao cho .* Mt
s gc hidrocacbon v gi tn cn ch :GcCu to Gi tnNoCH3CH2CH2-
n-propylCH3-CH-|CH3Iso-propyl (iso: nhm CH3 gn vov tr C th 2 t ngoi
mch m vo)CH3CH2CH- | CH3Sec-butyl (Sec: -CH3 gn vov tr C th 3 t
ngoi mch m vo )CH3 | CH3 C | CH3Tert- Butyl CH3 | CH3 C CH2 |
CH3Neo-pentylKhng no CH2=CH- VinylCH3-CH=CH- PropenylCH2=C Iso-
propenylTrng THPT Nguyn Du28GV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN
SON097201199|CH3ThmC6H5- PhenylC6H5 CH2 BenzylCH3 C6H4 p-TolylB H
THNG MT S KIN THC TNG QUT V HP CHT HU C I/- Cc khi nim c bn1. ng ng
l nhng hp cht hu c c cu to ha hc tng t nhau, tnh cht ha hc ging
nhau nhng thnh phn cu to ca phn t hn km nhau mt hay nhiu nhm
metylen ( CH2 ).V d: CH4 ; C2H6 ; ...HCOOH ; CH3COOH ; C2H5COOH ;
...2. ng phn l nhng cht hp cht hu c c cng CTPT nhng CTCT khc nhau
nn tnh cht ha hc khc nhau.V d: CH3 CH2 OH v CH3 O CH3ng phn hnh
hc:ng phn cis: Nu 2 nhm hoc 2 nguyn t cng ln hoc cng nh lin kt vo 2
nguyn t C ca lin kt i nm cng mt pha vi lin kt i.ng phn trans: Nu
hai nhm hoc 2 nguyn t cng ln hoc cng nh lin kt vo 2 nguyn t C ca
lin kt i nm v 2 pha i vi lin kt i.V d:3.Nhm chc l nhm nguyn t gy ra
nhng phn ng ha hc c trng cho hp cht hu c.* Hp cht n chc l nhng hp
cht ch c mt nhm chc trong phn t. V d: C2H5OH ; CH3COOH ; ...* Hp
cht tp chcl nhng hp cht c hai hay nhiu nhm chc khc nhau. V d: NH2
CH2 COOH; HOCH2 (CHOH)4 CHO (glucoz).* Hp cht a chc l nhng hp cht c
2 hay nhiu nhm chc ging nhau. V d: C2H4(OH)2 ; C3H5(OH)3 ; ...II/-
nh ngha mt s hp cht hu c1. Parafin (ankan) l nhng hirocacbon mch h,
ch c lin kt n trong phn t, c CTTQ CnH2n+2 (n1).2. Olefin (anken) l
nhng hirocacbon khng no, c mt lin kt i, mch h, c CTTQ C2H2n (n2).3.
iolefin (ankaien) l nhng hirocacbon khng no, mch h, c 2 lin kt i, c
CTTQ CnH2n - 2 (n 3).Trng THPT Nguyn Du29a cC = Cbbvia bc dH HC =
CCH3CH3cis buten - 2HCH3C = CCH3Htrans buten - 2GV: NGUYN VIT CH
BIN SON0972011994. Ankin l nhng hirocacbon khng no, mch h, c mt lin
kt 3, c CTTQ CnH2n -2 (n 2).5. Arenl nhng hidrocacbon khng no, mch
vng , c 4 lin kt c CTTQCnH2n -6 (n 6).6. Ancoll nhng hp cht hu c m
phn t c mt hay nhiu nhm hiroxyl lin kt vi gc hirocacbon.- Ancol no
n chc: CnH2n + 1 OH hay: CnH2n + 2 Ok: (n 1)- Ancol khng no n chc c
1 ni i : CnH2n - 1 OH hay: CnH2n Ok: (n 3)- Ancol thm n chc: CnH2n
7 OH hay: CnH2n - 6Ok: (n 7)- Ancol no a chc: CnH2n + 2 - a (OH)a
hay: CnH2n + 2 Oak: (n 2; a 2;n a )7. Phenol l nhng hp chthu c m
phn t ca chng c nhm hiroxyl lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t cacbon ca vng
benzen. V d: C6H5OH8. Anehit no n chc l nhng hp cht hu c m phn t c
mt nhm chc anehit HCO _ , lin kt vi gc hirocacbon no.9.Axit
cacboxylic no n chcl hp cht hu c m phn t c mt nhm cacboxyl (COOH)
lin kt vi gc hirocacbon no.Axit cacboxylic khng no n chc l nhng hp
cht hu c m phn t c mt nhm cacboxyl lin kt vi gc hirocacbon khng no
(c lin kt i hoc lin kt ba).V d: CH2 = CH COOH :axit acrylic: axit
metacrylicCH3 (CH2)7 CH = CH (CH2)7 COOH:axit oleic10. Amin l nhng
hp cht hu c sinh ra do nguyn t hiro trong phn t amoniac c thay bng
gc hirocacbon. Ty theo s nguyn t hiro trong phn t amoniac c thay th
