9 ,::F::SARVSTIVDIN ABHIDHARMA TEXTS

COLLBTT COXI"''IJ'''

''''

j'']:'go"

1 . INTRODUCTION PeTh

ps no aspect of early Buddst teaching has been the

r

tions of latel tadiitiollal ite=pTeters, tllis scholally attention is

not uustied. Among s wideTanging studies of early India:nBuddhist doctlille, PIofbssoT Alex Waylinan has devoted sevelalInajor articles to the topic of dependent origination.1 Howevel,as he warlls us, we should not colilsidel dependent onation assomethillg befbre [ouT] eyes to see in clear relief, as one mightsee a book.2 Instead, we should be alert to the possibi]tity ofInultiple IIleanings and puTposes that must be extracted fIom thetraditional accounts. ProfossoT 'Vaylnall has hiitnself suggested

'everal diblent illterpretive models fOr dependcnt onation,

Ihodels wch view vaatioll in the e1boration of the depelldentoginatio fbrmuia as Ieecting direILt geographic tladitionsor difl'rent ways in /hich the ')Tnlula could be uod. Follongthe lead of PIofssor Wayman, hose life has beell dcvoted toiJilvestigating many areas of Buddhist doctTine, ts pper 1lexplore olile cet of the complicated evolution of the doctne ofdopendent oriiIiLation.Indeed, ouI undelstandillg of the fUnctioll aliLd sig1tificallce of

all aspects of early Buddhist doctne, including depelldetoHnation, can be clouded by a valiety of diffbrent ftctors. rorexalnplc, ouI own distalilce froln traditioILal soulces and scholarlypredispositions towald certn inteTpleta:tive models can result i fliluTe to recogze the deterIIlining ro]e of pa:rtictllaT histoca1and cultulal contexts in the development of the systems ofBuddllist teaohig and plactice. Intelpretatiolil of Bllddhist

1 20 B"

P'"J

"I ReJI

"

J

doctne can also, however, be compcated by a lure to takeinto account thc 1latural gIowth of the tTaditioll.3 This gro'vth hasbeen guided by Buddhi st intepretels 'hose pmaTy inteyests weTeno:t pTesenting histolical events acculately, but rILthel Iepresentingpr ser'ying, and claj[:,Ting a valued message. The contTibutionsof these illterpreters compieIIlented aILd often supeTseded plileanother in the eveT colitinuing construction of the Buddhs1lessage that calne to constitute the tTaditiol1. The textual andplecedent nleated holizon of the Inonastic transmissioll alildelaboration of the Buddhist tradition has been formed thyoughthe accumulation of sucesve layers of interpretative commentaTy; each co1IIIentary becII1! the point of depalture anddeterlnining fiocus foI further lyeTs of supelcon111lelltary, Tchwele themselves potelltial authoritative bases f'bI f'utule inteTpTetation. Re1ng upon this strealn of tladitional intepretation^Iithout

Ist clafying, :as best we can, its compositional stlataIesults in an illtepTetative stance that mirroTs the ahistoTidstpelspecve of the tradition itself and iglloe the particulaTcontext for each stge or paTticulI chtblltiolil. Instead, oneIIlust 1:eln sensitive to the tlansfbrmatioll by inteTpletationthin the tTadition ad to the likelihood that lateT traditiona1intelpyetation, moTe often than Ilot, obscuTes rathel than clafleseallier positions. Thelefore, it remains a task fbI continuingtextual and histocal resealch to become c0scious of this process by w1ch the tradition glew, to isolate the signicant contexts that constitute its vaous coII1ponellts and stages, and toarrest the collpsig of these contexts thIough allistocist illte'pTetative nlo dels This sensitivity to cotext must also dilect ouT att::Inpts to

1nderstalld spedfic dct issues. That is to say we must beattelltive to the particular tTaditional cotext in w1ch a doct.nal issue was elabolated alld be open to the possibility that tlliscontext may have challged over time; a diffbrellce oT change incotext of exposiUoll would then, in a probability, Teflect adiflbrellce oT challge i nnctiol1 0T purpose. In the case of depedent giatio, this contextual senUty is particularlyi1portallt ilil deteTnillg its relation to causation. For in the latelBuddst tTadio, examililation of dpelldent oHIlatio occulsill a context deteTmined by plosopcal and doctri discussions concerning the broader topic of causatio11, a colltext that is

I?eJ"' OI'g'

"o" 12:1

.assumed to be ogina1. Yet, despite later explidt connectiollsdlawn by te tyadition betweelil dependent oI=atioIL andcausation, or ouI owll efk)Its to flnd in dependent onatio=l acotext fbr the development of the Buddst theoly of causatiol1,we cannot assume that the erly theoly of dependelilt orinatiollftlnctions as an abstlact causal nciple oI is evelitially orintnsically clated to caus1 ftinctioIilg. Instead, we mustallow fbr the possibi]ity that causation and dependet onaon have quite different oligins and different contexts ofdevelopmet.The need to attend to ogin and context is hilldeled by the

'stTucture and style of eaIIy texts, which often cotIl oly essentiai characterizations of topics such as dependent o

'igination,and thus nlake infblng the underl,-ng pu=pose alld inteTpTetative colltext of these topics diflicult. Sometimes we are liIIlited tonoting the bIe occuIIence of an ite1 or topic in a text. Furthel,te oInission oT inclusion of a topic 7itn a text may have beendete'Inined by the palticu1r purposes of that text alld canot betaken as an indication of the relative i1portance or Priority ofthat topic within the Buddhist tladition as awhole. Thus contextual sensitivity delands that we not assunle the fUnction ofdependent ogillation as a causal pnciple. Instead, we mustexamille the role of dependent ogination fIoIIl its ealliestppearalilce within Buddhist teaching and its Telation at eachstage to othel aspects of earlieT ad la:teT Buddhist doctrine.MoTeovel, we lust trace the pIocess thIough which depedetoliination came to be recog=lized as the centr teac"ng of theBuddha and was Ieforlnulated in aocoTdance with the challnginte=pletations of ts teacngTo date, the mjority of the soholarly investigations of depe

dent oginatiolil have focused either on its pesentatiolil ill earlyBuddst

'I'J OI on its mole detailed elaboTation in the latescholastic Abhidharlna ad '4ahyIla tTeatises. These studiesoften assulne the centrity of depedent originatioll ad ofits twelve member foIInulc expressioll evel within the eallieststlatu of Buddhist teaching. They also freque]]ttly adopt one of:two ililte:pretative appToaches, eEtch of which impcitly assuesthe impitace of its own pelspective thin the earer lateals.These two ppToaches elllphasize either the Tole of dependentonatioll as a geeralized and local pIlcipie of abstTact

1 22 BJ"

