1 CHNG 1 M U 1.1. T VN PhnloirctingunlchtrnglncaNhncvccngb"ticc Nghquyt,ccchtrngcangvNhnc,nhtltrongnhngnmgn y. Phnloirctingunphcvchocngtctichnhmmcdchcuicngl hn ch n mc c th lng cht thi rn thp nht trc khi a i x l chng.Vidns"Thnhph"HChMinhl5.547.900ngi(2002)sinhsngtrn dintch2.093,7km2ca24qun,huyn,vihn800nhmyringr,500nh mynmtrong12khucngnghiptptrung,03khuchxut,01khucngngh cao,59bnhvin,hn300trungtmytvgn6.000phngkhmtnhn.Mi ngythnhph"HChMinhrakhong4.500-4.900tnchtthirnsinh hotlnlnt14n24thnhphnkhcnhau(baogmcchtthisinhhot nguyhi),1.000-1.100tnchtthirnxydng,khong1.000tnchtthirn cngnghip(trongckhong200tnchtt hinguyhi)v7-9tnchtthi rn y t. Mc gia tng ca khi lng cht thi rn th khong 15- 20% nm. Sau khi c thu gom t cc ngun pht sinh, mt phnc phn loi, ti sinh, ti chvtraoi,huhtlngchtthirntrnucvnchuynlnbichn lp,ylcngnghxlchtthirnthuntyduynhtcpdngthnh ph H Ch Minh. Vihthngnhtrn,hngnmmcdphichirat300-400tngcho cng tc qut dn v sinh, thu gom, trung chuynv vn chuyn, x l v chn lp (chi ph ny ngy cng tng theo khi lng cht thi rn) thnh ph" H Ch Minh 2 vnphiimtvinhiuvnvqunlvmitrng,cbitlnhim mitrngticcbichnlprc.Vmtnghchlnaltrongkhiphitnrt nhiutinmuaphnhohcvphnhuc(kctnngoitnhpngoi) th mi ngy thnh ph" H Ch Minh ang b i khong 3.000- 3.500 tn cht hu c m sau khi qua ch bin khng my tn km c th s dng lm cht cito t b chaicng do thi quen ch s dng phn bn ha hc hoc lm phn bn cho hng trm ngn hecta t trng rau sch v b hoang ha xung quanh thnh ph H Ch Minh. Thctqunlchtthirnthhinnaychothy,trongkhikhuthugomv vn chuyn c nhiu ci tin vc u t ng k nng cao hiu sut v ci thinchtlngmitrng,thkhuxlvndmchntich,ccdnlm compost u tht bi, gii quyt cc vn nhim mi trng t cc bi chn lp dmchntichgnnhkhngclthot,cnphicphngthctipcn giiquytvnmihnvcchmnghn.Quakinhnghimqunlchtthi rn th ca cc nc pht trin v ang pht trin, phn tch cc iu kin thc t cathnhph"HChMinh,phnloichtthirntingunchcchnsl phngnquantrngnhtgpphngiiquytcbnchoccvnvmoi trng do cht thi rn sinh ra. gimplcthugomvxlcucng,bncnhdngnhngbinphpphn loichtthithquytrnhtichtichchtthisinhhothucthnhphnvi sinh dui s tham gia ca vi sinh vt (Trn qu) s lm gim p lc ng k vi cc bi chn lp, cc vn nhimmoi trng ti ngun hay ti bi chn lp cng nh to ra mt loi phn bn sch c cht lng cao p ng c nhu cu canh tc v ci to t. 3 1.2.MC TIU, NI DNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN cu CA E TI 1.2.1. Mc tiu ca ti Ccmc tiu chnh ca ti Nghin cu phn loi rc ti ngun v ti ch ti ch cht hu c vi s tham gia ca trn qu thnh phn bn vi sinh phc v cy trng l : -Gim thiu n mc thp nht cc cht thi rn sinh hot bng phng php ti ch v ti s dng ti ngun trc khi x l cui cng.-S dng tc nhn trn qu tham gia qu trnh phn hy cht thi rn hu c to thnh phn vi sinh phc v cy trng.1.2.2. Ni dung ca ti ti nghin cu nhm thc hin vi cc ni dung chnh sau :-Khi qut v hin trng CTRSH Tp.HCM. -Kho st, nh gi hin trng ti ch v ti s dng CTRSH. nh gi, nhn xt. -Nghin cu phn loi CTRSH ti ngun phc v cho vic ti ch ti ch CTRHC thnh phn vi sinh. -Nghin cu vai tr ca Trn qu trong phn hy cht hu c.-Thit k, xy dng m hnh phn hy CTRHC vi s tham gia ca Trn qu thnh phn vi sinh. -a ra cc thng s" mi trng tu nhm gip cho qu trnh phn hy din ra nhanh hn v hiu qu hn. -Trin khai m hnh. -nh gi - nhn xt kt qu nghin cu. 4 1.2.3. Phng php nghin cu - ti s p dng phng php nghin cu datrn cc m hnh thc nghim s dng ngun rc t cc hgia nh thnh ph" H Ch Minh. -S dng con trn qu tham gia qu trnh nghin cu ny.-Phng php kho st thc t. -Phng php so snh. 1.3. NGHA KHOA HC, THC TIEN -Gimkhilngrcthi,mihiphtsinhtingunvgimlngrcti bi chn lp. -Gim chi ph u t cho cng tc thu gom v x l cht thi.-SdngtcnhntrnQuthamgiaqutrnhphnhychtthirnhuc ti ngun sau khi phn loi. -Tongunphnbnvisinhcchtlngcaothaythphnhahcsdng qutrnhtrngtrt.Phnvisinhlsnphmcarchucphnloiv Trn qu c kh nng ci to t cho cy trng pht trin tt hn.-araccchs"mitrng(pH,nhit,m,nhsng...)choqu trnhphnhychtthirnhucsaukhiphnloiviTrnquthiu qu cao. CHNG 2 HIN TRNG QUN L CHT THI RN TH THNH PH H CH MINH 2.1.TNG QUAN VE THNH PH H CH MINH Thnh ph" H Ch Minh nm trong vng trng im kinh t pha Nam, nm ng tquctgiaccconnghnghitBcxungNam,tngsangTy,l 5 tmimcakhuvcngNam.Vivtrchinlcquantrngvthunli thnhph"HChMinhtrthnhtrungtmkinhtxhicacncvca khu vc. Thnh ph" H Ch Minh c din tch 2.958 km2, dn s" 6,117 triu ngi v c donnnm2010dns"slnn7,5-7,7triungi.Vitcth ha v cng nghip ha cao, s" lng dn c, cc nh my v cc khu cng nghip tngnhanh,thnhph"angphichumtscplnvlngchtthirnra mi ngy ca hn 6 triu dn vi hn 800 nh my ring r, hn 28.0c s sn xut, 12 khu cng nghip, 3 khu ch xut v 1 khu cng ngh cao, 59bnhvin,gn400trungtmchuynkhoa,trungtmytvhn5.000phng khm t nhn ... Vvy,qutrnhhotngvsnxutsnsinhramtlngchtthirn thgn7000tn/ngynhhngnghimtrngnmitrngvedanqu trnh pht trin kinh t. 2.2.NGUN PHT SINH, KHI LNG V THNH PHAN CHAT THI RN TH 2.2.1.Ngun pht sinh cht thi rn th Cc ngun pht sinh cht thi rn th gm c :-Cht thi rn sinh ra t: cc khu nh (bit th, h gia nh ring l,chung c, ...). -Cht thi sinh ra t khu thng mi v dch v (ca hng, ch, siu th, qun n, nh hng, khch sn, nh ngh, trm dch v, ...).-Cht thi sinh ra t khu c quan (trng hc, vin v trung tm nghin cu, cc c quan hnh chnh nh nc, vn phng cng ty, nh t, ...).6 -Cht thi t cc hot ng dch v cng cng (qut dn v v sinhng ph", cng vin, khu gii tr, ta cy xanh,...).-Cht thi t sinh hot (n ung, v sinh, ...) cacc khoa, bnh vinkhng lynhim,tsinhhotcacnb,cngnhntrongcccscngnghip (khu cng nghip, nh my, c s sn xut va v nh), v t cng tc no vt cng rnh thot nc. 2.2.2. Khi lng v thnh phn cht thi rn th Khi lng Vidns"5.551.554ngi(2004)vhn300.000khchvnglai,hngngy thnhph"HChMinhthiramtkhilngrtlnchtthirnsinhhotvi nhiuthnhphnkhcnhau,baogmkhong4.500-5.000tnCTRsinhhot,k cchtthirnnguyhictrongCTRsinhhot,khonghn1.000tnxbn (chtthirnxydng)vhn14tnCTRyt.Tngkhilngchtthirn sinh hot ca thnh ph" H Ch Minh c tnh n nm 2010 c trnh by trong Bng 2.1. Bng 2.1 : Khi lng cht thi rn sinh hot (khng k x bn) ca Tp. HCM tnh n nm 2010 7 Ghi ch : (*) Dn s t nm 1996 n nm 2001 ly t nin gim thng k ca thnh ph' H Ch Minh. (**) Khi lng CTRSH t nm 1992 n nm 2002 do Cng ty mi trng th Tp.HCM cung cp. NmDn s' (ngi) (*)Khi lng cht thi rn sinh hot Tn/nm (**)Tn/ngyKg/ngi/ngy 19964.748.5961.058.4682.9000,61 19974.852.590983.8112.6950,56 19984.957.856939.9432.5750,52 19995.011.4871.066.2722.9210,58 20005.117.1291.483.9634.0660,79 20015.223.9751.369.3583.7520,72 20025.332.0061.508.5434.1330,78 20035.441.2061.608.5184.4070,81 20045.551.5541.708.4934.6810,84 20055.663.0291.808.4684.9550,87 20065.775.6101.908.4435.2290,91 20075.889.2742.008.4185.5030,93 20086.003.9972.108.3935.7760,96 20096.119.7542.208.3686.0500,99 20106.236.5192.308.3436.3241,01 8 ThctchothykhilngCTRphtsinhtccngunkhngcokim ring,nhngquathctcngtcthugom,vnchuynvthngquas"liu thng k ca Cng ty mi trng th thnh ph" H Ch Minh, c th c tnh tlkhilngrcphtsinhtccngunsovitngkhilngrcsinhhot nh sau : Bng2.2:Tlkhilngrcphtsinhtccngunsovitngkhilngrc sinh hot Rcng ph" Rccngs Rc ch Rckhuthng mai Hnh2.1:T lkhilngrcphtsinht ccngunso vi tng khi lng rc sinh hot Thnh phn Rc thi sinh hot cchuynchn cc bi rcchim t l lnchtthi hu c d phn hy, cc loi plastic kh ti ch, rc thi t cc c s sn xut hng STTNgun pht sinhT l (%) so vi tng lng rc sinh hot 1Rc h dn57,91 2Rc ng ph"14,29 3Rc cng s2,8 4Rc ch13 5Rc khu thng mi12 Rc h dn 9 tiuthcngnghipnh:visi,giycaosuvcharttchtthinguyhi