A. BO HIMKHI NIM BO HIM: Bo him l mt s tho thun hp php thng qua mt c nhn hay t chc (ngi tham gia bo him) chp nhn ng gp mt khon tin nht nh (ph bo him) cho mt t chc khc (ngi bo him) i ly nhng cam kt v nhng khon bi thng hoc chi tr khi c s kin quy nh trong hp ng xy ra. Bo him ngy nay c thc hin di hnh thc hp ng. Hp ng bo him l s tho thun c tnh cht rng buc php l c lp bng vn bn, thng qua ngi tham gia bo him cam kt np ph bo him ngi c bo him hoc mt ngi th ba (ngi c hng quyn li bo him) c nhn s tin chi tr hay bi thng t cng ty bo him khi pht sinh cc s kin c bo him theo quy nh ngi hp ng.

TNH CN THIT CA CC DCH V BO HIM: C S L LUN: Cc dch v bo him ra i l mt h qu tt yu ca nhu cu c bo him ca dn chng. Nhu cu bo him l nguyn vng ca con ngi mun cuc sng ca chnh bn thn mnh, ca nhng c nhn trong t chc mnh, gia nh mnh trong tng lai c m bo. Theo thang bc nhu cu ca Maslow, nhu cu bo him khng phi l nhu cu cn bn nht ca con ngi nhng l nhu cu k cn vi nhu cu c bn ca con ngi. Nhu cu bo him l mt nhu cu c bit m i khi ngi ta lm tng quyt nh mua bo him l mt quyt nh tiu dng, nhng quyt nh mua bo him chnh l mt quyt nh tit kim. C J.M Keynes v I. Fisher cng u khng nh rng thu nhp l nhn t quyt nh ca tiu dng v tit kim. Ngi ta s tit kim nhiu hn khi c thu nhp cao hn. Chnh v vy con ngi ngy cng c nhiu nhu cu c bo him. S ra i, tn ti v pht trin ca cc dch v bo him l mt tt yu.C S THC TIN: Tai nn gy ra nhiu tn tht v ti chnh, tinh thn thm

ch l c tnh mng cho chnh bn thn v gia nh ca nhng ngi khng may gp ri ro. Hin nay, trn th gii c hn 700000 ngi cht, hn 10.000.000 ngi b thng do tai nn giao thng, thit hi kinh t ton cu l 5000 t la. Hin nay nguy c chin tranh v nguy c khng b, ni chin sc tc cc nc chu Phi, tranh chp lnh th gia mt s quc gia vng trung v nam chu ,...vn lun thng trc xy ra, e do s an ton ca tt c mi ngi. Vn ang tng ngy cp i sinh mng, tin ca ca rt nhiu ngi, thin tai nh l lt, bo, ng t ngy cng honh hnh d di ti nhiu nc nh Trung Quc, n , Hi Lp... S n nh cuc sng ca mi con ngi ang b e do nghim trng. Trong khi , thu nhp ca h ang c nng ln ng k, nhu cu tit kim m bo cuc sng trong tng lai rt c ch trng. Nhng nm gn y, th trng cc lnh vc u t khc rt bt n. Cc th trng chng khon New York , London, Paris... lun chao o bi s kin khng b ngy 11.9.2001, s kin ph sn ca cc tp on Enron, b bi ti chnh ca Worldcom, thm ho ti chnh ca Vivendi... Do vy cc hot ng bo him li l s la chn an ton ca nhng ngi tham bo him. chnh l nhng i hi khch quan cho s ra i,tn ti v pht trin ca cc loi hnh dch v bo him trn th gii.

Vit Nam cng c rt nhiu nguy c c th nh hng ti cuc sng n nh ca con ngi. Theo thng k, nm 2000 xy ra 22.486 v tai nn, tng 8,5% so vi nm 1999. Trong lm cht 7500 ngi, tng 12.4% so vi nm trc, s ngi b thng l 25.400 ngi, tng 6.2%. c bit t l tai nn giao thng ang tng mc bo ng do s lng cc phng tin giao thng vn hnh trn cc ng ph ngy cng nhiu. Tai nn do nhng ngi iu khin m t, xe my gy ra chim 62,3% tng s cc v tai nn, do li xe t gy ra chim 26,2%, cn cc phng tin cn li gy ra khong 11,4%. Cc hin tng thin tai l lt cng xy ra thng xuyn hn ,mc thit hi to ln hn, lm cho mi ngi lun lun lo lng cho cuc sng ca bn thn h, ca gia nh h v ca c nhng ngi xung quanh. Chnh nhu cu c bo him ca con ngi l c s cho s ra i ca bo him.

CHNG I : L LUN CHUNGI. QU TRNH HNH THNH V RA I CA BO HIM:Hnh thc s khai nht ca bo him l hnh thc d tr phng nhng ri ro bt trc c th xy ra. Sau ny con ngi nhn thy d tr c t chc hoc d tr theo nhm c hiu qu hn d tr c nhn. Vo nhng nm 2.500 TCN Ai Cp nhng ngi th o bit thit lp qu gip nn nhn ca cc v tai nn. Khi thng nghip pht trin, cc thng gia, thay v t tch cp, ngi ta c th vay tin tin cho mt chuyn hng. Vay cng l mt hnh thc t bo him khi h cn nhng khon chi tiu t sut. Babylon (nm 1700 nm TCN) v Athen (nm 500 TCN) xut hin h thng vay mn li sut cao. Tuy nhin hnh thc ny c th dn ti nhng khon n chng cht do li sut cao. V vy, sau ny xut hin hnh thc gp c phn. Hnh thc ny gim c gnh nng tn tht cho mt ngi v n c chia cho nhiu ngi cng gnh chu. Tuy nhin nhng ngi tham gia gp c phn s mt nhiu thi gian tm i tc, phi dn xp, tho thun chia s trch nhim v quyn li. Nhng hn ch ca cc bin php t bo him to iu kin cho hnh thc bo him ra i. Nhng tho thun bo him u tin xut hin gn lin vi hot ng giao lu, bun bn bng ng bin. Bn hp ng bo him c nht cn lu li c pht hnh ti Genoa- Italia vo nm 1347. Nh vy bo him hng hi l loi bo him u tin, nh du s ra i ca bo him. Khi x hi pht trin, cc hnh thc c truyn khng cn m bo an ton cho cuc sng c nhn v cng ng na do vy cc loi bo him khc ra i. Nm 1667 cng ty bo him ho hon u tin ra i ti Anh. Nm 1762, cng ty bo him nhn th Equitable l cng bo him nhn th u.

II.

NGUYN TC V CC LOI HNH CA BO HIM. 1. Nguyn tc c bn trong hot ng bo him.