:j' P"''I'':

I [':e,''e':

c0ditioning apcable to all pheena, or its Iole as thedescPtive model fbr the opelatio of action ym

') and tlle

process of Tebirth. Though these assulnptions of the oe!IaJity odepeIIdet brination in general aId of each of these inteTpeta-:tive a.ppToaches flnd support witn both the eaTly J

'I:

J and laterAbllidharla alld Mahyna treatises, they have also not Temained uchaeged by yet other hitoTical and textual soholallystudies. For exalnple, Etllst Waldschmidt, aftel examiningac ounts of the Bddhas enightenment expeece questionsthe poty of thooo passages that identify depeIIdent originatiolilas the culmillation of that eperience.4 Fran Bernhard pusues astluctulal and histoTical study of the twelve Inenlber fbrnlula ofdependnt oHnation ailld concludes that it is a colnpilatioll feaI'ier parti folmulae.5 Both Waldschllilidt ad BeTIIhaTdsresearch would, therofbre, challellge the assulnption that theIateT standardized doctrie of dependent oHILation actulyconstituted one of the core teacngs o the Buddha. Studieadopting either of the two ite=preta:tive approachesamrmigbitheT the role of dpendent ogination as an abstract pndpleof causation, or itS fUnction as a decriptive model foT actionpresent an iI)Iicit challenge to those adopting the othel. As aIIexample of these cofiicting inteTpyetative appToaches, T1ikenKilnura in 1927 ecords a disagreeIIIent oocerning the onaImeang of depende

't ogination among four of Jpans emi

nent earlier Buddllist scholars: Clizcn Akanuma, Haku UiTetsuo Watsi and linlself.6 The disgycemerlt alnollg thesescholars is thleesided: Akanuma claims that dependent ogilla:tion descbes thO te1poral Ielation ovef severa] tiIyles asevidenced in th pTocess of Tebilth; 1-:i and Watsi clailns thatit refbrs t the no=l:telllpolal local or abstTact relation amongthose ctors collstituting a ven fe; and Kilnuya himse]fsuggests that it ep1ns thc coulse of the development of aIIimateand, in paTticular, psychological actityEach of these scholals presellts convillcing argulnents fbT his

positio and thee is no doubt that each pproach is solidlysppolted by one of the several interpretations of dependentogination ored by later Abhidharla teratulie. As with alIquestions of doctrinal developlrrlent, the chaactcr of histocaIevideILce avlable fro1 the Indian Buddhist tTadition precludessure alld clea recollstTuctions. Thus, sorting out the role of the

q' OI 123

dopendent ofigination tIil the oarliest Buddhist tradition,weighing the evidence fbr its centrality to the eIllightelllnentexpeece of he Buddha, and asses:ililg its Iater doctnal development wi11 Iequire extensive alld plolollged future research.Nevertholess, iitl this pper I hoPe to contlibute, howevel prosionally, to thi pTect by consideng the preseliltations ofdependent oginatioll and their relatioll to theoes eitheT ofcausality or of nd Iebilth in the eaIIy Abhidharmaliterure, nlaterial that perhps has not been examined as care'f Ully in pevious discussiolls of this issue. These texts providethe orucial transition betweell the eareli

'I:, and the lateT

Abhidhaila texts and should be able to clarify the contekts ffomwhich the idependently denned docte o dependelkt onation emdrged and the process by wlfch it as clystallized ortransforled aILd finay icoporated illto the stble doctnaledice of the later tradition. In paicular, these tTallsitioal textswi bo exalnied foT the edence they prode concerlling therelation of dependet oJnation to abstTact causal fUIilctiong

2. THB CHARACTBRIZATION OF DEPENDNT ORIGINATIONIN THB STRA LITERATURE

In ordor to applecia:te the ite:][::pletative tTansfo'mation thatthe doctlie of dependent oriHatioll nderweILt withiliL the eaIIyAbdharma teatises, we lust rst befly 'eview the varyingdescriptiplls and puTposes of dependent onatio as pTeselltedin the early j

'

I. UIlfortnately, the character of the "

I

collection as an openended body of aonylnous texts precludesouT establisg a single uliliversally applicable interpretatio ofdependent onation and presellts celtaill diculties to allyattept to tlacc te deveiopment of the doctne of dependelltoIilation and its niistocal importace through the varioustextual strata. Nolletheless, it is cleai that within at least celtnseglents bf the J"'I coectioll, depelldent oliginatio is accorded a very impoltat role. For exampie, fbrlnulaic descliptions odepelildent orination in the

'IJ state that 01le who sees

depelildent ogination, sees the teachillg;7 0T, whethel oT not

Buddhas ppeal in the world, dependellt ogillatio is establish.ed as a ct, alld it is this that the Buddhas comprehelld.8 And atleast one version of the Buddhs elightelllet and its s:ubse

1 24 B Z' P'"

'""

I :eeIe'

quent lineage of inteTpretation sees dependellt ogiatio as thevery cuIInination of that foTmative expeence.9These fbTmulaic descptions of dependent ogililation in the

J'''I: oen include two parts. First, alil abstTact stateIIlent ofdependency or conditionaty takes the f'oTIn: Whell this is, thatis, from the arising of this, that ases; when this is not, that is not,from the cessation of this, that ceases.1 Ts twoR)1d abstractstatemet is usu1ly couPled with a specific Iist of contionedand conditiong factors.11 The vaety in the erly descTiptions

::e

:i; do::

Inent of what 'vas to becolne the standard chalactezation ofdependent ogination in tweive nlembeTs. The N'M book ofthe Sz

'''"

offers ample edence of this variety in itslists of oollditioning fhctols. For ex1Ple, in ceTtain texts theprinciple of dependent ogiation is illustrated through thecontiong activity of the ve ppropating aggreates(

"

*'

:12 othel texts descTibe a selies of coILditioning relations that begins with peTcqptual consciousness (

'"H',

wch is established upon a oectsupport I"z bymeans of volition, iIItentio, and being occpied; this series ofconditioning relations collcludes with the consequent futuTe Iebilt

", bilth fJi), old age and death r ,

and indeed the ogi of the entire aggregation of ge lalelltation, suflbng, and so on.13The moIe frequent lists of contioning factors include some

fhctors that fbrm palt of a standard liting of tweve membels.FoT exa1pie, the S

"', ill exp1ILing the ogin of qaIIels,

dispu!es, lalentation ge se1shness, pliide, arlogalilce, andcalumny, traces a selies of fhctors, includng action , inclinations

""), determi

ation of something as 1 asant (j'or unpleasant M', contact

"J, name and form "I",and concept (M"e-,.!4 The S"'

"" also offbrs alistililg of t'yelvc

fctors that exp1n the on of suffbng: these include tllesubstratul 0r seizing ("J

'), ignorance (, motivations

(j'