nh : Pin, bng n ... KtquphntchthnhphnchtthirnsinhhottiThnhPh"HChMinh theoccngunphtsinhkhcnhau(thgianh,trnghc,nhhng,khch sn, ch...) n trm trung chuyn v bi chn lp nh sau :10 Bng 2.3 : Thnh phn cht thi rn sinh hot ca thnh ph H Ch Minh t ngun pht sinh n bi chn lp STTThnh phn%khi lng H gia nh Nh hng, khch sn Rc chTrng hc B rc & trm trung chuyn Bi chn lp 1Thc phm60,0-91,079,5-100,065,0-95,023,5-75,878,0-83,060,0-90,0 2Giy1,5-10,00,0-2,80,5-25,01,5-27,52,0-6,01,0-4,0 3Carton0,0-0,30,0-0,50000 4Vi0,5-4,000,0-18,51,0-3,80,5-,066,0-12,0 5Ti nylon0,0-3,00,0-5,32,0-19,08,5-34,46,0-25,010,0-30,0 6Nha0,0-1,00,0-6,00,0-1,53,5-18,900 7Da0,0-2,000,0-1,00,0-20,20,0-1,00,0-0,2 8G0,0-2,500,0-0,500,0-2,00 9Cao su mm0,0-2,800,0-0,6000,0-0,2 10Cao su cng0,0-1,0000,0-4,000 11Lon hp0,0-1,30,0-1,50,0-0,600,0-0,10 12Kim loi mu0,0-0,500,0-1,3000 11 13St0,0-3,000,0-0,10,0-4,000 14Thu tinh0,0-3,60,0-1,00,0-0,300,0-0,10 15Snh s0,0-9,00,0-1,30,0-1,200,0-0,20,0-0,4 16X bn, tro000,0-5,01,3-2,50,0-0,40,0-1,5 17Pin0,0-2,00000,0-1,00 18Bng bng0,0-25,000000 19Tre, rm r0,0-9,00000,0-0,90 20V s , xng V000000 21B sn00000,0-0,30 22Thng ng sn000000 23Mica000000 24Styrofoam0,0-1,30,0-2,10,0-6,31,0-2,000 Ngun : Centema 2002 12 Thnhphnchtthirnsinhhottheoktquphntchchothy,chimt trng cao nht l thc phm (60-90%), trung bnh khong 75% tng ng tng khilngchtthirnchvobirc.Ttrngtonbccphncnli khong25%.Thnhphntrungbnhthpnhtlcaosu,snhs(0,2-0,4%).Ba thnhphnthngthngnhttrongsinhhotcangidnthlnylon- nha (10-30%), vi (6-12%), giy (1-4%). Rcch,nhhng,khchsnctlchthuclunmccao.Rcticc cngs,trnghc,khuthngmictlccchtcthtich,tis dng cao. 2.2.3.nh gi - nhn xt Vidns"ngycngphttrin,iivisgiatngdns"thkhilng rc pht sinh cht thi rn sinh hot ngy cng ln. Hin nay Cng ty mi trng th m trch vic qun l thu gom, vn chuyn rc v x l. Tuy nhin vi s giatngkhilngrcmingythvnhthngqunlrcngycngqu ti v pht sinh cc vn khc...Sgiatngnhanhvs"lngchtthirnsinhhotdnnthiuhtcc phng tin lm vic, iu kin dch v km, khng hp v sinh ...Ngoisgiatngvkhilngththnhphnchtthirncngngycnga dng,chimtlcaonhtvnlchtthirnhucdphnhy(60-90%), ngoirasxuthinngycngnhiuchtthirnnguyhictrongrcthi sinh hot. Bn cnh s gia tng v khi lng v thnh phn th vn nhim nc r rc t cc bi cha, lu lng nc r rc, khthi t bi chn lp ngy cng ln dn nvicgynhimmitrng,nhhngnsckhecngngdnc sng ti khu vc c bi chn lp. 13 Trung chuyn & vn chuyn Sgiatngvkhilngvthnhphntoslungtngtcnghipcacc bphnphngban,banthammuCngtyviccphng, bantrcthucsTi NguynvMiTrngdnnkhkhnvvictrinkhaiccquytrnhthu gom, vn chuyn. Dovy,giiquytcngnhhnchchtthirnsinhhotavomi trng ngy gia tng, ng k nht lcht thi rn hu c d phn hysinh hc, thihicnphicbinphpgimthiungaytingunbngcngtcphn loi v x l ngay ti ch vi nhng thnh phn no c th ti ch.Cccquanthamgiaqunl,thugomvqunlcnsmaranhngbin phpthchhpnhmhnchthpnhtkhilngchtthirnavomi trng ngy cng gia tng theo thi gian. 2.3. HIN TRNG QUN L CHAT THI RAN TH 2.3.1.S h thng qun l cht thi rn th Tp.HCM S tng qut h thng qun l cht thi rn th thnh ph" H Ch Minh c trnh by tm tt trong Hnh 2.2.Ngun pht sinh Tn tr ti ngun Thu gom Ti sinh, ti ch & x ly Bi chn lp 14 Hnh 2.2: S tng qut ca h thng qun l cht thi rn th 15 nh gi - nhn xt Thctcutrchthngqunlchtthirntithnhph"HChMinhcho thy,cngtcthugomchtthirndo2hthngcngthchinlcci v sinh do nh nc qun l v h thng thu gom rcdn lp. H thng thu gom cht thi rn do nh nc qun l (cc i v sinh qun) hot ng ch yu cc khu vc cng cng v cc ng ph" chnh. H thng thu gom rc dn lp, hot ngchyutrongcchmvkhuph".Ngoira,mtcchkhngchnhthc, mts"ivsinhquncngthamgiathugomchtthirnthgianh (hotngngoigi)theocchthcnhithugomrcdnlp(thuphth gianh).Cccngonvnchuyn,trungchuynvxlrchontondo NhNc(CITENCOvCngtydchvcngchmts"qun)mnhn khong83%tngkhilngrcthivHptcxcngnngmnhn17% khi lng cn li. Hthngnychhotngttnhngkhuvcchthngthugomhon chnh,nhtlccvngnithnh.viccvngngoithnhthkhnngp dng cha tht s c hiu qu. Vihthngthugomnutrnthcngtctich,tisdngtingunpht sinhchathtssdnghiuqu(chaphnloichtthirnsinhhotti ngun),hthngngyphnlnthugomhiuqu(trit)ccthnhphncht thi rn pht sinh ti ngun. Thnhph"hnhthnhiqunnhtrcngotrnngph",b rc, trm trung chuyn, bi chn lp (nay ng ca) ti thnh ph" gy mt an ninh tt t . Vihthngqunlnythkhilngchtthirnavocngonxl cuicngcnchimtlcao,dothnhphnchtthirnhucdphnhy 16 cha c quan tm ti ch, ti s dng thnh cc sn phm c li.Dokhilngchtthirncnphiankhuxltptrungnncnphi huyngmts"lnglnccloiphngtinthugomvvnchuynkc conngi.Mtvnccpnlvnktxekhicsxuthincc loi phng tin ny. Vi h thng qun l cht thi rn ny th i hi cn phic din tch t ln tipnhnkhilngrcthihngngycnphithugomvvnchuyn...Cc c s thu mua ph liu, ti sinh, ti ch v ti s dng c hnh thnh v hot ngchiuqugiiquytngkmtkhilngtngilnchtthi a vo mi trng, bn cnh s gim thiu v s" lng cht thi rn th vn gy nhim nng n n mi trng sng ca khu dn C.Hthngqunlchtthirnthcnphiutmts"trmtrungchuyn vvnchuynnhmtipnhnchtthirntccngunthiv,gykhkhn chovictmkimaimthchhp,gynhimticckhuvcctcc trm ny. Ccthnhphnrcckhnngtich,tisdngcngcgialiticc cngonthugom,trungchuyn,vnchuyn...sdngchovictich thnh cc sn phm c ch. Bn cnh u t mnh v lc lng qun l cht thi rn sinh hot ca Nh Nc th thnh phn t nhn chim v tr quan trng nhng khu vc kh khn, nhng kh nng u t cc phng tin thugom cn hn ch v kh qun l. Vi h thng qun l cht thi rn hin nay c nh Nc bao cp mt phn ph thu gom ti nh v ton b ph vn chuyn v x l.Hin nay Thnh ph" ang c nhiu d n u t ln v xe vn chuyn, ch bin compost,tvtisinhnnglng,cbitlnhhngxhihoccdch 17 v qun l cht thi rn th. 2.3.2.S h thng thu gom v vn chuyn Hthngthugomvnchuynchtthirncathnhph"HChMinhc m t trong Hnh 2.3 : Hnh 2.3 : H thng thu gom vn chuyn cht thi rn Tp.HCM HinnayCngtymitrngththnhph"angchutrchnhimchuyn ch 53% khi lng cht thi rn th ca thnh ph" H Ch Minh, Hp tc x cngnngchuynch17%,phncnli30%doccCngtydchvcngch cc qun huyn chuyn ch. Hinnaygn6.200tnchtthirncaTp.HCMangcthugom,vn Cha trong thng 240-660 lt (Trc tip) NGUN THI RC SINH HOT THNG 18 chuyn vchn lp ti 3 bichn lp : ng Thnh (Qun 12) hin nay ng bi mt phn v ch cn nhn x bn, G Ct (qun Bnh Tn) kh nng tip nhn 2.000-2.500tn/ngyvbichnlpPhcHip(CChi)khnngtipnhn 2.500-3.000tn/ngy.Mtphnchtthirncngnghipctisinh,tich v x l timt s" nhmy cacccng ty trch nhim hu hn v c s nh. ChtthirnytcthugomvxlbngphngphpttiBnhHng Ha. 2.4.HINTRNGCNGTCTICHCHATTHIRANTHTHNH PH H CHI MINH S h thng ti ch cht thi ti Tp.HCM Ngun ph liu : Hnh 2.4 : H thng ti ch cht thi ti Tp.HCM 19 Hin trng thu mua ph liu i- Cht thi rn sinh hot t h gia nh Tythucvomcthunhpmmihgianhckhilng,thnhphnrc khcnhaucngnhcchphnloicngkhc,dokhkhnvkinhtnnphn lncchngho(thunhpthp)thngcthiquenphnloiccphli uc gi tr nh : Bao nylon, nha, chaiming thy tinh, giy, lon nhm ... vlu tr n khi khi lng ln ri bn cho ngi mua ve chai, phn rc cn li khng c gi tr c b ch yu l rcthc phm vccthnh phn khng th bn c.Tuynhinhiuqucavicphnloircticchgianhnylcha cao. Ngc li, rc t cc h gia nh c thu nhp cao thng ch nhiu ph liu cthtisdnghnnh:Lonbia,lonhp,giy,nha...nhngkhng c thu gom ring ribn m h thu gom v cha chung vi cc thnh phn rc khc, trn ln vo nhau. 4- Cc i tng nhc rt C th ni i tng nht rc ngoi ng bao gm mi la tui thuc cc gia nh c hon cnh kh khn vi s" lng ngi tham gia chim khong 250.0- 300.000 ngi. 4- Ngi th ma ph liu (ve chai) do itngnythngcavcaohnitngnhtrc,hthngchot ng ngh nghip n nh hn. Phn ln tng tham gia mua ph liu l ph n,nhngngichoncnhkinhtkhkhn(xaqu,nhngcon...),h thngtptrungsngthnhtngxm,tngkhuchuynlmcngngnhngh. Trnh hc vn thp v khng ngh nghip.