Bo him hot ng theo quy lut s ng: Quy lut ny gip cc nh bo him c tnh xc sut ri ro nhn bo him, nhm gip tnh ph v qun l cc qu d phng ca cng ty bo him. Nguyn tc quyn li c th c bo him: Quyn li c th c bo him l quyn s hu, quyn chim hu, quyn s dng, quyn ti sn, quyn v ngha v nui dng, cp dng i vi i tng c bo him. Nguyn tc trung thc tuyt i: Th nht l i vi ngi tham gia bo him: chnh l bn phn khai bo y chnh xc tt c cc yu t quan trng c lin quan gip cng ty bo him gim chi ph iu tra ri ro. Th hai i vi ngi bo him: Cng ty bo him c nhim v phi cung cp y , chnh xc nhng thng tin lin quan n hp ng bo him, gii thch cc iu khon, gii p nhng thc mc cho khch hng. Nguyn tc nguyn nhn gn: Nguyn nhn gn l nguyn nhn ch ng hu hiu v chi phi s vic dn n tn tht cho i tng c bo him. Cng ty bo him s bi thng nu nguyn nhn gn l nguyn nhn thuc trch nhim bo him.

Nguyn tc bi thng v nguyn tc khon: Nguyn tc bi thng: Mc ch ca nguyn tc bi thng l khi phc tnh trng ban u hoc mt phn theo mc thit hi cho ngi tham gia bo him. Nguyn tc bi thng ch p dng cho bo him thit hi v bo him trch nhim dn s. Nguyn tc khon: Ngi ta p dng nguyn tc khon m s tin c n nh trc trong cc hp ng bo him v tch bit vi khi nim bi thng. Nguyn tc ny c p dng trong cc nghip v bo him con ngi v bo him nhn th. Nguyn tc th quyn i bi hon: Khi ri ro do mt bn th ba gy ra v phi gnh chu mt phn tn tht th cng ty bo him s bi thng ng gi tr tn tht. Sau khi nhn tin bi thng, ngi c bo him phi u quyn cho cng ty i li phn trch nhim ca bn th ba gy ra. Nguyn tc ng gp tn tht: Nguyn tc ny quy nh khi cc cng ty cng bo him cho i tng bo him b tn tht c ngha v ng gp bi thng theo t l phn trm trch nhim nhn bo him.

2. Cc loi hnh bo him c bn.Cn c vo tnh cht hot ng, bo him c chia thnh bo him x hi (BHXH), bo him y t (BHYT) v bo him thng mi (BHTM). 2.1 Bo him x hi: BHXH L loi hnh bo him c thc hin khng v mc ch li nhun. BHXH l chnh sch x hi ca nh nc nhm to lp qu ti chnh tp trung nhm ti tr cho ngi lao ng gp ri ro. BHXH c 5 ch chi tr sau: tr cp m au, tr cp thai sn, tr cp tai nn lao ng v bnh ngh nghip, ch hu tr, ch t tut. BHXH m rng quyn cho ngi lao ng, bo v quyn v li ch ca ngi lao ng, ng thi bo v quyn v li ch hp php ca ngi s dng lao ng, tr gip cc chnh sch kinh t x hi ca nh nc, m bo cho qun l v an ninh lu di ca nh nc. Tuy vy BHXH vn cn nhiu tn ti: th nht, BHXH ch p dng i vi cc i tng l ngi lao ng lm vic trong doanh nghip nh nc, doanh nghip ngoi quc doanh c s dng t 10 lao ng tr ln, doanh nghip c vn u t nc ngoi, c quan hnh chnh s nghip. Th hai, bo him ch gii hn trong 5 ch chi tr k trn, v trong mi ch cn hn ch phm vi c bo him.. Th ba, mc chi tr BHXH hin nay vn cn thp cha p ng c nhu cu mong i ca ngi lao ng. Th t, th tc chi tr ch BHXH cn mang tnh quan liu, hnh chnh ... gy kh khn cho ngi lao ng. 2.2 Bo him y t: Cng ging nh bo BHXH, BHYT hot ng khng v mc ch kinh doanh. BHYT l chnh sch x hi do nh nc t chc thc hin nhm huy ng s ng gp ca ngi s dng lao ng, ngi lao ng, cc t chc v c nhn thanh ton chi ph khm cha bnh. Quyn li c bo him ca BHYT p dng cho 2 trng hp: khm bnh v cha bnh, iu tr ni tr. BHYT c ngha to ln: n gip nhng ngi tham gia bo him khc phc kh khn, gp phn gim gnh nng cho ngn sch nh nc, thc hin cng bng x hi, nng cao tnh cng ng v gn b mi thnh vin trong x hi. ng thi BHYT khc phc c hn ch ca BHXH l: BHYT c p dng cho mi i tng trong x hi. Tuy nhin, BHYT vn cn mt s hn ch: th nht, khch hng cn t hiu bit v BHYT. Th hai, mc bo him cn thp: bo him y t chi tr

80% chi ph khm bnh, 20% cn li ngi bnh t chi tr. Th ba, th tc qun l BHYT vn cn rm r, gy nhiu tr ngi cho khch hng, chi tr bo him khng ng ch , c s mt cn i gia chi ph cho khm cha bnh ngoi tr v cha bnh ni tr. 2.3 Bo him thng mi: BHTM hot ng v mc tiu li nhun. BHTM l bin php chia nh tn tht ca mt hay mt s t ngi da vo mt qu chung bng tin c lp bi s ng gp ca nhiu ngi thng qua hot ng ca cng ty bo him. T y, nn kinh t cn c mt ngun u t ng k t qu ca cc cng ty bo him. BHTM c chia thnh hai loi: bo him nhn th (BHNT) v bo him phi nhn th (BHPNT): 2.3.1 Bo him nhn th: L loi bo him qua cng ty bo him cam kt s tr mt s tin tho thun khi c s kin quy nh xy ra lin quan n tnh mng v sc kho ca con ngi. BHNT chi tr trong cc trng hp sau: chi tr cho ngi tha hng trong trng hp ngi c bo him khng may qua i, chi tr cho ngi bo c bo him khi ht hn hp ng, chi tr cho ngi bo him khi h b thng tt. Ph ca mt hp ng BHNT thng cn c vo: t l t vong, li sut k thut (l nhng gi nh v s li m cng ty bo him thu c nh u t khon ph tm thi nhn ri vo cc lnh vc u t khc), cc chi ph hot ng khc ca cng ty.