"), perceptual cosciousness (IZ:"Iz,, contact (

"J)

feengs (e"z

, cTaving ('", glasping (,?a , undeltak

ing Iz, sustenace (I, and instigation (II'15 Inthe

'''I", celt

n texts, adopting what would ppearto be atl episte1ological perspective, trace the ogili1 of suffeng

Oqpeg OI'g':"'':o

:::

';:

ITf 11:

, tr*I:conditions the cessation of clings (e

", craving (

"

,

ib

other causal theoes accoldig to which suffeng depends uponoILeself, another, both onself alld allothel, or occuls by chaILcetbut a cause.17 other texts in the

"'' adopt the

pelspective of the dynamic of action alild rebilth. For example,in one case, the origin of biTth (") is traced through becoming

!:

'

m:JHupleatllt, and neutla1, are impermEtnent and, thereby, areattended with suflbling. The destruction of birth then is said toresult fIom the destTuctioll of all grasping.18 Another text emphasizes equaly tlle roles of both ignolance and claving

!=iYi: iad the six sense sphe'es

"

, a of which producehppiness and subng

"J" ad ultiIIlately rebirth,

birth, old age and death, and so o11.19 Severa texts appeal to the

descent oI

entry

")presumably into a rebilth

state or wolnb, or possibly into some postnleditative for1 ofembodilentof namc ad fbTm (I" oT of perceptua1coIilsciousness (

'

.20 Sti others gIound the seyies of colilditiolls culminating in suffbIlg in a relation o recipIocal condi, tioIlg beteen name and fbrm and pelceptual consciousness.21Despite this valiation in the soriptulal acounts of dependent

origination, the later Abhidllarma alld Mahyna tleatises mostf'equently standaldize their plesentation of dependent ogin:tion ill a twelve member fbrllilula.22 Though a doctrilihal andtextual histoTy or the process by which the me)els came to bestandaldized at twelve lies outside the scope of this papeT, twpinterpretative options have doIIlilled scho]ally eplanations :the twelve Inember fblmula is oriILal and is abbTeviated in thevarious paTtial series of contioniitlg factors; T the twelvemember forlula is the product of combining eaTer partia1fbrlnulae.Regaldless of its ultilllate origin, this twelve membeT forlnula

1 2

1 26 B" ',' P

HbJ"I ReJeI

tion nnds suppolt in the ,"r/J.2 Otle represetative exa1 le,again froIIl the N' book or the S

"J,'

"

is a n)IIows :

Now, in this case, oh 1olilks, the Iearned noble disciple thorougUy directs correct attention precisIy towaTd dqpendentoliigination: when this is, that is, from the asing of t]tis, thatases; when this is not, that is not, fIoln the cessation of this,that ceases. Which is to say, there are: motivations in dependence upon ignoTance, theTe is percqptual consdousness i

:I: ;:;i II i;;:r:1gation of suflILg. Bu' from the comPlete turniILg away f'om,the complete cessa:tion of ignoTance, thele is the cessatiol1 ofInotivations, alld froln the cessa:tiolil of motivations, thele isthe cessation of perceptual colls(Iiousness [and so on . . up toold ge and deathl. In this way, thee is the cessation f thisentire aggregatioll of sulfeliillg.24

iSHtn

1#:s

1#;LHHsf=

e

p'J OT'" 1 27

have originated ependent]y (p"

"

D one is freedfroIn the IIlistaken perspective of self expTessed through suchconcelns as: Did I e*ist in the past? What 'vas I in the pat?Will I exist in the futule? What will I be in the future? AIld,do I or do I not exist inthe pTeset? Wha:t am I at pTeset? ands0 0n.26 TheTefbTe, it would appea:T that in these ey accouts,oonditioning or causatioll, as such, is iIIlportant Ileithel as anabstract descTiptive pnciple noI as an explaILation foI the process of Iebiyth, but rather insofar as it exp1s the presence ofsuflkIjng and thereby makes possible its terminatiolil.27

3. DEPENDENT ORIGINATION IN EARLY SARVSTIVDINABHIDH.AR'A TEXTS

3. 1 ,f,e E:I/lieJ' A"I"

Ip I*It is against this backdTop of the vaous descptios f

depndent oligination preseted in the "'J that oe should

exaline its tleatmeIIt in the eaTIy Abhidhalma texts. Amollg thecalliest IIoTthern Indian Abhidhrlna texts, the S

g'

":,"

'':''

melely uses the terilns dependent ogllation and

dependentlyoriginated fctols as categoe in its classijiication of othelfactors.28 Though this plactice is attested in the I

'"

'"

,29 both the "''

," and the r""'

"I'"

r,z'

'' also devote long i

dependellt sections to the topic ofdependent oTigitlation.30 The structulal siJilililarity betweell the:IHJ

" ad the J"

AI"I

'I, alld betwee

both and the Thelavdill Abhidha1nla text, the '

g, haslollg been noted.31 Ts similty suggests a possible histoca1amty alnollg these texts alld, as wil1 be discussed, prodespossible clues as to the development of the Abhiidharma exposition of dependellt origillation.IIl its expositio of depeildet oliginatiol1, the

"II,

"''j''ows its Ilormal' patter of fllst dting at length aI1 pplopate

"'I

passage, which is the elaboTated by a detled commell'taJiy.g2 I the passage dted he'e, the Buddha anoullces that hewill expound both the pToess of dependent ogination OI.

'"z""") as well as those

ctols that have origiated dependetly ," I

deg the process of depedetogination, hc Tst offe's the abstlact sta:temet f conditionigWhen this is, that is, alld so oI1--alld next lists the twelve

128 B*

' P'",""

I Re,

factors in their presentation order fioln ignorance to old ageand death. The Buddha then notes that the co nditionig TelLtionsalnong these ctors are established whether or not Bddhasppear to Teaize theln. ndeed, te principle o dependent oligination is colnprehended, expoundod, estiblished, alld claj:iedby al1 Tathtgatas; it is fixed, regular, true, alld so on. In deIIingthe second colnpollellt of dependently originated ctors theBuddha explains each of the twelve melinbers as i=npermaIlent, collditioned, constructed, dependently oginated, beingdestroyed, passing aIay, fading, and ceaing. The Buddha concludes his discussiol1 of dependelllt oligillation and depe11dentlyoriginated factors with the observation that correctly uIIdeystanding both co1ponents prevents selfLcellteTed inquiry intothe past, present, arld ftlture, iI:Lquiry which charactezes thoseholding the view of the persistence of se1 the persistenc oEbeings, the pelisistece of fe, oT the persistetLce o met ordemet. Aii such views of persistel1:ce produce sufl'ring; onlythrough the view of dcpendent origililation calil this subring and,in the end, robirth be telmiitlated.In its subsequent coII1lets olil this passge, the

"

rz"

presents an exteILsive analysis of both the genelal denition ofdependent ogination and the conditioning relation bet/eeneach of the ind dual Inelnbeys constituting dependelltly originated factols.33 First, it notes that dependent oriILation anddependently originated factors aTe idetical in their intnsicnature, but dijifl)r in spedflc instances: that is to say, the samefctol can be considered eithel coducive to dependent oligination or dependently originated.