- Va ve chai qu m va v nh Phliumua/nhttcchgianhscbnchoccvathumuanhgn . Do yu cu v cht lng ph liu cc c s thu mua ph liu ni chung v 20 cc va nh ni ring l kh cao, cc loi ph liu khng cht lng, qu bn hoc m t s khng thu mua vi gia cao. V vy khi lng ph ngi thu mua dobnchoccvcchcnkhilngkhong90-95%khilng mua/nhttcchgianh,khong5-10%lngphliukhngtyucu vchtlngsbchungvircthisinhhot.Ccvanythumuattc cc loi ph liu t cc ngi thu mua ph liu do, ngi nht rc, hgia nh. Ti va ph liu quy m nh v va s phn ra tng loi ph liu bn cho cc vaphliucquymtrungbnhvln.Phnlnccimthumuaphliu quymvavnhctxenktrongkhudnc,ringviccvaln th t cc vng ven ngoi thnh. Cc va trung bnh v ln sau khi thu mua v phn loi s bn cho cc c s ti sinh, ti ch.Cc loi ph liu c phn loi ti cc va thu mua ve chai quy m va v nh nh sau : -Giy : Bao gm gip tp, sch, bo cc loi, thng carton, giy vn (giy vn sch c bn li cho cc quay bn hng dng gi ).-Nha : Bao gm nha trng, nha mu, nha tn, ng mm, ng cng, mica. -Nylon : Bao gm nylon en, nylon trng, nylon gin. Mc d gi nguyn liu chnh phm r nhng moat phn ti nylon vn c thu gom v ti ch. -Nhm : Bao gm nhm do, nhm cng, atima. Ph liu nhm s c bn li cho cc c s nu nhm sn xut nhm bn thnh phm.-ng : Bao gm ng (dy in), ng thau. -St : Bao gm st vn, st cy, st c, gang.-Thy tinh : Baogm ming trng (c c ng neon hunh quang),ming mu c th bnli cho cc c s sn xut thy tinh. Thy tinh nguyns 21 c sc ra sch v bn li cho cc hng sn xut c nh cu.22 rc Phliu khngcht lng Ph liu Ph thi Cao su ph liu bn cho cc c s sn xut s dng lm cht t. Bnh acquy. Ph thi Ph liu Ngi nht rc, thu mua ph liu t rc Cc trm, c s thu mua ph liu quy m trung v ln rc Hnh 2.5 : Mng li thu mua ti sinh ph liu Cht thi rn sinh Cc va thu mua ph liu quy m va v nh Ph liu Ph liu Nguyn liu ph liu 23 2.5. NH GI KH NNG TI CH CHAT THI SINH HOT Da vo nhng phn tch v thnh phn, khi lng cht thi rn th cng nh hot ng ti ch cho thy : -as"chtthirnsinhhotcngungcthuc(ckhnngphn hysinhhccaonh:Thcphm,raucqu,lcy,...)cchnlp ticc bichn lp rc hp v sinh vi khi lng hng ngy khong 4000 tn/ngy. -Phnccchtthicnlictichtisdngta,hnhthnhth trng ti ch ti Tp.HCM. 2.5.1. Xc nh thnh phn CTR sinh hot c th ti ch Bng 2.4 : Thnh phn cht thi rn sinh hot ca Tp. HCM STTThnh phnNgun thi (%)Trung chuyn(%)Bi rc (%) 1Thc phm65 - 9578-8360-90 2Giy0,5 - 2,52-61,0- 4,0 3Carton0-0,200,0 4Vi0- 180,5-66- 12 5Nylon2-19010-30 6Nha cng0- 1,50- 1,00 7Da0-3,00-20-0,2 8G0- 1,000 9Cao su mm0- 0,500-0,2 Cao su cng000 10Lon, hp0-0,60-0,10 11Kim loi mu0- 1,300 24 Ngun:tibocokhoahcqunlchtthirnsinhhotTp.HCMca SKHCN &MT 2.5.2.Nhn xt Thnh phn cht thi rn sinh hot theo kt qu cho thy, chim t l cao nht l thc phm (tnh trung bnh khong 75% tng khi lng cht thi rn). Ba thnh phn thng thng nht trong rc thi sinh hotl nylonv nha (t l 2- 19%), vi(tl0-18%),giy(tl0,5-2,5%)vthytinh(tl0-3%).Xemxtla chnloivtliunockhnngtich,tisinh,ihiccnvthuch thngqunlCTRcaNhncphilachnccthnhphnCTRckhi lngln,cgitrkinhtvtbitcnghaivimitrngkhiti sinh, ti ch. Tuy nhin trong thc t hot ng ti sinh, ti ch ca cc c s t nhn ch ph thuc vo li nhn. Thc t cho thy, cc loi CTR sinh hot c th ti sinh ti ch bao gm : 4- Rc thc phm v rc hu c Rcthcphmvrchuccphnloisnxutphnhuc,kh methane, ngoi ra rc thi hu c v rc thc phm cn c dng lm phn bn vi sinh vi t l s dng kh cao. Trong thnh phn cht thi rn sinh hot th rc thithcphmvrchucnhanhchimtlln.Tuynhinvikhnng phnhynhanhcarcthihucnncthdngsnxutphnnbn,t bit l phn bn vi sinh c cht lng cao. Do , c th ti s dng li mt phn khi lng rc thi ny phc v cho qu trnh ch bin phn bn, gii 12St0- 1,000 13Thy tinh 0 1 LO o 0 1 o 0 14Snh, s0- 1,2 0 1 o K) 0 1 o 15X bn, tro0-5,0o 1 o 0- 1,5 25 quyt v din tch bi chn lp v nhng kh khn trong gii quyt cc vn mi trng ti bi chn lp s gim ng k.Huhtcchthngsnxutcompost,phnvisinhubtnguntvicphn loi cc vt liu c kh nng ti ch (kim loi, nhng cht c hi s c loi b), saunghinnhnkchthcthchhpvtchccthnhphntpchtkhc (nucn).Snphmcaqutrnhcompostingvvermicompostingthngc s dng vo qu trnh cito t. Tuy nhin do qu trnh phn loi khng trit , trongthnhphnrcthcphmdnglmphncompostthnglnthytinhv nilonlchosnphmkmchtlng.iviloiphnvermicomposting(phn trn qu) th nguyn liu s dng cho qu trnh phn hy cn phi chn lc cho kt qu phn c cht lng cao. Khmethanecsnxuttqutrnhphnhykkhtrongiukinkhng kimsotchtchtbichnlphpvsinhhaytrongiukinkimsotca ccthitbkkhkhiphnhychthuc.KhMethanecuchungvy l loi nhin liu sch v c th lu tr c.4- Giy v carton Giy vcarton l nhng thnh phn chim t l kh cao trong cc thnh phn cht thirnsinhhotchimtl0,5-2,5%.Ccnhmygiytisinhtisdngli phphmtccnhmysnxutgiy.Victhuhivtisdnggiysmang linhiulichkinhtnhgimkhilngrcvbichnlp,tisdg ngunlicsn,gimtcngntinguynrngdohnchvickhaithcg lm giy v gim lng tiu th cn thit sn xut giy. Cc loi giy c th ti sinh bao gm : -Giy c : Quy bn bo, bo thi b t cc h gia nh ...-Carton h hng : Dng ng gi cc thng hng ln, bao b dng c kch 26 thc ln. Giy carton l mt trong nhng ngun nguyn liu ring bit ti ch. Thng carton c p thnh kin v chuyn n cc c s ti ch lm vt liu cho lp y hoc lp gia ca cc dng bao b carton.-Giy cao cp : Giy in my tnh, giy thi t vn phng, giy trng, giy mu tsch,gyschvphnphliutqutrnhctxnsch,giyvtranh... ccloigiynycththaythtrctipbtghoctymcsnxut giy v sinh hoc cc loi giy cht lng cao khc. -Giy hn hp : Hn hp giy vn, tp ch ... giy hn hp ny c snxut thng carton v cc sn phm p khc.Hinnaygiycartonvgiyvnphngthiracthugomhiuqunhtdo phn loi ngay ti ngun v do li ch cangi thu gom. '4- Nha Ccsnphmnhangycngchimlnhthtrngvchngcththaythcc sn phmch tot kim loi, thy tinh v giy. Do trng lng ring nha so vi cc loi vt liu khc nn chi ph vn chuyn thng c gi tr thp hn. Sn phm nha thng rt a dng v hnh dng, thch hp vi cc loi thc phm t. Cng visphttrinccmthnhtiudngbngnha,nhaphthingycng chim mt t trng ng k trong thnh phn cht thi rn sinh hot. Tuy nhin s sdngrngriccsnphmtngnhnhaubphnnggaygttccnh bovmitrngvtrongqutrnhsnxut,sdngvtiuhynhaspht sinh ra nhiu cht c hi. Vic thu gom vt liu nha ti s dng c nhng li ch sau : -Gim khi lng ca chng trong cn bng vt cht chung. -Gim cht c trong kh thi tiu hy rc.-Tng gi tr phn compost. 27 Ccloinhaphliusaukhithugomcphnloibngtaytheomuscv loi b cc thnh phn nha khng t yu cu.- Thy tnh Trongthnhphnchtthirnsinhhottihgianh,thytinhchimtl0- 3%,trongchyulmingchai.Ccloichailnguynhunhcngi dnbnlichonhngngithumuaphliu.Nhnglichcavicthuhiv tichthytinhcthknbaogmtisdngnguynliu,titkimnng lng, gim din tch bi chn lp cn thit.Thy tinh bao gm cc loi sau : -Thy tinh trong hay mu (lc, nu, h quch).-Cc loi knh phng (knh ca s) hay knhcong (knh xe). -Chai, l, ly (thc phm, nc gii kht...) bng thy tinh.Dottnhchtthinydvvn,dgythngtchmphngtinthugom bngtaynnkhnngthugomkhkhnvthngkhngtrit.Vigithnh thp nn ngi thu gom t u t nhiu v loi cht thi ny. iviphliucnnguynscrasch,bnlichocccssnxutc nhucutisdng:Ncmm,nctng...ccmnhvvnbnlichocc c s ti ch. 4- St, thp St, thp thu hi t cht thi rn sinh hotch yu l cc lon thic v st ph liu, ccloinyscphnloiring,pvngthnhkintrckhichuynn cc c s ti ch. Cc lon, v hp u tin s c ct vn nhm to iu kin cho qutrnhtchthcphmtha,loibgiynhnbngqutrnhhtchnkhng. Nhmvnhngkimloimukhccloirabngphngphpttnh.Thp saukhiclmschcctpchtsckhthitbngcchgianhittrongl 28 nung lm ha hi thic hoc bng qu trnh ha hc s dng NaOH v tc nhn oxy ha. Thic c thu hi t dung dch bng qu trnh in phn to thnh thic dng thi. Thpkhthiccdngsnxutthpmi.Ccphliuckhthic bng phng php gia nhit khng thch hp sn xut thp v trong qu t rnh gia nhit lm cho mt phn thic khuych tn vo thp v lm cho thp mi khng tinh khit. 4- Nhm So vi cc thnh phn khc trong rc thi sinh hot c kh nng ti sinh, ti ch th nhmlloichtthictichthnhcngnht.iunycthgiithchl donguynliugiy,thytinhvnhakhnhiuvr,trongkhi,qungnhm phi c nhp t nc ngoi nn chi ph cao v mt nhiu thi gian ch i. Hn naphnlnccnhsnxutnhmnhnthyrngnguncungcpnguynliu trong nc thun li hn. Ti ch nhm mang li nhiu hiu qu kinh t do :-Vic ti ch to ra ngun nguyn liu trong nc n nh.