2.3.2 Bo him phi nhn th:BHPNT l cc nghip v bo him thng mi khc khng phi l BHNT. BHPNT c chia thnh ba loi hnh c bn sau:Bo him ti sn, bo him trch nhim dn s v bo him con ngi. Ngoi cc c trng ging nh BHTM ni chung, BHPNT cn c cc c trng ch yu sau:Hot ng BHPNT l mt hp ng c thi hn ngn: thng l mt nm hoc ngn hn. BHPNT ch bi thng v chi tr tin bo him khi c ri ro c bo him xy ra.

CHNG II: HOT NG CA NGHNH BO HIM VIT NAMI.HOT NG NGNH BO HIM X HI VIT NAM : 1. Ngun thu:

BHXH Vit nam l mt qu BHXH c qun l thng nht v s dng chi tr 5 ch BHXH . Trong qu trnh pht trin, BHXH Vit Nam tng thc hin c theo 2 m hnh: nh nc thc hin ton b (bao cp) v nh nc t chc c s tham gia ca gii ch v gii. Theo ngh nh 12/CP ngy 26/1/1995 ca chnh ph v vic ban hnh iu l quy nh: i tng tham gia BHXH c m rng cho c nhng ngi lao ng trong cc doanh nghip thuc cc thnh phn kinh t c s dng t 10 lao ng tr ln. Cng theo quy nh ny, qu BHXH c hnh thnh t: s ng gp ca ngi lao ng 5% tin lng, ngi s dng lao ng 15% qu lng. S d BHXH nm 2002 l 25.000 t ng. S ngi tham gia BHXH nm 2002 l 4,8 triu ngi. Ngoi ra, BHXH cn c ngun thu t li nhun u t. Li thu t u t ca qu BHXH nm 2002 l 1.100 t ng.

2. Ngun chi:T ngun thu ni trn qu BHXH Vit Nam s dng chi tr cc loi chi ph. S ngi c hng ch BHXH nm 2002 khong 190.950 ngi. l chi tr cho cc i tng c hng BHXH t sau 1/1/1995, v nhng i tngv hu. Trong nhiu nm gn y, BHXH Vit Nam c gng t cn i thu chi gim ngun tr cp t Ngn sch nh nc. Tuy vy, t nm 2002, hng nm qu BHXH thu khng chi, phi dng qu BHXH tn tch ca nhng nm trc chi tiu. D bo n khon nm 2035 th qu BHXH s ht kh nng chi tr. Hin nay, BHXH cn ang n lc ng gp vai tr trong qu trnh ci cch tin lng Vit Nam. Bi v qu BHXH ng gp c s dng chi tr 5 ch trong c ch hu tr v t tut. Nng cao mc sng ca nhng ngi lao ng thi lao ng th BHXH l mt mc tiu trng yu. Bn cnh tt c nhng vai tr quan trng trn y, BHXH vn cn tn ti rt nhiu hn ch: hn ch trong quy ch qun l thu BHXH, hn ch quy ch qun l chi tr cc ch BHXH, hn ch v quy ch bo ton v tng trng qu, hn ch trong quy ch cn i qu.

II.

HOT NG CA NGNH BO HIM Y T VIT NAM

Qua nh gi kt qu 10 nm thc hin chnh sch BHYT(1992-2002) chng ta c th a ra mt s nhn xt khi qut sau: S ngi tham gia bo him tuy c xu hng tng nhanh: Chnh sch Bo him y t (BHYT) sau gn 10 nm trin khai thc hin thu c nhng kt qu rt quan trng . S ngi tham gia BHYT tng nhanh tng nm, tnh n thi im nm 2002 c 12,7 triu ngi tham gia bo him y t ,chim 16% dn s trong c nc. Ngoi khu vc BHYT bt buc, cn c trn 4,2 triu ngi ang tham gia cc chng trnh BHYT x hi t nguyn

S dng qu BHYT Nhiu nm qua, ngun thu BHYT gn bng 1/3 Ngn Sch Nh nc dnh cho ngnh y t v 50% Ngn sch dnh cho lnh vc iu tr. Trn 90% bnh nhn chy thn chu k ti cc trung tm lc mu l ngi c th BHYT. Hng nm thanh ton qu BHYT cho hng ngn ngi mc bnh, vi chi ph ti hng chc triu ng mt ngi. Ngoi nhng dch v y t thit yu ,ngi c bo him BHYT cn c qu BHYT thanh ton chi ph cho cc dch v y t k thut cao nh cc k thut chun on hnh nh hin i (siu m mu ,chp nh ct lp vi tnh CT Scaner, cng hng t ht nhn MRI...cc phng php iu tr chi ph cao (thn nhn to ,iu tr ung th- ,m tim...) H thng BHYT v cc c s khm cha bnh phi hp tng cng tip cn dch v y t cho ngi tham gia BHYT, m bo cho bnh nhn BHYT c chm sc sc kho ngay ti y t tuyn x. n cui nm 2002, khong 50% trm y t x trong ton quc t chc khm cha bnh thng thng cho ngi c th BHYT. BHYT v cc bnh vin mt s thnh ph ln trin khai th im ci cch th tc hnh chnh trong tip nhn v khm bnh, k n cp thuc cho bnh nhn BHYT. Quyn li bnh nhn BHYT ngy cng c tng cng v m bo hn.

III. BO HIM THNG MI: 1. Vic hnh thnh ngnh bo him Vit Nam:Cng ty bo him u tin c thnh lp Vit Nam l cng ty bo him Vit Nam (Bo Vit)-tin thn ca tng cng ty bo him Vit Nam ngy nay. Bo Vit c thnh lp theo quy nh s 179/CP ngy 17/45/1964 ca chnh ph v chnh thc i vo hot ng ngy 15/01/1965. Bo Vit c tr s chnh ti H Ni v mt chi nhnh ti Hi Phng. Bo Vit hot ng kh thnh cng trn th trng bo him Vit Nam.

2. H thng cc cng ty bo him Vit Nam. 2.1 Cc cng ty bo him nh nc :Tnh n thng 5/2003, Vit Nam c 18 doanh nghip kinh doanh bo him: 3 doanh nghip nh nc, chim 75% th phn, 5 cng ty c phn, 5 cng ty lin doanh, 5 cng ty 100% vn nc ngoi. Di y l mt s cng ty in hnh. Tng cng ty bo him Bo Vit: hin nay Bo Vit l cng ty bo him ln nht Vit nam c chi nhnh v i l rng khp trn c nc. S vn ca bo him cng rt ln, tnh ring s qu d phng bo him cng chim trn 2200 t ng. Cng ty bo him thnh ph H Ch Minh (Bo Minh) Bo Minh c thnh lp theo quy nh s 1164 TC/Q/TCCB ngy 28/11/1994 v chnh thc i vo hot ng ngy 20/12/1994. Bo Minh c thnh lp vi s vn ng k kinh doanh l 40 t ng.

