tcef; ig;

'def;rwf/ e,fomvef/ (&dkqefw&mhpf) *sL;ZeD;*smreftrsKd;orD;wdk@rSemZDrsm;udk qef@usifawmfvSefjcif;

'def;rwf? tjcm;enf;vrf;jzifh ppfyGJqifE$Jjcif;

“'def;rwfudk olwdk@odrf;vdkuf+yD”

(1940) ck/ {+yDv (9) &uf t±k%fwufvmcsdefwGif 'def;rwfEdkifiH. wl;ajrmif;rsm;ESifhòrd@&Gmrsm;ay:tvif;a&mifzsmusvmcsdefY/ 'def;rwfvlrsKd;wdk@onf rdrdwdk@wdkif;jynfudk rdrdwdk@ rydkifqdkifawmhay? vGefcJhonfhntwGif;uyif *smrefppfwyfrsm;onf udkyifa[*if/ ,Gwfvef;ESifh zifu|ef;rsm;ay:odk@ v#yfwysuf0ifa&mufpD;eif;+yD; 'def;rwfwyfzGJ@rsm;udk vsifjrefpGmatmifEdkifcJhonf? òrd@awmfudkvnf; tvG,fwulyif odrf;ydkufEdkifcJhonf? ppfom;wifoabFm ‘[ef;pufpwuf'f 'ef;Zpf’ onf òrd@awmf. A[dkcsufrwGif qdkufuyfxm;cJhonf? reuf(5) em&DwGifrl *smrefppfom;rsm;onf qdyfurf;udk pD;rdk;aeonfh a&S;a[mif;cHwyf}uD;xJwGif tjynfhae&m,lxm;=uawmhonf?aoewfwcsufrazmufyJ 'def;rwfppfom; ckepfq,fudk zrf;rdcJhonf?

Todk@jzpfysufaecsdefwGif *smrefAHk;=uJav,mOfrsm;u òrd@awmfay:rS uyfysH=u&m òrd@olòrd@om;rsm;rSm *smrefavwyfwHqdyfudkyif &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;jrifEdkifavmufatmif edrfhvSonf? xdkav,mOfrsm;u pm&Gufrsm;=uJcs&mY “+Adwdo#usL;ausmfr_udk óudwif[ef@wm;&eftwGuf” *smrefrsm;vma&mufjcif; jzpfonf[ka&;xm;aomfvnf; ‚if;wdk@.t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm jynfolvlxkudk a=umufvef@ajcmufjcm;ap+yD; +idrf+idrfqdyfqdyf 'l;axmufap&efom jzpfavonf? udkyifa[*ifòrd@rS qdkifta&mif;pma&;wOD;jzpfol ,pfwfb&Gef; ujyefajymif;ajymjyonfrSm “*smrefav,mOfawG ysHvmw,f? æ æ usaemfwdk@ tdyf&mux+yD; jywif;aygufu xGuf=unfhawmh olwdk@a&mufae=u+yD? tJ'DtcgrSyJ 'g[m qdk;qdk;0g;0g;wckckawmh jzpfoGm;+yD/ olwdk@ 'def;rwfudk odrf;vdkuf+yDqdkwm usaemfwdk@csufjcif;oabm aygufoGm;=uw,f?”

[pfwvm. ppf,EW&m;}uD;u (1939) pufwifbmwGif ydkvefEdkifiHudk v#yfwjyuf odrf;,lvdkufum 'kwd,urBmppfudk rD;ar$;vdkuf+yD;aemufydkif;vrsm;wGif/ rnfonfhppfAsL[myg&*l odk@r[kwf urBmhacgif;aqmifurS 'def;rwfEdkifiHonf *smrefxdk;ppfudk ckcHEdkifvdrfhrnf[kvHk;0udk rawG;xifxm;cJhay? (1940) azaz:0g&DvwGif 0ifpwefcsmcsDu “'def;rwfjynfu emZDudktnHhcHvdkuf&if usaemfhtaeeJ@ tjypfrwifEdkifygbl;” [krSwfcsufcscJhzl;onf? “wjcm;puif'Dae;AD;,m;EdkifiHawGjzpfwJh aemfa0;eJ@qGD'ifwdk@u usm;udktpmau|;wJhae&mrSmusHK;uav;jcm;aeao;w,f? 'gayr,fh 'def;rwfuawmh *smr%DeJ@ wtm;udkuyfaevdk@ tultnDac:zdk@udk rjzpfEdkifbl;?”[k qdkcJhonf?

'def;rwfbk&if '\rajrmufc&pf&SefESifh tpdk;&tzGJ@onf wdkif;jynf.tEW&m,fudk odjrifcJh=u+yD; *smr%DESifh (1939) arvY rusL;ausmfa&;pmcsKyfcsKyfqdkum/ ‚if;tay:om ar#mfvifhcsufrsm; yHkatmxm;cJh=uonf? [pfwvmudk,fwdkifu ,if;odk@aom *smrefpdwfaumif;ESvHk;aumif;&Sd[ef xifap&ef yHhydk;ay;cJhonf? atmufwdkbm (6) &ufwGif v$wfawmfa&S@arSmuf rdef@cGef;ajym&mY [pfwvmu 'def;rwfvlrsKd;rsm;ESifh “opPmuwdwnfI cifrif&if;ESD;aom aygif;azmfr_” udk wnfaqmufxm;onf[k ajymcJhonf? odk@&mwGif emZDwdk@onfrdrdwdk@. taygif;tazmfrsm;udk ta¹cGt&H/ y%mqufEdkifiHrsm;tjzpf ydkvdkvm;onfudk urBmuawG@vmavonf?

(1939) ckwGifrl 'def;rwfjynfom;tenf;i,fuom xdkodk@odjrifcJhonf? ppfyGJ}uD; pwifjzpfyGm;onfhtcg 'def;rwfEdkifiHonf rdrdvufeufudkifwyfrsm;udk tiftm;av#mhcsypfonfh wckwnf;aom Oa&mywdkif;jynfjzpfonf? usL;ausmfr_ðyonfhae@wGif 'def;rwfwyftiftm;rSm (15000) yifrjynfhy/J ,cifu&SdcJhzl;onfh tiftm;w0ufausmf±Hkom&Sd.? odk@&mwGif *smref r[mAsL[mqGJolrsm;onfppftiftm;omvGefaeapumrl wdkufppfudk aocsmusepGm jyifqifpDpOfcJhonf? ta=umif;rl 'def;rwfwdk@. wnDw!Gwfwnf;aomqef@usifckcHr_onf *smrefxdk;ppftcsdefZ,m;udk uarmufur jzpfoGm;apEdkif+yD; aemfa0;EdkifiHudk wòydifeufwnf; usL;ausmfa&;udkygysufjym;oGm;apEdkifaoma=umifhjzpfonf? odk@jzpfI {&mrxdk;ESufcsufudk rvGJraoG vdktyfavonf?

vGefchJonfhig;&ufu udkyifa[*ifòrd@odrf;wm0efusaom *smrefwyf&if;rSL;onf udk,fwdkifudk,fusaxmufvSrf;&ef òrd@awmfodk@a&mufvmcJhonf? ‚if;onf omrefpD;yGm;a&;orm;[efaqmifvsuf qdyfurf;udk avhvm=unfh±_um yifr ppfonfwifoabFm qdkufuyf&efoifhawmfaomqdyfudk a&G;cs,fcJhonf? xdk@aemuf olonf 'def;rwf=unf;wyfppfOD;pD;XmecsKyf pcef;csvsuf&Sdaom cHwyfa[mif;}uD;odk@oGm;a&mufcJhonf? uif;apmifhwm0efusppfom;rsm;u pyfpyfpkpkEdkifaom ukefonfudk vd_ufvSJpGmóudqdk+yD; rdrdwdk@. wyf=uyf}uD;ESifh

rdwfqufay;cJh&m ‚if;wyf=uyf}uD;u {nfhonfawmfudk ppfOD;pD;XmecsKyf/ qufoG,fa&;XmeESifh cHwyf. yifr*dwfaygufESpfaygufwdk@udkvdkufvHjyocJhonf? *smrefwyf&if;rSL;onf rdrdwdk@usL;ausmfr_. atmifjrifr_tvm;tvmtwGuf tyltyifuif;pGm jyefvmcJhonf?

*smrefwyfrsm; rpD;eif;rDnwGif usL;ausmfa&;wyfzGJ@ppfOD;pD;rSL; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;umhwf[kdif;rm;u 'def;rwfEdkifiHqdkif&m *smrefoHtrwf}uD;pDpif;vfAGef&ifax;zifhufxH oGm;a&mufI 'def;rwftpdk;&tm; aemufem&Dtenf;i,ft=umY ay;tyf&ef pmwkdwapmif ay;cJhonf?'def;rwfwkd@ESifh &if;ESD;vSaom *k%foa&&SdoHwrefwOD;jzpfonfh AGef&ifax;zifhufrSm wkefv_yfoGm;cJh&onf? ,if;pmrSm &mZoHwapmifjzpf+yD; 'def;rwfwdk@udk 'l;axmuftnHhcH&ef awmif;qdkxm;onf? pmxJY puif'Dae;AD;,m;udk ppfwvif;jzpfapzdk@ r[mrdwfwkd@. t=uHtpnfqdkonfht&mrS tumtuG,fay;&ef *smrefwdk@ a&muf&Sdvmjcif;jzpfa=umif;/ *smr%DEdkifiHwGif &efvdkonfht=uHtpnfrsm;r&Sdaomfvnf; qef@usifckcHr_rSefor#udk acsr_ef;ypfrnfjzpfa=umif; qdkxm;onf? xdk@tjyif aemufxyftmrcHr_wckvnf; ay;xm;onf?,if;rSm *smrefwdk@onf “'def;rwfEdkifiH. e,fajrwnfwHhjynfhpHkr_udk‚if;/ EdkifiHa&;vGwfvyfr_udk‚if;” 0ifa&mufpGufzufrnfr[kwf[lIjzpfonf?

tr,fvD,ifabmh*feef;awmftjyifY aoewfoHrsm; jrnf[D;aecsdefwGif bk&ifc&pf&Sefu 0ef}uD;csKyf aomfAm;vf'fpawmif;eif;/ EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; tuf'Gyfref@csftygt0if rdrd0ef}uD;rsm;ESifh bmvkyf&rnfudk aqG;aEG;qHk;jzwfcJhonf? 0ef}uD;csKyfESifh EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;wdk@u tnHhcHa&;zufrS aqG;aEG;cJh=uonf? reuf (6) em&Drxdk;rD rdepftenf;i,ftvdkwGif bk&if}uD;u tnHhcHzdk@oabmwlvdkufonf?xdk@aemufodyfr=umrD bk&ifESifhawG@qHkcJhaom AdkvfcsKyf}uD;[dkif;rm;u bk&if}uD;onf “tjyifyef;tm;jzifh &mZÁa¹ENudk tjynfht0”xdef;xm;aomfvnf; “twGif;o±kyftm;jzifh wkefv_yfòydvJ” oGm;yHk&onf[k qdkcJhonf? bk&if}uD;u rdrdESifh rdrdtpdk;&onf “*smrefwyfrsm;ESifh rdrdwdkif;jynft=um; rnfonfhyËdyuQudkrqdk ajzazsmufypf&ef æ æ tpGrf;ukefaqmif&GufoGm;rnf? rdrdwdkif;jynfudk aemufxyf'kuQokuQrcHpm;apvdk” [k qdkcJhonf?

xdkae@wm=umanmif;vmonfESifhtr# 'def;rwfwdk@rSm r,HkEdkifatmifjzpf=u&onf? pawmif;eif;u 'def;rwfEdkifiHom;wdk@tm; Oya'vdkufem+yD; *smrefwyfrsm;udk “rSefrSefuefuef” qufqH=u&ef wdkufwGef;cJhonf? “'def;rwftpdk;&[m odrf;ydkufr_eJ@ywfouf+yD; qef@usifuef@uGufwJhtaeeJ@ wdkif;jynf&J@tajctaet&yf&yfudk pDpOfaqmif&Gufzdk@ qHk;jzwfvdkufw,f” [k oluajymjyonf? “tpdkk;&[mwdkif;jynfukd 'Dhxufydkqdk;wJh =urRmuae u,fwifEdkifcJhw,fvdk@ ±dk;om;pGm,Hk=unfcH,l+yD; aqmif&GufcJhw,f æ æusaemfwdk@[m jynfolvlxk&J@yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_tay: rSDcdktm;xm;rSmjzpfygw,f?”[k xkwfjyefa=ujimcJhonf?

TonfrSm vufeufcst±H_;ay;jcif;r[kwfyJ vdkufavsmay;jcif;omjzpfonf? Tay:vpDonf wdkif;jynf odrf;ydkufcHxm;&aomfvnf;±H_;edrfhoGm;jcif;r[kwfrlbJ tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifEdkifiH/ jzpfjrJjzpfaeonf[lonfh tusdK;&Sdaompdwful;Zmwfvrf;ESifh wGJqufaeonfhay:vpDjzpfonf? Tyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;ay:vpD (samarbejdspolitik) onf udk,fykdifjyÏmef;cGifh&Sdaom trsKd;om;b0twGufwwfEdkifor# v_yfomvSnfhom&Sd&ef óud;yrf;onfh r[mAsL[mvnf; jzpfonf? “usrwdk@[m {+yD (9) &ufwHk;uom ckcHcJh&if/ ol&Jaumif;yDowJh udk,fhudk,fudk,faoa=umif;=uHr_rsKd; jzpfoGm;Edkifw,f” [k'def;rwfordkif;ynm&Sif yJav;avm&if;u aemufykdif;wGifajymonf? “&Sifoef&yfwnfa&;[m t"duyef;wdkifjzpfvmw,f?” Tt,ltqudk 'def;rwfjynfom;tm;vHk;u oabmwl=uonfawmhr[kwfyg? tar&duefEdkifiHqdkif&m 'def;rwfoHtrwf}uD;u rdrdudk,frdrd “vGwfvyfaom” 'def;rwfoHtrwf}uD;tjzpf a=unmcJhonf? Tonfudk 'def;rwfwdk@. yxrqHk;aomqef@usifawmfvSefa&;vkyf&yftjzpf trsm;ujrif=uonf?