-Nng lng cn thit sn xut ra mt sn phmt nhm nguyn cht thng thp hn so vi nhm nguyn cht.-Nhm c ti ch thng l nguyn liu ng nht, cc thnh phn xc nh bit trc v hu nh khng c tp cht.-Ti ch cho php cc nh sn xut lon nhm cnh tranh vi cc nh my sn xut bao b thy tinh v kim loi. - Kim loi mu Chim t 0-1,3% trong thnh phn cht thi rn sinh hot trong h gia nh. Nhng phliukimloimuthuhitdngngoitri,dngnhbp,thang xp, dng c, my mc, t cht thi xy dng (dy ng, ca ...). Hu ht ph liu 29 tkimloimuuctisdngnuchngcphnloivtchcctp cht khc nh : Nha, cao su, vi...4- Cao su Cao su thu hi t vic ti ch lp xe v c s dng lm nhin liu v nha ri ng. Cng nh cc thnh phn ph liu khc, cao su sau khi phn loi cng c p thnh kin gim th tch trc khi ch n c s ti ch.i- Pin gia dng Vic ti ch pin gia dng l rt kh v hu nh c rt t cng ty c cng ngh thch hptichpingiadng.Thmvoo,pintiu(tbitlloingheo tay, pin vit ch bng ...) rt kh phn loi v c th gy c do hi thy ngn. Ch c pin Ni-Cd hoc pin oxyt thy ngn v oxyt bc mi c th ti ch c.Tnhngnhnnhvphntchnhngloircckhnngtisinh,tichnu trn.Vikhilngrcthcphmvrchucphnhynhanhchimtlrt cao trong tt c cc thnh phn rc pht sinh t h gia nh, thy rng kh nng ti chchtrcthithcphm,rcthihucphnhynhanhthnhphnbn compost v phn bn vi sinh cht lng cao c tnh kh thi cao do ngun cht thi di do v hin cha c khai thc hiu qu.30 H thng b CHNG 3 HIN TRNG V TI CH CHAT THI RAN HU C THNH PHN BN VI SINH TI VIT NAM 3.1.CNG NGH TI CH CHAT THI RAN HU C THNH PHN COMPOST Hinnay,trnthgiichailoihnhcngnghxlrcthnhphncompost l: Cng ngh lm phn compost hiu kh, k kh v thiu kh.3.1.1.Sn xut phn compost bng phng php hiu kh Trng tm ca cng ngh ny l lm thng kh cht liulm phn, cht hu c s bphnhychtrongthigianngnbngphngphpsnxutsbcs dngvicthngkhcngcao.Ccchtphnhychmgykhkhncho qutrnhchbin.Dophiccngonnghinrclmngnhtccvt liu. Khng kh ca quy trnh x l phi t mc iu ha ng k. H thng cung cp khng kh Bi trn cc thnh phn khong khng b phn hy 1 tn rc300 kg phn hu c (cha 70% hu c)(43% phn hu c) Hnh 3.1: Sn xut phn compost bng phtig php hiu khSn tp kt rc Sn phi trnNhphn loircln 1 Nhchbin tn dng mn Nhphn loircln 2 Nh chn 31 Phng php ny c cc u nhc im sau : u im -Gim lng rc cn chn lp, gim nhucu t chn. -Kim sot c mi hi t rc. -Quy trnh x l linh hot, d kim sot.-Thu c sn phm l phn hu c, tt cho nng nghip.Nhc im -Yu cu u t quy trnh hon chnh, bao gm nhiu cng on phc tp, do chi ph cao. -Chi ph vn hnh cao. -Yu cu cng nhn c trnh chuyn mn.-Thit b nhanh h hng. 3.1.2. Sn xut phn compost bng phng php k kh Lnmen l mt phng thc x l rc ang ni ln v c chtrong nhng nmgn y. y l cng ngh sn xut phn bng qu trnh phn hy, xyra trongmtmitrngkkh.Biogasctoradothiuoxytrongqutrnh phn hy rc hu c. Thmvo,ctlngC02thotrahntrongqutrnhsnxutphndob sungkhngkh.Trongbnmen,rccdnthty,vikhunhindins phnhyrchucthnhchtphnhuc.Nhngiukinquantrngnht trong quy trnh ny l nhit , m, acid (pH). Phn thch hp cho vic s dng li.3.1.3. Quy trnh sn xut phn bn bng phng php ln men k kh kt hp pht in quy m nh 32 1 tn rc77 kg phn hu c (cha 70% hu c)(11% phn hu c) Hnh 3.2: Qui trnh sn xut phn bn bng phng php ln men k kh kt hp pht in qui m nh Phng php ny c cc u nhc im sau : u im -Gim lng rc cn phi chn do gim nhu cu t chn.-Kim sot mi tt. -Kim sot c kh thi v nc thi.-To ra sn phm l phn hu c, tt cho nngnghip. -To ra in : 32 KWh/ tn rc. Nhc im -Chi ph u t cao. -Chi ph vn hnh, bo dng thit b cao.-Ch p dng cho quy m ln (trn 150 tn/ngy). 33 3.1.4.Sn xut phn compost bng phng php thiu kh Phn chung Tun hon Nc r r Hnh 3.3: Quy trnh cng ngh lm phn compost thiu kh Phng php ny c cc u im sau : -Cng ngh n gin. -Chim t in tch. -Nc r rc t, p dng phng php pha long v x l bng ao sinh hc.-Kh sinh ra t, cha lng kh metan thp, c th pht tn t nhin.-p ng c nhu cu s dng phn hu c bn vn cho cc khu vc ln cn. Trongcngnghnychcnbsungphnchungtronggiaianu(khi lngncrctunhanchanhiu).Lngphnnycthcthugom hocmuacacccdntrongkhuvcvcngcththaythbngphnhm cu. 3.2.HIN TRNG CNG TC TI CH CHAT THI RAN HU c THNH PHN BN VI SINH TI MT S NH MY VIT NAM Hinnay,tiVitNamcmts"nhmyxlrcthisinhhotthnhphn compostnh :NhmyxlrcThyPhng(Hu);Nhmyxlrcng Vinh(Thnhph"Vinh-NghAn);NhmysnxutphnbnvisinhNam nh (Thnh ph" Nam nh); Nh my sn xut phn bn vi sinh cu Din (H Rc hu c Trn Phn hu c 60 ngy 34 Phn compost Bnph liu Ni).Ccthitbcngnghmtphncchtotrongncvmtphn nhp t nc ngoi, ring Nhmyphn bn vi sinh Nam nh thit b do Php ti tr. cthnhgihintrngcngnghxlrcthnhphncompost,tcgi lachnphntchhintrngvcngnghcaVitNam(Nhmyxlrc ng Vinh) v nc ngoi (Nh my sn xut phn bn vi sinh Nam nh).3.2.1.Nh my x l rc ng Vinh (Thnh ph" Vinh - Ngh An) Do Cng ty c phn pht trin cng ngh mi trng xanh H Ni u t Tm tt quy trnh cng ngh x l rc thnh phn bn hu c :Vi sinh Cht thi dng rn (Nha, kim loi, thy tinh) Nylon t, chn lp Hnh 3.4 : Qui trnh x l rc thnh phn compostBng chuyn phn loi bng tay vi sinh hiu kh Nh my sx ht nha ti ch Bung sy nylon Nylon khng bao 35 Hnh 3.5: Qui trnh phn loi bng nhn cng 3.2.1.1.Din gii quy trnh Qui trnh sn xut ca Nh my qua cc cng on sau :Phn loi Rc sinh hot c Cng ty mi trng th thnhph" Vinh vn chuyn n nh my. Ti y, rc c a ln bng chuyn, cng nhn phn loi, tch thnh cc loi khc nhau nh : Rc thc phm, nylon v cc cht thi dng do, Thy tinh, kim loi, cao su; t, ct, x bn, g, ci, . . . vi sinh sn xut phn compost Rcthcphmcnghinbngmy,phunchphmvisinh,hotrnuv c thnh ng. Qu trnh c o trn m bo cung cp oxy v qu trnh phn hy din ra nhanh chng. Sau khi hoai, rc c trn thm cht dinh dngtothnhphnbnvisinh,ngbaovxutxng.Tuynhin,vn cn ln nhiumnh x nha, kim loi, thy tinh v nhiu tpcht vcc kch 36 thc nh, . .. Sn xut cc sn phm nha ti ch: Ccloiti,bchnylonsaukhiphnloicaquabungsy,lmkh trckhingbaochuynnnhmysnxutngnhavccsnphm nha. 3.2.I.2.Nhn xt Qui trnh ti ch ti s dng ti bao nylon cc loi Vicphnloichtthicthchinthcng(cngnhn).Tuynhin,qui trnhphnloithcngcthchinn3lntrnbngchuyntircnn thnh phn cht thi khng phn hy c ln t. Ti Nh my khng c thit b snxutccsnphmnhatnylon.Do,nylonsaukhisykhcvn chuyn n nh my khc. Quitrnhphnloingin,thitbchyulbngti,ngcin,thitb nghin rc nn ch tiu tn in nng. Cc thit b trn hon ton khng th phn loitritccthnhphnrcmchgipnngcaonngsutcngnhn.Qui trnh sn xut phn bn vi sinh Phng php sn xut phn bn vi sinh l p dng qu trnh hiu kh (thi kh cng bc). Nh trnh by trn, phng php ny ph thuc vo iu kin thi tit nn phi c cc thit b quan trc nhm hiu chnh cc thng s" k thut to mi trng thch hp cho vi sinh vt pht trin. Qu trnh thnh ng c o trn bng my xc v theo chu k nht nh (3-4 ngy/ln).37 Rc tp trung k kh (giai on 2) Thit b thi gi 3.2.2.Nh my sn xut phn bn vi sinh Nam nh - Thnh ph" Nam nh (Thit b do Php ti tr). Thit b quan trc t ng Khng kh Thitbx bcnylon,ct rc Bngchuyn phn loi bng hiu kh (giai on 1) Nghin, sng lc rc bng trng quay Hnh 3.6: S x l rc thnh phn Compost Hnh 3.7: H thng phn