2.2 Cc cng ty bo him c phn: Cng ty bo him Petrolimex (PJICO): cng ty bo him Petrolimex lcng ty c phn u tin hot ng trong ngnh bo him c thnh lp ngy 15/06/1995 vi s vn kinh doanh ban u l 55 t ng.

2.3 Cc cng ty bo him lin doanh: Gm 5 cng ty: Cng ty lin doanh bo him quc t VIA: Cng ty ny chnh thc i vohot ng ngy 5/8/1996. VIA l kt qu ca s lin kt thnh lp bi 3 cng ty: Bo Vit- Vit Nam, commercial union-UK v Tokyo Marine and Fire insurance Co.-Nht Bn. Vn ng k kinh doanh ca cng ty l6000.000 la M. Trong Bo Vit gp 51% vn, 49% cn li chia u cho c hai cng ty nc ngoi. Tnh n nm 2000 th phn bo him ca cng ty chim 2%. Cng ty VIA ch tham gia bo him phi nhn th. Cng ty trch nhim hu hn bo him nhn th Bo Minh - CMG: y l cng Ty lin doanh gia tp on CMG (c) v cng ty bo him thnh ph H Ch Minh. Cng ty chnh thc i vo hot ng ngy 12/11/1999 vi thi hn hot ng 30 nm. S vn ng k kinh doanh ca cng ty l 10.000.000 USD.

2.4 Cc cng ty bo him 100% vn nc ngoi: Cng ty trch nhim hu hn BHNT Chinfon-Manulife: y l cng ty100% vn nc ngoi lin doanh gia tp on Chinhfon-i Loan v tp on Manulife-Canaa. Cng ty lin doanh ny chnh thc i vo hot ng t ngy 12/6/1999, c thi hn hot ng 50 nm. Vn ng k kinh doanh ca cng ty l 10.000.000 la M. Lnh vc hot ng l th trng BHNT. Cng ty trch nhim hu hn BHNT Prudential: y l mt cng ty 100% vn nc ngoi ca Anh Quc, chnh thc i vo hot ng t ngy 29/10/1999. Vn ng k kinh doanh 14.000.000 la M, hot ng trong thi hn 50 nm. Prudential c tc khai thc tng i tt, ch trng khuyn khch i l i v cc a phng khai thc v tuyn truyn qung co. Cng ty trch nhim hu hn BHNT quc t M (AIA): l mt cng ty 100% vn nc ngoi ca M, i vo hot ng t ngy 22/2/2000 vi s vn ng k kinh doanh l 14.000.000 la M, c thi hn hot ng 50 nm. Ngoi ra cn mt s cng ty bo him mi c cp giy php kinh doanh nh: cng ty lin hip bo him UIC, cng ty bo him Vit-c cng ty bo him du kh, cng ty c phn bo him Bo Bu, cng ty mi gii bo him Bo VitInchcape, cng ty c phn bo him Bo Long, cng ty Allianz, cng ty 100% vn nc ngoi Groupama-Gan hot ng trn lnh vc bo him nng nghip (cp cui nm 2001), cng ty lin doanh bo him gia ngn hng u t v pht trin Vit Nam vi mt i tc ca Australia ang ch giy php thnh lp.3. MI TRNG HOT NG CA CC CNG TY BO HIM VIT NAM.

3.1. Vit Nam l mt th trng bo him tim nng:Th nht, Vit Nam l mt con s cc quc gia ng dn trn th gii, nm 1999 dn s Vit Nam vo khong 76 triu dn. y l mt iu kin rt thun li cho s pht trin ca bo him. Thm vo , mi ngi khc nhau nhng tui khc nhau, gii tnh khc nhau li c nhng nhu cu bo him khc nhau nn th trng bo him s khng ngng thay i v pht trin. Th hai, ngun tin do dn nm gi chim 1 t l tng i ln khong 6-8 t la, trong c khong 64% l nm gi di dng bt ng sn. Do nhu cu bo him ti sn li nhiu. Th ba, nc ta ang bc vo giai on i mi ton din, i sng nhn dn khng ngng c ci thin, cc doanh nghip trong v ngoi quc doanh

c thnh lp. V iu ny nn ti sn ca con ngi s hu s tng ln, cc nguy c ri ro i vi con ngi v ti sn ca h cng tng ln. T nhu cu bo him cng tng. Th t, Vit Nam l dn tc c truyn thng tng thn tng i, l lnh m l rch. Tinh thn tng thn tng i cng chnh l ni dung ca bo him, v vy nt vn ho Vit Nam chnh l mt thun li ca bo him.

3.2 Bo him Vit Nam c 1 hip hi ring :Cc cng ty bo him Vit Nam thng nht thnh lp hip hi bo him Vit Nam t ngy 9/7/1999 theo quy nh ca b trng. Hip hi c 13 cng ty thnh vin gm 7 cng ty bo him Vit Nam, 3 cng ty lin doanh, 3 cng ty 100% vn nc ngoi. Hip hi bo him thc hin chc nng cu ni gia cc c quan qun l nh nc v hot ng kinh doanh bo him, thc hin quy ch t qun, duy tr mi trng cnh tranh lnh mnh v thc y hp tc trong kinh doanh gia cc doanh nghip bo him.

3.3 Bo him Vit Nam c hnh lang php l ringNh nc Vit Nam c cc thng t hng dn thi hnh lut kinh doanh bo him bo v li ch ca ngi c bo him, ngi kinh doanh bo him v cng chng. Mt s cc lut v vn bn di lut v kinh doanh cc loi hnh bo him c th c k n l: Lut dn s ngy 9/11/1995 lin quan n hp ng bo him ( mc 11, chng 2 t iu 271 n iu 584). Lut u t nc ngoi ti Vit Nam ngy 12/11/1996 (b sung, sa i ngy 9/6/2000) lin quan n doanh nghip c vn u t nc ngoi bo him ti sn v trch nhim vi cc doanh nghip bo him Vit Nam ( iu 28 chng 4) Ngoi ra cn c cc vn bn php l khc nh ngh nh s 72/1998/N- CP, ngh nh s 92/1998/N-CP, thng t s 71/2001/TT-BTC, thng t s 72/2002/TT-BTC chnh l c s php l cho hot ng kinh doanh bo him Vit Nam.