ta c amin bc 1, bc 2, bc 3.V d:CH3 NH2: metylamin (bc 1):
trimetylamin (bc 3)C6H5NH2: phenylamin hay anilin (bc 1)CH3 NH CH3:
imetylamin (bc 2)11. Lipit (cht bo) l nhng este ca glixerin vi cc
axit bo.V d:22CH OCOR|CH OCOR'|CH OCOR"Axit bo: C15H31COOH: axit
panmitic (no)C17H35COOH: axit stearic (no)C17H33COOH: axit oleic
(khng no).Trng THPT Nguyn Du30OHCH3o - crezolOHCH3m- crezolOHCH3p-
crezolCH3 N CH3 | CH3CH2 = C COOH | CH3GV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN
SON09720119912. Gluxit l nhng hp cht hu c tp chc, c cha nhiu nhm
hiroxyl (OH) v c nhm cacbonyl \C O/ _ , trong phn t. C nhiu loi
gluxit:6 12 6glucozmonosaccaritC H O fructoz 12 22
11saccarozisaccaritC H O mantoz ( )6 10 5ntinhbtpoli saccaritC H O
xenluloz13. Aminoaxit l nhng hp cht hu c tp chc, trong phn t ca
chng c cha ng thi nhm chc amino (NH2) v nhm chc cacboxyl ( COOH).Tn
gi cc aminoaxit=axit + ( , , ...) amino + tn axit tng ng.V d:22CH
COOH|NH32CH CH COOH|NH axit aminoxeticaxit - aminopropionic.14.
Protit: Phn t gm cc chui polipeptit hp thnh. Thnh phn ca protit gm
c C , H , O , N ; ngoi ra cn c S , P , Fe , I2 , ...15. Hp cht cao
phn t (hay polime) l nhng hp cht hu c c khi lng phn t rt ln (thng t
hng ngn ti hnh triu vc) c cu to t nhng mt xch lin kt vi nhau.V d:[
]2 2nCH CH :PE23nCH CH|COOCH 1 1 1 ] : PVA2nCH CH|Cl 1 1 1 ] :PVC [
]2 2nCH CH CH CH : cao su buna.16. Cht do l nhng vt liu c kh nng b
bin dng khi chu tc dng ca nhit , p sut v vn gi c s bin dng khi thi
tc dng.Thnh phn ca cht do gm polime, cht ha do, cht n, cht ph to
mu, cht chng oxi ha, cht dit trng, ...V d: PE , PS , PVC, PP, ...o3
3xt,t2 23 3nCH CH| |nCH C CH C| |COOCH COOCH _ ,
(polimetylmetacrylat - thy tinh hu c (plexiglat))17. T l nhng
polime thin nhin hoc tng hp c th ko thnh si di v mnh.- T thin nhin
c sn trong thin nhin nh t tm, len, bng, ...- T ha hc l t c ch bin
bng phng php ha hc, bao gm t nhn to v t tng hp.T nhn to c sn xut t
polime thin nhin (t xenluloz) iu ch t visco, t axetat, ...T tng hp
c sn xut t polime tng hp (t poliamit, t polieste).Trng THPT Nguyn
Du31GV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN SON097201199- iu ch t nilon:n H2N (CH2)6
NH2+n HOOC (CH2)4 COOHot[NH (CH2)6 NH CO (CH2)4 CO ]n+2n H2O nilon
- 6,6- iu ch t capron:[ ]ot ,p2 5 2 5nNHn(CH ) | CO (CH )
NHCOcaprolactam capron - iu ch t enang:n H2N (CH2)6 COOH [ ]ot ,p2
6xtnNH (CH ) CO +n H2O- iu ch t axetat:[C6H7(OH)3]n+2n CH3COOH x t
[C6H7O2(OH)(OCOCH3)2]n+ 2n H2Oxenluloz iaxetat[C6H7(OH)3]n+3n
CH3COOH x t [C6H7O2(OCOCH3)3]n+ 3n H2O xenluloz triaxetat18.Cao su
l cht c tnh n hi cao, d bin dng di tc dng ca ngoi lc, khi ngng tc
dng th tr li dng ban u. Cao su c tnh khng thm nc, thm kh.C 2 loi
cao su: - Cao su t nhin - Cao su tng hp.- Cao su t nhin c trch t m
(nha) cy Hva, ging nh sn phm trng hp ca isopen.Cng thc:2 23nCH C CH
CH|CH 1 1 1 ].- Cao su tng hp: cao su buna v cao su isopen. n CH2 =
CH CH = CH2 [ ]ot ,p2 2NanCH CH CH CH o2 2 2 2t ,pxt3 3nnCH C CH CH
CH C CH CH| |CH CH 1 1 1 ].- S lu ha cao su: Qu trnh a lu hunh vo
mch polime ca cao su nhit nht nh. Kt qu l cc nguyn t S tr thnh cc
cu ni isunfua S S ni cc i phn t polime li vi nhau to dng cu to mng