loi Phn bn vi sinhTuyn t, tch kim loi Chn lp 38 39 Hnh 3.8 : Qui trnh hiu kh Hnh 3.9 : H thng tch phn Compost cng sut 150 tn/ngy40 3.2.2.I.Qui trnh sn xut qua cc cng on sau Phn loi Rcctptrungvavothitbxbcnylon,ctrcbngtrngquay. Rcivothitbnycctthnhccmnhnhhnvbchnyloncx rabngccmidaoxungquanhthnhtrng.Sau,rccaquabng chuyn v c cng nhn phn loi thnh tng loi nh : Rc thc phm, nylon v cccht thi dng do, Thy tinh, kim loi,cao su; t, ct, x bn, g, ci... Sn xut phn compost Phnrcthcphmcavoccbung(giaion1).Ccthitbquan trctngnhit,m,...sxcnhthigiancungcpgivobung (tccmngphadiiln).Ccthitbtrnvnhnh24/24,iukhin quthtgi, mboiukin t ucho visinh vtphttrin.Thigianti bung ny khong 21 ngy. Rc sau phn hy ti bung ny, c a qua lung, rc c thnh tng lungni tip nhau - giai on 2 - (khong 9 lung, nulungth9clyithxotrnlung8->9; 7->8;...vctiptc chonht).Khongthigianl28ngy.Tiptheo,rccbngchuyn a vo thit b sng bng trng quay. Thit b ny tch cc cht thi khng phn hy cn st li v c a qua thit b tch kim loi bng t, phn cn li c em i chn lp. Phn cn li c a qua thit b thi gi, ti y - bngphngphptuyntrnglc-rcthcphm(phnhy)ctch dngvthulilmphncompost;phncnlicquathitbtchkim loi bng t trc khi c em i chn lp.3.2.2.2.Nhn xt Qui trnh ti ch ti s dng ph liu Nhmykhngutthitbtichchtthi.Tuynhin,phnnylonc 41 cng nhn ra sch v phi kh trc khi ng bao. Tt c cc ph liu phn loi u c bn cho cc nh my sn xut.Qui trnh sn xut phn bn vi sinh Nh cc nh my trn, khu phn loi cng phisdng cngnhn mi cth tch rc thc phm trit hn. Cng on (giai on 1)hon ton t ng v c iu khin bng cc thit b in t . Ngoi ra, im ni bt trong qui trnh snxutlthitbtuyntrnglc,vithitbny,mbochtlngphn bnvisinhngnhthndoloibhontonccchtthivcdnght, mnh nh. Tuynhin,dovncnmtlnglnccchtthikhngphnhycem chn lp, cha c tn dng hiu qu nh: sn xut gch, san lp mt bng, ...3.3.NHN XT CHUNG Cng ngh -as"cccngnghcpdngticcNhmytrnupdng phng php phn hy hiu kh. -Tuynhin,phntchchothycngonphnloibngthcngquyt nhnchtlngphncompost.Nucngnghnophnloitrit rc sinh hot th cc cng on s gip phn hy nhanh chng cht hu c v c cht lng phn tt. -Ttccccngnghtrnucquitrnhtichtisdngphliu nylon.LinhuntphliugipNhmyvnhnhhiuquhn,gim chi ph x l v b l cho chi ph sn xut phn compost.Th trng tiu th sn phm Ccnhmysnxutphncompostarathtrngtiuthtngikh 42 khn,gibntrungbnhkhong400-600ngnng/tn.snphmphnbn compostctntrtrongcckhocanhmysnxutlln,ctnh khong 500 tn. Nguyn nhn sn phm phn compost tiu th kh khn v:-Thi gian tc dng khng nhanh bng phn bn ho hc.-Tp qun nng dn thch s dng phn chung hoc phn bnho hc hn. -Cha c quy ch khuyn khch v h tr ca Nh nc trongvic s dng loi phn bn ny. Mc d vy, hin ny th trng cng dn dn chpnhn loi phn bn ny. Cc nguntiuthchyulcchnngdn,cctrangtritrngcclointri, cy lu nm (Tiu, iu, c ph ...), mt s" dng bn cy king v trng rau.CHNG 4 NGHIN CU PHN LOI CHAT THI RAN SINH HOT TI NGUN 4.1.HINTRNGPHNLOIRCTINGUNTHNHPHHCH MINH Chtthirnsinhhottingunphtsinhthngcchiarathnh2phn chnh : Thc phm d tha (hu c) v phn cn li (v c). Cc thnh phn ny clutrtrongmtthnghocbaonilng(chattcccloirc).Tuy nhinmts"thnhphnthucrcthisinhhotckhnngtichvtis dngnh:Giy,carton,thytinh,lonhp,stthp,kimloimu,nha, nilon ... cng c tch ring sau bn cho cc va hoc nhng ngi thu mua phliukhichngcs"lngln.Ringvinhngthnhphnkhng ckhnngtich,tisdngscthibhngngyraccbrcthng qua cc c s thu gom v vn chuyn rc ti a phng.43 Vt dng dng lu tr cht thi rn trong quy m h gia nh l thng s vt dng cha bng nha, tuy nhin mt s" gia nh cng s dng thng cha bng kim loi v tre na, ngoi ra phng thc cha cht thi rn trong cc bao ni lon cng c s dng kh ph bin. S thu gom v vn chuyn trnh by trong Hnh3.2 ang c p dng cho cht thi rn sinh ra t cc h gia nh v khng c qu trnh phn loi ti ngun, tc l Hnh 4.1 : S thu gom vn chuyn hin hu Hnh 4.2 : Qui trnh thu gom cht thi rn hu c hin hu 44 cc thnh phn hu c v v c trn ln vi nhau.4.2.PHNTCH-NHGINHNGTHUNLI,KHKHNPHNLOIRC TI NGUN 4.2.1.Thun li Dokhilngrcsinhratihgianhthngckhilngnh,hnnatnh i din ca mt s" thnh phn c trong rc thi sinh hot thng chim t l cao, ng k nht l thnh phn rc hu c (thc phm d tha) chim t l t 60-90%. Mckhccngvicphnloirctinguncththchinngaytrongqutrnh thi b, y l im ni bt cn c quan tm trong cng tc ny.Nhngthnhphnrcckhnngtisinh,tichcthtrongrcthisinhhotsau khicphnloicthbntrctipchocccscnhucutisinhtichm khng cn qua cng on phn loi no na hoc x l trc khi ti ch, ti s dng.Tm ti, cng tc phn loi cht thi rn sinh hot ti ngun c th mang li nhng li ch tch cc nh sau : -Tocthcchochnhngiphtsinhchtthitrongvicbovmi trng, gp phn nng cao hiu qu cng tc qun l ngun cht thi. Trnh trnh trngxlcuicngbngbinphpngnngavgimthiutingunpht sinh. -To iu kin thun li cho victhc hin chng trnh x hi ho cng tc qun l cht thi rn ca thnh ph". -Gim ang k chi ph dnh cho cng tc qun l cht thi rn th v gii quyt trit cc vn nhim ca bi chn lp : +Thnhphnchtthirnavomitrngtrnnschhnvs"lngt hn, c th c th tn dng 3.000-3.500 tn/ngy cht thi rn hu c lm phncompost,phnvisinhvichtlngcao(khnglnplastic,thytinh, 45 cc cht c hi,...). + Gim khong 70 - 80% lng cht thi rn hu c (hoc 50-60% lng cht thi rn ca ton thnh ph") vo bi chn lp.Bng 4.1 : Khi lng compost/vt liu che ph to ra t cht thi rn thc phm Ngun : Phn loi rc ti ngun thnh ph H Ch Minh Bng4.2:Dungtchvdintchbichnlptitkimcdogimkhilngcht thi rn cn chn lp qua cc nm NmRc thc phm (tn/nm)Phn compost (Tn/nm) 20051.462.190146.219 20061.543.220154.322 20071.623.885162.389 20081.704.550170.455 20091.785.580178.558 20101.866.245186.625 46 Ngun : Phn loi rc ti ngun thnh ph H Ch Minh +GimlngkhMethane,yltcnhngygpphngyHiungnh knh v cc loi kh bi chn lp khc gy nhim mi trng do sn phm ca qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c.+Gimlulngvnngnhimcancrrcngnhgimchiphu tchocngtcxlcngnhtmkimcngnghphhpxlloi nc thi ny. + Gim din tch t s dng cho cc bi chn lp. -Lmtnghiuqucaccqutrnhtisdng,tisinhvtichccloiph liu,ngthilmgimmcnhimticccsphnloitisinhvti ch. 4.2.2. Kh khn Bn cnh nhng mt thun li trong qu trnh phn loi nhm phc v tt cho cng tc NmKhi lng cht thi rn sinh hot (tn/nm) Khi lng ph liu (tn/nm) Dung tch bi chn lp tit kim (m /nm) Din tch chn lp tit kim c (ha/nm) 20041.708.565174.3873981442,65 20051.808.575184.5964214522,81 20061.908.585194.8034447562,97 20072.008.595205.0104680593,12 Nm Khi lng CTRSH (tn/nm) Khi lng ph liu (tn/nm) Dung tch BCL tit kim (m /nm) Din tch chn lp tit kim c (ha/nm) 20082.108.240215.1814912813,28 20092.208.250259.0635914683,94 20102.308.260270.7956182534,12 47 qunlvxlchtthirnsinhhot.Tuynhinvinhngmtthunlit c, th vic phn loi rc thi sinh hot ti ngun cng gp khng t kh khn nh:-Thi quen ca ngi dn s dng mt thng hay bao ni l ng cha tt c thnh phn rc thi sinh hot. -Cngonphnloivlutrrctingunstngs"thngchachacc loi rc tch ra. Mc d c s gia tng thng cha, tuy nhin iu kin v pht tncaccchtnhimtrcvnnhcvcthckimsottthnnn vn v nhim ti ngun l khng xy ra.4.3. XUT BIN PHP PHN LOI cngtcphnloithiuqucnphicsxemxt,nhnnhncckhacnh lin quan nh sau : -Khnngphnloihiuqu(trit)ccthnhphnchtthirnctch ra(tchringbitccthnhphnchtthiddngchocchotngxl sau ny). -Cng tc qun l nh nc d dng v khng cng knh.