B. TI BO HIMS chuyn i sang nn kinh t th trng nc ta a nn kinh t ang ho nhp vi cc nc trong khu vc v trn th gii. X hi cng vn minh th nhu cu cn c bo v ca con ngi ngy cng ln. c bo v, con ngi s dng nhiu bin php: tch lu, dnh, i vay, tng tr ln nhau. Nhng bin php hu hiu hn c l bo him- vic chuyn giao ri ro cho cng ty bo him. Tuy nhin, ngay chnh bn thn cng ty bo him c th gp phi ri ro i hi c bo v. V cng ty bo him cng i tm kim ngi bo v cho mnh, l hnh thc ti bo him. Ti bo him nh l mt cng on trong chu trnh hot ng kinh doanh phn tn ri ro m bo kinh doanh v s sng cn cho mi t chc bo him v c th trng bo him ni chung. Bo him ni chung v nghip v bo him k thut ni ring l mt trong nhng ngnh ng gp nhiu cho s pht trin kinh t. Tuy lin tc tng trng nhng kh nng khai thc nghip v bo him k thut Vit Nam vn cha snh vi tim nng ca nghip v ny. Hn na, kh nng ng gp ca bo him k thut cho nn kinh t Vit Nam cn ph thuc vo kt qu kinh doanh ti bo him k thut c hiu qu hay khng. Hiu qu y c hiu l cc cng ty bo him trong nc cn nghin cu cc phng php ti bo him hp l sao cho: bng mt mc ph t nht, bo v c ti a trch nhim bo him, ng thi n nh kinh doanh cho cng ty bo him gc. Th trng bo him v ti bo him k thut Vit Nam cn non tr. Do vy, i vi cc cng ty bo him th y l mt mnh t mu m cn c khai thc sao cho c hiu qu v sinh nhiu li nhun. i vi nh nc th y l mt hot ng cn c s quan tm thch ng, qun l, h tr cc cng ty bo him trong nc c th cnh tranh c vi cc cng ty bo him nc ngoi ang hot ng ti Vit Nam.

CHNG IV : KHI QUT CHUNG V TI BO HIMI. KHI QUT CHUNG V TI BO HIM. 1. TI BO HIM V S PHT TRIN CA TI BO HIM. 1.1. Ti bo him l g? 1.1.1. S cn thit ca ti bo him.Mt cng ty bo him cng ging nh cc cng ty trch nhim hu hn hay mt cng ty c phn hay mt doanh nghip nh nc khc c thnh lp vi mt s vn nht nh nn phi chu trch nhim vi phn vn ca mnh i vi mi hot ng kinh doanh ca mnh trn thng trng, v tt nhin mt cng ty bo him th kh nng nhn bo him b gii hn trong phm vi s vn ny. Chnh v vy, trong qu trnh kinh doanh bo him, cc cng ty bo him lun b e da bi s ph sn bi: C nhng i tng tham gia bo him vi s tin tham gia bo him qu ln vt qu kh nng ti chnh ca cng ty bo him, do nu chp nhn ri ro v khi tn tht xy ra chc chn cng ty s b ph sn. Khi nhng ri ro c bo him xy ra lin tc trong mt thi gian ngn, lc cng ty bo him khng kh nng nh gi kim sot ri ro, cng tc chi tr, bi thng cng khng th lm mt cch cht ch v khi kh nng phi tuyn b ph sn l rt ln. i vi cng ty bo him mi thnh lp, mng li i l cha rng v thiu kinh nghim, cc khu cha hon chnh cng d b ph sn... C nhng trng hp phng php tnh ph cha tht chun xc v c nhng ri ro mi xut hin, ngnh bo him cha c s liu thng k y hoc khng kh nng qun l ri ro nn cha c bin php qun l hu hiu. ng trc thc trng c th b ph sn v m bo hot ng kinh doanh c hiu qu m vn c th nhn c nhng hp ng bo him c gi tr bo him ln, cc cng ty bo him phi lin kt vi nhau phn tn bt phn ri ro m mnh c th gp phi trong hp ng bo him m mnh nhn, mt trong nhng cch phn tn ri ro l ti bo him. V vy, mt nghip v mi xut hin trong cc cng ty bo him l cc cng ty ti bo him chuyn nghip ra i p ng nhu cu cho cc cng ty bo him v m bo cho ngi tham gia bo him. Nh vy, "ti bo him l s bo him cho nhng ri ro m ngi bo him phi gnh chu". Ni cch khc ti bo him l mt loi nghip v m ngi bo him s dng chuyn mt phn trch nhim chp nhn vi ngi c bo him cho ngi bo him khc, trn c s nhng li cho ngi bo him mt phn ph bo him thng qua hp ng ti bo him. Trong ti bo him, cng ty bo him gc (hay cng ty nhng ti bo him) nhn bo him cho ngi tham gia, sau chuyn giao mt phn ri ro nhn bo him cho cc cng ty nhn ti bo him (hay nh ti bo him). Khi tn tht xy ra thuc phm vi bo him, cng ty bo him gc phi bi thng cho

ngi c bo him trn c s kh nng ti chnh ca mnh, sau i li phn trch nhim t cng ty nhn ti bo him. y, ngi c bo him khng c quan h trc tip vi cng ty nhn ti bo him. Ti bo him c cc nh kinh t, cc nh bo him cng nhn v nh gi cao. Nhng nhn chung n c th hin trn mt s mt sau: * Phn tn ri ro, gp phn n nh ti chnh cho cc cng ty bo him gc, c bit trong trng hp xy ra s c thm ha mang tnh cht tch t, tp trung ri ro. * Gip cho cc cng ty nh mi thnh lp n nh v pht trin nh s t vn v nghip v t cc cng ty ti bo him. * Gp phn n nh i sng cho cng nhn vin trong cng ty bo him gc do cng ty bo him b ph sn v gin tip bo him quyn li ca ngi tham gia. * Ngoi ra, ti bo him cn gp phn n nh ngn sch nh nc, ng thi thc y quan h hp tc kinh t, x hi gia cc nc ,.... Ngy nay, ti bo him ngy cng pht huy tc dng v tr thnh phng thc hot ng quan trng ca hot ng kinh doanh bo him ca cc nc.

1.2. Lch s pht trin ca ti bo him. Trn th trng bo him th gii.Vo giai on cui cng ca thi i Trung C, khi ngnh bo him bt u pht trin v m rng Chu u th nhu cu ti bo him xut hin v ngy cng tng nhanh cng vi s pht trin ca nn kinh t T Bn Ch Ngha. Bn giao c c nht c bit n c tnh cht php l nh mt hp ng ti bo him c k kt vo thng 12/1370 ti thnh ph Genoa - Italy, bo him cho mt chuyn hng t Genoa ti Flader (Belgium). Vi s pht trin rng ri cc mi quan h thng mi gia cc thnh ph ca Italia cng nh cc nc Bc u dch v ti bo him cng pht trin theo. in hnh l Anh, nhng sau do c nhiu v li dng ti bo him nn chnh ph Hong Gia Anh ra lnh cm hot ng ti bo him trong lnh vc vn chuyn hng ha trn bin t 1746-1864. Tuy nhin cc loi hnh ti bo him khc vn pht trin nh: ti bo him chy, ti bo him nhn th... n gia th k XIX, nh p dng cc thnh tu khoa hc vo sn xut, kinh t cc nc t bn pht trin mnh, giao lu hng ho c tng cng cho nn ti bo him cng c iu kin hnh thnh cc t chc c lp. Nm 1864, cng ty ti bo him chuyn nghip u tin ra i ti c ly tn l Cng ty ti bo him Cologne (Kolnishe Ruck AG). Tip theo l s ra i ca hng lot cc cng ty ti bo him chuyn nghip nh: * Cng ty ti bo him Thy S (Swiss Re) nm 1863. * Cng ty ti bo him London (London Guarantee Reinsurance Co.,Ltd) nm 1869.