34 This dual charactel of al1f ctors can be furtheT cla::III::'::iii:ned through an arlalytic Inatx ofbur categolies o") namely, fhctols that aTe dependentlyoginatillg and not dependntly originateda null categof

;

factors that a1e dependeitltly ogiated and not dependentlyogiatingthe twelve lembels of dependent onatio,presulnabiy consideed solely as effects bf conditionillg; ctorsthat a:re boththe twelve IIlembers consideTed both as conditions' and as effbcts of coditioning; and, naIIy, factoTs that aTeneitheT-ctors, hele un'pecied; othel than thse listed above.35 thot mentioniILg the bstract statenlent of conditiongwhen this is, that is, alld so on, the I,I'?', next

e' OI

'':o

129e*hIIlines the Iegular and established character of both theprinciple of dependent origihatio alld of the individual conditioning relations. These individual coIIdition ing relations tTedeclaled to be established foT ctols in the thTee tilne periods ofpast, pyesent, and futuTe, whetheT Buddhas ppeaT or do notappear in the world; the nciple of conditiolling is declaredunwaveling as the natuT and unchanging characteT of a ctolsand bc constant in its truth Rr al1 past aILd future sages.In a subsequnt section, the I",

" details the

condtioning elations betweell paiys of members constituting thetwelve me}er forlnulation.36 The tlements of each of theindidu Ie1ions utilize a limited Iange of topics and revea set of expository pattelns that would, upon closer exalniILation, provide ililteT=lal textual c

teria upon wch to suggestpossible orins of or connections among certain gToups ofIIlembers. The e)It to ulilravel these topics and epositolypatterns is aided

1)y a compason of comparble discussions instTucturally similar and possibly historically related texts: in tlliscase, the DIJ/,, the

"I"""I"

J'', and the

I'Mg

. Though the alltecedents of the exposition of bothdependent origi=Iatiolil and is individuai members and the process of its developmetlt canllot be unequivocilly determiedfrol iIIternal textua groutlds alone, at the very Ieast, the Iecurret topics aILd patterns testify to the composite chaacter of theexposition--especially that of the DI,--and suggestcertaiIL concerns that Iected it at this compalatively eystage of doctnai development.Whereas the eumeration of the individual condiollililg

relatiolls i both the I'r""'I"

I"J'

and the '

"gincludes only the twelve members of the standard folmulation,

the eposiUpn of the D""""'

is distinctive in several ofthe speoic Ielationships it isolates. The thTee illitial relationsaccod Ivith those of the stalldald forlula: namely, ignorallce-motivatios, motivationspeceptual consciousness, andpelceptual cosciousness--nae ad foTm. The I"'J"next inc]des the elation, ame !alld foTInperceptual conscious

ness, which suggests a IedpIocal relatioship between Ilallleand f'brl and perceptual consciousness as is attested ill those

'

Passages that begill the conditioIIitlg sees from !s reciprocal relation.37 The I'J then follows the re1llder

B"'

PI

qI RJe

of the sta11daTd fbIIIIulation with one cxception: between thetvo I:elations of the staiIIdard formulation, naIe alld fbrmsixsense spheres aitd six sense spherescontaot, the

"

rzinciudes the Iielation, nalue a1d forln contact. This palticular:Ielations]Lip is once agai:' Icminiscent o a

''I passage, speci

cally the lI"'J

/z''I, wllich includes only nille nelnbeTs

il a ten stage series that begins with a Tedprocal Ielationshipbeteen name and fblmTperceptual consciousness and oIIIitSthe six sense spheres.38 Though it is not possibe to trace unequivocally the source fbI the 0I,

" unique enumel

atiol1 of the individual co11ditioning Telations, the siIIlilality ofthe BJ/, to the

"/z'J"

"' is striking. IIIdeed,

the O"rA,J// qi0:es the I'I

'z

,y as a s:oulce fbTits elaboraion oE those Ille111bers that are included ill the niIIef Oid enuleration of the lI/ztD

'

n''. This would suggest

that the I'"

JEI was an ilI1portallt soulce fbI thecoposite exposition of the OI''

I,.

In its elabolation of these iIIdividual fctors, the rp intelweaves deFlnitions and variant ite!pretationsTith quotations fiom the

'

, certain of which are citedrepeatediy in association wi'h several diflblellt lembers. Forexa1ple, in colnlnellting on the Tst reationship ignoracemoivations, the I,I-'J initially oEftrs a denition of thenTst member, ignolance, through a list of syollyms. Next, theig:noyance-Inotivations Ielation is explained as signiEYing thearising of lust, hatred, and deusioll, all in depondence 1!pollignorance. Several illustrative quotatioIIs from the

'I are

then added, the last of which doscbes the alising of threevarieties of Inotivations in depe'dellce upon ignolance: naIIlcly,leritoous, deineritorious, and noninstigated nlotivations.9This nal quotation then serves as the basis for a Ielilgthy discussion of those circumstances, scificaily those rebilth oI meditaive states in which ignorance gives Tise to each of the thleevalieties of motivations.A compason of this exposition of the ignoranceInotiva

tiolls Ielation in the DI'" with that of the JI""'I,-

'

I

'I and the

"g Ieveals certai basic simili

ties. AII three ben theil exposition wi:th a denition o ignorance and xplain the ignolance-motivatios Ielation tIIroughthe threefold categozatio of motivations as metorious,

1 30

I)e . 0'g'"'':

131demeritorious, and noninstigted.40 The

''"''

'"

J',

'' and the

"g then expand these three categories

through the hree varieties of Inoti ations or actions asing fIolnthe body, speech, oI lind. The DrsJ, however, usestlle characteristically AbhidhalIna categories of corl)oreal orverbal actio, thought and thought concoitllitants, and dissociatedcto1s.41 FoI all thlee texts, the subsequent elaboration of thignorancemotivations relationship fbcuses olil the enumeration0f those states in which ignorance gives se to vaous types ofInoti'atiolls or action.Asi de fro1 these stluctural simi]arities in exposition alnon:g

the three texts, se'eral basic concerns underlie and connect tlleirdiscussioIIs of certain indivi dua1 lembers or conditioning Telations. For exa1ple, in the