li trong khng gian bn chtIII/- Cc phn ng ha hc1. Phn ng trng hp: Qu
trnh cng hp lin tip nhiu phn t nh (monome) to thnh phn t ln
(polime) c gi l phn ng trng hp.iu kin cc cht tham gia phn ng trng
hp l phi c lin kt bi (lin kt i, ba).V d: CH2 = CH2;C6H5 CH =
CH2;CH2 = CHCl;CH2 = CH CH = CH2 Phn ng ng trng
hplphnngkthpnhiumonomecanhiuloi monome khc nhau to polime.V d:Trng
THPT Nguyn Du32SSSSSSn CH2 = CH CH = CH2+ n [CH2 CH = CH CH2 CH CH2
]nButadien 1, 3 StyrenCao su buna - SCH = CH2GV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN
SON0972011992.Phn ng trng ngng: Qu trnh nhiu phn t nh (monome) kt
hp vi nhau thnh phn t ln (polime) ng thi gii phng phn t H2O c gi l
phn ng trng ng-ng.V d: n H2N CH2 COOH o 2tnHN CH C||O 1 1 1 ] +n
H2O.iu kin cc cht tham gia phn ng trng ngng l phi c t hai nhm chc
tr ln:H2N CH2 COOH ; H2N (CH2)6 NH2
HOOC (CH2)4 COOH ; NH2 (CH2)5 COOH; ...V d: n H2N CH2 COOH [ ]ot
,p2xtnNH CH CO +n H2O.n HO-CH2-CH2-OH p xtot , , [ ]n 2 2O CH CH +
n H2OPhn ng ng trng ngng l phn ng kt hp nhiu monome ca 2 loi monome
khc nhau to ra polime v gii phng H2O.V d: n HOOC (CH2)4 COOH+ n H2N
(CH2)6 NH2 [ ]2 4 2 6nCO (CH ) CO NH (CH ) NH + 2n H2Onilon 6,63.
Phn ng th l phn ng trong c mt nguyn t (hay mt nhm nguyn t) ny c
thay th bi mt nguyn t (hay mt nhm nguyn t) khc m cu to ca mch
cacbon khng thay i.V d: CH4+Cl2
asCH3Cl+HClC6H6+HONO2
2 4H SO C6H5NO2+H2OC2H5OH+NaC2H5ONa+12H24. Phn ng hp nc (hirat
ha) l phn ng cng nc vo hp cht c lin kt (C = C) to ra mt sn phm.V d:
CH2 = CH2+H2O2 4H SO lC2H5OH5. Phn ng este ha l phn ng kt hp gia
axit hu c hoc axit v c v ru. Trong phn ng ny, axit gp nhm OH, ru gp
H linh ng tch ra phn t H2O. Phn ng este ha l phn ng thun nghch.V d:
CH3COOH+H OC2H5
2 4H SO CH3COOC2H5+H2O.Phn ng thun nghch l phn ng xy ra ng thi
theo hai chiu ngc nhau trong cng mt iu kin.6. Phn ng thy phnl phn
ng dng nc phn tch mt cht thnh nhiu cht khc trong mi trng axit hoc
baz. Phn ng ny xy ra chm v l phn ng thun nghch.V d: CH3COOC2H5+H2O
2 4H SO lCH3COOH+C2H5OH.Cc cht tham gia phn ng thy phn l: dn xut
halogen, este, saccaroz, mantoz, tinhbt, xenluloz, cht bo (lipit),
protit.V d: C2H5Cl+H2O OH C2H5OH+HClCH3COOC2H5+H2O
+HCH3COOH+C2H5OHC12H22O11+H2O +H C6H12O6+C6H12O6Trng THPT Nguyn
Du33GV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN SON097201199Saccaroz Glucoz
fructozC12H22O11+H2O +H2C6H12O6MantozGlucoz(C6H10O5)+ n H2O +Hn
C6H12O6Tinh bt hoc xenlucozGlucoz2 122 3CH COOR|CH COOR|CH COOR+3
H2O +H
22CH OH|CH OH|CH OH+22CH COOH|CH COOH|CH COOHLipit[ NH (CH2)5 CO
]n+n H2O n NH2 (CH2)5 COOHProtit7. Qui tc th vng nhn benzen: Khi
vng nhn benzen c sn nhm th ankyl hoc OH, NH2, Cl, Br (nhm th y e)
phn ng th xy ra d hn v u tin th vo v tr ortho, para. Khi vng nhn
benzen c sn nhm th SO3H, NO2, CHO, COOH (nhm th ht e) phn ng th xy
ra kh hn v u tin th vo v tr meta.V d: * benzen o -
bromonitrobenzen* benzen m - bromonitrobenzen8. iu ch cc hp cht hu
ca) Nguyn liu:- Than (C), vi (CaO).- Tinh bt, xenluloz, v bo, mn ca
(C6H10O5)n.- Du m (C4H10).Trng THPT Nguyn Du34+ Br2 +HBrBr+ HO NO2
+H2OBr BrNO2+ HO NO2+H2ONO2+ Br2+HBrNO2NO2BrGV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN
SON097201199- Kh thin nhin (CH4).b) Cc hp cht hu c cn iu ch- Nha:
PE, PVC, PP, PS, PVA, phenol fomanehit.- Cao su buna, cao su
isopren.- Este : Polimetyl metacrylat (thy tinh hu c plexiglat)
323nCH|CH CH|COOCH 1 1 1 1 1 ].- Polimetyl acrylat23nCH CH|COOCH 1
1 1 ].- Glixerin.- Axit: axit axetic, axit acrylic, axit
metacrylic.- Phenol (axit phenic), anilin, axit picric, TNT, 666,
(o) bromnitrobenzen, (m) bromnitrobenzen.- T: t nilon 6,6, t
capron, t enang, t axetat.IV Danh php Ch : Mun gi tn ng ca este,
aminoaxit th phi nh tn gi ca cc axit tng ng Cc tn ca axit tng ng cn
nh sau:tn hidrocacbon tng ng + oicCng thc cu to Tn thng thngTn thay
thHCOOH Axit Fomic Axit MetanoicCH3COOH Axit Axetic Axit
EtanoicCH3CH2COOH Axit Propionic Axit PropanoicCH3CH2CH2COOH Axit
Butiric Axit ButanoicCH3CH2CH2CH2COOH Axit Valeric Axit
PentanoicCH2 = CH COOH Axit Acrylic Axit PropenoicCH C COOH Axit
Propiolic Axit PropinoicCH2 = CH CH2 COOH Axit Vinylaxetic Axit But
3 enoicCH3 CH = CH COOH Axit Crotonic Axit But 2 enoic CH2 = C -
COOHCH3Axit Metacrylic Axit 2 - MetylpropenoicHOOC COOH Axit Oxalic
Axit EtanioicHOOC CH2 COOH Axit Malonic Axit PropanioicHOOC (CH2)2
COOH Axit Sucxinic Axit Butanioic- COOHAxit Benzoic Axit
Benzenmetanoic- CH2 - COOHAxit Phenylaxetic Axit Benzenetanoic- CH
= CH - COOHAxit Xiamic Axit 3 Phenylprop 2 enoicCOOHAxit Naphtoic
Axit NaphtalencacboxylicCH = CHHOOC COOHAxit Maleic Axit Cis
ButeniocTrng THPT Nguyn Du35GV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN SON097201199CH =
CHHOOCCOOHAxit Fumaric Axit Trans ButeniocTn gi ca cc aminoaxic nh
sauCng thc Tn thay th Tn bn h thngTn thngKhiu CH2 - COOHNH2Axit
Aminoetanic Axit Aminoaxetic Glyxin Gly CH3 - CH - COOHNH2Axit 2
Aminopropanoic Axit - Aminopropanoic AlaninAla CH3 - CH - CH -
COOHNH2CH3Axit 2-amino-3-metylbutanoic Axit - aminoisovaleric
ValinVal - CH2 - CH - COOHNH2HO -Axit
2-amino-3(4-hidroxylphenyl)propanoicAxit
-amino--3(p-hidroxylphenyl)propionoicTyrosin Tyr22 2INHHOOC[CH ]
CHCOOHAxit 2 AminopentanioicAxit - AminoglutamicAxit GlutamicGlu 22
2 4INHH N[CH ] CHCOOHAxit 2,6-iaminohexanoic Axit , - iaminocaproic
LysinLys H2N [CH2]5 - COOH 6 Aminohexanoic Axit - AminocaproicTrng
ngng cho t caproicH2N [CH2]6 - COOH 7 Aminoheptanoic Axit -
AminoenantoicTngng cho t enangi vi tn gi ca cc amin- Trc ht nn vit
cc ng phn ca aminla ln lt l: amin bc I, amin bc II v amin bc V
d:CTPT CTCTTn gi (chn mch chnh l mch C di, nhiu nhnh nht, ri gi tn
t pha gn nhnh nht theo th t l:Tn amin = s ch v tr tn tin t (i, tri,
tetera) tn nhnh tn mch chnh s ch v tr nhm amino -
aminC3H9NCH3CH2CH2NH2PropinaminCH3NHCH2CH3Etylmetyamin 33 2ICHCH CH
NH Isopropylamin 33 3ICHCH N CH Trimetyamin Trng THPT Nguyn Du36GV:
NGUYN VIT CH BIN SON097201199C4H11NCH3CH2CH2CH2NH2Butylamin
CH3CH2CH2NHCH3Metylpropylamin CH3CH2NHCH2CH3ietylamin 33 2 2ICHCH
CHCH NH Iso butylamin23 2 3INHCH CHCH CH Butan 2 amin 33 3ICHCH
CHNHCH Iso propylmetylamin33 2 3ICHCH N CH CH Etylimetylamin
C6H5NH2C6H5 NH2Phenylamin (Anilin) C7H8NH2H3C C6H4 NH2p Aminotoluen
(p Toluiin)C BI TP NH TNH(Chuyn 1)I Xc nh tn v cng thc cu to ca cc