-Ph hp vi xu hng x hi ha cc cng tc qun l cht thi. xut thit b tn tr v phn loi rc ti ngun c thc hin nh sau : S s dng02thngcha,01thngngchthucv01thngchaccchtcn li.Hai thng ny c th tch ri (hocch to chung thnh mt thng nhng c thtchrikhichuynrclnxethugom).TrongccthnguctiPEhoc polymerckhnngphnhysinhhc(khngdngtiPVC),timuxanh ncbin(kinngh)chachtthirnhuc,timuxanhlcyngcc loi cht thi rn cn li. Cn h no cht hp th c th ch dng ti PE.vircthihucsphnloithmmtlnnatndngnhngthnh phnckhnngtichtichbngsthamgiacaTrnqutorangun 48 phn bn sch c cht lng cao phc v cho vic trngtrt ti h gia nh. MhnhxutphnloichtthirntihgianhcnutrongHnh3.3 nh sau : Ti chPhncompost,phnvisinh Rc hu c Khng ti ch Rc th5 hBichn lp gia nh Khng ti ch Rc v c Ti chThy tinh,nha,giy ... Hnh 4.3. M hnh phn loi cht thi rn ti ngun Vi phng n phn loi thnh hai thnh phn, khi lng v thnh phn cc loi chtthirnhuccnlilnhngthngs"cscnthittnhtonthit kmhnhphnhy.Thnhphnchtthirnthgianhkhngcskhc bit ng k. Ktqukhostthnhphnchtthirnsinhhott25hgianhchothy khilngchtthirnphtsinhkhong0,75kg/ngi.ngy,gitrtlcht thi rn thc phm chim khong 70-79% c tn sut xut hin cao nht (42%). Do,vichtthirnsinhhottcchgianh,gitrtlchtthirn thcphmtrungbnh79%(tnhtheotngkhilngchtthirnsinhhott) c s dng cho tt c cc tnh ton. 4.4.NGHIN CU PHN LOI RC HU c TI NGUN PHC v CHO QU TRNH TI CH Qu trnh nghin cu, phn loi cht thi rn hu c c kh nng ti ch, ti s dng thnhphnvisinhdisthamgiatcnhntrnqubngcchsdngphng php chn lc v thc nghim trn m hnh. Bng 4.3 : Thnh phn cht thi rn sinh hot ti ngun pht sinh (quy m h gia nh) thnh ph H Ch Minh 49 STTThnh phn H gia nh (Phn trm khi lng) 01Thc phm61,0-96,6 02V s, c, cua0,0 03Tre, rm r0,0 04Giy1,0 - 19,7 05Carton0,0 - 4,6 06Nilon0,0 - 36,6 07Nha0,0 - 10,8 08Vi0,0 - 14,2 09Da0,0 10G0,0 - 7,2 11Cao su mm0,0 12Cao su cng0,0 - 2,8 13Thy tinh0,0 - 25,0 50 Khng ti ch Rc thi hBichnlp Ngun : Centema - 2002 M hnh phn loi cht thi rn hu c ti ngun pht sinh quy m h gia nh c nu trong Hnh 3.4: ITrnqu x l Ti ch Rc hu c gia nh Rc v c Khng ti ch Ti chThy tinh, nha,giy Hnh 4.4 : M hnh phn loi cht thi rn hu c ti ngun Datrnthnhphnchtthirnsinhhotphtsinh,cthphnloirchuc c th ti ch, tis dng nh sau : Thc phm, rau, qu tricy, giy,carton,g, rm r. ThcnchoTrnqusdnglloichtthirnhuccchtxlngun thcnthchhpnht,loitrthcnchachtchua,cay,ng,cht,chtc cng nh nhng thc n nu chn c cha mui, du m, thc n i thiu.15Lon hp0,0 - 10,2 16Kim loi mu0,0-3,3 17Snh s0,0 - 10,5 18X bn0,0 - 9,3 19Tro0,0 20Styrofoam0,0- 1,3 51 Vi khi lng cht thi rn hu c hu c chim khong 60- 90% tng lng cht thirnsinhhotphtsinhtingun,thtrungbnhckhong75%chtthirn hu c c kh nng ti sinh ti ch, trong c khong 40- 50% cht thi rn hu c d phn hy m Trn qu c th s dng c.TtcchtthirnhucsaukhiphnloimTrnqucthsdngc cn phi c bm hoc nghin nh (kch thc trung bnh 2- 3mm) v trong x hoc chu t cnh bn m hnh v qua ngy nhm loi b mt phn nc r rc trong qu trnh phn hy cng nh lm thc n mm t rc khi cho trn c th s dng ngay c. Trong qu trnh khng cn b sung thm nc.52 CHNG 5 NGHIN CU NG DNG TRN QU PHN HY CHT THI RAN HU C THNH PHN BN VI SINH 5.1TNGQUANVETNHHNHNGHINcuTRONGNCVNGOI NC C LIN QUAN 5.1.1.Tnh hnh nghin cu trong nc Cngnghnuitrndu nhpvoVitNamtnhngnmu1990 doccnh khoa hc Vit kiu chuyn giao ti liu v Vit Nam. Hin nay, v lnh vc nghin cu ging trn dng s dng vo quy trnh x l rc thihu c ang c tin hnhnhngkhngtgpphikhkhnvccyut"nh:Gingtrnsdng, quympdng,thnhphnrcthihucquphctpvadngdochaqua qu trnh phn loi, iu kin mi trng sng ...Tuy nhin, hin nay qu trnh nghin cu thnh cng khi s dng loi trn Epigeic lloitrnnphn(ExcavatusPerionyx-Trnqu)xlrcthitqutrnh chnnuicngungctphnb,heo,giacmnhttrongnhvrcthinng nghip nh : Rm r, b ma, l cy mc ... thnh cng v ang c nhn rng ticcaphngkhuvcphaNam.Phnbnlsnphmcaqutrnhc hmlngchtdinhdngcaortthchhpviccloicytrng,ngoirap dng qutrnh nygiiquytngkvnnhimmitrngdohotng chn nui v sn xut nng nghip to ra.Tng hp cc vn phn tch nu trn, cho thy vic nghin cu phn loi rc thi sinh hot ti ngun v ti ch ti ch cht hu c vi s tham gia ca trn qu thnh phn bn vi sinh phc v cy trng l mt lnh vc tip cn nghin cu mi c tnh ng dng thc t cao. 53 5.1.2. Tnh hnh nghin cu ngoi nc Nghin cu s dng trn x l rc thi c khi xng t nhng nm 1970. Vicchuynichtrnsinhhc(Biosolid)bngcngnghVermicomposting cccnhnghincuthuctrngihcSyracuse-NewYorkkhixng. Nm1978,mthinghlnutinvvnnyctchctiihc Syracuse- New York, USA.Cho n nay, ti liu nghin cu v Vermicomposting c tng hp kh phong ph. Hin nay trn th V* gii c 3 Trung tm mnh ve Vermicomposting l : M, c v An .Phngphpxlrcthibngtrncthngdngtmcngin(nui trongnh)nhthngphctp(chutrnhkhpkn).Nh nchung,ccquytrnh dng trn x l rc t c nhiu kt qu quan trng. Theo tng kt ca nh nghincuhnguvlnhnylEdwards(nm1998),qutrnhnghincuv ng dng cng ngh ny gm 6 bc : -Chnlcgingtrncthxlrcthittrngvkhngttrng.Hin naybitrkhong5-7loickhnngny,chyulloiEpigeic.Tuy nhin,tytheotngaphngkhcnhau,cngvicnycthtinhnh quy m hp hay rng cng nh la chn ging trn thun ha a phng phi xem xt ng thi hai kha cnh l sinh hc v kinh t.-Xem xt ch , nhu cu dinh dng ca tng loi ging trn s tuyn trn c cht chnh l ngun rc hu c m chng sinh sng trn .-nhgitcbinisinhkhirchucthnhsinhkhitrndinh hng ca cc dng thc n cung cp cho chng, cc yu t" mi trng.-Th nghim cc phng php thu hoch thch hp sinh khi trn v sn phm sau khi tiu ha (Vermicomposting). -Pht trin v hon chnh cc k thut cng nhh thng x l rc nh vo loi 54 trn p dng, sn xut Vermicomposting v sinh khi trn.-Th nghim ch phm Vermicomposting v hon chnh sn phm ny mc thng mi ha. Nhnchung,nhngnghincuvphttrinvicnuitrnctinhnhthc hinccncphttrin,chcmts"tccncangphttrinhocnc ngho.Trongkhitrongthct,chnhnhngncnycnchnvicnui trnvchbinnhngsnphmcanphcvchoccngnhtrngtrtvchn nui. 5.2.LA CHN LOI TRN TRONG NGHIN cu 5.2.1.C s la chn la ging trn Theo Bouch, 1977, Phn loi trn t da theo cc yu t" sinh thi, c chia lm 3 nhm: Nhm Epigeic : Nhm ny sng tng b mt hu c, ni c nhiu cht thi hu cmt,vnvobngmtlnglnrcbphnhy,inhnhnhloi Trn (Eisenia foetida), Trn qu (Excavatus Perionyx) NhmEndogeic:Nhmnysngdilptmtvnvobngmtlng ln t, thng th chng thch cc loi t giu cht hu c, chng pht trin h thng hang ng lin tc v theo chiu ngang, loi ny khng c ngha i vi ccvngcnhiurcbi,mnghacachnglgipchotcthong kh,nhmnythucdngtrunggian,inhnhlloitrnH(Lumbricus terrestrics ) Nhm Aneics :Nhmnysngtngsunicnhiukhong,cloisngsu n c mt, nhm ny c h thng hang bn vng v n su trong mt t, chng n mn thi v chui ln mtt n mt s" rc kh phn hy, phn gia sc v mt s" nguyn liu hu c khc, in hnh cho nhm ny c loi Pheretima.sp.55 C s la chn loi trn thch hp phn hy cht thi rn hu c: -S phn b" rng ri. -D nui. -c im sinh l ca trn, t tnh sng. -Kh nng thch ng vi thc n (ch yu l thc n hu c) v qu trnh chuyn ha cht thi. -Tc sinh sn nhanh. Da vo cc c s chn la nu trn cho thy loi Trn qu thuc Nhm Epigeic l thch hp nht cho vic la chn tham giavo qu trnh nghin cu. Bng 5.1 : t tnh sng ca Trn qu 5.2.2. Gii thiu s lc v Trn Qu TrnQuctnkhoahcl:ExeavatusPerionyx,chiPheretima,thuch Megascolecidac(hCdn),ngnhrutkhoang.Thucnhmtrnnphn(cht huc),thngsngtrongmitrngcnhiuchthucangphn hu,trong t nhin t tn ti vi qun th ln. Trn qu thuc loi trn sng vng nhit i, chngphnb"ccvngkhcnhautrongncnh:NamTrngSn,ng Bng Nam Trung B, ng Bng Sng cu Long.LoitrnQucncgiltrnmicu.ylloitrnrtmn.Chng c s dng rng ri trong vic chuyn ho cht thi Philippines, Australia v1 s" nc khc, l 1 trong nhng ging trn c nhp ni, thun ho v a vo nui cng nghip vi qui m va v nh nc ta. ^ _ ) ctnh Ging trn Mi trng sngCht nn/thc n Trn qu (Excavatus perionyx) -Sng lp b mt. -Nhiu oxy -Ti xp. -cu to ht ln. 56 L ming L c ai L ci L nhn tinh Hnh 5.1 : Hnh thi cu to ca Trn qu * Cc c im ca Trn qu : -Hnh dng : Trn dt, di v nhn 2u. -Mu sc : Tm thm phn ui pha vng. -Kch c : Di 80 - 150 mm, trung bnh 110 mm; ng knh 1-2 mm. -Trng lng trn trng thnh : 0,08 - 0,15 gram / con, trong nc chim khong 80 - 85%, cht kh khong 15 - 20%. -S t: 100- 130. -S" t ai sinh dc : 5 t. -V tr ai sinh dc : T t 13 n t15. -V tr l sinh dc c : Mt bng t 18. -V tr l sinh dc ci : Ba i l nhn tinh mt bng cc t 6,7,8. 