''J, the concern th the

ebct of conditions upoll meditative or Iebilth states evident inthe exposition of the initial ignorance--10tivations conditioningTelation also charactezes the exposition of virtually a othermelnbelis and their conditionin:g relations. S'oIIle o these conditioning relations also IIlention expcitly the process of transit atdeath and the subsequent descent into the womb: the reciprocal relationship between perceptual consciousness ztnd nalneand R}rm; name and R)rmsix sense spheres; naIIIe and f'brmcontact; and grasping--existence. By conttast, thc explanationsof certain relations i11clude a refeTence to Ihat might be telmed

episte=IlolocaI concern, wllich recounts the conditions I)onwhich consciousness and expellience occur: motivationsTpeIceptua] consciousness, naIIle and f'brmTperceptual consciousncss, name and folmcontact: Other relations fous exclusivelyn this episte1ological concern: six sense Jphelecontact :coIltactfeelings. And nally, still other reiations comlne thisepistelnolocal cocen with discussion of the asing o deleInents : fbelingscrang; and craingglaspingThe exposition of the twe]ve individual conditioning relations

in the J"'IIIpj

'I fhlls into two patterns. ihe ex

position o those relations fro ignoranceIntivations to nalncand R)rlnsix sense spheres fcus on the rel)ilth or meditativestate in which these conditiong Telations occur, with specia1atteIItion given to the te=npolal sttus as present oI nture of theeIIct produced. The Iemaining conditioning relations, fro1 thesix sense sphelescontact to birthold age and death, show a

132 B"I" P'

I Re,eI"e'

typoIogica1 elnphasis, Iisting the vaIieties of eff:E)cts roduced idependence upon each type of conditio11. The

/ig differs.froln the other two texts in its use of a bi-level analysis thatdivides its discussion into two sections: nalnely, analysis ill

Yl

;'

1

questions and d'enitions; and analysis in accordallce with th

"I ("

"'J,,z

""', which fUrther eplains the

passge throgh the application of various matriccs and furtherq:uestions. The undelying conceln of the

"g expositiol1

of dependent origination is set by the ,H passage selected forcolnlent, a passage addlessed explicitly to the conditions forthe arisillg of virtuous (

'

I") ctols. Tlle sjbseq:uent /z"/z

?z exegesis then details the conditions fk)r the arising of

virtuous, uvirtuous, and indeterminate factols in various cosmic Iealms and Ineditative states

.

Of the thTee texts, the rJJ" shows the greatest'ede'ce of conlpilation and vaatioll in its exposition of therelations aIILong the individual me1bels of dependent oligililation. However, in the absence of exteTIlal evidence, a Ielativedatillg of thesc thlee texts is only possible thIough iIIterna1structuTal compasons. DeteIIIling the relations aIIlong thetexts is colnplicated by their independent histolical contexts andthe probtbility of multiple recensions. Despite the dimculty ofdetelmining their pTecise histocal relations, the three texts velittle if any considelation of causal theoes alild no expcitIinng of causation and dependent ogination. There is nodepedeIIt discussio of causation in the

"'', or

the ' "

. Only the ';:

'I

IT','I Iefbrs to acausal mode1: in its exposition of the conditioning relatioll bet'een the motivations and perceptual consciousness Ililembers odpendent origination, it refels to eight within its ow1 distinctiveenumelation of ten conditions (tpIJJ)42 However, ese tencondions are not discussed agn in the context of dcpendentorigination, but serve as the s]ect of a sepalate dailod exposition in a later section.43

3.2 THE MIDDLE ABHIDHARMA TXTS AND THE EMBRGBNCBOF CAUSAL TORY

It is precisely on these points of the emergence of causal

e'

' OI'

'

o

:theory as a separate topic, the exposition of dependellt orination and its individual membels ill terms of causal theory, andthe Ielative i1poltnce given to each that the subsequent eallySarvstivdin Abhidharlna texts diflr fro1 those of the earliestpeTiod. In the '/

'

"", dependent Iigination and its indi

vidual members do not constitute the suect of a separate:sectioll, but instead aTe mentioned within a section devoted tothe topic of causes and conditions

.44 As would be expectedf'o1 the Z, whose focus is the descriptioli= of pelcep:tual cosdousness, the section on causes alld conditions presentsa. detailed analysis of the Tange of colilditions that give rise toconsciousness analyzed f'onl a valiety of perspectives. TheTesult is a complex latrix of valieties of consciousness that aedependent upon specinc types of generative coILditions in spedc ciTcumstances. For exaple, consciouIless is itsef analyzed :. ccording to six valieties .e. visua auditoly, ofactoly, gustatoTy, tactile, and lental,; accolding to telil varieties .e. virtuous, unviltuous, and either obsculed oT unobscured indeterlninatewitn the Tealn1 of desire, and virtuous alld either obscured oIunobscured indeterminate thin the rea'ms of fbrlin and thefby1less real); or accordillg to fifteelil varieties .e. ve varieties=to be abandoned thIough the vision of the fbul noble truths orthrough cultivation--associated with each of the thlee Ieailns,Consciousness is furtlleT specied according to time peliod,moral quality, associatioll with ceTtIl types of defileme11ts, and:status as abandolled or not yet abandoned. These vaeties ofconsciousness ale then colrelated to genelative conditions them:selves siIIlilarly analyzed according to the salille valieties.To begin this section detling causes aILd conditions, the

''Z" ppeals to the twelve member fbrlulation of dcpell

dent oTi':;iinatioll but with a noteworthy innovatioh. Without!ang any speciflc

'I passage as a point of departule, the

Z

" oIs two accounts of the twelve indidual cond

tionililg relations constituting the standard formulation: onereflects a siIIIultaneous and the other a sequential te1oaIIIlode1. Accoldllg to the simultaneous Iylode1, all twelve Inembers fuction witllin a single molellt and account foI the asingof oTdinary expeTience. For exaple, in the case of the aTising oflust towaTd a desirable oect in dependence pon lack ofknowledge, this motivation

of lust is contiolled by tho

1 33

1 34 B

ij' P

'I

JI,"';I ReJeIeJ

eleven remaining Inembers: the lack of knowledge is ignorance ;present cognition is perceptual cosciouslless; the collection offive aggregates is nale and forln; the organ bases of thoseaggregates are te six sellse sphere; the composite of those sixspheres is contact; sensatio1 Hithin that co1posite is feclings ;pleasure produced by those feelings is craving; the extenion ofthis craving is grasping; action that is able to produce the subsequent lifetime is existence; the present state of the aggregates.is biIth; the Inatulation of these aggregates is old age; and thepssillg of these agglegates is death. By coiIItrast, in the sequential Inode1, each of the te1c Inebers, beginnillg with ignorance, seTves as the condition for the asing of the subsequemeIIlber. The explanations of se'Ieral of the individual InelnbelsInphasize theil role iil, the operation of