hp cht hu c Bi 1. Hy vit cng thc cu to cc ng phn axit mch h c cng
cng thc phn t C4H6O2 . Trong cc ng phn ny, ng phn no c dng iu ch
thy tinhn hu c, vit cc phng trnh phn ng iu ch thy tinh, ng phn no c
ng phn cis trans vit ng phn cis, trans Bi 2. Cho hidrocacbon X tc
dng vi dung dch brom d c dn xut tetrabrom cha 75,8% brom (theo khi
lng). Khi cng brom (1:1) thu c cp ng phn cis-trans.1) Xc nh cng thc
phn t, cng thc cu to v gi tn ca X.2) Vit phng trnh ca X vi:a) Dung
dch KMnO4 (trong mi trng H2SO4)b) Dung dch AgNO3/NH3c) H2O (xc tc
Hg2+/H+)d) HBr theo t l 1:2Bi 3. A, B, D l cc ng phn c cng cng thc
phn t C6H9O4Cl, tha mn cc iu kin sau : 36,1g A + NaOH d 9,2g etanol
+ 0,4 mol mui A1 + NaCl. B + NaOH d mui B1 + hai ru (cng s nguyn t
C) + NaCl D + NaOH dmui D1 + axeton + NaCl + H2O.Hy lp lun xc nh
cng thc cu to ca A, B, D v vit cc phng trnh phn ng. Bit rng D lm qu
tm.Trng THPT Nguyn Du37GV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN SON097201199Bi 4. Hp
cht A (cha vng benzen) c cng thc phn t C9H11NO2 phn ng c vi axit v
baz. Bit:.A + HNO2B(C9H10O3).un B vi H2SO4 cC(C9H8O2). Cphnngvi
ddKMnO4trongmi trngH2SO4longunnngtorahpcht D(C8H6O4) v D c tnh i
xng cao. Xc nh cng thc cu to ca A, B, C, D v vit cc phng trnh phn
ng Bi 5. Cht A c cng thc phn t C5H6O4l este hai chc, cht B c cng
thc phn t C4H6O2 l este n chc. Cho A v B ln lt tc dng vi dd NaOH d,
sau c cn cc dung dch ri ly cht rn thu c tng ng nung vi NaOH (c mt
ca CaO) th trong mi trng hp ch thu c mt kh duy nht l CH4. Tm cng
thc cu to ca A, B, vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra.Bi 6. 1. Bng phng
php ha hc hy phn bit 3 cht ring bit: glixerin, dung dch glucoz v
dung dch fuctoz.2. Vit cng thc cu to khng gian ca mt on mch polime
cao su thin nhin. Bit rng cc ni i trong mch u dng cis-. Khi cho cao
su tc dng vi HCl sinh ra cao su hidro-clo cha 20,8% clo trong phn
t. Vit phng trnh phn ng v cho bit cao su hidro-clo cn c dng cis- na
hay khng ? Ti sao.3. Cng thc nguyn ca cht A : (C3H4O3)n v ca cht B
l (C2H2O3)m hy bin lun tm cng thc phn t ca A v B. Bit A l axt no a
chc. cn B l mtaxt no, cha ng thi nhm chc OH . A v B umchh . Vit cng
thc cu to ca B .II Vit phng trnh phn ng, iu ch, nhn bit cc chtBi 1.
Ba hp cht A, B, C c mch h v c cng cng thc phn t C3H4O2. Hy vit cng
thc cu to ca A, B, C bit rng : A phn ng vi dung dch NaOH nhit thng;
B phn ng vi dung dch NaOH un nng; C cho phn ng vi H2 xc tc Ni un
nng thu c ru a chc khng phn ng vi Cu(OH)2 .Bi 2. 1) Vit phng trnh
ho hc biu din cc phn ng (nu c) v nu hin tng xy ra trong cc qu trnh
sau: a) Cho dung dch brom vi dung mi nc c mu vng vo cht lng hexan.
b) Cho dung dch brom t t n d vo dung dch phenol (u dung mi nc).c)
Sc kh C2H2 vo dung dch KMnO4 sau thm CaCl2 vo. d) un nng anlyl
iotua vi nc, sau thm dung dch brom va vo. 2) A, B, C, D c cng cng
thc phn t C4H6O4 u phn ng vi NaOH theo t l mol 1:2. Trong :- A, B u
to mt mui v mt ancol.- C, D u to mt mui, mt ancol v nc. Bit rng khi
t chy mui do A, C to ra th trong sn phm chy khng c nc. Xc nh A, B,
C, D v vit phng trnh ho hc biu din phn ng xy ra vi NaOH. 3) C th tn
ti mi lin kt hiro khc nhau no trong ancol etylic c ho tan phenol.