TppfyGJonf EdkifiHaygif;rsm;pGmESifh vloef;aygif;rsm;pGmudk tusKH;0ifaprnfh urBmhyËdyuQ}uD;wcktjzpfodk@ t&SdefjrifhoGm;rnfqdkonfudkrlxdkpOfu rnfolr# rod=u? ppfyGJonf c%om=um+yD; Oa&mywdkufwckvHk; [pfwvmhvufatmufwGif waygif;wpnf;wnf;jzpfoGm;um oD;jcm;EdkifiHrsm; aysmufuG,foGm;zdk@rsm;onf[k 'def;rwfacgif;aqmifrsm;u ,lqcJh=uonf? Ttwdkif;jzpfvmygu 'def;rwftcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifr_udk *smr%Du todtrSwfðyxm;r_u 'def;rwfjynftay: xD;rdk;umuG,fay;&ma&mufEdkif+yD; *smreftifyg,mtwGif;odk@ 0g;òrdrcH&bJ aeEdkifrnf? yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;rSm tqdk;}uD;xJrS tqdk;av;jzpfonf? *smrefwdk@bufrS=unfhv#if 'def;rwfEdkifiHonfusdK;usdK;EGHEGH&SdrS ‚if;. vkyftm;/ pdkufysdK;a&;ESifh obm0o,HZmwrsm;udk toHk;csEdkifrnfjzpfonf? 'def;rwftxnftvdyfrsm;/ ppfoHk;ypPnf;rsm;ESifh pm;eyf&duQmrsm; tzEdkifiHawmf ¡*smr%D¢ odk@ rSefrSefpD;0ifap&efrSm wdkif;jynfudk twif;t"rRodrf;oGif;jcif;xuf udkyifa[*iftpdk;&ESifh ajyvnfatmifvkyfjcif;u ydkIvdrfrmyg;eyf&ma&muf.[k ,lqonf?

*smrefwdk@onf 'def;rwfjynfwGif at;at;csrf;csrf;&Sdap&eftvdk@iSm todrf;ydkufcHwkdif;jynftrsm;pkudk udkifwG,fqufqHyHkESifh odompGmuGJuGJjym;jym;udkifwG,fzdk@ toifhjyifxm;cJhonf? *smrefppfXmecsKyft&m&Sd}uD;rsm;u *smrefppfom;rsm; 'def;rwfwdk@. cGJwrf;usukefypPnf;rsm;udk rawmif;0,f&efwm;jrpf+yD;/ *smrefppfwyfowif;pmwapmif jzef@csDr_udkvnf; &yfqdkif;ypfcJhonf? wyfwGif; jzef@a0aom

!¸ef=um;pmwckwGif *smrefppfom;rsm;udk 'def;rwftrsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh rdef;cav;rsm;tm; av;av;pm;pm;qufqH&ef/ EdkifiHa&; jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;r_rsm; rvkyf&ef/ xdkr#omru 'def;rwfjynfom;rsm;onf &efolr[kwfa=umif;/ emZDvlrsKd;a&;owfrSwfcsufZ,m;wGif txl;tcGifhta&;& taetxm;Y&Sda=umif; owday;xm;onf? *smrefwdk@. ,Ofaus;txufwef;usr_udk oufaojyonfhtaejzifhbmvifu 'def;rwfudk urBmha&S@arSmufwGif “pHjytapmifhta&SmufcHEdkifiH” jzpfapvdkonf? xdk@jyif 'def;rwfvlrsKd;rsm; +idrf0yfusKd;EGHr_ &Sdygu tjcm;wzufwGifvnf;/ csKyfudkifa&;twGuf *smrefppfom; odyfvdkrnfr[kwfawmhacs?

'def;rwftrsm;tjym;u usL;ausmfr_a=umifh wpHkw&mpdwfoufom&m &oGm;cJhonf? ta=umif;rSm Tokd@jzifh ppfyGJ. tedÏm±HktjynfhtpHk a&mufrvmatmif xdef;xm;Edkifrnfhoabm&aoma=umifhjzpfonf? at;at;aq;aq;ae=uzdk@ bk&ifht=uHay;csufrSm oifhavsmfyHk&aeonf? 'def;rwfEdkifiHwGif zufqpfygwDrsm;/ trsKd;om;a&;ygwDrsm; &Sdaeaomfvnf; EdkifiH. EdkifiHa&;tcif;tusif;u tpGef;a&mufrsm;udk ab;a&mufaeaponf? emZDrsm;odrf;ydkufcJhonfh Oa&mywdkufae&mwdkif;wGif jzpfaeonfh jyif;xefaom/ t=urf;zufonftxdr=umc%jzpfwwfaom 0g'a&;yËdyuQrsKd; 'def;rwfjynfvrf;rrsm;ay: rjzpfatmif xdef;EdkifcJhonf? 'def;rwftaqmufttHktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSm tedrhfqHk;tm;jzifh 'def;rwftm%mydkifr_ oauFwrsm;tjzpf e*dktwdkif; qufvufwnf&Sdaeojzifh qef@usifawmfvSefzdk@wGef;tm; ta&;w}uD; jzpfyHkr&cJh? twdtvif;qef@usifawmfvSefjcif;onf tm%mydkifudk zDqefonfhoabm jzpfoGm;vdrhfrnf?

odk@aomfvnf; rdrdwdk@wdkif;jynfrS vHk;0jyefrwdkufcJhjcif;udk 'def;rwfjynfom;tawmfrsm;rsm;u &Suf=uonf? rdrdwdk@acgif;aqmifrsm;tnHhcHvdkufonfrSm jrefvGef;tm;}uD;onf[k trsm;tjym;u ,lq=uonf? 'def;rwfESifh *smrefwdk@onf &SvJpf0pf*fe,fajr (awmifzuftpGefqHk;'def;rwfjynfe,f odk@r[kwf ajrmufzuftusqHk;*smrefjynfe,f) ESifhywfouf+yD; &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tcsif;rsm;cJh&m(1864) ck 'def;rwf-y&yf&Sm;ppfyGJwGif txGwftxdyfa&mufcJh+yD; 'def;rwfwdk@ ±H_;edrhfcJhonf? xdk@aemufydkif;q,fpkESpfrsm;wGif ,if;e,fajr&Sd'def;rwfrsm;udk *smrefwdk@ rw&m;ðyrlqufqHr_u 'def;rwfwdk@. &efvdkpdwfudk wdk;jrifhapcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh wdkif;jynf.tjyifyef; +idrfoufr_ESifh w&m;0iftm;jzihf vdkufavsmajyvnfr_atmuf wGif rausreyfa'gopdwf &SdaecJhonf? “udk,fxdvufa&mufqef@usifwmenf;enf;av;yJ&SdcJhw,f” [kxdkpOfu toufq,fhoHk;ESpft&G,fausmif;om; [m;bwfyef'pfu jyefajymif;ajymjyonf? “'gayr,fh ææ 'def;rwfawG[m *smrefawGudk rvdkvm;bl;qdkwmudkawmh cHpm;aerd=u+yD?” oluajymcJhonf?

“'def;rwfvlaumif;qdkwm bmvJ”

*smrefrsm;usL;ausmfcsdefwGif tm;efq,f,mrSm taemufydkif;ZDvefjynfe,f&Sd qvmh*sJvfpDòrd@uav;wGif rdbrsm;ESifh twlaeaeaomq,fhckepfESpft&G,f ausmif;om;wOD;jzpfonf? {+yD 9 &ufae@reuf ausmif;toGm;wGif avmavmvwfvwfa&mufvmonfh ppfom;rsm;udk jynfolvlxkrsm;u w&if;wESD;cifcifrifrif&Sd=uyHk/ *smrefppfwD;0dkif;wzGJ@u 'def;rwf*Dwjzifh av[mjyifazsmfajzyGJvkyfay;onfudkvlxku vufckyfwD;=obmay;yHkwdk@udk thH=owkefv_yfoGm;cJhrdonf? olonf a'oxkwfowif;pmwapmifudk aumuf=unfh&m jynfoljynfom;rsm;udk 'def;rwfvlaumif;olaumif;rsm;ozG,f ðyrlusifh=uH=uzdk@ bk&if.rSm=um;csuf yg&SdonfudkawG@&onf? “'def;rwfvlaumif;qdkwm bmvJ” [kol@udk,folar;rdonf? “tckvdktajctaersKd;/ udk,fhwdkif;jynfudk &efoluodrf;ydkufxm;wJhtcsdefrSm 'def;rwfvlaumif;olaumif;wa,mufu b,fvdkðyrlusifh=uH&rvJ?” olu ol@udk,foljyefar;cGef;xkwfonf?

q,f,m tdrfjyefvm+yD;aemuf ol@tajzrsm;udk 'def;rwfwdk@twGuf ynwfawmfq,fyg; trnfjzifh csa&;cJhonf? olonf rdwWL (25)apmif vufESdyfpufjzifh¶dkufcJhonf? Todk@a&;xm;onf?

1? oifonf *smr%DEdkifiHESifh aemfa0;EdkifiHrsm;odk@ oGm;a&muftvkyfrvkyf&?2? oifonf *smrefrsm;twGuf tvkyfudk qdk;qdk;0g;0g;vkyfay;&rnf?3? oifonf *smrefrsm;twGuf tvkyfudk jznf;av;pGmvkyfay;&rnf?4? oifonf ta&;ygaom puf,EW&m;rsm;/ u&d,mrsm;udk zsufqD;ypf&rnf?5? oifonf *smrefrsm;twGuf tusdK;&SdEdkifrnfh t&mrSefor#udk zsufqD;ypf&rnf?6? oifonf o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;tm;vHk;udk aESmifhaES;atmifvkyf&rnf?7? oifonf *smrefESifh tDwvD¶kyf&Sifrsm;/ pmapmifrsm;udk oydwfarSmuf&rnf?8? oifonf emZDpwdk;qdkifrsm;wGif aps;r0,f&?9? oifonf opPmazmufrsm;udk xdkufwefonfhtwdkif; qufqH&rnf?

10? oifonf *smrefrsm; tvdkufcH&ol rnfol@udkrqdk umuG,fay;&rnf?'def;rwfjynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf wdkufyGJ0if=u?

xdk@aemuf q,f,monf qvmh*sJvfpDòrd@rS òrd@awmf0ef/ b%fvkyfief;&Sifrsm;/ q&m0efrsm;/ pme,fZif;orm;rsm; tygt0if =oZmwduUrt&SdqHk; òrd@olòrd@om;rsm;pm&if;wck a&;qGJcJhonf? aemufwnwGif olonf pufbD;jzifh olwdk@aetdrfrsm;odk@oGm;+yD; ynwfawmfq,fyg;udk pmxnfhyHk;rsm;xJ xnfhcJhonf? rdrdEdkifiHom;'def;rwfwdk@u *smrefrsm;udk ay:ay:xifxif vd_ufvSJysLiSmaejcif;utawmf}uD;rm;vSonfh qef@usifawmfvSefa&;pdwf"mwftm; zHk;uG,fxm;onfudk r=umrD q,f,mawG@vmonf? q,f,monfqef@usifawmfvSefa&;enf;emopfrsm;udkvnf; awG@&SdazmfxkwfEdkifcJhonf? olESifhol@rdwfaqGrsm;u *smrefum;rsm;/ ppfoHk;,mOfrsm;."mwfqDwdkifuDxJ o=um;avmif;xnfh=uonf? *smrefqef@usifa&; vufurf;pmapmifrsm;udk ul;,l+yD; EdkifiHtESH@tjym;&Sd txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;xHodk@ pmwdkufrSaeI ydk@=uonf? odwfr=umcif ynwfawmfq,fyg;onf wa,mufvufrSwa,mufjyef@oGm;umtqHk;wGif 'def;rwfjynfom;wdk@ trsKd;om;awmfvSefa&; qifE$J&mY trGeftjrwfxm;p&mjzpfvmavonf?

arvwGif udkyifa[*ifòrd@Y vli,ftzGJ@wcsdK@ awG@qHkpnf;a0;=u+yD; bmoma&;qdkif&mygarmuQ [,fvfaumuf. vrf;!¸efr_atmufwGif 'def;rwfvli,ftoif;}uD;udk wnfaxmifvdkufonf? ,if;toif;rSm 'def;rwfo¶kyfvuQ%mESifh 'Drdkua&pDwefzdk;pHrsm; xdef;odrf;a&;twGuf &nf&G,fzGJ@pnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? aumufonf *smrefqef@usifa&;/ 'def;rwfemZDqef@usifa&;twGuf trsKd;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&; vdktyfr_udk tav;ay;onfh 'def;rwfordkif;qdkif&m a[majymyGJrsm; ðyvkyfjcif;tm;jzifh y&dowfrsm;pGmudk qGJaqmifEdkifovdkowif;pmwGifvnf; owif;rsm;ygapEdkifcJhonf? olu 'def;rwfEdkifiHudk odrf;ydkufjcif;onf EdkifiH.tiftm;ESifh w&m;Oya'a=umif;nDr_udk racszsufEdkif[k aqG;aEG;jycJhonf?

jrifhrm;vmaeaom trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwfav[kefonf &yf&Gmaw;csif;yGJawmfrsm;Y tjyef@ESH@qHk;wdkufcwfcJhonf? ,if;yGJawmfrsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh }uD;rm;vSaom a'oqdkif&myGJvrf;rsm; jzpfavh&Sdonf? Zlvdkif (4) &ufY t,fvfabmh*fòrd@teD;wGif vl (1500)cef@pka0;um (1864) ck *smr%DESifhppfyGJta=umif;/ ppfom;rsm;.&JpGrf;owWdta=umif;ESifh ‚if;wdk@csefxm;&pfcJhaom rdef;cav;rsm;ta=umif; aw;csif;rsm;udk oDqdkcJh=uonf? =o*kwfvESifh pufwifbmv wav#mufvHk;wGif vl ckepfodef;cGJonf tvm;wlyGJawmfrsm;Y oDcsif;rsm;qdkcJh=uonf? pufwifbm (26) &uf bk&ifhoufawmf ckepfq,fjynfharG;ae@wGif udkyifa[*ifòrd@awmfvrf;rsm;ay:Y axmifESifhcsDaomvlxkrsm;onf EdkifiH. toa&udkaqmifxm;aom yk*~dKvf}uD;twGuf arG;ae@oDcsif;rsm; oDqdkcJh=uonf? “'DavmufvlawGtrsm;}uD; udkyifa[*ifw0dkufu yef;jcHawGxJpka0;+yD; oDcsif;qdk¶HkyJqdkaewm[m *smrefawGtwGuf rcHcsifp&mjzpfaew,f” [k *sD,ufb&Gef;u jyefajymif;ajymjyonf?

odrf;ydkufr_tm; xdyfwdkufpdefac:jcif;onf tpdk;&. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;ay:vpDudk azmufzsuf&musvdrfhrnf? odk@&mwGif 'def;rwf.*k%fyk'fESifh vuQ%mtm; ,Ofaus;r_t&&yfcHjcif;udkrl tay:,Htm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;rqHapyJ t&Sdudk t&Sdtwdkif; azmfjyEdkifonf? odk@aomfjim;vnf; trsm;jynfol@cHpm;csufrsm;udk tjcm;enf;vrf;jzifhjyygu csKd;ESdrfcH&Edkifonfh tcsdefwGif xdkokd@aom ,Ofaus;r_enf;vrf;onf*smref=oZmcHa&;t,ltqudk oG,f0dkufpdefac:aecJhonf? qef@usifawmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_onf (1941) rwdkifrDtxd aumif;aumif;yHkray:ao;aomfvnf; aw;csif;yGJawmfrsm;ESifh tjcm;aom ae@pOfESifhtr# vkyfaeonfh oauFwoabmqef@usifuef@uGufr_rsm;onfpdwf"mwfa&;yEMufudk csay;cJhonf? TonfrSm aemufESpfoHk;q,ft=umY uGefjrLepfvufatmufydkvefjynfwGif ppfaoG;ºuGtvkyform;rsm;/ twdkuftcH ynmwwfrsm;wdk@. vkyf&yfu v_yf&Sm;r_toGifraqmifao;aom twdkuftcHtwGuf vlr_a&;cGifudk zefwD;ay;vdkufyHkESifh qifwlaeonf?