'Ip and 1ebilh :

foI exaIIlple, ignorallce serve as the cause and contion for thearising of three varieties of n10tivations as letoous, deIlleritoyious, and noninstigatd; these motivations colldition thearising of perceptual consciousness, which constitutes passageeither to a vorabe or unfavorable destiny; this perceptual.consciousness conditions the arising of name and k)Il either inthis lifbtime or the next; nalne and forln conditions the aIisingof the six sense spheres that are either complete or inco1plete ;and so on. The question of the temporal Ieation alnong tlleindividual IIIInbers is not addressed i the

"'II

; thus, thciportant innovation of the

''J

consists in the sugges.tion that this conditioning pIocess opelates through both a.si1ultaneous alld successive tenlporal model.Before proceedillg with its matrix of valieties of conscious

Iless ahd their: respective cases and contions, the '

"" presents a list of fbulteen conditions fbr the alising of

thought (I'' a11d then isolates :f'onl among t]lelTl fbul conditions (,'q that fUnction to produce pelceptual consciousness.45 These four conditions constitute a signincantcomponent of IateT SoTvstivdin causal theory. Thus, it is clearthat in tlle

'II',# abstlact causal I:elations are beginningto be consideled for theil own sake, nd not Inelely as a part ofdiscussions of dependent oliigination. Indeed, consideration ofdependent ori8inatiol1 occupies the sutordinate role of introducing an independent consideration of causal operations.In the P'I

"J", as in the II

"g'", the terms.

D OI'

tlo 13

dependent origination and

dependently oliginated factolsoccur only as categoyics in its dassication of other fctols ;

ft::1:::;j ::rnj

=fnf:::1:[IIfcJ: T;;

J:j'fAbhidharnla texts. Though the fbur conditions presnted in the

;;:::

'

rti

''

t:

causal relations is addlessed only ililplicitly in the catecheticalexalnination and elaboTation of other ctors.49The *r,,j,,":ro

':j

'

"g/-ri

jI also devotes IrluchInore attention to the contextual opelation of causes and conditions and Iestcts its discussion of dependent oIigination.50 Itraises the issue of and oflbls seveTal explanations foT a distinc

;::T :;sa

'

;sI;:I;Inonlents of thought,2 and discusses the operation of eachCOIiLdition in appropriate cotexts. The issue o' sinlultaIIeouscoIlditions, so in'poTtant to later AbhidhaTnla anlyses of causa1operations, is so Iaised in discussions of the fUnctioning ofIIlental factors and the relationship of association ploposedamong these factors.53 The twelve lemt}er dependent origination fornlula is accorded a ccrtaim measllre of abstract irnporta11ce: personal realization of the tIelve causes alld conditionsand of the tw:elve dependently oginated ctors constitutes theessence o the AbhidhaIIna ; 54 the twelve causes and conditiollsare declared to be the deep meanig of the

'TJ and J

and the silence of the sages; 55 and kno^Iledge o

the twelvecauses ad conditions distiguishes the person of knowledgefro1 the fbo1.56 Nonetheless, dependent ogination and theindividual conditioning Ielations do not serve as the topic of aseparate Icngthy section. Instead, discussion is limied to certainof the individual relationsin particular that between feelingsand craving57-and to certain aspects of the tradiona1

"'Ipassage referling to dependent origination. SpecicallY, discussio of the traditioaI J"'' passage is restrited to the Buddhasdeclaration that to see dependent ogination is to see the teach

1 36 B"I' P'",'""

I RIeJ

ing,58 ad to vaous points of distinction between dependetorigination and dependently originated factols. 59Finally, in the n10st receIIt of the eally Sarvstivdin Abhi

dhrma texts, the I"

I:,'',D

z, which became the centla1

Abhidhalma text for at Ieast olle branch o the Salvstivdinschoo1,60 conditioning relations ale examined ot in the contextof dependent oginatioll, but Iather in Ie]ation to specific causa1opeations and, in palticular, a newly elaborated theoly of sixcauses.61 The path of Tegious plactice through which deIemelltsare abalildoIIed, the four Iloble trutlls are Iealized, and suffelingis ternated is explained in terms of the opelation of these sixcauses, and not in telms of dependent 1,igination as such.However, unlike the P'IaJ, the J"I

" does not

coIpletely ignore the tladitional twelve Inembel formulation ofdependellt olination,62 but instead ofIIs an unprecedentedreililteTpretation. The twelve members, the

"I,' claims,

are to be interpeted as extelilding oveT thlee lifbtimes: the nlsttwo melnbers opelate ill the plevious ifbtime to ploduce theliddle eight lembeTs in the plesent lifetilne; these presentmembers the produce the last two membrs in the subseque=iLtfe me.

4. CONCI;USIONThus, by the time of the

"IJ

"", the Salvstivdill

development of a sepaTate theoy of causal elations was extellded thyough the theoTy of the six causes, which, f'fom the 1

""

", onwaTd, was comUned with the theoy of fouT contions

as the two major coILtponents of the Salvstivdin causal model.The I 1,, also marks the begililning of abstract collsideTations of the process of causatioll and vaous spedflc causalmodels. With tho eeTgence f aII illdependent and abstractcausal theoTy, dependellt oligination and its twelve membeTf'brllilulatioll, wch had Ielained a stable but Iiiot doctIla]lyevolvililg teachig tllroughout the early Sarvstivadin texts, wasactivated, as it weye, thyough reinte=pretation: it Ieceived itsown particulaTized rol

as an explallaon of the pIocess of

rebirth, completely divolced from genelal causal theoyThe Iater Sarvastivadin Abhidharllila texts retai the advances

i causal theoTy as Iell as the IleI intelpletation of dependentogination evidellt in the /z-"

"'". HoweveT, they also

qpe OI'"''o

137ppear to inILovate by connecting depelldent oTigination tocausality such that dcpendent origi nation becomes the contio11illg principle underlying all specific causal illtelaction. As geeaI conditiong pnciple, dependent origination is thenpplied to a11 conditioned phenolena in either successive orsimultalleous form thIough the speciflc causal theories of the sixcauses and four conditions. The twelve lember folmulation isIeselved fbr a detled explaation of the operation of action.alld the pIocess of Ie1Ith. This later twofold reinteTpetation ofdependent ogination as a genelal conditiong plincip]e alld asprovidig the spedc conditions for rebirth is aceved thTougha complex and eXtensive exegesis of the origina]

"'I passage

an exegesis that is clailed, of course, to Tepresent its implidtoiginal Ineaning

References

1. Alex Wylnan, 'Buddhist Dependnt O!igination and the Salnkhya

138 B"I'i' P

IIojI

'

[;:eItI'e

7. V. Trenckner, et a1., eds., Ie M"'-N'

"

, 3 vols. (London: ThePali Text Society, 1896-99) [MNl 28. M""I,

'

"P

(,"I' 1 : 191 oPI,',

',,"

"z ,,I, o /,I

' ,,'. o I,z'zI?Z P

'', o

"",

""

p,''. V also M""

g [MA] T.1 (26) 7 30p. 467a18. Cf: * '''"g,

'" T.24 (1463) 4 p. 820b13.