* Cng ty ti bo him Munich (Munchenes Ruck AG) nm 1880. Vic thnh lp cc cng ty ti bo him chuyn nghip l mt s kin c tnh cht quan trng trong vic pht trin ca ngnh bo him. Bng cch ti bo him, cc cng ty bo him c sn trong tay ngun m bo c lc cho hot ng kinh doanh ca h. Do , kh nng cnh tranh ca cc cng ty bo him gc v kh nng phc v ca cc cng ty ti bo him cng c ci tin bng vic m rng ti bo him cho cc loi hnh bo him vi cc th trng bo him nc ngoi. Hai cuc chin tranh th gii lm nh hng ti s pht trin ca ngnh bo him ni chung v ti bo him ni ring, nht l cc cng ty ti bo him c. c bit l chin tranh th gii ln th II nh hng n nn kinh t cc nc l rt ln, lm cho hot ng bo him v ti bo him b ngng tr, thm ch mt s nc, nh cm quyn cn trng dng c qu bo him phc v chin tranh. V vy m hot ng ti bo him gp rt nhiu kh khn. Tuy nhin, hot ng bo him v ti bo him Thy S vn rt pht trin. Sau chin tranh th gii ln th II, cc din Th gii thay i, h thng x hi ch ngha ra i v pht trin, phong tro gii phng dn tc cc nc thuc a ginh nhiu thng li, kinh t cc nc t bn ch ngha b khng hong nh hng rt nhiu ti hot ng ti bo him. C th l thi k ny hot ng ti bo him trn th gii c 3 c im sau: * S phc hi cc cng ty ti bo him ca cng ho lin bang c. * Thnh lp cc cng ty ti bo him ca cc nc x hi ch ngha vi c im thc hin c quyn v ti bo him v hn ch cc mi quan h vi cc nc t bn. * Cc nc chm pht trin mi ginh c lp cng thc hin c quyn ti bo him nh Achentina, Brazil, Chile, Th Nh K, Ai Cp v mt s nc Chu Phi, ng Nam ... lm thu hp th trng ti bo him quc t. Cho n nay, hot ng ti bo him ngy cng pht trin mnh m, rng khp v c mi quan h gia cc nc lm cho sc cnh tranh trong hot ng ti bo him tng ln ng k. Trn th trng bo him Vit Nam. Hot ng bo him nc ta ra i mun hn so vi th gii rt nhiu. Nm 1965, mt cng ty hot ng vi tnh cht thng mi ra i gi l Cng ty bo him Vit Nam, hot ng c quyn trong khong 30 nm, sau i thnh Tng cng ty bo him Vit Nam (Bo Vit). Nm 1993 khi chuyn sang nn kinh t th trng, nc ta c nhng bc pht trin ng k v ngnh bo him cng c s khi sc. Trc y, cc nghip v bo him v ti bo him u do Bo Vit m nhn th nay, sau khi ngh nh 100 - CP (18/12/1993) ca Chnh Ph ban hnh, mt lot cc cng ty bo him c thnh lp v i vo hot ng nh: Bo Minh, Bo Long, Pjico, PVI, PTI, Allianz, VIA, IAI, BIDV-QBE, SamsungVina, .... ngoi ra cn c cc cng ty bo him nc ngoi ang hot ng trn th trng bo him Vit Nam (mi ch trong lnh vc bo him nhn th) to ra s si ng cho th trng bo him Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, i vi mt th trng bo him cn non tr v mi bt u pht trin th vic hnh thnh mt cng ty ti bo him chuyn nghip l rt cn thit cho hot ng ca th trng bo him trong nc, ng thi tng cng mi quan h vi th trng bo him v ti bo him th gii. Chnh v vy, cng vi s ra i v pht trin ca cc cng ty bo him gc, hot

ng ti bo him Vit Nam cng ra i v pht trin. C th khi qut mt s nt v hot ng ti bo him nc ta nh sau: * T nm 1965-1975: giai on c quyn ca Bo Vit nhng cng ch thc hin ti bo him cho hng ho xut nhp khu v thn tu thu vi cc nc x hi ch ngha. y l giai on th nghim qu trnh pht trin hot ng bo him v ti bo him. * 1975-1994: hot ng ti bo him c m rng v pht trin hn. Trc thng 2-1993 Bo Vit gi li 5% v ti i 10% cho cc nc x hi ch ngha v 85% cho hi ti bo him Ty u. i vi dch v bo him hng khng, ti bo him ton b gi tr bo him thn my bay, mc trch nhim gi li rt t (2%). Cn ti bo him du kh l 80-90% cho cc cng ti bo him trn th gii. * Tuy hot ng ti bo him c s pht trin nhng mc gi li ca cc cng ty bo him gc l rt thp v hu nh ti i ton b, d c hng phn hoa hng nhng nh hng ti li nhun ca cng ty ti. khc phc nhng hin trng , chnh ph ra quyt nh thnh lp cng ty ti bo him Quc gia Vit Nam (vit tt l Vinare) ngy 20/12/1994 vi vn iu l l 40 t ng v chnh thc i vo hot ng ngy 01/01/1995. 2. CC HNH THC TI BO HIM. C 2 hnh thc ti bo him chnh l ti bo him tm thi v ti bo him c nh. Xt v xut x th ti bo him tm thi ra i trc, tuy nhin hnh thc ny dn bc l nhiu nhc im khin n c s dng t i v thay vo l hnh thc ti bo him c nh. Ngoi ra cn c mt hnh thc ti bo him na l s kt hp gia 2 hnh thc trn gi l ti bo him la chn-bt buc. 2.1. 2.1.1. Ti bo him tm thi (Facultative Reinsurance). Khi nim.