57 TrnQusinhsnrtnhanh,trongiukinthunlichngtngtheocps" nhn.Tuynhincthcachngkhnglnnhngslnglinhiu,chonn sinh khi to ra rt ng k. Trn qu rt khe, thng th mi tun 01 ln v 03 tun sau th kn n, 03 thng sau trn trng thnh. Trn qu m sng ti t 5 n 10 nm v vn . V vy,ttcccthhtc,k,ng,cha,chu,cht,cht,cht...u.Chng stngntheocps"nhn.Khinuingitangcnhinvtctngn phi thng ny, y l tnh u vit ca Trn qu.NgunthcnchnhcaTrnqulccchtthihucvimitrngsng m t giu dinh dng. Vi iu kin kh hu nhit i ca nc ta th cc cht thihucrtadngvphongphnh:Phnchung,xcbngvtd tha, cc loi rau v tri cy chn thi v cc loi rc hu c khc. Hnh 5.2 : Trn qu phn hy cht thi hu c 58 5.2.3.Qutrnhphnhysinhhcchtthirnhucvkhnngchuynha chng vi s tham gia ca trn qu Qu trnh phn hy CTRHC lmt qu trnh oxi ha ha- sinh cccht hu c do cc loi vsv khc nhau. Nhng vi sinh vt phttrin theo cp s" nhn, u tin l chm v sau nhanh hn. Thnh phn vi sinh vt phn hy bao gm cc chng nh : Vi sinh vt phn hy xenluloza nh h Enzym xenluloza ngoi bo, trong vi nm l nhm c kh nng phn gii mnh v n tit ra mi trng mt lng lnenzym cyccthnhphnmtrongvikhunhiukhckhnngphnhy cenlulozathnhngvccacidhuc;Visinhvtphnhytinhbtckh nng tit ra mi trng y cc loienzym trong henzym amilaza;Vi sinh vt phn gii phosphat to thnh cc hp cht v c kh tan...Thikucaqutrnhphnhythqutrnhhiukhcdinra,giaion ny cc cht hu c d b oxy ha sinh ha thnh dng n gin nh :Protein, tinh bt, cht bo v mt lng nht nh cht xenluloze. Khi oxy b cc vi sinh vt hiu khtiuthdnthccvisinhvtymkhkhcxuthinvnhiuqutrnhln menkhcbtudinratrongng.Ccvisinhvtthamgiavoqutrnhln menlnhmvisinhvtddngtrongiukincymkhlnkkhnghim ngt.Ccchthucdngngin,ccaxitamin,ng...cchuynthnh ccacidbodbayhi,ru,C02vN2.Ccacidbodbayhi,rusauli c chuyn ha tip tc vi s tham gia ca cc vi sinh vt axetone v cc vi sinh vt kh Sunfat. Cc vi sinh vt axetone to ra cc axit axetic, kh C02 cn cc vi khun th ch to ra kh N2 v kh C02. Cc cht ny l ngun nguyn liuban u ca qu trnh metan ha.Ccvikhuntometanvvikhuntosunfatlnhngvikhunthucnhm tovisinhvtkkhbtbut.Chainhmvisinhvtchyuthamgiavoqu 59 trnh to metan, phn ln l nhm cc vi sinh vtto metan t kh N2 v CO2, phn nhlnhngvisinhvttometantaxitaxetic.Trongtngs"lngkhmetan tothnhtqutrnhckhong70%tothnhtaxitaxetic.Trongqutrnh chuyn ha ym kh v k kh, nhit ca qu trnh s gim xung v cc chng visinhvtgiaionnytoratlngnhithnnhiusoviqutrnhchuyn hahiukh.Nunngcaccaxithuc,axitbodbayhitoracng nhiuthtrongncrcscgitrpHthp(pH=4-5)vcnngCOD, BOD5 cao. Nhvy,rchuctrongqutrnhcphnhytheonhiugiaionchuyn hasinhhckhcnhautorasnphmcuicnglmnhucchoTrn qu s dng. Trn qu c vai tr chuyn ha s cp v th cp cc cht liu hu c phn hy th (dngmnhuc)toramtloiphnhuccaocpdngtrongsnxut nngnghip.Vikhnngchuynhotrctipmts"chtthihucdphn hynh:Phngiasc,giacmvmts"phsnphmthotngsnxut nngnghip.Trnqucthcsdngnhmtcngcxlnhanhcccht liu ny gp phn lm gim thiu nhim mi trng.KhnngphnhychthuccaTrnquctrnhbytrongbng4.2nh sau :60 Bng 5.2 : Kh nng phn hy cht hu c qua cc thng tui Cc ch tiuMc phnMc phn 50% phn + 50% rm mc 100% phn Phn bPhn heoPhn gPhn bPhn heoPhn g - Nui trong 30 ngy Khi lng sinh khi trn tng sau 30 ngy nui (g)147,565354552,527,5 Tiu tn thc n sau 30 ngy nui (kg)4,53,382,385,253,381,88 Tiu tn thc n trn lkg sinh khi trn tng (kg)30,6526836,264,3868,4 Chiphvthcnsnxutra1kgtrnsng (ng/kg) 45978011567241287,61710 - Nui trong 60 ngy Khi lng sinh khi trn tng sau 60 ngy nui (g)345240170295205155 Tiu tn thc n sau 60 ngy nui (kg)1312,889,2312,50129,5 Tiu tn thc n trn lkg sinh khi trn tng (kg)37,6853,6660,1742,3758,5361,29 Chiphvthcnsnxutra1kgtrnsng (ng/kg) 565,2804,91022,89847,41170,61532,25 61 - Nui trong 90 ngy Khi lng sinh khi trn tng sau 90 ngy nui (g)807,5550390730545330 Tiu tn thc n sau 90 ngy nui (kg)27,527,3821,2426,5424,6319,86 Tiu tn thc n trn lkg sinh khi trn tng (kg)30,049,754,4836,3645,263,2 Chiphvthcnsnxutra1kgtrnsng (ng/kg) 210745,5926,16727,29041580 Ngun : Khoa cng ngh sinh hc - i hc Bch Khoa 62 5.3.M HNH V PHNG PHP NGHIN cu 5.3.1.Thit k v lp t m hnh Trn c s kt qu nghin cu qu trnh phn loi rc sinh hot ti ngun ti ch tichchthucvkhnngthamgiacatrnquvmcsdngthnh phn (loi) thc n hu cca Trn qu.Qu trnh nghin cu c thc hin dihai m hnh : Mhnh 1:Hnhpthnhphnchtthirnhucsaukhiphnloic cho vo m hnh nui vi tc nhn phn hy chnh l Trn qu.M hnh 2 : Hn hp thnh phn cht thi rn hu c sau khi phn loi s c emibmnhriquangyrisauchovomhnhnuivitcnhn phn hy chnh l Trn qu. iu kin m hnh nghin cu -Khng gian v thi gian t hai m hnh l ging nhau.-Khngsdngnhngloivtliudnglmmhnhxlnh:Gctinh du, vt liubngkim loi (Pb, Cu,Zn ...) v cc loivt liu hen r. M hnh s dng l chu gm. -Thc n v lng trn cho vo m hnh c trng lng bng nhau. Lng thc n cho vo 0,5 kg/ngy cho mi m hnh v lng trn cho vo mi m hnh l 2,0kgtrnti.Thnhphnrchucsaukhiphnloisdngchoqu trnh phn hy ca Trn qu nh : Thc phm sng, rau, qu tri cy, giy vn, rmr.Ccloithnhphnrchucnycnphicnhngiukincn thit nh : + Rc hu c sau khi phn loi phi mm th rt thch hp cho qu trnh s dng ca trn qu. +Thcphmphisng(khngnuchnvchngchanhiuct"gyhi 63 c Trn qu nh : Mui n, cc loi gia v gy ng, cay, chua v cht.+Rchucsdngchoqutrnhphnhykhngchaccchtgyng, chua, cht. -M hnh t v tr yn tnh, thong mt, khng c nh sng mt tri chiu trc tip vo, trnh ncma, m bo m v hn chch hi (chut, cc, kin ...), hn ch ting n. Kchthcxydngmhnhphnhychtthirnhucvisthamgiaca Trnquphthucvos"lngchtthihucsaukhiphnloitingun. C th s dng nhiu m hnh nui Trn qu nh :-Nui bng cch o lung. -Nui trong bn xy. -Nui trong bt nha. -Nui trong khay g v nui trong x, chu. Tuynhintitkimdintch,tinlichovicduychuynthuhochphn cngnhmbovpmquanaimtmhnh(tihgianh)mtac thlachnvsdngloimhnhthchhp.Tuynhinmhnhphnhyrc thi hu c bng tc nhn Trn qu nui trong x hoc chu l ph hp nht.64 Phn loiti ch Chtthihucd phnhythchhps dng Rcthisinh hothgia nh X l s b (bm nh 2 - 3mm) Hnh 5.4 : M hnh Chu nui dng phn hy rc hu c M hnh ny c th tn dng nhng x, chu c sn trong gia nh hoc i mua. X, chu s dng phi c mt thong pha trn ln vi kch thc bng 3/2 chiu cao chu/x nui (chiu cao khng vt qu 20 cm) nhm tn dng kh iu kin mi trng nui - --------- nui Trn qu Thu hoch phn Trn qu Sn phm : Trn qu v phc v bn cy trng phn trn Hnh 5.3 : M hnh phn hy rc hu c bng nui Trn qu 65 nngthngthongkhngkhtnhin.Khichnnhngloix,chuthchinm hnhphiclthotncthotlngncdtrongqutrnhphnhycng nhlngncdkhitatim,ngoiracthb"trcclthnggixung quanh m hnh nhm tng cng kh nng trao i oxy gi mi trng bn trong v bnngoi.VIvytrongqutrnhthchinmhnhcntomitrngnuic thngthongvkhngnntinucqunhiulmmvtquangngtrn 78%. Vtrtmhnhcnphinicaorovthongmt,hnchnhsngmt trichiutrctipvomhnh,trnhncma,ngoiramhnhcnphit trnhxaccloingvtgyhinh:Kin,chut,cc...vcchxangungy ting n. m hnh c vn hnh tt, cn phi chun b lp thcn ban u lm lp nn lt trong nui. trnquthchnghidntrongmitrngmi(mitrngthcnlchtthi rnhucsaukhiphnloi),lcucnphichuynidnmitrngthc n t thc n c cht x (phn gia sc) sang mitrng thc n l cht thi rn hu c. Cht nn : Phi c c cu xp, kt cu tng kh, c kh nng gi m tt, khng gy phn ng nhit, pH khng nm ngoi ph chu ng ca trn, t bit y l mi trng sng tm thi ca trn khi gp iu kin bt li lc ban u. Cht nn c cho vo trong thi gian ban u c th l phn b + rm ( phn hy), phn heo + rm ( phn hy), c hai li thc n nn ny thng thng kt hp khi s dng loi trn Quti(100%-tlnchtnnsaukhimua)hocsdnghnhpbaogmcht nn v trn (70% l trn v 30% l cht nn).Lpthcnnnbanuchotrndnthchnghitrongmitrngmi(thcn 66 l cht thi rn hu c) phi c pH = 6-8. 