Vit cng thc biu din cc mi lin quan ny v cho bit trong s lin kt vit
th lin kt no bn nht, lin kt no km bn nht? Gii thch. Bi 3. 1. Hn hp
X gm 2 cht hu c c cng CTPT l C2H7NO2.X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d c
dung dch Y v hn hp kh Z u c kh nng lm xanh giy qu. Xc nh thnh phn
ca X, Y v Z.Trng THPT Nguyn Du38GV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN SON097201199
2. Bng phng php ha hc, hy nhn bit dung dch cc cht ng trong cc l mt
nhn sau: glucoz, glixerol, etanol, axit axetic.Bi 41/ Sp xp ( c gii
thch ) trnh t Tng dn tnh Axit ca cc hp cht sau : CH3COOH , C6H5OH ,
C2H5OH , HCOOH Tng dn tnh Baz ca cc hp cht sau : CH3NH2 , ( CH3)
2NH , C6H5NH2 , NH3 .2/ T BenZen . Vit s iu ch : O - Amino phenol m
- Amino phenol Axit phenyl etanoic3/ 3 - metyl buten - 1 tc dng vi
Axit Clohydric to ra cc sn phmtrong c Al 2 - Clo - 3 - metyl butan
v Bl 2 - Clo - 2 - metyl butan .Gii thch s to thnh hai sn phm A v
BBi 51/ a) T BenZen v axit axetic vi cc tc nhn v c cn thit khc . Hy
vit siuchrahp cht axit - 2 - Clo - 5 - nitro Benzoic b) T etylen v
propylen c xc tc axit , platin v iu kin cn thit .Vit s tng hp
isopren . 2/ Gi tn cc ng phn i quang theo danh php( R,S) nhn c khi
monoClo ho metylXiClohexan di tc dng ca nh sng , gi thit rng
vngXiClohexan phng .Bi 61- Vit cc ng phn ru bc hai c cng thc phn tl
C5H12O. Gi tn cc hp cht . 2- Bit cng thc thc nghim ca mt anehit no
(A) l (C2H3O)n. a/ Hy bin lun xc nh cng thc phn t ca A.b/
TrongccngphncaAcngphnXmchcacbonkhng phn nhnh. Vit cng thc cu to ca
X, gi tn X v vit cc phng trnh phn ng iu ch cao su Buna t X. (Cc cht
v c v cc iu kin cn thit khc coi nh c ).3- Vit cc phng trnh phn ng
(ghi r iu kin, nu c): a/ Tbenzeniuchaxit picric(2,4,6-
trinitrophenol), oclo- p- nitrophenol.b/ p- crezol tc dng vi
NaOH.c/ Ru benzylic tc dng ln lt vi: Na, CuO nung nng (to ra
anehit), CH3COOH.d/ So snh linh ng ca nguyn t H trong nhm OH ca phn
t cc hp cht sau: H2O, C2H5OH, C6H5OH, CH3COOH. Gii thch?Bi 71- a/ T
tinh bt c th iu ch c ru etylic. Ru etylic l nguyn liu iu ch axit
axetic, ietyl ete, etyl axetat, cao su tng hp Buna. Vit cc ph-ng
trnh phn ng xy ra v ghi r cc iu kin phn ng (nu c). b/ Mt hc sinh lm
th nghim iu ch etyl axetat bng cch un nng r-u etylic vi gim n c
axit sunfuric lm xc tc. Liu th nghim c thnh cng hay khng? V
sao?Trng THPT Nguyn Du39GV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN SON097201199 2- Cho s
phn ng sau:Bit E l axit a chc . Xc nh cc cht A, B, C, D, E v vit cc
phng trnh phn ng di dng cng thc cu to. 3-a/Vitcngthccutovgi tncccht
c cngthc phnt C2H7O2N. Bit mi cht u d dng tc dng vidung dch HClv
vidung dch NaOH.b/ Vit phng trnh phn ngtrc tip to ra tng cht (a).c/
Cho bit phng php ho hc phn bit cc cht (a) vi nhau.Bi 8. T nhm
cacbua v cc cht v c cn thit hy iu ch:a/b/ Bi 9.1) So snh tnh cht ho
hc caaxit acrylic v aminoaxit- axetic.2) C cc cht sau : Ru etylic ,
ru iso propylic , glyxerin v gluco.a. T gluco v cc cht v c khng cha
cacbon . Vit phng trnh iu ch bn cht trn.b. Lm th no phn bit c bn
cht trn.Bi 10.Cho s chuyn ho sau: CH3+Ag2O; NH3+M ; H+ xt , to | A
B C CH2 C +H2 ; | COOCH3 nNi, to + N; H+, toxt , to D E CH2 CH |
COOC4H9 n Hy vit cng thc cu to ca cc cht A, B, C, D, E, M, N v cc
phng trnh phn ng xy ra.1) Hp cht X c cng thc phn t C2H8O2N2 . un
nng X vi dd NaOH c NH3 thot ra v thu c mui natri ca mt amin axit .