Ti bo him tm thi hay cn gi l ti bo him tu la chn, l hnh thc ti bo him c bn v c in nht. Theo hnh thc ny, cng ty bo him gc chuyn nhng cho cng ty ti bo him tng dch v hay tng n bo him mt cch ring l. V phn mnh, cng ty ti bo him c quyn nhn hay t chi dch v v n bo him . Cng ty bo him gc c ton quyn quyt nh ti bo him cho dch v no, vi t l bao nhiu, cho cng ty ti bo him no l tu h. Mt khc cng ty ti bo him c quyn nhn hay t chi hoc ch nhn ti bo him vi mt t l m h cho l thch hp. Cng ty bo him gc c ngha v phi cung cp cho cng ty ti bo him mi thng tin c lin quan n dch v c bo him. Trn thc t nh ti bo him cng tin hnh nh gi mc ri ro ca dch v ri quyt nh c nhn ti bo him hay khng m khng cn y cc chi tit.

2.1.2.

u nhc im

* u im: - Phng php ny cho php cc cng ty bo him nh, vi kinh nghim tng i hn ch c th cnh tranh nhn nhng dch v ln nm ngoi kh nng ca mnh, bi v h c th s dng c chuyn mn nghip v v kh nng vn ca cc th trng ti bo him quc t. - Cho php cng ty bo him gc nhn nhng dch v nm ngoi phm vi khai thc thng thng ca mnh. Nhng dch v nh vy ch yu l theo yu cu c bit ca khch hng m cng ty bo him gc phi chp nhn gi uy tn cho mnh. - Mt nhm cc cng ty bo him gc c quan h thn thit c kh nng trao i cc ri ro c nh gi l tt trn c s tm thi tin hnh phn tn ri ro v m bo doanh thu n nh. * Nhc im - i hi nhiu thi gian v mi dch v phi c gii quyt ring l. Cng ty bo him gc phi thu xp ti bo him tm thi trc khi nhn mt dch v, do vic quyt nh nhn bo him s b chm li cho n khi thu xp xong ton b ti bo him tm thi. Nh vy, cng ty bo him gc c kh nng phi nhng dch v cho nhng i th cnh tranh ln mnh hn, hoc nhn bo him m khng c bo v y bng ti bo him v i khi lm mt thin ch vi khch hng do chm tr. - Nhng cng vic lin quan n m phn, son tho hp ng v thanh ton rt tn km v do gim li nhun thu c. - Trc mi thi k ti bo him tip tc, cng ty bo him gc li phi lp li ton b quy trnh m phn trc khi trao i vi khch hng ca mnh. Cha k vic hy b hay thay i c th gy ra thm nhiu cng vic khc khng cn thit. - S cn thit phi tit l nhng thng tin v dch v nhn bo him c th dn n vic r r tin tc cho cc i th cnh tranh. 2.2. Ti bo him c nh (Obligatory-Reinsurance). 2.2.1. Khi nim. Ti bo him c nh hay cn gi l ti bo him bt buc, l hnh thc ti bo him m theo cng ty nhng phi nhng cho nh ti bo him tt c cc n v ri ro bo him gc m hai bn tho thun v quy nh trong hp ng. Ngc li, nh ti bo him cng buc phi chp nhn bo him ton b cc ri ro .

2.2.2. u, nhc im. * u im: - Gip cng ty nhng ch ng chp nhn, nh ph bo him cho ri ro bo him gc m khng phi mt thi gian tham kho kin ca ca nh ti bo him, do hp ng bo him s nhanh chng c k kt . - Cng ty nhng c nh ti bo him bo v cho mi ri ro thuc phm vi hp ng, do kh nng an ton ca cng ty bo him c m bo. - Vic nhn ti bo him theo hp ng c nh cho php cng ty ti bo him nhn c nhiu dch v hn so vi vic nhn tng hp ng tm thi n l. Nh ti bo him c iu kin thu c ph ln, ph hp vi nguyn tc "quy lut s ng" gip nh ti bo him c iu kin y mnh tin b k thut ca ngnh bo him bng vic chp nhn ri ro mi. * Nhc im: - Thng thng n c tnh n nh cho mt giai on nht nh, do thiu tnh linh hot trc nhng thay i ca cng ty chuyn nhng. - V mi ri ro phi em ti i cho nn ng v pha cng ty nhng nhng n v ri ro c s tin bo him nh vn phi em ti i trong khi kh nng ti chnh ca h vn c kh nng m ng c. - Nu cng ty nhng thiu kinh nghim, c bit s sut vic k kt hp ng bo him gc th hu qu i vi cc nh ti bo him rt kh lng trc c. 2.3. Ti bo him la chn - bt buc (Facultative-Obligatory Reinsurance). 2.3.1. Khi nim. Ti bo him him la chn - bt buc l mt hnh thc bo him m cng ty nhng khng bt buc phi nhng tt c nhng dch v m mnh nhn bo him, nhng ngc li nh ti bo him bt buc phi chp nhn cc dch v m cng ty nhng a vo tho thun ny vi iu kin l nhng dch v phi ph hp vi ni dung v iu khon qui c ca hp ng ti bo him tho thun. Cc bn tham gia hp ng ti bo him tu la chn- bt buc cn phi c s trung thc tuyt i m bo li ch cho cc nh nhn ti bo him. 2.3.2. u, nhc im. * u im: - Cng ty nhng ti bo him khng bt buc phi nhng tt c nhng dch v m mnh nhn bo him. H c la chn dch v cho ti bo him tng phn trch nhim vt qu kh nng gi li ca mnh cho mt hoc mt s nh ti bo him m h la chn, thay v em phn chia ton b cc phn vt qu kh nng y cho cc nh ti bo him. Tuy nhin, cng ty nhng khng c li dng hnh thc ti bo him ny la chn nhng ri ro xy ra tn tht a vo

hp ng v gi li nhng ri ro c an ton cao hn. phng nga trng hp ny xy ra, nh ti bo him phi nm c ca cng ty nhng, xem xt k cc ri ro m cng ty nhng em ti bo him v thng xuyn canh chng din bin ca tho c m mnh k kt. - Ngi nhn ti bo him c iu kin thu c mt ngun ph ti bo him ln hn v c phn thng bng hn so vi cc hnh thc ti bo him tm thi. - Cng ty nhng ti bo him c iu kin em cho ti bo him bo him tng phn trch nhim thng d so vi kh nng t gi li ca mnh cho mt nh ti bo him duy nht hay cho mt s nh ti bo him m h la chn thay cho vic phi em phn chia tt c phn thng d so vi kh nng t gi li ca mnh cho cc nh ti bo him. Tuy nhin, cch ti bo him nh th ny thng ch c th thc hin c bng cch cho cho cc nh ti bo him c tim lc tht ln v ch c h mi c th nhn cc gi tr bo him cao. * Nhc im: - Nh ti bo him khng c quyn t chi nhng ri ro m ngi ti bo him chuyn cho h. Tuy nhin, nhng ri ro phi ph hp vi ni dung v iu khon quy c trong hp ng ti bo him c nh. - Hnh thc ny khng thun li lm cho cc nh ti bo him, bi v ngun dch v a vo hp ng ny khng thng xuyn v tn tht gy ra rt tht thng. Cc bn tham gia hp ng cn phi c s trung thc tuyt i m bo cho cc nh ti bo him nhn c cc dch v hp l. - Trng hp cng ty nhng c nhiu n v ri ro cn em ti bo him th chi ph hnh chnh cho vic p dng hnh thc ny rt tn km. 3. CC PHNG PHP TI BO HIM. * Ti bo him theo t l (ti bo him theo s tin bo him). * Ti bo him phi t l (ti bo him theo mc bi thng).