'def;rwfpme,fZif;orm;wdk@uvnf; qef@usifawmfvSefa&;udk rD;ar$;ay;&mY ueOD;tp tcef;u¾u yg0ifcJhonf? usL;ausmf+yD;ptcsdefwGif *smrefjyef=um;a&;oHrª;onf 'def;rwfEdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;Xmeodk@ udk,fwkdifvma&mufI yHkESdyfxkwfa0r_rsm;twGuf tajccHpnf;urf;csufrsm; csay;cJhonf? ,if;pnf;urf;rsm;rSm EdkifiHjcm;owif;ESifh acgif;}uD;ykdif;tm;vHk; óudwifcGifhðycsuf,l&rnf? odrf;ydkufa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;tm; a0zefcGifhrðy/ óudwifcGifhðycsufr&yJ rnfonfhppfowif;udkrS yHkESdyfcGifhrðy ponfwdk@jzpf.? odk@aomf vHk;0O\HkvGwfvyfr_udk tom;usxm;aom 'def;rwfrD'D,mu [efaqmifyefaqmifodwfr&Sdaom &GH&Smrkef;wD;r_jzifh wkef@jyefcJhonf? ae@vnfxkwf tpfufpx&mbvm'uf owif;pmu owif;rsm;/ aqmif;yg;rsm;udk pma=umif;vGwfwa=umif; wa=umif;jcm;+yD; yHkESdyfcJhonf? owif;pmzwfolrsm;udk pma=umif;rsm;udk ausmf=unfhzdk@ t&dyft¹rGufjyjcif;jzpfonf? uvGefabmh*fa&'D,dkESifh udkyifa[*ifa&'D,dktoHv$ifhorm;rsm;u qifqmjzwfxm;onfh ppfowif;rsm;udk zwf=um;&mwGif “,cktcsdefrSpI aemufqHk;0ifa&mufvmwJh *smrefowif;xkwfjyefcsufudk zwf=um;ygawmhr,f” [laom xHk;pHtzGifhpum;ESifh “aemufqHk;0ifa&mufvmwJh *smrefowif;xkwfjyefcsufudk zwf=um;vdk@+yD;yg+yD” [laom xHk;pHtydwfpum;wdk@udk zwf&mY r=umc%qdkovdk oa&mfawmfawmfaighawmhawmhavoH ododomomESifhzwfavh&Sdonf?

'def;rwfjynfwGif usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufa&;orm;rsm;udk xdyfwkdufrawG@&onfhtajcY 'def;rwfo¶kyfvuQ%mudk azmfusL;tr$ef;wifvdkonfh qENtm;jzifhvH_@aqmfr_udk rcH&onfhae&m r&Sdoavmufjzpfonf? EdkifiHu rdrd.pdwf"mwfa&;&mtwGuf rdrdzmomwm0ef,laecsdefwGif tpdk;&u &ufowWywfwywf+yD;wywf ukefqHk;vmonfESifhtr# ydkIydkI wdkufwdkif;atmifyHkaygufvmonfh usL;ausmfolrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;vkyfief;&yfrsm;twkdif; vkyfaqmifaeonf? 'def;rwftm;odrf;ydkuf+yD; ajcmufywfr=umcif *smrefwdk@onfe,fomvef/ b,fvf*sD,HESifh jyifopfEdkifiHrsm;udk odrf;&cJhonf? emZDppf,EW&m;}uD;udk &ifqdkifaeonfh t"duOa&mycHuwkwfrSm+AdwdefEdkifiHom usef&Sdawmhonf?

“opPmazmufawG tvdkr&Sd”

*smrefwdk@. ppfajrjyifatmifyGJrsm;a=umifh pdwfrmefºuGvm+yD; *smrefemZDrsm;u t}uD;tus,f aiGa=u;axmufyHhay;xm;cH&aom/'def;rwfemZDygwDonf (1940) ZGefvwGif udkyifa[*ifòrd@Y tm%modrf;zdk@ óud;yrf;cJhonf? ,if;vkyf&yfonf ratmifjrifcJhaomfvnf;tpdk;&udk emZDZmwfoGif;a&; aemufxyfóud;yrf;csufrsm;rS umuG,fEdkif&ef 'def;rwfacgif;aqmifrsm;u vkyfaqmifcJh=uonf? Zlvdkif (2)&ufwGif ygwDig;cku udk;OD;aumfrwD[kac:aom ygvDreftpkwckudk zGJ@pnf;cJh=uonf? ,if;tpkonf xdktcsdefrSpI tpdk;&tzGJ@twGif;wu,fhqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk csrnfjzpfonf? 0ef}uD;rsm;udk ðzwfypfcJh&m yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;ay:vpDtwGuf t"duwm0ef&Sdaom EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; ref@csfvnf;ygoGm;onf? ref@csfudk xkwfypfcJhaomfvnf; ‚if;.ay:vpDrSmrl ðywfroGm;ay?

EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;opfrSm tJ&pfpau AD;eD;,yfjzpfonf? olonf ,cifuvnf; T&mxl;Y xrf;aqmifcJhzl;+yD; 'def;rwfEdkifiH =um;aeEdkifcJhonfh yxrurBmppftwGif;u *smr%Dqdkif&m 'def;rwfoHtrwf}uD;vnf; jzpfcJhzl;onf? pauAD;eD;,yfonf rmeaxmifv$m;umvlóudufenf;vSaomfvnf; bmvifrS om;&Jaumif}uD;ESifh qufqH&mwGifrl oifhavsmfonfh vufawG@usol[k ,lqcH&onf? olonfyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;ay:vpDudk taumiftxnfazmf&mY uHudkydktm;udk;onfhoabmxm;rsKd;jzifh vkyfaqmifcJhonf? olonf *smrefvdkvm;olr[kwfaomfvnf; *smr%DppfEdkifrnf[k aocsmayguf,Hk=unfaeonf? xdk@a=umifh olonf wdkif;jynftm; emZDzdESdyfr_rS u,fwifa&;udk &nfrSef;csuftjzpfxm;cJhonf?

pauAD;eD;,yfonf 'def;rwfEdkifiH. t&Sifocifopfrsm;bufodk@ ododomom ,drf;,dkifcJhonf? olu 'def;rwfEdkifiHonf “rnfonfhtajctaersKd;wGifrqdk rdrd. awmifbufrS r[mtdrfeD;csif;EdkifiH}uD;ESifh yËdyuQrjzpfoifh” [kajymcJhonf? olu *smrefppfajrjyifatmifyGJrsm;udk csD;ajr‡muf*k%fðyum “Oa&mywdkufwGif acwfopfw&yf” pwifcJh+yD[kqdkonf? 'def;rwfjynfom;rsm;udk *smr%DESifh“wufºuGaom tjyeftvSefyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_” ðy=uzdk@ wdkufwGef;v_H@aqmfcJhonf? TazmfvHzm;csOf;uyfcsufonf 'def;rwfemZDrsm;twGuf tm;wufp&mjzpfoGm;+yD; ‚if;wdk@u bk&ifhtm; pauAD;eD;,yfrSvGJI 0ef}uD;tm;vHk;udkxkwfypfum emZDrsm; odk@r[kwf “acwfopfudk em;vnfolrsm;” ESifh tpm;xdk;&ef awmif;qdk=uonf? bk&ifu jiif;y,faomfvnf; tpdk;&url *smreftvdkus vdkufavsmay;aeqJjzpfonf? (1941) ck tapmykdif;wGif 'def;rwf.EdkifiHjcm;qufqHa&;udk xdcdkufapaom trsm;odajym=um;xkwfjyefcsufrsm;udk&mZ0wfr_tjzpf owfrSwfvdkufonf? ESpfa,mufcsif;pum;ajymr_uyifv#if axmif'%fusEdkifonf? Oya'opfrsm;u “odrf;ydkufa&;EdkifiH. &efolrsm;” udk woufwu|ef;jypf'%fcszdk@ tm%may;xm;onf?

(1941) ck ZGef (22) &ufwGif *smrefwyfrsm;u qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkudk wdkufcdkufcJhonf? *smrefwdk@u 'def;rwfEdkifiHudk qdkAD,ufrsm;ESifh oHtquftoG,f jzwfypf&efESifh 'def;rwfuGefjrLepfygwD acgif;aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf? Tonfu'def;rwfacgif;aqmifydkif;udk tusOf;t=uyfqdkufapcJhonf? Tawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk vdkufavsm tav#mhay;vdkufygu 'def;rwfEdkifiHom;wdk@. tajccHOya'yg tcGifhta&;rsm;udk xyfrHcsKd;azmuf&musvdrfhrnf? rvdkufavsmjyefuvnf; *smrefrsm;u uGefjrLepfrsm;udkvdkufzrf;apzdk@ Ed_;qGay;&ma&mufEdkifonf? a&S;¶dk;pGJjynfol@ygwD0ifrsm;u ,if;awmif;qdkr_onf “xHk;wrf;pOfvm 'def;rwfw&m;r#wr_t,ltqESifh yËdyuQjzpfaeonf” [k0efcHcJhaomfvnf; wzufwGif “uGefjrLepfrsm;onf “t=urf;zufr_ESifh tzsufvkyfief;” udk usL;vGefolrsm;jzpfonf[k pGyfpGJcJhonf? =o*kwfvwGif 'def;rwfygvDrefu 'def;rwfuGefjrLepfygwDudk rw&m;oif;a=unmum trwf (3) OD;tygt0if ygwD0if (300) udk &Ju zrf;qD;cJhonf? Todk@jzifh 'def;rwf. vGwfvyfr_cGifrSm csKyfcs,fuef@owfcHvm&onf?

ta&S@zufppfrsufESmwGif wdkufyGJqufvufjzpfaeonfhtcg [pfwvmu rdrd. abmf&SDApf0g'qef@usifa&;wdkufyGJwGif Oa&mywwdkufvHk; yg0if&rnf[k qHk;jzwf+yD; 'def;rwfEdkifiHudk ppfyGJ0ifEdkifiHtjzpfyg0if&ef (1941) ck Edk0ifbmvY “zdwfac:” vdkufonf? 'def;rwf0ef}uD;rsm;onf ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;ac:+yD; a0hvnfa=umifywfvkyf=uonf? Edk0ifbm (23) &ufwGif AGef&ifax;zifhufu bmvif. zdwfac:csufudk ,ckvdkxyfavmif;ajymcJhonf? “'def;rwfEdkifiHonf pmcsKyfudk csufcsif;vufrSwfxdk;&rnf? tu,fI rxdk;ygu æ 'def;rwf

EdkifiHtm; &efolEdkifiHtjzpf oabmxm;&vdrfhrnfjzpf+yD; rv$Jra&Smifomaom tusKd;qufrsm;udk &ifqdkif&rnf?” pauAD;eD;,yfonfbmvifokd@oGm;a&mufcg vufrSwfxdk;vdkufawmhonf?

aemufwae@wGif udkyifa[*ifausmif;om;rsm;onf tr,fvsifabmh*f&ifjyifwGif pk¶Hk;um 'def;rwfemZDowif;pmwdkufodk@ csDwuf=uonf? xdkrSwzef &pf*fpf'uf*fv$wfawmfodk@ csDwuf=uonf? vef'efwdkif;rf owif;pmu “ausmif;om;rsm;onf ykvdyfwdk@udk wGef;z,fypf+yD; òrd@ae&mtESH@tjym;wGif qENjy=uonf? ‘pauAD;eD;,yf tvdkr&Sd’ ‘opPmazmufawG tvkdr&Sd’ pojzifh aºuG;a=umf=uonf”[kowif;ydk@cJhonf? “ykvdyfwkd@u rD;armif;rsm;xdk;um eHywf'kwfrsm;jzifh +zKdcGJonf? usnfqHbvdkif;awmifhrsm;jzifhvnf; ypfum/ *smrefppfXmecsKyfwnf&Sd&modk@ æ oGm;onfh vrf;udk atmifjrifpGmydwfqdk@EdkifcJhonf?” pauAD;eD;,yf bmvifrS jyefvmonfhtcg twif;=uyfqHk;vHkðcHa&;jzifh jyefvm&onf? odk@r[kwfygu aemufxyfqENjyyGJrsm; jzpfoGm;Edkifonf?