Hy vit cng thc cu to ca X v phng trnh phn ng xy ra.Trng THPT Nguyn
Du40C3H6+Br2 (t l mol 1:1) A+dd NaOH B+CuO, to C+Cu(OH)2 D+dd H2SO4
E NaOH, to OOOC2H5OC2H5GV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN SON0972011992) Ch yu
bng phng php ho hc , hy tch ly tng cht ring bit t hn hp gm benzen ,
phenol, anilin, axetat etyl.Bi 11. 1/ Vit cng thc tng qut ca cc
este A v B bit :a) A + NaOH 1 Mui + 1 Ru + H2Ob) B + NaOH 2 Mui +
H2O.2/ Cht A c cng thc l C8H12O5 . Thu phn A trong dd kim thu c 2
mui v glixerin. Hy lp lun x nh cng thc cu to ca A .3/ Xc nh cng thc
C6H12 bit rng khi cng hp cht ch thu c 1 sn phm duy nht . Vit phng
trnh phn ng. Bi 12. Cho cc dd: NaOH, HCl, CH3COONa, H2NCH2COOH,
CH3NH2, NH4Cl. Hy vit cc phng trnh phn ng khi cho cc cht tc dng vi
nhau tng i mt Bi 13. Vit tt c cc ng phn ca C3H5Br3. Cho cc ng phn
ln lt tc dng vi dd NaOH un nng. Hy vit cc phng trnh phn ng. Bi 14.
Cho cc hp cht sau: NH3, C6H5NH2, CH3NH2, C6H5OH, (CH3)2NH. Hy sp xp
tnh baz theo th t tng dn. Gii thch ngn gn. Bi 15. T nguyn liu ban u
l than, vi, nc, ta iu ch c kh A. T A c s chuyn ha sau: AB D E FG H
IBit cht E khng cha oxi, khi t chy hon ton E cn 3,808 dm3O2 (ktc),
sn phm sinh ra c 0,73 g HCl, cn CO2 v hi nc to ra theo t l th tch 2
2CO H OV : V = 6:5 (o cng iu kin nhit , p sut). Bi 16. 1. Vit nm
loi phn ng khc nhau trc tip to ra axeton2. Cho hai s iu ch p
nitrophenol sau y: Cl ONa OH OHNO2NaOH c, t ,p0 +
CO2dHNO3H2SO4,,4SO2H3HNO0NaOH c, t ,p2NOOH Cl( 1: 1)NO2NO2Cl
ONaHCla.b. Hy cho bit s no tt hn? Gii thch?3. Thc hin cc phn ng
theo s sau:a.6A x t t ,0 B A + O2 x t DTrng THPT Nguyn
Du416000cThan-HCl+dd Cl2+NaOHH2SO4c1700cGV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN
SON097201199 E+ H2O x t G D + E x t XX+ H2O +H D + GBit cc cht A,
B, D, E, G, X trn u phn ng c vi Ag2O / NH3 ( hay [Ag(NH3)2 ]OH ),
trong E l hyrcacbonb.X + H2 AX + O2 BA + B Este C4H4O4 + H2O4.
HyrcacbonAkhi tcdngvi HCl torasnphmchnhl1- clo-1-metylxiclohexan.