3.1. Ti bo him theo t l. Ti bo him theo t l hay cn gi l ti bo him theo s tin bo him, l phng thc ti bo him m trong trch nhim ca cng ty nhng ti bo him v nh ti bo him i vi n v ri ro c bo him phn b theo t l tham gia ca mi bn trn c s s tin c bo him. Phng thc ny c chia lm hai loi:

- Ti bo him s thnh. - Ti bo him mc di. 3.1.1. Ti bo him s thnh. Theo phng thc ny, cng ty nhng gi li cho mnh mt t l nht nh so vi s tin bo him, phn cn li ti i. Do , ph bo him v s tin bo him cng c phn b gia cng ty nhng v nh ti bo him theo t l tng ng. u im ca phng thc ny l tnh ton n gin, t tn km v cng ty nhn ti bo him tham gia vo mi ri ro cho nn phn tn u tn tht. Do , m bo cn i thu chi cho c hai cng ty nhng v cng ty nhn ti. Tuy nhin, phng thc ny buc cng ty nhng phi ti i mi ri ro cho nn khng khai thc ht kh nng ca cng ty lm nh hng n li nhun, mt khc cng ty nhng khng khng ch c t l bi thng i vi mc gi li nn cng nh hng n kt qu kinh donh. Ti bo him s thnh c s dng trong bo him trch nhim dn s, bo him vn chuyn hng ho, ... v thng kt hp ti bo him mc di. 3.1.2. Ti bo him mc di. c trng ca ca ti bo him mc di l cng ty nhng n nh mc gi li, s di ra ti i. Trong ti bo him mc di trch nhim ca ngi nhn c xc nhn theo lp, tc l bi s ca mc gi li. Do , ph bo him v s tin bo him bi thng c phn b theo t l tng ng gia cng ty nhng v nh ti bo him. Phng thc ny c nhiu im tch cc hn so vi ti bo him s thnh. Th nht l ngi nhng c th ch ng tnh ton v gi li c mt cch n nh s ph cho ph hp vi kh nng ti chnh ca mnh. Th hai l i vi nhng hp ng c s tin bo him nh th ngi nhng c th c gi li ton b. Khc vi ti bo him s thnh, ngi nhn ti trong ti bo him theo mc di s khng tham gia vo mi n v ri ro m ch can thip khi n v ri ro c s tin bo him ln hn mc gi li ca ngi nhng. Hn ch ca ti bo him di hnh thc ny l ngi nhng ny vn c b e do bi nhng trng hp tch t ri ro v khng th p dng cho bo him trch nhim dn s khng gii hn. Hn na y cn l mt hnh thc i hi cng tc qun l hp ng phc tp v tn km. 3.1.3. Ti bo him kt hp s thnh - mc di. Vic phn chia trch nhim v quyn li gia cc bn c tin hnh theo trnh t tng hp ng. Trc ht tin hnh phn b cho hp ng mc di. Kt hp gia hnh thc ti bo him s thnh v ti bo him mc di c tc dng lm gim nh trch nhim ca hp ng s thnh, ng thi cng ty nhng phi lo thu xp ti bo him tm thi.

3.2. Ti bo him phi t l Ti bo him phi t l hay cn gi l ti bo him theo mc bi thng bo him, l mt phng thc ti bo him m trong cng ty nhng ti bo him n nh gii hn bi thng bng mt s tin m h c th t gnh chu cho tn tht, l hu qu ca tng s c i vi mt hoc nhiu loi bo him m mnh m trch, cn phn tn tht vt qu mc gii hn c chuyn cho nh ti bo him gnh chu. Cc phng thc ti bo him theo t l lin quan n cc mc t l ca gi tr i tng chu ri ro. Trong khi cc phng thc ti bo him phi t l nhn nhn theo cch khc v c da trn cc tn tht ch khng phi l s tin bo him. C hai phng thc ti bo him c bn sau: * Ti bo him vt mc bi thng. * Ti bo him vt t l bi thng. 3.2.1. Ti bo him vt mc bi thng. Theo phng thc ny, cng ty nhng n nh s tn tht vt qu im t bi thng chuyn giao cho nh ti bo him, v nh ti bo him nhn ti theo tng lp. Ti bo him vt mc bi thng c cc dng sau: - Ti bo him vt mc bi thng m bo nghip v khng hn mc. - Ti bo him vt mc bi thng c hn mc tng s c. - Ti bo him vt mc bi thng m bo tai ho khc lit. 3.2.2. Ti bo him vt t l bi thng. Theo phng thc ny, cng ty nhng khng ch trch nhim bi thng mt t l nht nh, t l bi thng vt qu mc quy nh c chuyn giao cho nh ti bo him. Phng php ny gip cho cng ty nhng chng li s gia tng t bin ca t l bi thng trong mt ngnh bo him hay mt dng dch v bo him no trong mt thi gian quy nh, bt lun tnh trng do nguyn nhn no xy ra.

S tin bi thng T l bi thng = --------------------Ph thu 3.2.3. Ti bo him kt hp mc di v vt mc bi thng.

Theo phng thc ny vic phn chia trch nhim ban u c tin hnh cho hp ng mc di trc. Khi tn tht xy ra cc nh ti bo him vt mc bi thng s bo v cho cng ty nhng hoc cng ty nhn ti bo him mc i tu theo yu cu, v cng ty no c bo v th cng ty phi np ph t cc. Nu nm sau tn tht khng xy ra, cng ty c bo him khng c i li khon ph ny. Phng php ny c tc dng lm gim nh trch nhim cho cng ty nhng hay cng ty nhn ti bo him mc di khi c tn tht ln xy ra. ng thi phng php ny cng c tc dng i vi cng ty mi thnh lp, t kinh nghim. Hn na phng php ny cn rt ph hp vi nhng nghip v ti bo him ngn hn, gip cng ty nhng ti bo him mc di khng phi m nhng hp ng tm thi vo dp cui nm nghip v.