Tjzpf&yftm;vHk;u *smrefrsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ 'def;rwftpdk;&udkvnf;aumif; tHhtm;oifhoGm;apcJhonf? yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;rltm; vlxkaxmufcHr_ wu,f&Sdonf[laom xifa,mifrSm;r_udk 'def;rwftpdk;&taejzifh ,cktcg pGef@v$wfvdkuf&awmhonf? r=umrD&ufydkif;wGif tpdk;&u qENjyorm;rsm;tm; jyif;jyif;xefxef¶_wfcscJhaomfvnf; tu,fI 'def;rwfwyfrsm;ESifh ppfvufeufypPnf;rsm;udk ta&S@zufppfrsufESmwGif toHk;ðy&ef twif;t=uyfawmif;qdk vmyguvnf;aumif;/ odk@r[kwf *sL;qef@usifa&;Oya'csrSwf&efawmif;qdkvmyguvnf;aumif; jiif;y,frnf[k tpdk;&tzGJ@u wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwfqHk;jzwfxm;onf? odk@aomfvnf; &SdpkrJhpkydkif;jzwfcsufrSm &ufowWywftenf;i,ftwGif; aysmufuG,foGm;cJhonf? ta=umif;rSm tpdk;&onf *smrefa&wyfodk@ awmfyD'dkoabFmopf(6) pD;ay;tyf&ef t=uyfudkifcH&aoma=umifh jzpfonf? xdkr#omru 'def;rwfppfom;rsm;udk *smrefwyfxJoGif;jcif;udkvnf; rnfodk@r#[ef@wm;r_rðycJh? r=umciftawmtwGif; ppfr_xrf;Edkifonfh t&G,fa&muf+yD; 'def;rwfa,mufsm;tm;vHk; 'def;rwf¶kyfao;wyfwGif;odk@oGif;cH&awmhonf? usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufa&;orm;rsm;tm; wkef@jyefyHkwkef@jyefenf;ESifhywfoufI ,cifvdk oDcsif;qdkyGJrsm;/ odk@r[kwfvrf;ay:pDwef;vrf;av#mufjcif;rsm;udkom a&G;p&m&Sdonfr[kwfawmh? ,cktcgYrl &efoludkwdkufrvm;/ odk@r[kwf &efolESifhvufwGJIwdkufrvm;[lI a&G;p&mjzpfvmav+yD?

“'dk@tm;vHk; v_yf&Sm;zdk@vdkw,f”

(1942) ckESpfOD;wGif 'def;rwfrsm;onf *smrefwdk@udk udk,fxdvufa&muf pwifpdefac:vm=uonf? tzsufvkyfief;yif vkyfvm=uonf?tzGJ@wzGJ@rSm t,fvfabmh*fòrd@rS ausmif;om;av;rsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;+yD; ‚if;wkd@udk,f ‚if;wdk@ csmcsDuvyf [kemrnfay;xm;onf?‚if;wdk@.aºuG;a=umfoHrSm “tu,fI vl}uD;rsm; wckckrvkyf&if igwdk@vkyfr,f” [l.? “usaemfwdk@rSm emZDqef@usifa&; oauFwwckvkyfxm;w,f? tJ'gu p=umwHqdyf&J@ vufwHawGxdyfrSm r#m;acgif;yHkawG vkyfxm;wm? 'gudk usaemfwdk@ tkwfeH&HawGay:rSm/ avScg;twuftqif;ab;awGrSm/ qGJvdk@&wJhae&mrSm qGJw,f” [k‚if;wdk@. acgif;aqmifwa,mufu jyefajymif;ajymjyonf? “usaemfwdk@taumif;qHk;vkyfEdkifcJhwmu ppfypPnf;awG tjynfhwifxm;wJh ukef&xm;wpD;udk rD;¶d_@ypfEdkifcJhwmyJ” [kqdkonf?

tv_yf&Sm;qHk;tzsufvkyfief;tzGJ@udk uGefjrLepfrsm;uacgif;aqmifonf? ‚if;wdk@onf qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkudk *smr%Du 0ifwdkuf+yD;aemuf ajratmufv#Kd;oGm;cJh=ujcif;jzpfonf? uGefjrLepfbufawmfom;tzGJ@ KOPA [kzGJ@pnf;um ppfypPnf;u&d,mxkwfvkyfonfhpuf¶Hkuav;rsm;udk pD;eif;wdkufcdkufr_rsm; ðyvkyf=uonf? vtenf;i,ft=umwGif uGefjrLepfr[kwfolrsm;udkvnf; xdktzGJ@rsm;Y yg0ifcGifhðyvdkufum tzGJ@trnfudk vlvwfwef;pm;bufawmfom;tzGJ@ BOPA [k ajymif;cJhonf? Tppfqifa&;rsm;a=umifh xdcdkufysufpD;r_rSm tenf;tusOf;omjzpfonf? odk@&mwGif Twdkufcdkufr_rsm;onf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;ay:vpDudk uarmufurjzpfapcJhonf?tu,fI tpdk;&u tzsuform;rsm;udk ESdrfeif;ygu ,ckyifv#if avsmhenf;ae+yDjzpfaom trsm;jynfol@axmufcHr_udk ydkIqHk;¶_H;oGm;apvdrfhrnf? tu,fI bmrSrvkyfbJ aejyefv#ifvnf; rdrd. *smreft&Sifocifrsm;ESifh &efyGm;vdrfhrnf? pifppftm;jzifh *smrefwdk@.vdkufavsmcsuftay:rlwnfI tpdk;&wnf&Sdaejcif;jzpfonf?

wcsdefwnf;wGif topfay:xGef;a0pnfvmaom ajratmufyHkESdyfvkyfief;u odrf;ykdufa&;wyfrsm;tm; qef@usifv_yf&Sm;a&;udk tm;ay;vH_@aqmfvmonf? 1941 aqmif;OD;&moDwGif ‘'Dz¶dkiftD'def;puD;’ owif;pmxGufvmonf? xdkaemufydkif;wGif *smrefqef@usifa&;EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;u pDpOfaom =oZmwduUr&Sdonfh ‘z&pf'def;rwf’ owif;pmxGufvmonf? tjcm;owif;pmrsm;vnf; xGufvmonf?yg0ifywfouf=uolrsm;rSm pme,fZif;vkyfief; tawG@t=uHK tenf;tyg;om&Sdonfh vli,frsm;jzpf+yD; vufESdyfpuftenf;tusOf;ESifhpmul;pufa[mif;enf;enf;yg;yg;om &Sd=uonf? aiG&if;aiGESD;/ puUL/ rSifESifh pdwfcstm;udk;avmufonfh vufaxmufrsm;rSmvnf; &Sm&cufovdk &efolrS azmfxkwfawG@&SdroGm;bJ vkyfief;vnfywfEdkifrnfh ae&mrsm;rSmvnf; &Sm;yg;onf? rnfodk@yifjzpfap ajratmufowif;pmvkyfief;onf vsifvsifjrefjref &ifhusuf}uD;xGm;vmum wcgrSvHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; aysmufuG,foGm;onftxd ESdyfuGyfr&EdkifcJh?

(1942) ckaESmif;ydkif;wGif w&m;r0ifowif;Xmewckjzpfaom ‘jyef=um;a&;’ owif;Xmeu bDbDpD/ qGD'if/ 'def;rwf0ef}uD;Xmersm;ESifhqifqmjzwfrcH&aom owif;&if;jrpfrsm;rS owif;rsm;udk pkaqmif;xkwfjyefay;r_udk pwifvkyfaqmifcJhonf? (1943) wGif w&m;r0ifyHkESdyfxkwfa0r_ pkpkaygif;rSm apmifa& (2 '\r 6) oef;txd &SdcJhonf? xdk@jyif w&m;r0ifowif;vkyfief;nd‡Ed_if;a&;aumfrwDw&yfESifhyl;wGJowif;crf;rwckudkvnf; xlaxmifcJhonf?

qvm*sJvfpDrS xGufcGmvmI udkyifa[*ifwuUodkvfwGif ausmif;wufaeaom tm;efq,f,mESifholi,fcsif; wodkufvnf; yHkESdyfxkwfa0a&;ppfrsufESmodk@ 0ifa&muf=uonf? pmul;pufta[mif;wckudk &Sm=uH&,l+yD;aemuf ‘ausmif;om;jyef=um;a&;Xme’ udkwnfaxmifvdkufonf? r=umrDwGif olwdk@onf w&m;r0ifpmtkyfrsm;udk yHkESdyfxkwfa0ae=uawmhonf? xdkpmtkyfrsm;udk u'fpuULrsm;jzifhzHk;tkyf+yD; rdrdwdk@aetdrfrsm;/ wdkufcef;rsm;rSaeI jzef@csD=uonf? *|efpwdef;bwf. v0ifae+yD 0wK̂rSm bufq,fvmjzpfum'def;rwfxkwf pmtkyfjzL rSmvnf;a&mif;aumif;vSonf? pmtkyfjzL rSm *smrefusL;ausmfcsdefumv tpnf;ta0;rsm;ESifhywfoufonfhtpdk;&ESifh ppfwyfpm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk jyefvnfyHkESdyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf? pmtkyfxJwGif azmfxkwfxm;onfh tpdk;&.tav#mhay;vdkufavsma&;vkyf&yfrsm;u 'def;rwftrsm;tjym;udk xdwfvef@wkefv_yfapcJhonf? Tpmtkyfudk tkyfa& (20000) ausmfa&mif;cJh&onf?aemufpmtkyfwtkyfrSm [pfwvm.rdef@cGef;rsm;udk pkpnf;xm;jcif;jzpf+yD; rsufESmzHk;wGif jrif;jzLwaumifpD;um tv,facwfol&Jaumif;oHcsyftusô0wfvsuf p=umwHqdyfwHcGefwckudk udkifxm;aom [pfwvmhyHkudk [moqHqHa&;qGJxm;onf? ,if;pmtkyfudk*smrefppfwyfpmwdkufvdyfpmrsm;odk@ tkyfa& (2000) ydk@ay;cJhonf? ,if;o¶kyfazmfyHkrSm acgif;aqmif}uD;udk rav;rpm;ðy&musonf[kemZDrsm;,lq+yD; t}uD;tus,f a'goxGufcJh=uonf?

yHkESdyfpmrsufESmrsm;ay:wGifjzpfap/ trsm;jynfol=um;wGifjzpfap yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;r[kwfbJ ckcHqef@usifa&;uom usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufr_tay: 'def;rwfwdk@. wkef@jyefa&;acgif;pD;jzpfvmonf? (1942) ckarvwGif 0ef}uD;csKyfpawmif;eif;twGuf EdkifiHawmfpsmyeYjynfoltenf;qHk; (120000) onf udkyifa[*ifòrd@awmf. t}uD;qHk;pnf;a0;crf;raqmifodk@ vma&mufI *g&0ðycJh=uonf? c&pf&Sefbk&if}uD;onf psmyetcrf;tem;wufa&mufzdk@&SdI crf;raqmifaemufzufrSm v_yfv_yf&G&Gjzpfonfhtcg tm;vHk;u bk&ifvm+yDxif+yD;rdrdwdk@cspfjrwfEdk;vSaom acgif;aqmif}uD;udk jrifEdkif&ef rwfwyf&yf=uonf? odk@aomf bk&iftpm; *smrefoHtrwf}uD; AGef&ifax;zifhuf0ifvmonf? “vlawG b,favmufjrefjref xdkifcsvdkuf=uw,fqdkwmudk o¶kyfazmfzdk@awmifcufw,f? crf;raqmif}uD;uvnf; }uD;awmh tJ'Dhv_yf&Sm;r_u vd_if;vHk;av;wvHk;vdk jyef@xGufoGm;vdkufwm wu,fhudkxl;jcm;vSwJh toHwdwfqENjyyGJwck jzpfoGm;w,f” [kavhvmolwOD;u owif;ydk@onf? bk&if}uD; wu,fa&mufvmonfhtcgwGifrl olwdk@u vd_ufvSJpGmóudqdk=uonf?

c&pf&Sefrif;}uD;onf 'def;rwfwdk@.a&S;tarGudk qufcHudk,fpm;ðyr_tjzpf aomhcsufusaom vlr_a&;ESifh pdwf"mwfa&;jy,k*f jzpfvmonf? ppf}uD;rjzpfrDu olonf udkyifa[*ifòrd@awmfvrf;rsm;ay: ae@pOfjrif;pD;xGufavh&SdcJhonf? ,ckusL;ausmfodrf;ydkufcHumvwGifvnf; Tjrif;pD;vSnfhyGJudk qufvkyfcJhonf? tapmifhta&SmufrygbJ jrif;pD;oGm;pOf vlxky&dowfrsm;u vrf;ab;wav#mufpDwef;um vufckyfwD;=obmay; odk@r[kwf bk&ifhxHyg;vmI vufqGJE_wfqufwwf=uonf? *smrefppfom;rsm;uvnf; owdqGJay;=uonf? odk@aomf bk&if}uD;u olwdk@udk b,fawmhrS vSnfhr=unfh? udkyifa[*if*dk%f;tkyfbkef;awmf}uD;u “bk&if}uD;[m usaemfwdk@udktm;wuf&Sifoefapw,f/ pkpnf;nD!Gwfapw,f/ vrf;!¸efay;aew,f” [krSwfcsufcscJhonf?

vlxkudk pkpnf;tm;wufaponfh aemufxyftrSwftom;wckrSm *|efc&pPrwfrdk0,fvm jzpfonf? olonf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;rvkyfaom v$wfawmftrwfjzpfum (1941) ckwGif ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;0ef}uD;tjzpfrS E_wfxGufzdk@ *smrefwdk@u zdtm;ay;jcif;udkcHcJh&onf? olu ajratmufowif;pmrsm;ESifh vlxktpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif *smrefay:vpDudk qufvufa0zef¶_wfcscJh+yD;aemuf ol@udkygvDreftrwftjzpfrS xkwfy,fypf&efESifh *smrefqef@usifa&;rdef@cGef;rsm; ajymjcif;tm; wm;jrpfay;&ef AGef&ifax;zihfufu awmif;qdkcJhonf? 'def;rwfwdk@u jiif;qefaomtcg *smrefrsm;u ol@udkzrf;zdk@ qHk;jzwfvkdufonf? odk@&mwGif rdk0,fvmonf vef'efodk@ xGufajy;vGwfajrmufoGm;+yD; awmfvSefa&;umvwav#mufvHk; a&'D,dkrS wufºuGp&maumif;aom toHv$ifhyef=um;csufrsm;tm;jzifh tHwkzDqefr_.wHydk;c&moHtjzpf tusKd;ðycJhonf?