Da theo phng trnh ha hc biu din phn ng ca propylen vi clo 5000C; vi
clo trong nc. Vit phng trnh ha hc biu din phn ng ca A vi clo v clo
trong nc cc iu kin tng t.Bi 17. Hoan thanh cac phng trnh phan ng
theo cac s o sau:a) n-Hecxan A1 A2 Phenol +02t / Ni / H A3 +0t /
CuO A4 ++H / KMnO4A5 Tnilon 6,6b) Glixerin o4 4 2t , FeSO , SO H B1
O H , Br2 2B2
ot / NaOHB3 + HCl 2B4 c) Propan ) 1 : 1 /( as / Cl2C1 ruou /
KOHC2 2B rC3 ruou / KOHC4 + HBr 2C5Biet s o (c) chat C4 tao ket tua
trong dung dch AgNO3/NH3.Bi 18.a) Haygiai thchtai saokhac vi
rumetylic vatngt metylclorua, anehit fomic la chat kh. Song tng t
ru metylic va khac metylclorua, anehit fomic tan rat tot trong
nc.b) Phan ng gia foman ehit va glixerin tao ra hai san pham vong 5
canh la ong phan. Viet cong thc cau tao cua san pham va s o chuyen
hoa minh hoa.c) Khi tien hanh ieu che axit lactic t anehit axetic
va axit xianhiric HCN, ngoai san pham mong muon ta con thu c hp
chat hu c X C6H8O4. Viet cong thc cau tao cua X va cac phng trnh
phan ng xay ra. Bi 19. A va B la hai hp chat hu c ong phan cua nhau
co M < 250 va ch cha hai nguyen to. A trong dungAgNO3/NH3 tao ra
C va A trong dung dch HgSO4/ t0 tao ra D.un nong D vi dung dch
KMnO4 sinh ra san pham hu cduy nhat E co cong thc
ot chay hoan toan m gam B ta thu c m gam nc. B khong tac dung vi
Br2/Fe/t0. un nong hi B vi Br2chieu sang ta thu c dan xuat mono
brom duy nhat G.a) Xac nh cong thc cau tao cua A,B.b) ung nong B vi
dung dch KMnO4 d ta thu c dung dch X. em X tacdungvi dungdchHCl
taoraY. unnongYthucsan pham Z ( gom 2 nguyen to ) Viet s o cac phan
ng va xac nh cong thc cau tao cua X,Y Z.Trng THPT Nguyn Du42
(CH3)3C-CH2-CH-CH-COCH3 HOOC CH2COOHGV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN
SON097201199Bi 20.Su hirocacbon A; B; C; D; E; F u c cng thc phn t
l C4H8. Cho tng cht vo dung dch brom (trong CCl4 v khng chiu sng)
thy A, B, C v D tc dng rt nhanh. E tc dng chm hn, cn F hu nh khng
phn ng. B v C l nhng cht ng phn lp th ca nhau, B c nhit si cao hn
C. Khi cho tc dng vi hiro nhit cao (c Ni lm xc tc) th A, B, C u cho
cng sn phm G. a) Xc nh cng thc cu to v gi tn ca 6 hirocacbon trn.
b) A tc dng vi nc brom c hon tan mt lng nh NaCl sinh ra 5 sn phm.
Vit cng thc cu to v gii thch s hnh thnh 5 sn phm . Bi 21.Sp xp (c
gii thch) theo trnh t tng dn tnh axit ca cc cht trong tng dy sau:a)
Axit: benzoic, phenyletanoic, 3-phenylpropanoic,
xiclohexyletanoic,1-metylxiclohexan-cacboxylic. (D)(A) (B)(C);
NCOOH; COOH; CH2COOHN COOH2./ Sp xp s tng dn tnh baz (c gii thch)
ca cc cht trong tng dy sau: (a) CH3-CH(NH2)-COOH, CH2=CH-CH2-NH2,
CH3-CH2-CH2-NH2, CH C-CH2-NH2 .(b)-NH-CH3 ,-CH2-NH2 ,C6H5-CH2-NH2,
p-O2N-C6H4-NH2.Bi 22.1. So snh (c gii thch) tnh baz ca cc cht sau:
( 1,25 ) p-metylanilin(A) ;m- nitroanilin (B);m-cloanilin
(C);anilin2. Hyxp cc cht sau ytheo th t tng dn v nhit si v gii
thch:(CH3)2CH-CH2-CH3;(CH3)4C ;CH3-(CH2)3-CH3
;CH3-(CH2)2-CH3v(CH3)2CH-OHBi 23.1/-Thc hin cc chuyn ho sau bng
phng trnh phn ng: CH3-CH2OH0, CuO t(B)BOH+(C)2H O (D)2O +(E) 2H
+(F)3PBr(G) (I)IBr + 2Bras(H) Bit (F) l CH3-CH2-CH2-COOH2/-( 1 im
). T But-1-en vit cc phng trnh phn ng iu ch 3-metylheptan-3-olBi
24.Sau khi x l hn hp li ng hoc v tru c cha pentozan (C5H8O4)n vi
dung dch axit clohiric 12% ri tin hnh chng ct, nhn c cht lng A
(C5H4O2) mu vng c mi thm. Cho A phn ng vi KOH ri axit ha th nhn c B
(C5H4O3) v C (C5H6O2). a. Vit phng trnh phn ng thu phn pentozan to
thnh A v cng thc ca A, B, C.b. Vit phng trnh phn ng ca B tc dng vi
C khi c xc tc axit. c. Hy trnh by iu kin nitro ho A nhn c D
(C5H3NO4).Bi 25.Vit cng thc theo cu trc ca s phn ng sau:Trng THPT
Nguyn Du43b)GV: NGUYN VIT CH BIN SON097201199 Scis butadien axit
propiolic1350CACH3OH HCOOOHH2O(CH3CO)2ONBSCH3COOAgBC DE
FGH+piridinCCl4H2OH+xiclohexanon13,
dIII Thc hin s phn ng ( chuyn 2)Trng THPT Nguyn Du44