5.3.2. Phng php vn hnh m hnh Thc n : -Thc n cho Trn qu n l cht thi rn hu c sau khi phn loi, loi cht thirnhuccchtxlngunthcnthchhpnht(loitrthcn cha cht chua, cay, ng, cht v c cht c).-Tt c cht thi rn hu c sau khi phn loi cn phi c bmhoc nghin nh (kch thc trung bnh 2- 3mm) v trong x hoc chu tcnh bnm hnhvquangynhmloibmtphnncrrctrongqutrnhphn hycngnhlmthcnmmchotrncthsdngngayc.Trong qu trnh khng cn b sung thm nc. 5.3.3. K thut vn hnh -KhilngthcnhngngychoTrnqusdngbng1/3-1/4tngtrng lngtrnctrongmhnh,cnphiloibngaytrnyukhngthchui xung lp nn. -Thc n cho vo cn phi tri u trn 2/3 din tch b mt m hnh, chiu cao thc n cho vo nui dy khng vt qu 2cm. -Hng nay cn phi ti m gi m trong nui t khong 76- 78%. -Thngxuynxi,obmtcchttrongmhnhnhk2-3ln/ngy. Cng vic ny c th dng bng tay hoc dng di (gy di khong 30- 40cm, ng knh 20cm c mt u vut nhn) xoi nhng l nh xuyn t trn xung y nui khong5 - 1 0l/m2, cng vic ny gip gii phng lng nhit d thactrongmhnhcthotra,ngthigiiphngcckhccth gy nguy hi cho trn. 5.3.4. Phng php phn tch cc ch tiu 4- pH 67 -Cn khi lng rc. -Trn nc vo hn hp rc theo t l, rc : nc = 1:3.-o pH bng my cm tay Hand - Held Water Quality Meter (WQC - 24) -Thi gian o cho kt qu n nh trong khong thi gian 1 pht, sau c v ghi li kt qu t mn hnh ca my.i- m -Ly mu hn hp rc cn phn tch vo da cn, ly kt qu o trng lng ban u (mi). -Sy mu nhit 105c trongkhong thigian 18-24gi. -Ly mu sau khi sy t trongbnh htmvithi gian 1gi ri em i cn ly kt qu (m2). Cng thc xc nh m : M( %) =m' ~m i xlQQ m] Trong : mi : Khi lng rc ban u. m2 : Khi lng rc sau khi sy. - Nhit khng kh -o nhit khng kh bng my Testo 635 (Germany). -Thi gian ly mu trong khong 2 pht. - Tc gi -o tc gi bng my Testo 415 (Germany). -t my theo hng chiu ca gi. -Thi gian ly mu trong khong 30 giy.4- Cng chiu sng -o cng chiu sng bng my Extech Light Meter 68 -Thi gian ly mu trong khong 30 giy.5.4.KT QU CA TRNH PHN HY CHAT THI RAN hu c Bng 5.3 : Khi lng sinh khi - H s sinh trng - Tiu tn thc n ca Trn qu qua cc ngy tui TTNi dungThi gian 05 ngy20 ngy35 ngy - M hnh 1 (Rc hu c khng bm nh) : 01Khi lng sinh khi trn tng thm (g)4564115 02H s sinh trng (%)100142256 03Tiu tn thc n (kg)1,98,316,3 - M hnh 2 (Rc hu c c bm nh) : 01Khi lng sinh khi trn tng thm (g)4592150 02H s" sinh trng (%)100204333 03Tiu tn thc n (kg)2,39,518 69 20 Khi lng sinh khi trn qua cc ngy tui 52035Ngy Hnh 5.5 : Khi lng sinh khi trn qua cc ngy tui H s" sinh trng trn qua cc ngy tui 35 Ngy Hnh 5.6 : H s sinh khi trn qua cc ngy tuiM hnh 1 M hnh 2 M hnh 1 M hnh 2 70 Tiu tn thc n qua cc ngy tui 35 Ngy Hnh 5.7 : Tiu tn thc n qua cc ngy tui Bng 5.4 : Cc yu t mi trng cc ngy tui M hnh M hnh 2 STTCc yu t" mi trng pHNhit (0C) m (%) Cng chiu sng (Lux) Tc gi (m/s) - Rc hu c khng bm nh (M hnh 1): 5 ngy6,829-307630-400,05 -0,16 20 ngy7,028-297830-400,05 -0,18 35 ngy7,127-287530-400,04-0,16 - Rc hu c c bm nh (M hnh 2): 05 ngy7,0307830-400,03 - 0,16 20 ngy6,9297730-400,04-0,18 35 ngy7,227-287630-400,02-0,14 71 72 5.5.PHNG PHP TH HOCH PHN TRN Hinnaycnhiuphngphpthuhochphntrn,trongchaiphng php thng c s dng ph bin nh : -Phng php nh mi. -Phng php e da. Tuynhinviphngphpedathngcsdngrngritrongqutrnh chn nui. Trn qu c tp tnh n m nhiu hn v thng ngoi ln b mt, li nhng ht phn (c kt cu ht mn) to thnh lp trn b mt.Trckhithuhochphnkhngcochtnn(thcn),hnchtimv tngcngchiusng,chitrongkhongthigiant5-10phttrnschui rt xung pha di v sau ht lp phn pha trn.5.6.NH GI - NHN XT T kt qu t c trn cho thy vic x l rc thi sinh hot hu c sau khi phnloibngtcnhnTrnqucnghatchcctrongvngimthiucht thi rn ti ngun. Tuy nhin vic s dng rc hu c c bm nh cho kt qu ng khnsovircthihuckhngbmnhkhicngsdngtcnhnphnhy l Trn qu. cho kt qu ca qu trnh phnhy rc huccbmnh dinravitc c nhanh hn th cc yu t" mitrngnh hngn tcphnhy phi c khng ch nm trong khong gii hn thch hp nh :-pH = 6,9 - 72. -Nhit : 27 - 29 (C). - m : 76- 78 (%). -nh sng : 30 - 40 (lux). 73 -Tc gi : 0,02 - 0,18 (m/s) 5.7.TRIN KHAI TRNH DIN M HNH Mhnhtrnhdinktqunghincuctrinkhaitis"125,pTrungTre, phng Linh Xun, qun Th c, thnh ph" H Ch minh. Cc thng s" thc hin m hnh nh sau : -Kiu dng v kch thc m hnh (xem hnh v 4.4).-Khi lng rc hu c sau khi phn loi v bm nh trung bnh l 0,6 kg/ngy (03 nhn khu). -Khilnghnhpbaogm:Trnqu(chim80%)vchtnn(chim 20%) cho vo m hnh ban u l 2,4 kg. -V tr t m hnh phi t cc yu t" nh : Mi trng thong mt, khng c nhsngchiutrctipvomhnh,yntnh,khngcchhi,gnngun nc sch. Cch tin hnh trin khai m hnh : Lngtrnsau khimuavcthtrctipvomhnhnui,i khong5-10 phtchotrnnnhtrongmitrngmi,cnloingaynhngconyu.Sau lngrchucbmnhchunbsnctriutrn2/3dintchb mtmhnh.Tipdngncschtinhlnmhnhsaochomt khong 76 - 78%. Cng vic hng ngy c tin hnh nh sau : -B sung thc n vo m hnh. -o lng c cht c trong m hnh trung bnh khong 2-3 ln/ngy. -Thchinvicgimchomhnhtgitrkhong77%bngcchti nc vi lng thch hp. kim tra m t khong gi tr ny m khng cndngnthitbphntch,tacthdngtayvilymttcchtv 74 bp nh khi thy nc r ra tng git nh th m t yu cu.-Kim tra ch hi n m hnh : Kin, cc, chut...75 Hnh 5.8 Nhn xt: Quaktqutrinkhaimhnhchothy,vicsdngtcnhnTrnquphn hychtthirnhucsaukhiphnloicnghatchcctrongvicgim thiu cht thirn sinh hot pht sinh trong quy m h gia nh. T ktqu t c l gim lng rc pht sinh t h gia nh bng bin php ti sinh ti ch, do cng gim c khi lng rc a v bi chn lp.Bng 5.5 : Kt qu theo di kt qu din tin ca qu trnh trin khai m hnh TTNi dungThi gian 05 ngy20 ngy35 ngy 01Khi lng sinh khi trn tng thm (g)3265110 02H s" sinh trng (%)100203344 03Tiu tn thc n (kg)1,45,811 Cc hnh nh minh ha qu trnh thc nghim m hnh phn hy rc thi hu c ors 6 s IL 77 Hnh 5.7 -5.8 - 5.9 - 5.10- 5.11: M hnh thc nghim phn hy rc hu c 78 CHNG 6 NG DNG THC NGHIM BN PHN VI SINH CHO CY TRNG TRONG QUY M H GIA NH Rc thi sinh ra t quy m h gia nh sau khi qua qu trnh phn loi dng lm thc n cho Trn qu to ra cht thi di dng phn hu c sinh hc. Theo kt qu nghin cu ca cc loi phn hn hp hu c sinh ha- danh t chung cho cc loiphnhnhphuccchuynhabngmensinhhc,mennhnto,men thinnhinitntsn,phnhyceluloze,phnhyln,mvkali...vn phn ca Trn qu thi ra theo tn ca ti ra. 6.1.GII TRNH S LC V DANH T PHN BN HU c V LI CH: C th t tn cho sn phm phn bn hn hp hu c t phn Trn qu l : uPhn hu c sinh hc theo ng ngha ca n. Qua phn trnh by ca chng IV v m hnhphnhychtthirnhucsaukhiphnloitothnhphnhuc sinh hc cho thy sn phm ca qu trnh phn hy ny cng c th gi l : Phn hucsinhhcsch,ylloiphndsnxuttrongquymhgianh,gp phnmanglilichnhiumt,nhnglichchnhlgimplccaxhiv tng hiu qu kinh t trong nng nghip :-Bovmitrngsinhthi:Gpphngiiquytnmcthpnhtlng chtthirnsinhrathgianh,kcthnhph"nkhuthvkhu vc nng thn ... trc khi em i x l cui cng -Torangunphnbnschkhngcdlnghacht,lmtngnngsut, tnghiuquchocytrngmkhnggyhinmitrngt,ngcli loiphnnyctcdngcito,tngmchot,lmtixptnh giu vi sinh vt hu ch ... 79 6.2.PHNTCH,NHGITHNHPHANDINHDNGCCCHATC TRONG PHN TRN QU. Qutrnhphnhychtthirnhucsaukhiquaqutrnhphnloivis tham gia ca Trn qu to ra mt loi phn bn c t im nh sau :v cm quan:ylloiphndngbt,muenxm,mihitanh,khi kh chng c mi nh mi t mi. Nu m > 40% th vt thnh cc,