(1942) ck =o*kwfvwGif *smrefrsm;u wdk;jrifhvmaeonfhawmfvSefa&;udk wefjyefEdkif&ef owif;pmqifqmvkyfief; wdk;csJŒa&;ESifhawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;udk ao'%fay;a&; awmif;qdkcJhonf? tpdk;&u Tawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk y,fcscJhaomfvnf; awmfvSefa&;udkvnf; jypfwif¶_wfcscJhonf? &uftenf;i,ft=umwGifrl rdk0,fvmu bDbDpDrSwqifh rdrdwdkif;oljynfom;rsm;udk ,if;ESifhuGJjym;onfhyef=um;csufw&yf ðyvkyfcJhonf? Tyef=um;csufrSm trdEdkifiH.pdwf"mwfudk ydkIxif[yfaeonf? “usaemfwdk@tm;vHk; v_yf&Sm;=uzdk@vdkw,f? usaemfwdk@rSm ta=umif;udpPwckwnf;udkyJ jrifxm;zdk@ wm0ef&Sdw,f? tJ'guawmh *smr%Dudk txdtemqHk;jzpfapr,fhudpPyJ?æ æ udk,fhwm0efudk udk,fxrf;=uyg? udk,fhtvkyfudk udk,fvkyf=uyg?” [k yef=um;xkwfjyefcJhonf?

apmfum;r_rsm;/ wHqdyfrsm;ESifh oydwfrsm;

'def;rwf.tHwkr_ t&SdefjrifhvmonfESifhtr# wkdif;jynfonf olykefxvkeD;tajc a&mufae+yD[k [pfwvmu ,Hk=unf,lqvmonf?xdktcsdefwGif +Adwdo#ESifh tar&duefwdk@onf ajrmuftmz&duudk 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufzdk@ tpDtpOfrsm; t+yD;owf a&;qGJjyifqifae =u+yD; r[macgif;aqmif}uD; ¡[pfwvm¢ rSm r[mrdwfwdk@udk [ef@wm;zdk@ tav;xm;óud;yrf;aeonf? 'def;rwfjynfvdk tm¶Hkv$JEdkifp&mrSefor#udk vufOD;r_,lESdrfeif;ypf&rnfjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh *smrefacgif;aqmif}uD;u *smref-'def;rwfqufqHa&; tajymif;tvJvkyf&efvdktyfonf[k qHk;jzwfvdkufonf? odk@aomf ‚if;.tajymif;tvJvkyf&yfrsm; vkyfoifhvkyfxdkufa=umif; jyEdkif&ef &efpr_ xdk;qGr_wck vkdtyfaeonf?

tqdkygtcGifhta&;rSm (1942) pufwifbm (26) &uf c&pf&Sefbk&ifh ckepfq,fhESpfESpfajrmufarG;ae@wGif ay:vmonf? [pfwvmubk&ifhxHodk@ 0rf;ajrmuf*k%fðya=umif;ESifh qkrGefaumif;awmif;a=u;eef;wapmif ydk@vdkufonf? bk&ifu at;pufpufwdkawmif;awmif;jyef=um;vdkufonf? “trsm;}uD;aus;Zl;wif/ c&pf&Sef &ufcfpf” [lIjzpf.? Tonfudk [pfwvmu yk*~dKvfa&;t&apmfum;r_wck/'def;rwfjynf. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rJhjcif; vuQ%mwcktjzpf rSwf,lcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh wkef@jyefonfhtaejzifh [pfwvmonf AGef&ifax;zifhufudk jyefvnfac:,lvdkufum 'def;rwfEdkifiHtaejzifh *smrefwyfrawmftwGuf vli,fvl&G,f (30000) oGif;ay;&efESifh 'def;rwftpdk;& E_wfxGufay;&ef awmif;qdkvdkufonf? vef'efxkwf a';vD;w,fvD*&yf owif;pmu “[pfwvmu 'def;rwfudk vHk;0odrf;ydkufzdk@ toifhjzpf/ *ufpwmydktkyfcsKyfa&;u c&pf&Sefbk&ifudk +cdrf;acsmuf” [kowif;acgif;pOfwyfcJhonf?

*smrefwdk@u 'def;rwfwdk@tay: csKyfudkifv$rf;rdk;&ef vuf&if;vl,HkawmfESpfOD; apv$wfvdkufonf? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; [mrefAGef[ifeDuifudkwyfrawmfOD;pD;uGyfuJr_wm0ef,l&ef apv$wfcJhonf? 0g&ifhemZDAsL¶dku&ufwOD;jzpfol tufpftufpfAdkvfcsKyf}uD; a'gufwm0gembufpfu 'def;rwfEdkifiHqdkif&m *smrefoHtrwf}uD; jzpfvmonf? ‚if;udk [pfwvmu oD;oef@awG@qHk+yD; “oHr%dvufoD;jzifh tkyfcsKyf&ef”!¸ef=um;cJhonf? bmvif.aemufqHk;trdef@rSm emZDwdk@.umv&Snf tcspfawmfEdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; pauAD;eD;,yfudk 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpfcef@tyf&efjzpfonf? pauAD;eD;,yfu tpdk;&tzGJ@udk *smrefvdkvm;aom vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;jzifh jznfhwif;cJhonf? ‚if;tm; e*dkurStwdtvif;&GHrkef;ae=uaom 'def;rwfvlxku ae&mtESH@wGif uef@uGufyGJrsm;/ qENjyyGJrsm; tkwfatmfaomif;wif; ðyvkyfcJh=uonf?

0gembufpfonf 'def;rwfEdkifiH. ‘axmufyHhvdkpdwf’ udk rxdcdkufapzdk@ oH"dÏmefcsxm;onfjzpf&um; yxrOD;pm;ay;rSm ppfEdkifa&;jzpf+yD;zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fa&;vkyf&yfrsm;onf ckcHawmfvSefa&;udkom ydkrdk}uD;xGm;apvdrfhrnf[k ,lqxm;onf? Tt,ltqu ol@tm; [ifeDuifESifh xdyfwdkufyËdyuQjzpfapcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; bufpfrSm bmvifrS tjcm;!¸ef=um;csuf rvmygu aemufqHk;tm%mwnfoljzpfonf? olonf 'def;rwfv$wfawmftrwfrsm;ESifh &if;ESD;aEG;axG;aom qufqHa&;rsm; xlaxmifonf? oltvkyfp0ifonfh a&S@ydkif;vrsm;ESifhywfoufonfh tpD&ifcHpmydk@&mwGif olu 'def;rwfEdkifiHom;rsm;onf ppfyGJudk “pdwfysuf+iD;aiG@” aeonfhta=umif;/ *smr%DEdkifiHodk@ 'def;rwfydk@ukefrsm; wdk;wufaea=umif;ESifh pufr_ESifhpdkufysKd;a&;xkwfvkyfr_ wdk;jrifhvma=umif; rSwfcsufcsxm;onf? bmvifua=ueyftm;&aeonf? odk@&mwGif pifppftm;jzifh bufpfu tajctaeudk xHk;okwfjyxm;jcif;omjzpfonf?tay:,HrsufESmjyifatmuf wGif usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufolrsm;udk qef@usifonfh a&pD;a=umif;rsm; tm;aumif;aeavonf?

(1943) rwfv (23) &ufwGif bufpf.t}uD;qHk;trSm;wcktjzpf 'def;rwfEdkifiHudk ygvDrefa&G;aumufyGJrsm; usif;ycGifhðycJhonf? todrf;ydkufcHEdkifiHrsm;. udk,fydkifvGwfvyfr_udk *smr%Duwefzdk;xm;onf[k jycsifonf? qef@usifuef@uGufonfhtaejzifh rJray;=uzdk@'def;rwfuGefjrLepfrsm;u rJqEN&Sifrsm;udk wdkufwGef;cJhaomfvnf; tjcm;ygwDrsm;url rJEdkifa&;udk óud;yrf;=uonf? awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@trsm;pku 'Drdkua&pDygwDrsm;. !Gef@aygif;tzGJ@udk axmufcHtm;ay;cJh=uonf? 'def;rwfvli,fyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@utrsKd;om;tvHESifh “rJay;+yD;” pmwrf;yg &ifxdk;wHqdyfwoef;ausmfukd jzef@a0cJhonf? TwHqdyfwyfjcif;onf oauFwoabmaqmif¶Hkomru rJray;vdkolrsm;udkyg t&Suf&aprnfjzpfonf? odk@ESifh aemufqHk;wGif rJay;Edkifol (89 '\r 5) &mcdkifE_ef; rJay;cJh=uonf? EdkifiHordkif;wGif trsm;qHk;jzpfonf? !Gef@aygif;tzGJ@0ifygwDrsm;u rJqEN (94) &mcdkifE_ef;&um &pf*p'uf*fv$wfawmfwGif trwfae&m (149) ae&mteuf (141) ae&m tEdkif&cJhonf? 'def;rwfemZDrsm;rSm 3 ae&mudk yGwfcgoDcgom&cJhonf?

emZDwdk@ta&;edrfhr_ ta=umif;&if;rSm 'def;rwfemZDygwDacgif;aqmif z&pfZfuavmhpif t&nftcsif;nHhzsif;r_a=umifh jzpfonf[k bufpfu tjypfyHkcscJhonf? a&G;aumufyGJonf jynfolwdk@u EdkifiHjcm;tkyfpdk;r_xuf wdkif;&if;'Drdkua&pDudk ydkvdkvm;a=umif; &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm twnfðyvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh *smr%DtwGuf t"du¶H_;edrfhr_}uD; jzpfoGm;onfudk bufpf rjrifEdkifcJh? ESpfq,f&mpkESpf. tm%m&Sif

tpdk;&rsm;onf a&G;aumufyGJwck usif;yay;jcif;tm;jzifh vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_udk tm;jzpfoGm;apEdkifonfh pdwf"mwfpGrf;tm;/ twdkuftcHudktm;aumif;oGm;apEdkifonfh tvm;tvmwdk@udk oabmaygufEdkifcJvSonf?

,cktcg awmfvSefa&;vkyf&yfrsm; rSefuefoifhawmfa=umif;udk ppfyGJ}uD;twGif; 'def;rwfEdkifiHu tajymif;tvJvkyfEdkifonfh tcGifhtvrf;ESifh ydkIydkI qufpyfwGJzufvmonf? bDbDpDu 0g'jzef@ppfqifa&;udk t&Sdefjr‡ifhum *smr%DESifhvrf;cGJzdk@ 'def;rwfwdk@udk wdkufwGef;onf/ vlqdk;pm&if;rsm;a&;qGJ+yD; *smrefvdkvm;aomvkyf&yfrsm;wGif yg0ifywfoufaeonfh 'def;rwfwdk@.trnfrsm;udk a&'D,dkrStoHv$ifhonf? +Adwdo#ocif}uD;ESifhaygif;onfh ukvm;rsm;udk oduQmcst&SufcGJcJhyHkudk jyefvnfowd&p&mjzpfonf? r[mrdwfwdk@.atmifyGJrsm;/ txl;ojzifh pwmvif*&ufrS t&Sdeft[kef}uD;rm;vSonfh *smrefppf¶H_;yGJudk aoaocsmcsmtjynfhtpHk toHv$ifhay;onf? 'def;rwfrsm;uvnf; awmfvSefykefuefzdk@ tm;wufvmap&ef ar#mfvifhcsufESifh v$ifhjcif;jzpfonf?

Tt&mtm;vHk;u tzsufvkyfief;rsm;udk ydkrdktm;ay;vdkufonf? ZlvdkifvxJwGif tzsufvkyf&yf (93) ck jzpfcJh+yD; =o*kwfvwGift}udrf (220) jzpfcJhonf? rdrdwdkif;jynftEW&m,fuswdkif; tdyfaysmf&mrSEdk;vmonfh '¾m&Dvm 'def;rwfol&Jaumif;trnfudk ,lxm;aom a[mfvf*g'def;puD;tzGJ@onf t"du tzsufvkyfief;aqmif&Gufoljzpfonf? “*smrefawG vrf;awGay: jynfhaewmudk =unfh&wmusaemf pdwfysuf+iD;aiG@vmw,f” [k *sif;pfvDvlvGef; u xdktzGJ@udk olpwifwnfaxmif&onfh ta=umif; ajymjyonf? “usaemf[m&Jvfp*dwf wav#muf pufbD;pD;aewkef;ayghaemf/ æ æ tJ'DrSm ppfom;awG wyfcGJwcGJ ab;ujzwfoGm;awmh usaemf aygufuGJoGm;rdw,f? usaemf 'DaumifawGudk wHaxG;eJ@axG;w,f? 'Dawmh &JESpfa,mufu usaemfhzrf;csKyf+yD; *wfwJac:oGm;w,f? aemufwcgtzrf;cH&&ifawmh *smrefawGudkematmif wckckvkyf+yD;rSyJ tzrf;cHr,fvdk@ tJ'DrSm usaemfqHk;jzwfvdkufw,f” odk@&mwGif usL;ausmfolrsm;udk ydktxdemaponfu tzsufvkyfief;r[kwfyJ tjcm;vkyfief;wckjzpfavonf?

udk,fxdvufa&muf ckcHawmfvSefa&;vuQ%mrsm;. v_H@aqmfr_a=umifh tvkyform;rsm;onf oydwfarSmufr_rsm; pvkyfvmonf?'def;rwfjynfom;wdk@onf Tuef@uGufqENjyr_yHkpHESifh rpdrf;yg? (1920) wGif tajccHOya'tajymif;tvJrsm;udk awmif;qdkum tvkyform;acgif;aqmifrsm;u EdkifiHvHk;u|wftaxGaxGoydwf}uD; ac:cJhzl;onf? (,if;oydwfa=umifhtpdk;& tzGJ@ESifh v$wfawmfodk@ qHk;jzwfEdkifcGifhtm%m ydkIcGJay;cJh&onf?) ,cktcgYrl ypfrSwfrSm jyify&efoljzpfaeonf? jyifqifrGrf;rHr_rsm; vkyfaeaom *smrefu¶lZm ppfoabFmwpD;udk azmufcGJzsufqD;r_wck jzpfoGm;+yD;aemuf tdk'ifpDòrd@awmf. *smrefwyfrª;u oabFmusif;twGif;odk@ wyfrsm;apv$wfvdkufonfhtcg oabFmusif;tvkyform;rsm;u tvkyfcGifrSxGufcGmI oydwfarSmufvdkuf=uonf? &m;a'orS *smreftvkyform;rsm;enf;wl 'def;rwfrsm;rSmvnf; EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;twGuf t"rRvkyftm;ay;&onfudk emusnf;cg;oD;=uonf? oydwfowif; òrd@awmf&Sdtjcm;puf¶Hkrsm;odk@ ysHŒoGm;aomtcg tvkyform;rsm;onf aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_udk jyonfhtaejzifh oydwfarSmuf=uawmhonf?