8. Leon Feer, ed., I ""

-N"

, vols. (London: The Pali TextSociety, 18841898) [SN] 12.20 Po',"' 2 2 I

' ' '

I"g

"2

""'

' '

'z "' J %'" "''''''

'

",'"

dp". '

' '"

"

'' J

"'. V. also S"""g7 [SAI T.2 (99) 12 296 p. 84b19-21.9. IIo[Inann Oldenterg, ed.,

'z

' P"z, vo1. 1 7e I/,'g:g(Londo11: Willia1s and Norgate, 1879), 1; SN 12.10 oM

"I' 2: 10-11.

1t' '

9;:1:1::'f:::::rpi1::I:tJ=:zf::

=

':j1;::J;:':'Y:;ingfactols, it also occurs alone: v. MN 79. C"","

"':j"I' 2: 32. J

"e "eJ,''': ':'

,"z"z J'' '"

"o'I, '",.," "'

, I

" "IIII; 'J

'

'

:'

Hf;#s1 co1lectionr v. '4itsuyoshi Saigusa; Shoki bukkyo no koe ga aru o tki krega aru,

"g" B"

g" 28 (1979): 38-44.

11: An interpretation defending the historical priority of this twofodabstract statement--when this is, that is, from the arising of this. . would argue that dependent oligination begins as an abstract causal principleand the va['ing 'ists of fac!ors reflect later and often conicting c1}orativelatelia1.12. 'N28

"'"""

",'

1 : 190-91. Cf. SN 12.21 ,I ,"'2: 27ff.

13. SN 12.38 C'"'

2: 6f. Cf: SN 12.39 "c

"''

2: 66for a sees incorporating the standard listing of ctols froIIl perceptua1consciousness th'ough old age and death.14. Dines Andersen and Hellner Slith, eds., S

'

-N" (London: The

:;i:::,:!:!!;;:;I!;;i:;;!i;:jj!i:!!

i::,!::'I:!:;i:fiIj:.:: 37; 12.26

"

'J"'' 2: 41fF: Fo1 o'her texts wi'h this apparent epise10

logical pelspective v. SN 12.43 D""""''

2: 72, wch traces the arisingof sunRering

o the initial contact that arises an10ng the sense organ, 'heoectneld, and the appIopriate perceptua1 consciousness; contact in turngives rise to feeligs and then to cravig as 'he origin of sufTerillg. Suffbringceases th[ough the cessation of craving, which in turn underlnines grasping,existence, birth, old age and death, and so on.17. For othelr

"'' that counter these four views, v. SN 12.17

'z!,,

'

.

" SA. 302 86a4 30=

e' OI'g'

o 1 39

18.' SN 12.32 K'"I,"' 2: ofr. cr: sN 12.2 "''

"H, 12.,3-54S

"""

,"II 2: 84 whicll trace the origin of subling to craving.9. SN 12.19 B

""'

,I 2: 24ff.20. SN 12.58 N'"

'"'""'' 2: 90; SN 12.9

',

'

2: 91E; SN 12.64H"

""''

2: 101.21. SN 12.6 N"gII 2: 104E; SN 12.67 N

"J"' 2: 112. V. also

J P '-, ",.e T.1 (14) p. 243b

; T. '. Rhys Davids and J. E.Carpenter, eds., Y

"', 3 vols. (London: The Pali Text Society,

18901911) [DN 1 ""

"IM

,"'' 2:

62, which omits th six sense

r::#';

:i:;:l::;:tions (,

"'

).22. The ,variation in the enuneIations of the Inembers of dependcnt origination plesen'ed in the J" is duly noted in later AbhidhalHla texts: v."

'"'"j',I'' T.27 (1 4 ) [4VB] 24. p. 122a9E; /V'"""J'

'J'T.29 (162) NAS] 25 p. 480c8ff.

23. It is ilnportant to keep in Inind that it is possible, if not proba1e, thatthe

''I canon 'vas inuencod in both style and content by an enle[ging:

Abhidhalnla corpus. Therefbre, the priority of references in ,"' cannot beassulned. V. Bronkholst, Dharlna and Abhidha[Ina, 316E.24. SN 12.37 N"fJr

"J"' 2: 6. '

'' "o "'

,"',,' 'J"

"oPf"'""'

h" e "' "o

I,o ' Io'j:. '''' 'J

"

''

" "oH, ", "

" "peII'I. '"

,H" I' '" "

"o',:. IJ

""o "" "

''.

' '*

''

"" J

'

'I

. J

'I'

"

7. .e e', ",J

'/, ""o "o.

",

' ,J"'"

oJ/z Jr':'

o"o. ,'""I'oJ/,

I"

"''oo. .e

" ss, eI"

J J

"

*"J "''oJo "o'I. V. also

#

2J

1

6

;: g'f

;

2 . It should also be noted that these twelve factors beteen ignoranoe andold ge and death ale listed in two diffkrent orders: one fron1 old age anddeath to igno[ance, which eects the order in whioh these factols welediscovered by the Buddha; and the other ''om ignorance to old age anddeath, which Ieects the order in Whioh the IIlenibers were presented by theBuddha and observed by others. ThougII the

presentation otder f'oln

ignoratlce to old age and death is more coIIIInon in the later sources, HkuiuIi suggests tha' the discovery

order froln old age and death to ignorance isearliel. V. Hakju Ui, Jni enga no kaishaku-ngisetsu no igi, in I""'e',

k" ke"" (Tpkyo: Iwanami shoten, 196

, 2: 303ff. For a Ieview fthe valious ordels in which the dependent oligination fbrlnu1 is p'esented,v. Isshi Yolnada, Prelnises and Implications of Inteldependence

(Pratitya

salnutpada), in

des HIJ B"JIJ, edited by A. K. Narain,(Delhi: B. R. Publishing Corpol:ation, 1980), 373 and fbr Japanese scholarship on this issue, nt. 8 p. 388. C ylnan, Dependent OIigination: theIndoTibetan Tradition, 163f.26. SN 12.20 P,"' 2: 25-27; SA11 296 p. 84b26; 'N 38

1 40 B ' P

loJt""

I ReJe"e,

I"'r'=giT:J 1 p. 7a a' NAS 27.