tdk'ifpDòrd@rSaeI oydwfrsm;onf ,Gwfvif;taemufbufurf;rS qdyfurf;òrd@wòrd@jzpfaom tufpfb,mh*fodk@ ysHŒoGm;onf? xdkòrd@wGif(5) *dka'gifwckrS oydwfrSm òrd@vHk;u|wf “vlxkoydwf” jzpfoGm;onf? a&vkyfom;/ ykvdyf/ rD;owform;/ ¶Hk;0efxrf;/ tpdk;&tr_xrf;/tm;vHk; tvkyf&yfypfvdkufum tvkyfcGifwHcg;rsm;ydwfypfvdkuf+yD; òrd@v,fodk@ vma&mufpka0;=uonf? *smrefrsm;u a'gow}uD;ESifhnrxGuf&trdef@xkwfvdkufaomfvnf; vlxku *¶krpdkuf? jynfolrsm;u vrf;rsm;ay: pka0;ae=u+yD; nrxGuf&trdef@ r¶kyfrcsif;tvkyfjyefvkyfzdk@udk jiif;qef=uonf? ig;&uft=umwGif *smrefwdk@ av#mhay;vdkufonf? ESpf&uft=umwGif tdk'ifpDY aemufxyfoydwfwck jzpfjyefonf? awmfvSefa&;onf tm;vfabmh*fESifh tm;[yfpftygt0if òrd@}uD;}uD;rsm;odk@ ysHŒoGm;onf? tdk'ifpDwGif 0ef}uD;Xmet&m&Sdrsm;ESifh òrd@awmf0efwdk@u tvkyform;rsm;udk vkyfief;cGifjyef0if&ef yef=um;wdk;v#Kd;=uonf? tvkyform;or*~ acgif;aqmifrsm;uyif oydwfvSefzdk@ yef=um;=uonf? odk@aomfvnf; oydwfa=umifh *smrefppfom;rsm;ESifh tkyfcsKyfolrsm; rnfr#a,muf,ufcwfoGm;onfudk tvkyform;rsm; awG@jrifcJhav+yD? *smr%DEdkifiHtwGuf 'def;rwfpD;yGm;a&; aumif;rGefpGmvnfywfaezdk@ vdktyfaeoa&G@/ tvkyform;rsm;taejzifh ,if;pD;yGm;a&;udk csdeJ@&yfwef@oGm;atmif wwfEdkifor#vkyf=uawmhrnfjzpf.?

tdk'ifpDòrd@rSoydwfrsm;rSm t=urf;zufr_rsm;jzpfvmonf? wcgY a'goxGufaeaom vltkyf}uD;. pdefac:&efpr_a=umifh *smrefppfom;wa,mufu aoewfxkwf+yD; vltkyftwGif;odk@ tcsuftawmfrsm;rsm;ypfxnfhvdkuf&m aumifav;wa,muf tygt0if vl (4)a,muf '%f&m&oGm;onf? xkdtcg vltkyf}uD;rSm a'goaygufuGJ+yD; tqdkygppfom;udk twif;0ifvHk;um tao¶dkufowfypfvdkufonf? Towif;udk [pfwvm=um;onfhtcg òrd@udk u¶dkemaiG woef;'%f¶dkufonf? aiGudk *smrefwyfrawmfodk@ ay;oGif;&rnfjzpfonf? nrxGuf&trdef@vnf;xkwfvdkufum Zmwf¶Hkrsm;/ ¶kyf&Sif¶Hkrsm;udk ydwfypfvdkufonf? “*smreft&m&Sdwa,mufudk rawmfwa&mfðyusifh&mY tjypf&Sd” olrsm;udk rv$Jtyfygu zrf;qD;r_rsm; vkyfrnf[k+cdrf;ajcmufonf?

oydwfrsm;rSm 0gembufpftwGuf t}uD;tus,ftae&cufaponf? olu t&m&mudk jyefvnfxdef;csKyfEdkifa&;twGuf 'def;rwfygvDrefudk ra&rwGufEdkifatmif yef=um;csufrsm;ðyonf? odk@&mwGif tvkyform;rsm;u awmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh wom;wnf;&yf=uojzifh 'def;rwftpdk;&tzGJ@ESifh ygvDref. “at;csrf;+idrf0yf” =uzdk@yef=um;r_rSm vspfvsL¶_cH&onf? bmawGjzpfaeonfudkxkacs&eftwGuf bufpfrSm bmvifokd@ qifhac:cH&onf? ‚if;u xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf;qufvkyf&ef t=uHay;+yD; oydwfrsm;rSm aumuf¶dk;rD;omjzpfa=umif; &Sif;vif;jyonf? odk@aomf ,ckw}udrfwGifrl ol@tay: AdkvfcsKyf}uD;AGef[ifeDuifu tompD;&oGm;onf? [ifeDuifum; ppfa&;t&ajz&Sif;a&;udk umv=umjrifhpGmuwnf;u &yfcHvmoljzpfonf? oydwfarSmufr_rsm;ESifh tzsufvkyfief;rsm; xdef;rEdkifodrf;r& ysHŒESH@ae+yD; ppfyGJ}uD;uvnf; tajctaeraumif;onfhbuf a&mufvmonfhtcg [pfwvmu aemufqHk;wGif AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ESifhoabmxm;wlnDoGm;onf? 'def;rwfrsm;taejzifh cyf=urf;=urf;tcsuftvufrsm;udk oabmwlnDr_rðyygu ppfa&;t& ta&;ay:tajctaea=unm+yD; AGef[ifeDuifu wdkif;jynfudktkyfcsKyfrnfjzpfonf?

“'g[m tvSnfhtajymif;yJ”

(1943) ck/ =o*kwf (28) &ufwGif *smrefrsm;u 'def;rwftpdk;&udk &mZoHay;vkdufonf? ta&;ay:tajctaea=unmyg/ txl;pDrHcsuf (8) ckudk aqmif&Gufyg [lIjzpfonf? txl;pDrHcsuf&SpfckrSm oydwfarSmufr_rsm;/ vlig;a,mufxufydkaom vlxktpnf;ta0;rsm;/wHcg;ydwf odk@r[kwf tdrfjyifY rnfonfhoD;oef@tpnf;ta0;udkrqdk ydwfyifa&;/ nrxGuf&trdef@ xkwfjyefa&;/ vufeuftm;vHk;odrf;qnf;a&;/ qifqmvkyfief;udk *smrefrsm;tm; v$Jtyfa&;/ Tpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;tm; azmufzsufr_rSefor#udk udkifwG,f&eftwGuftusOf;w&m;¶Hk;rsm;wnfaxmifa&;/ tzsufvkyfief;vkyfaqmifr_ odk@r[kwf *smrefppfzufudk zDqeftHwkr_ odk@r[kwf vufeufydkifqdkifudkifwG,fr_wdk@twGuf ao'%fay;a&; wdk@jzpf.? wdkwdkajym&v#if 'def;rwfEdkifiHudk qGH@t um ðrHoGm;apzdk@ jzpfonf?

&mZoHudk vHk;0y,fcsvdkufavonf? “*smrefawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfygu tpdk;&onf jynfoljynfom;rsm;udkat;aq;wnf+idrfatmif xdef;xm;Edkifrnfhtvm;tvmrsm; ysufokOf;oGm;vdrfhrnf” [ktpdk;&u jyef=um;cJhonf? yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;ay:vpD edÏdwHoGm;av+yD? pauAD;eD;,yfESifh ol@tpdk;&tzGJ@ E_wfxGufvdkufonf? aemufwae@wGif *smrefwyfrsm;u rD;&xm;blwm¶Hkrsm;/ "mwftm;ay;pufrsm;/ puf¶Hkrsm;ESifh tjcm;aomhcsuftaqmufttHkrsm;udk odrf;ydkufvdkufonf? ppfom;rsm;onf vlae&yfuGufrsm;odk@ 0ifa&mufum =oZm&Sd wuUodkvfygarmuQrsm;/ owif;pmt,f'Dwmrsm;/ v$wfawmftrwfrsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;udk zrf;qD;=uonf? t"duusaom taqmufttHkwdkif;/ ae&mXmewdkif;wGif *smreftapmifhppfom;rsm; csxm;vdkufonf?'def;rwfwdk@onf a&'D,dkzGifh+yD; owif;em;axmif=uonf? a&'D,kdrS AGef[ifeDuif. a=unmcsufu olwdk@tm;E_wfqufvdkufonf?“tpdk;&tr_xrf;rsm;onf tvkyfudkqufvkyf=u&rnf/ *smreftm%mydkifrsm;. !¸ef=um;csufrsm;udk vdkufem&rnf? æ oydwfarSmufr_tm;vHk;udk wm;jrpfonf/ usL;vGefygu aopm;aoaptjypf'%fcH&rnf?” aemufwck&Sdao;onf? w,fvDzHk;tm;vHk; qufr&awmh/pmydk@vkyfief;udkvnf; &yfwef@ypfvdkufonf?

ppfwyfu tm%mudkxdef;csKyfvdkufjcif;onf 0gembufpfudk ajrmif;xJa&mufoGm;aponf? olonf t&musr_twGuf wa,mufa,muftay: tjypfyHkcscsifaeonf? ESpfq,f&mpkrS tjcm;aom rdrdudk,fom*¶kpdkufwwfol EdkifiHa&;t¶_H;orm;rsm;twdkif; olonfowif;pmrsm;udk tjypfwifonf/ *smrefrsm;udk pdwfqdk;atmifrvkyfzdk@ ol@owday;csufrsm;udk vspfvsL¶_onfhtwGuf tjypfqdkonf?“'Dayga=umifa=umifwkdif;jynfuav;rSm owif;pmawGu *smr%D[m tm;r&Sdbl;qdkwJh tjrifudk zefwD;ay;xm;w,f” [k oluxif&Sm;onfhowif;pmq&mrsm;ESifh awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJwckwGif ajymonf? “'Dawmh rae@nu cifAsm;wdk@eJ@ xdkufwefwmudk cifAsm;wdk@&oGm;wmyJ?” 'def;rwfawmfvSefa&;twGufrl wu,fyJ xdktwdkif;jzpfoGm;.? zdESdyfr_onf awmfvSefa&;.wm0efudk &Sif;jywfoGm;aponf? ajratmufowif;pm z&pf'def;rwf u “'g[m trSefyJ tvSnfhtajymif;jzpfw,f” [kqdkonf? “'gayr,fh wu,fhvufawG@rSmawmh 'g[m wjznf;jznf; jzpfay:xGef;um;vmcJhwJh tajctaew&yfudk vlod&Sif=um; twnfðyay;vdkufwJh oabmyJjzpfw,f?”=o*kwfoydwfrsm;u 'def;rwfjynfom;wdk@onf *smrefwdk@tm; xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifrnfh ta=umif; azmfjyaeonf? ,cktcg 'def;rwfonfydkrdk}uD;rm;aom ppfyGJ}uD;. tpdwftydkif;wckjzpfa=umif;udk vrf;rrsm;ay: rS ppfom;rsm;u owd&aponf?

odk@&mwGif 'def;rwfjynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;twGufrl yk*~dKvfa&;tEW&m,frSm trsm;jynfol@awmfvSefa&;. wGJbufjzpfvmonf? vGefcJhonfhoHk;ESpftwGif;Y ‚if;wdk@.tpdk;&onf vlwum&GHrkef;vSaom yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;ay:vpDudk usifhoHk;aeapumrl tnw&'def;rwfjynfom;rsm;ESifh *smrefrsm;t=um; =um;cHtjzpf toHk;awmfcHcJhonf? tpkd;&tzGJ@E_wfxGufoGm;+yD;aemuf trsm;jynfolqdkif&mESifh vlr_a&;0efaqmifr_rsm; vnfywfaeEdkif&ef 0ef}uD;Xmersm; qufvuf tvkyfvkyfae=uaomfvnf; txufyg 'dkif;umrSm,cktcg r&SdoavmufjzpfoGm;um AdkvfcsKyf}uD;AGef[ifeDuif bmvkyfrnfudk rnfodk@r#odEdkifp&menf;vrf;vnf;r&Sd jzpfaeonf?'def;rwfEdkifiHrS *sL;vlrsKd; (8000) twGufqdkv#if rjrifEdkifaomtEW&m,fudk pdk;&drfa=umufvef@r_rSm ydkIyif}uD;rm;aeonf? usL;ausmf

odrf;ydkufr_puwnf;u 'def;rwftpdk;&onf ‚if;wdk@tm; wef;wltcGifhta&;rsm; tmrcHcJhonf? *smrefrsm;uvnf; qlylr_rsm;rjzpfa&;twGuf ar#mfvifh+yD; 'def;rwf*sL;udpPudk arS;xm;cJhonf? rlvueOD;usL;ausmf+yD;p ajcmuf&ufajrmufuwnf;u AGef&ifax;zifhufu“wu,fvdk@ 'DudpPeJ@ywfouf+yD; vdktyfwmxuf enf;enf;avmufydkvkyfvdkufrd&ifudk EdkifiHa&;eJ@pD;yGm;a&;b0rSm oGufcsmyg' vdkufoGm;vdrhfr,f/ 'grSr[kwfvnf; tifrwefqdk;qdk;0g;0g; z¶dkz&Jjzpfukefvdrfhr,f? 'Djy\em&J@ta&;}uD;r_udk av#mhrwGufoifhbl;” [kbmvifudkowday;cJhonf?

0gembufpf tm%m&SdpOfu TrpGufzufa&;enf;vrf;udk awmufav#mufusifhoHk;cJhonf? ta'ghvfzftkdufcref;ESifh[def;e&pfcsf[if;rvm;wdk@u zdtm;ay;aomfvnf; bufpf.txufvl}uD;jzpfol EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; *sKdcif;AGef&pfbifxa&mhuay:vpDajymif;&ef wcgrSzdtm;ray;cJh? odk@aomf 1943 ck =o*kwfvY oydwfarSmufr_rsm;ESifh tzsufvkyfief;rsm;tusyftwnf;tqifhodk@ a&mufvmaomtcg EdkifiHa&;&moDOwk tajymif;tvJudk tjrJwrf;}uKdwifwGufqEdkifolbufpfonfvrf;pOfajymif;vdkufonf? olu pufwifbm 8 &ufwGif bmvifodk@ a=u;eef;&Snfwapmif a&;ydk@vdkuf&m 'def;rwf&Sd*sL;tm;vHk;udkzrf;qD;a&;tm; axmufcHawmif;qdkxm;onf? TudpPonf tdkufcref;/ [if;rvm;ESifh txl;ojzifh [pfwvmudkoabmawG@aprnf[k oloabmayguf+yD;jzpf.? zrf;qD;r_rsm;aqmif&Guf&ef ykvdyftzGJ@rsm;udkvnf; olawmif;cHcJhonf?

pufwifbm (15) &ufwGif tufpftufpfwyf&if;rsm;ESifh vHkðcHa&;t&m&Sdrsm; udkyifa[*ifodk@ pwifa&muf&Sdvm=uonf? ESpf&uft=umwGifrl bufpfonf [pfwvm. w&m;0ifrD;pdrf;jyr_udk vufcH&&SdcJhonf? odk@aomf ,cktcgY *sL;rsm;udk tpkvdkuftðyHvdkufzrf;jcif;onf r+idrfroufr_udk t}uD;tus,fqdk;0g;oGm;aprnf[k bufpfu pdk;&drfrdjyefonf? olu rdrd.pdk;&drfr_rsm;udk udkyifa[*ifrSt&if;ESD;t,Hk=unf&qHk;rdwfaqGwOD;jzpfol a*smh'yfuGpfZfudk ajymjyonf? 'yfuGpfZfrSm +rD;aumifayguft&G,fuwnf;u emZDygwDESifhqufpyfcJhol *smrefoabFmvkyfief;qdkif&moHrª;jzpfonf? oluvnf; tpkvdkuftðyHvdkufzrf;qD;jcif;onf *smref-'def;rwfqufqHa&;udk xdckdufepfemaprnfjzpfI ,if;vkyf&yfudk qef@usifonf? [pfwvmu bufpfxHjyef=um;pmudk olzwf&onfhnY “igbmvkyf&rvJqdkwm igod+yD” [k ol@'dkif,m&DpmtkyfxJ a&;cJhonf?

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pufwifbm (28) &uf t*Fgae@Y bufpfESifhawG@qHk+yD;aemuf 'yfuGpfZfu 'def;rwfvlrsKd; EdkifiHa&;ESifh yk*~dKvfa&;rdwfaqG [ef;pf[uf'fawmhzfudk zHk;quf+yD; olESifhwuG ol.qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwDvkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;ESifh awG@qHkzdk@ yef=um;cJhonf? xdkae@vnfY qHkpnf;=uaomtcg 'yfuGpfZfu *smrefpDrHcsufudk t&if;twdkif;azmufonfcsonf? *sL;wdk@udk owday;r_pvkyf&ef wdkufwGef;onf?csufjcif;yif olwdk@onf *sL;todkif;t0dkif;rSm ta&;tygqHk;yk*~dKvfrsm;udk qufoG,f=uonf? xdktxJwGif *sL;*dk%f;csKyfbkef;awmf}uD;rm;uyfpfr,fvfcDa,mfESifh *sL;vD;,yfrm*dkvifpuD;wdk@ yg0ifonf? rm*dkvifpuD;u *sL;rsm;ykef;a&Smifzdk@ ta=umif;=um;onfh qufom;pepfwckudk pDpOfonf?

owif;u v#yfjyufovdk jyef@oGm;onf? TonfrSm wpdwfwydkif;tm;jzifh *sL;r[kwfonfh'def;rwfvlrsKd;rsm;a=umifhvnf;jzpfonf?ta&;ay:vlemwifum;armif;ol a,mf*ifemh'fqifu a'oEW&zHk;pmtkyfrsm;xJwGif “*sL;[kxif&aom emrnfrsm;” &Sdonfh rdom;pkwdk@.vdyfpmrsm;udk vdkuf&Smonf? xdk@aemuf ol. ta&;ay:aq;¶Hkum;udk armif;um owdoGm;ay;onf? owday;cH&olrSm ykef;cdkp&mae&m r&Sdygu aq;¶Hkodk@jzpfap/ awmfvSefa&;xJwGif wufºuGpGmyg0ifaeonfh q&m0efrsm;.aetdrfodk@jzpfap ac:oGm;onf?tjcm;*sL;rsm;rSmvnf; vrf;oGm;&if;ESifh vHk;0rjrifzl;rawG@zl;onfh vlpdrf;rsm;u csOf;uyfum ‚if;wdk@.wdkufcef;aomh odk@r[kwftdrfaomhrsm; tay;cH&onf? “'g[m tkdufcref;eJ@ ol@vlawG rawG@zl; r}uKHzl;wJh[myJ” [k [dkifzgwuUodkvf acwfopf*sL;ordkif;ygarmuQ aveD,m[Dvfuqdkonf? 'def;rwfEdkifiH.*sL;rsm;onf “wntwGif; 'def;rwfvlrsKd;rsm; wnfaqmufvdkufaom ouf&SdwHwdkif;aemufuG,fodk@” tomav;a&Smifwdrf;oGm;cJh=uonf? “usaemfwdk@ tifrwef}uD;rm;wJhtawG@tóuH&vkdufw,f? bmvdk@vJqdkawmh t&ifwHk;u *smref@tiftm;udk txif}uD;a=umufvef@/ ‘igwdk@u bmrsm;wwfEdkifrSmvJ’ vdk@udk,hf[mudk,f +iD;aewJhvlxku ¶kwfw&uf wnDwnf;xwnfh+yD; *smrefawGudk qef@usifwJhtaeeJ@ tjypfr&SdwJh EdkifiHom;csif;nDaemifawGudk wufwufºuGºuGulnDwm awG@vdkuf&vdk@yJ” [k 'def;rwfwa,mufua&;onf?

*sL;rsm;udku,fwifr_u wdkif;jynfudk v_yf&Sm;wufºuGoGm;aponf? 'def;rwftrsm;tjym;udk awmfvSefa&; tm;&Sdyg;&Sdvkyfzdk@ wGef;tm;ay;vdkufonf? “wu,fvdk@ usaemfhwdk@[m *sL;vlrsKd; wEdkifiHwnf;om;csif;awGudk ulnDvdk@ jyif;xefwJhtjypf'%feJ@ *smr%Dudk ac:oGm;cH&r,fh tvm;tvm &Sd&if&Sdaeyap” 'def;rwfawG[m *smref+cdrf;acsmufr_awGudk OD;r!Gwf 'l;raxmufEdkif[k z&pf'def;rwfowif;pmua=unmonf? “usaemfwdk@[m olwdk@udk tpGrf;ukefqufvufulnD&r,f? +yD;cJhwJhESpfn tjzpftysufawG[m usaemfwdk@twGuf 'def;rwfuH=urRm&J@ tpdwftydkif; jzpfoGm;cJhw,f? tu,fI usaemfwdk@[m *sL;awGudk olwdk@'kuQa&mufaecsdefrSm pGef@ypfvdkuf&if usaemfwdk@[m udk,fhZmwdEdkifiHudkvnf; pGef@ypfwmjzpfoGm;r,f?”

'def;rwfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;. a'gifhwdkif; ae&mwdkif;vdkvdkudk udk,fpm;ðyaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u *smrefvkyf&yfudk ¶_wfcs=uonf? udkyifa[*ifESifh tm;&f[yfpfwuUodkvfrsm;u uef@uGufonfhtaeESifh wywfausmif;ydwfvdkufonf? 'def;rwf omoema&;0ef}uD;Xmeu0gembufpfxH uef@uGufpmwapmifydk@vdkuf+yD; ,if;pmudk bk&m;0wfðyyGJrsm;wGif toHk;ðyEdkif&ef omoemq&mrsm;odk@ jzef@a0vdkufonf? (TtcsdefrSpI bk&m;ausmif;rsm;u ajratmufuGef,ufrsm; ulnDwnfaxmif =u+yD; bk&m;ausmif;wufolrsm;vnf;&Sdaeaom awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@rsm;xJ tHkvdkufusif;vdkuf0ifa&muf=uawmhonf?) aemufqHk;tm;jzifh awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@trsKd;rsKd;udkudk,fpm;ðy+yD; r=umrDav;urS xlaxmifvdkufaom vlckepfOD;yg vGwfvyfa&;aumifpDu “*smrefrsm; toufoGif;vdkufaom *sL;ESdrfeif;yGJrsm;” udk ¶_wfcsonfh a=unmcsufxkwfvkdufonf?

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qGD'ifjynfodk@ *sL;'kuQonf avSwpD;wdkuf xGufxGufoGm;wdkif; 'def;rwfawmfvSefa&;twGuf atmifyGJwyGJcHvdkuf&jcif; jzpf+yD; atmifyGJwck&vdkufv#if oH"dÏmef ydkcdkifrmvmum rdrdtiftm;rsm;vnf; wdk;yGm;vmonf? *smrefppfom;rsm;u 'def;rwf*sL;rsm;udk aemufxyfvwcsKd@=umatmif qufvuf&SmazGaeaomfvnf; trsm;tm;jzifh tcsnf;ESD;om jzpfcJhonf? ta=umif;rl *sL;vlrsKd; (7220) rSm qGD'ifEdkifiHodk@ atmifjrifpGmxGufajy; vGwfajrmufoGm;cJhaoma=umifhjzpfonf? atmufwdkbm (1) &ufae@ESifh (2) &ufae@ pD;eif;&SmazGr_rsm;twGif; (472) a,mufudkom zrf;rdcJhonf? u,fwifjcif;ppfqifa&;udk atmifjrifxajrmufapcJhaom trsKd;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_u'def;rwfudk *smrefwdk@ESifh ydkwif;rmaom twdkuftcHjzpfr_qD a&mufoGm;apcJhonf? xdk@jyif vufqkyfvufudkifjyEdkif+yD; vufawG@usaom &nfrSef;csuf rsm;xm;&Sdonfh aocsmusepGmpnf;¶Hk;pDpOfxm;aom awmfvSefa&;óud;yrf;r_w&yfonf wwd,r[mEdkifiHawmf}uD;. pGrf;tm;udk+zKdzsufypfEkdifa=umif; r[mrdwfrsm;ESifh tqdk;jrif'def;rwfvlrsKd;rsm;tm; oufaojycJhonf?

“'def;rwfjynfolwdk@. t}uD;us,fqHk;atmifyGJ”

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Todk@aom jyif;xefonfhcHpm;r_udk toHk;csum ajratmuf vGwfvyfa&;aumifpDonf bk&ifu tpdk;&opfw&yfukd vGwfvyfpGm rzGJ@pnf;EdkifrD umvtawmtwGif; rdrdwdk@aumifpDtm; EdkifiH. wu,fhvufawG@tpdk;&tjzpf 'def;rwfwyfrawmfu todtrSwfðyatmifoabmwlnDcsuf&,lEdkifcJhonf? awmfvSefa&;. yxr&nfrSef;csufonf *smrefwyfrsm;udk wufºuGxufoefpGmqef@usifa&; jzpf&rnf[k aumifpDu oabm&+yD; awmfvSefa&;vkyf&yftm;vHk;udk qufpyfxdef;nd‡&ef OD;pD;aumfrwDwck xlaxmifvdkufonf? ae&ma'ow&mcef@wGif aygufzGm;vm+yD; aygif;jrufxovdk }uD;xGm;oefpGrf;vmcJhaom 'def;rwfawmfvSefa&;onf ,cktcg A[dkOD;pD;uGyfuJr_ESifhwrdef@-woHudk &&Sdvdkufav+yD?

(1944) ck ESpfOD;ydkif;wGif 'def;rwfEdkifiHudk awmfvSefa&;e,fajr ajcmufckcGJxm;onf? e,fajrwckpDonf vGwfvyftrSDcdkuif;aomfvnf;tm;vHk;rSm OD;pD;aumfrwD. trdef@atmufrSm&Sdonf? e,fajrwdkif;wGif ajratmufjynfol@ppfrsm; wnfaxmifzGJ@pnf;um +AdwdefESifhqGD'ifEdkifiHwdk@rS cdk;oGif;vmaom vufeufrsm;ESifh avhusifh=uonf? wvtwGif;rSmyif TtzGJ@av;rsm;onf tjcm;tzsufvkyfief;tzGJ@rsm;ESifhtwl yl;wGJI *smrefwdk@twGuf vufeufi,frsm;/ wifhum;/ av,mOf/ tajrmufrsm; xkwfvkyfaom 'def;rwfvkyfief;Xmersm;udk wdkufckdufxdk;ESuf=uonf? ZGefvtwGif;Y tzsuform;rsm;onf rD;&xm;vrf;rsm;udk q,fhudk;}udrfwdkufcdkufcJh&m ukefvGefcJhaomig;vrS ysrf;r#=udwfE_ef;xuf oHk;qydkrsm;onf?

,cktcg vGwfvyfa&;aumifpDonf awmfvSefa&;. tapmydkif;vkyfief;wm0efjzpfaom 'def;rwfudk,fykdifvGwfvyfcGifh &yfcHa&;twGuftuGuftuGif;zefwD;a&;vkyfief;rSausmfvGefI 'def;rwfEdkifiHtm; *smrefwdk@toHk;csaoG;pkwfaejcif;udk }uD;}uD;rm;rm;xdcdkufaprnfhwufºuGaomv_yf&Sm;r_qDodk@ awmfvSefa&;udk wGef;wifvdkufonf? odk@aomfvnf; tzGJ@udkpwif wnfaxmifolwOD;url aumifpDonftjcm;&nfrSef;csufwckudk a&S;OD;pGm&&Sdatmif vkyf&rnf[k,lqonf? z¶dk'D,muGyfAfqifu vef'efòrd@rS *|efc&pPrwfrdk0,fvmxHokd@Todk@ pma&;vdkufonf? “usaemfwdk@jynfolvlxk&J@ ESvHk;om;udk &,lzdk@wdkufyGJ[m ta&;t}uD;qHk;vdk@ usaemfxifw,f? æ usaemhftjrifrSm jy\emu ‘*smrefawGudk b,fvdktxdtemqHk;jzpfatmif vkyfEkdifrvJ’ qdkwmxuf ‘{&mrjynfolvlxk}uD;udk wkdufyGJxJb,fvdkqGJac:rvJ’ qdkwmjzpf&r,f? vkyfief;wckrSm vl 1000 yg0ifywfoufwmeJ@ (10) a,mufyJ ygwmu &v'ftwlwljzpfae&ifvl (1000) ygwmydkaumif;w,f qdkwJh trSefw&m;bufu usaemfaer,f?”

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ZGefvv,fwGif [def;e&pfcsf[if;rvm;u bufpftm; tzsuform;rsm;udk ESdrfeif;&ef trdef@ay;vdkufonf? (25) &ufae@wGif bufpfuwdkif;jynfwGif;Y aemufxyfta&;ay:tajctae a=unmcsufwck xkwfjyef+yD; n 8;00 em&DrS reuf 5;00 em&Dtxd nrxGuf&trdef@xkwfvdkufonf? Tonfudk wkef@jyefonfhtaeESifh aemufwae@wGif udkyifa[*ifòrd@ bmrdwfpwmESifh0def; oabFmusif;rS tvkyform; (1200) onf rGef;vGJ 1;00 em&DwGif tvkyfrSxGufcGm=uonf? ‚if;wkd@u rdrdwdk@onf oydwfarSmufjcif;r[kwfa=umif;/ nrxGuf&trdef@a=umifh rdrdwdk@yef;O,smOfjcHrsm;pdkufysKd;ðypkzdk@ tcsdefvHkvHkavmufavmuf&&ef tvkyfrS apmapmjyefjcif;omjzpfa=umif;tvkyf&Sifrsm;udk tmrcH=uonf? TvSnhfuGufta=umif; tjcm;puf¶Hkrsm;odk@ tvsiftjrefjyef@oGm;um tvkyf&yfzdk@ ta=umif;jycsufjzpfoGm;awmhonf?