27. As an exalnp'e of this coln10n intelpretation, v. I. Yamada, Premisesnd Implications:, 37,.28. S

',-fiJD

"

T.26 (13 1 p. 367c22 1 p. 369a3 12 p. 419a20ff:29. V.

"'JJ/z T.26 (137) [DS] 8 p. 491c18ff: 8 p. 492b4ff; here

#:Is:;,o

"g") a10ng the seen limbs of enlightenlnent.

30. DS 11 p. 0 a912 p. 513c10; fbI 'he section frolli1 11 p. 0 c2612p. 13c1 c Siglinde Die'z, ed., f/

""'e "J I)"'

", E'"

"'=r"- T'' I" '""'':'

" C''g', Abhandlungen der Akadelnie deI Wisen

sohaften in Gttigen, Philologisohhistorisohe Klasse 3, 142 (Gottigen:

fIe:+ 6 :1 : :Y': [I

AbhidhaIIna texts see IIaUime Sakurabe, K"J"Io" "o "", (Kyoto :

Hozkan, 196), 41=; and Baiy Watanabe, " "''"

"o "o e

"

,(rokyo: IIeibonoha, 195, 13.31. V. Taiken Kimura, b'

"

" "o """, #"I

''" z

""6 (Tokyo: heli shoin, 193, 67; 'yo Yamada, B"

,- Je';''''""o

"e" (Kyo'o: HeiI

ki 'hoten, 19

, 70E.32. ough ts

" passage is not identiaed in the

J', itc::j:1 296 p. 81; c SN .20 M" 2: 2

34. In the P'I'"" cr.26 (1

4 IPPI 6 p. 71c dqpendent o[igina

'ion

'

fH,,'"4"',) is mentioned only in coniunction with dependntly

originated factols pI'"""""" and bo'h are dened simply asco1prising conditioed fc'ors. Cf: also the P'-

''" T.26 (1 541) 6 p.

656a16 Whele tlle contets of depenent oIination and dependently

originated factols are spelled out as tkose factols included witkin the eighteen

elelnents, the twe1e sense sPheres, the e agg'egates, the nine varieties ofknowlodge, and so on. FoI a la'eI discussion of tliis and other intelipretationsof the Ielationship between dependent oliginaUon and dependently originaedfactols, v. '4VB 23 p. 118a25ff.3. The

""' "'r

(

VB 23 p. 118b1 attributes 'o the mastel P"aaa difelent fburfold analytical matx, wllich Ieflects the II1ole developeddoctrinal analysis and catogolizatibn dlaractestic of later Ab1dhalmatexts: nalely, fctols that ale dependent originating and not dependentlyoriginated ale fUture fhtols; fctols that ale dpendently iginaed andot dependent or:iginating ae the past and present 've agg[etes consituting

''''B in the last molnet plior o the teIation of their lifestlealns ;

factors that are both include a11 past and plesent ctols otller than those ofthe plevious categolies; and, naIy, factors that ale neier are the unconditioned factols.36. DS 11 p. ,0c13ff; fbr the secUon from DS 11 P. 0 c26; cf: Dietz,I

"" '

I',, 2E.37. V.

"" nt. 21.

38. DN """''"

,"'' 2: 62; MA 2497 p, 79c13; J' Pe""-"

e OI

'"'':o 141

c

'"g T.1 (1 p. 24b. C'

"''H 13. [DAI 10 p. 60b8 which

lists the twelve Ineml,ers of the standald folrnulation, including the sixsense sphe'es.

: .,,; :I::T:: .41. DS 11 p. ,06a15F. C Dietz, frg

" O

'J, 26.

42. Ag 12 p. 608a9.43. $Ag 1 p. 628c10 2 p. 679b7E.44. '

''

fVKI T. 26. (139) 3 p. 547a3ff.4 . VK. 3 p. 47b22ff. The

""'' "',' (MVB 21 p. 108c21F) cites theP'"'''

'

as Ule soulce foI this theoly of foul conditions, though theydo not appear in the sections of the Pr

''

ZJI extant in C'Unse translatioII .26 (138)). For fUrthel application of the fbur conditions to ananalysis of thought, v. VK 11 p. 48a29ff.46. P':

'

'" PP]. T.26 (142) 5 p. 71 1c6, 8 p. 72,b16ff. Cf. silnilar

use in the

' p

"", J

" nt. 28.

47. PP. 6 p. 71c4.48. PP. p. 712b12E, 7 p. 719a13E.49. For example, v. PP 10 p. 733c17ff:0. On the oharac'er and possible sectarian aiation of the *,"

"f/o

'

'

,"'',Ij'J''

aS ooIIlnected with a possibly nonKamlralineage of the Salvastivdin sect, v. 1tanabe, I/

"

"'""Io, 186

248; R. alnada, B

"

''H'J

, 401 413ff; Skurabe, K"'"Io",4, 87ff: For its dating as cotelnporaneous wi or slightly iater 'han theJJ

" v. ghizen Akanuma, (193. Sos

''sbo's

o"o,

Kokuyaku issaikyo indo seutsubu, Bidonbu 6 okyo: Dait shuppansh,62ff; Watanabe,

" ""

"'o", 19E; Saku'abe, K,'",

4F:1. *

'"'''IoJ/z

H,

"g''''J'I IVSS] T. 28 (149) 1 p. 724c20.

T1s topic is raised gain in Sahghabhadlas N

"''

, NAS 20 p. 449b21f.2. vs6 3 p. 739c7.3. vs 2 p. 734b13 3 p. 738c2ff.4. vs6 2 p. 733a2OF.. vs 4 p. 74c18ff.6. vs6 10 p. 802b27E.57. vsg 2 p. 734a23E.8. vs 2 p. 73a27: Noteworty in this discussion is a distinction beteen

seeing the ,'' and seeing the individu1 ""''), and a Iefe'enc

'o thevoidness and the sign1s gates of libe'at'on (

",

""").

9. vsg 2 p. 736a18. For a si=lililar 'eatlnet, v. MVB 23 p. 118;2E:60. Giy Nishi, Jbushai ni okelu hotchi hihotchi kei Iilado no shoshuno gkusetsu oyobi gakuto no keky, i

'

',"

" "o ,

by Giy Niohi, 73-108. Tokyo: Kokusho kanko kai.61. JZ'

IJ

" IJPI T.26 (15) 1 p. 920c5ff. The "

""'

M,' (hlVB21 p. 108c20F) adds a disussion of the fou[ conditions in its colnlnentaly ons passage.62. JP. 1 p. 921b16. The "''"'

'

(MVB. 21 p. 109b21ff; cf. alsoNAS 2 p. 481a9) clailns tllat the '"' passage intelpleted here is the "

""'.J,'""'''

. V. ,' nt. 38.