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aemufae@reufwGif wòrd@vHk;rSpuf¶Hktvkyform;rsm;u oydwfwGif;odk@yg0ifvmonf? “tdrfapmapmjyef” v_yf&Sm;r_rSm jyef@ESH@oGm;+yD;/òrd@awmf.tpdwftydkif;wcsKd@onf ,cktcg ajAmiftwdtvif; ykefuefxºuGae+yDjzpfonf? tqdk;qHk;tajctae odk@a&mufoGm;rnfudkpdk;&drfaom 0gembufpfu nrxGuf&trdef@udk n 11;00 em&Dtxdaemufqkwfay;aomfvnf; ta=umif;rxl;? "mwf&xm;rsm;/bwfpfum;rsm; wGef;vSJarSmufvSefcH&onf/ vrf;ydwftwm;tqD;rsm; xyfvkyf=uonf/ rD;yHkrsm;u naumif;uif,Hudk vif;xdefaeaponf? z¶dkz&J0¶kef;okef;um;r_a=umifh tvGeftrif;a'goxGufaeaombufpfu 'def;rwftkyfcsKyfa&;orm;rsm;/ tvkyform;or*~acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;ac:,lvdkufonf? oydwfrsm;onf ,cktcsdefY Oa&mywcGifwGif t}uD;tus,fta&;edrfhaeaom *smrefwyfrawmftwGuf vufeufcJ,rf;rsm;ESifh ,Of&xm;rsm; xkwfvkyfo,fydk@ay;jcif;udk &yfwef@apcJhonf? tu,fIoydwfrsm; qufarSmufygu jyif;jyif;xefxeftjypfay;rnf[k bufpf u+cdrf;ajcmuf+yD; 'def;rwft&m&Sdrsm;taejzifh udk,fwdkifudk,fuswm0ef,l&vdrfhrnf [kowday;cJhonf?

'def;rwftkyfcsKyfolrsm;onf taotcsmpOf;pm;+yD;aemuf trsm;jynfoltm; arwWm&yfcH=uonf? “ukpm;r&Edkif avmufatmifqdk;0g;aomtusKd;qufrsm;&Sdrnfh aqmif&Gufcsufwdk@.tEW&m,fonf r=umrwifusa&muf vmawmhrnf? æ æ odk@jzpfI vlwdkif;vlwdkif; rdrdwdk@.ae@w"l0tvkyfrsm;udk jyefvkyf=u&ef tav;teufyef=um;tyfygonf?” odk@&mwGif tkyfcsKyfolrsm;onf *smrefwdk@.zdESdyfr_udk xnfhrajymygu 'def;rwfjynfom;wdk@u yef=um;csuftm; *¶kpdkuf=urnfr[kwfonfudk odxm;onfhtm;avsmfpGm“aqmif&GufcsuftrsKd;rsKd;udk 0rf;enf;zG,f&maumif;atmif vkyfaqmifcJhjcif;twGuf” *smrefrsm; tm; tjypfwifonfhpma=umif;wa=umif;udkvnf; yef=um;csufxJwGif xnfhoGif;xm;onf? Ttcsufu bufpftm; a'goxGufaponf? ‚if;u òrd@awmfodk@"mwfaiG@/ v#yfppfESifha&ay;a0r_ jzwfawmufypf&ef *smrefwyfrsm;udk trdef@ay;vdkufonf? bufpf u “*smref*k%foduQm[m ajrmif;ykyfxJ qGJcscHvdkuf&+yD? 'DhtwGuf ay;qyf&vdrfhr,f? æ æ udkyifa[*if*avuacsaumifawGawmh =umyGwft&omudk +rD;=unfh&vdrfhr,f” [k'def;rwft&m&Sdrsm;ESifh aemufqHk;tpnf; ta0;wGif ajymcJhonf?

ZGef (30) &ufnOD;wGif vGwfvyfa&;aumifpDu ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;usif;ycJh&m oydwfrsm;onf ,cktcg t}uD;rm;qHk; *smrefawmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ jzpfvm+yDjzpfojzifh aumifpDu axmufcHtm;ay;&rnf[k qHk;jzwfcsufcsvdkufonf? “Tonfum; 'def;rwfEdkifiHordkif;wGif t}uD;us,fqHk;trsKd;om;qENjyyGJjzpfonf” [kaumifpDu aemufae@reufwGif a=unmonf? “&SJvfbmh*fwyfutouftdk;tdrfwdk@udk xyfwvJvJwdkufcdkufr_rsm;ESifh *smrefjynfodrf;wyfrsm;u w&m;Oya'ESifh jynfol@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk pepfwuszsufqD;ypfaejcif;u jynfolwdk@. onf;cHEdkifpGrf;udk ukefcrf;oGm;apcJhonf? &SJvfbmh*fwyfrsm;udk z,f&Sm;um ta&;ay:tajctaeuef@owfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm; r¶kyfodrf;rcsif; oydwfqufarSmufa&;udk vGwfvyfa&;aumifpDu axmufcHtm;ay;onf?” awmfvSefa&;bufrS t=urf;zufr_onf *smrefrsm;udk }uD;}uD;rm;rm;xdckdufapjcif; r&SdcJhaomfvnf; jynfolvlxktay: t=urf;zufr_url wrsKd;om;vHk;udk xºuGvmapum {&mrt=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_vkyfvmaponf? xdktcgwGif awmfvSefa&;u vlxkudk tjreftrSDvdkuf&awmhonf?

aemufwqifhwGif *smrefrsm;u udkyifa[*ifudk jyifyurBmESifh tqufjzwfypfzdk@ óud;yrf;cJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; *smrefwyfrsm;rSm'def;rwfrS qGJxkwfcH&um a&S@wef;ppfrsufESmodk@ ta&$@cHae&ojzifh udkyifa[*ifòrd@awmfydwfqdk@a&;twGuf tiftm;rvHkavmufyJòrd@olòrd@om;axmifaygif;rsm;pGm tvG,fwul azmufxGuf azmuf0if=uonf? òrd@awmftwGif;Y oydwfrsm;rSmvnf; t&Sdefjrifhvmonf? uwkwfusif;rsm;wl;=uonf/ tvkyform;rsm;u ausmufcif;vrf;rsm;udk wl;zJhum *smrefppfom;rsm;udk ausmufcJrsm;ESifhayguf+yD; aoewfESifhjyefypfap&ef v_H@aqmf&efp=uonf? Zlvdkif (2) &uf paeae@n a&mufonfhtcsdefwGif 'def;rwf (23) a,muftowfcHcJh&+yD; tenf;qHk; 203 a,muf'%f&m&cJh+yDjzpfonf? oydwfarSmufr_rsm;ESifh qENjyyGJrsm;rSm ZDvefESifh,Gwfvif;a'orsm;rSòrd@}uD;rsm;odk@ysHŒoGm;onf? *smrefrsm;uvnf; vufwHk@jyefonf? udkyifa[*ifòrd@vnfaps;ykdif;odk@ wifhum;rsm;0ifvmonf? òrd@awmfudkOD;usKd;+idrf0yfoGm;atmif AHk;csypfrnf [k aumv[vrsm; ysH@vGifhvmonf? tajccHa&rD; tjzwfcHxm;&ojzifh vlwdk@rSm teD;tem;a&uefrsm;rS a&cyfum xif;aumuf+yD; vrf;ray:wGif xrif;[if;csuf=u tzkwftuifvkyf=u&onf? ajratmuftzGJ@rsm;u Edk@/=uufO/ 'defcJrsm; v#Kd@0Sufjzef@a0r_udk xdef;uGyfqufpyfay;onf? pwdk;qdkif&Sifrsm;uvnf; ukefrsm;udk aps;av#mha&mif;ay;onf?

Todk@ zDqeftHwkae=uaomfvnf; jynfolwdk@rSm Ttajctaersm;udk b,favmuf=um=um awmifhcHEdkifrnfrSm ra&&m? xdk@jyif*smrefavwyfrS AHk;=uJrnfh+cdrf;acsmufr_rSmvnf; wu,fhudk tEW&m,f}uD;pGmESifh jzpfvmrnfhyHk&Sdonf? xdk@a=umifh a'oEW&tm%mydkifrsm;/ or*~vl}uD;rsm;ESifh ta&;ygaom trwfrsm;u *smrefwdk@ESifh vGwfvyfa&;aumifpD t=um; aphpyfnd‡Ed_if;ay;+yD; 'def;rwfwdk@u&efpvdkuf/ *smrefrsm;u vufwHk@jyefvdkufjzpfaeaom oHo&mudk jzwfawmufypfzdk@ óud;pm;=uonf? bufpfu vlrkef;rsm;vSaom&SJvfbmh*fwyfudk òrd@awmfrS ¶kyfodrf;ay;&ef/ nrxGuf&trdef@ y,fzsufay;&efESifh *smrefwyfrsm;u 'def;rwft&yfom;rsm;udk ypfcwfjcif;rðyap&efwdk@udk oabmwlcJhonf? xdk@tjyif oydwfarSmufr_ tqHk;owfoGm;ygu ta&;ay:tajctaeudk ¶kyfodrf;+yD; "mwfaiG@/ a&ESifhv#yfppfrD; jyefay;zdk@vnf; uwday;cJhonf?

“jynfol@oydwf}uD;” onf *smrefwdk@tzdk@ pdk;&drfwkefv_yfp&m trSefw&m;udk vSpf[jyvdkufonf? ryl;aygif;raqmif&Gufa&;ay:vpDvufudkifðyxm;aom vGwfvyfa&;aumifpDonf ,cktcg 'def;rwfEdkifiHtay: =oZmanmif;ae+yDjzpf+yD; *smref@csKyfudkifcsuftay:,cifuxm;cJhor# ,Hk=unftm;udk;r_udk oydwf}uD;u +zKdzsufypfvdkufonf? Tta&;edrfhr_rsm;. tusKd;oufa&mufr_udk Oa&mywv$m;rS ppfajrjyif¶H_;yGJrsm;u tm;jznfhay;vdkufI jynfodrf;wyfrsm; pdwf"mwfusqif;+yD; 'def;rwfjynfom;rsm; tm;wufvm=uonf? Zlvdkif (4) &uf wevFmae@naewGif aumifpDu “atmifowif;v$m” xkwfa0um *smrefwdk@.tav#mhay;csufrsm;udk wef;pDazmfjy+yD; 'def;rwfEdkifiHom;rsm;u *smref@vufwHk@jyefr_rsm;udk &ifqdkif&mY cHEdkif&nf&Sdjcif;udk csD;usL;xm;onf? “a&Smifwcif qlylr_rsm;xuf vHk;0O\HkoydwfarSmufr_u trsm;}uD;ydkrdkxda&mufonfh vufeufjzpfonf? jynfol@oydwf}uD;u tqHk;tjzwfay; jcif;jzpf+yD;vrf;ydwfcHwyfrsm;aomfvnf;aumif;/ vrf;ay:qlylr_rsm; uaomfvnf;aumif; tqHk;tjzwfay;onfr[kwf? æ æ udkyifa[*ifjynfol@oydwf}uD;onf todrf;ydkufumvtwGif; ,cktcsdefxd 'def;rwfjynfolwdk@. t}uD;tus,fqHk;atmifyGJjzpfonf?” [k azmfjycJhonf?

xdktcsdefrSpI vGwfvyfa&;aumifpDonf tzsufvkyfief;ESifh ppfa&;enf;vrf;rsm;udk tav;xm;csufav#mh+yD;/ t=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_bufodk@ ydktav;ay;vmcJhonf? 1944 =o*kwfvwGif aumifpDu ajratmufjynfol@ppfrsm; pnf;¶Hk;zGJ@pnf;r_udk &yfpJypfvdkuf+yD; ,if;tpm; oydwfarSmufvkyfief;rsm; qufpyfcsdefnd‡a&;bufodk@ OD;vSnfhvmcJhonf? “usaemfwdk@[m oHk;-av;em&DtwGif; taxGaxGoydwfwck ay:vmatmifvkyfEdkifw,f? tpdk;&¶Hk;awG/ Xmeqdkif&mawGu tp cyfat;at;refae*smawGtxd vkyfEdkifw,f? usaemfwdk@qEN&SdwJhtcsdefrSm wEdkifiHvHk; tvkyfawG&yfoGm;vdrfhr,f? 'gwifruao;bl;/ jynfolvlxkxJu vdktyfwJhtydkif;awGrSm tvkyfcGifoydwfarSmuf=u+yD; usefwJhtydkif;awG yHkrSeftwdkif; tvkyfvkyfaeapzdk@vnf; usaemfwdk@ trdef@ay;Edkifw,f” [k aumifpD0ifwOD;u a&;onf? tuef@towf&Sd&Sd/ xdef;csKyfr_&Sd&SdESifh owfrSwfa&G;cs,fr_&Sd&Sd t=urf;rzufoydwfwkdufyGJrsm;udk ,cktcg w&m;0ifpdwfwdkif;ustm%may;vdkufav+yD?

Zlvdkif (12) &uf rGef;wnfhcsdefwGif wEdkifiHvHk; ESpfrdepf+idrfouf+yD; jynfol@oydwf}uD;twGif; usqHk;cJh=uolrsm;udk tav;ðycJhonf? ,if;*k%fðyOD;!Gwfr_udk =o*kwfv 29 &ufwGif wcgxyfvkyfonf? usef&Sdaomtodrf;ykdufcHumv wav#mufvHk; TuJhodk@ txdrf;trSwfðyqENjyyGJrsm; r=umc%vkyf=uonf? tzsufvkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifr_a=umifh 'def;rwfq,fausmfouf q,fhwa,mufudk uGyfrsufjcif;tm; wkef@jyefonfhtaejzifh (1944) =o*kwf (14) wGif bmrdwfpfwmESifh 0def;oabFmusif;tvkyform;rsm; oydwfarSmuf=uonf? xdkudpPxJ vGwfvyfa&;aumifpDu yg0ifvmum aemufwae@wGif ESpfq,fhav;em&DoydwfarSmufzdk@ aqmf=ovdkufonf? xdkr#omrutvkyform;rsm;taejzihf qENjyr_rsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;&ef/ at;aq;wnf+idrfr_&Sd&efESifh oduQm&Sd&Sdae&efvnf; aumifpDuwdkufwGef;onf?oydwfonf wjynfvHk;odk@ vsifjrefpGm jyef@oGm;+yD; q,f&uftwGif; òrd@aygif; (54) òrd@u oydwfxJygcJhonf?

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