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İÇİNDEKİLER

- A -

Abartma (Mübalağa)............................................................................................................ 1 Açık Bilgi ............................................................................................................................... 1 Açık Oturum ........................................................................................................................ 2 Aforizma ............................................................................................................................... 2 Ağırlık .................................................................................................................................... 2 Ağız / Şive / Lehçe ............................................................................................................. 3 Akıcı Okuma ........................................................................................................................ 3 Akıcı Yazma ......................................................................................................................... 4 Akıcılık .................................................................................................................................. 4 Akış Şeması ........................................................................................................................... 5 Aksan ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Aksiyon ................................................................................................................................. 6 Akson .................................................................................................................................... 7 Akustik Ses Bilimi ................................................................................................................ 7 Aleksi ..................................................................................................................................... 7 Alettrisma .............................................................................................................................. 8 Alfabe .................................................................................................................................... 8 Algı Genişliği ........................................................................................................................ 8 Alıcı / Pasif / Edilgin Kelime Hazinesi ........................................................................... 9 Alofon ................................................................................................................................... 9 Alt Anlamlılık ..................................................................................................................... 10 Altı Şapkalı Düşünme Tekniği ......................................................................................... 10 Amaç ve Kazanım ............................................................................................................. 11 Amaçlılık ............................................................................................................................. 11 Amigdala ............................................................................................................................. 12 Ana Dil ................................................................................................................................ 12 Ana Dili ............................................................................................................................... 13 Ana Dili Öğretimi .............................................................................................................. 13 Ana Duygu .......................................................................................................................... 14 Ana Düşünce ...................................................................................................................... 14 Anahtar Kelime .................................................................................................................. 14 Analiz ................................................................................................................................... 15 Analiz Basamağı Sorusu ................................................................................................... 15

viii

Anısal (Epizodik) Bellek ................................................................................................... 16 Anlam .................................................................................................................................. 16 Anlam Analizi Tekniği ...................................................................................................... 17 Anlam Değeri ..................................................................................................................... 18 Anlam Haritası ................................................................................................................... 19 Anlam Kurma .................................................................................................................... 20 Anlama ve Anlamlama ...................................................................................................... 20 Anlama Becerileri .............................................................................................................. 21 Anlamsal (Semantik) Bellek ............................................................................................. 21 Anlamsal Alan .................................................................................................................... 23 Anlatı ................................................................................................................................... 23 Anlatım Biçimleri ............................................................................................................... 24 Anlatma Becerileri ............................................................................................................. 25 Anlatma Yöntemi .............................................................................................................. 25 Ara Disiplin ........................................................................................................................ 26 Araç ...................................................................................................................................... 27 Argo ..................................................................................................................................... 27 Artikülasyon (Eklemleme) Bozukluğu ........................................................................... 28 Asperger Sendromu .......................................................................................................... 28 Atlama ................................................................................................................................. 29 Atlayarak Okuma ............................................................................................................... 29 Ayrıştırıcı Dinleme ............................................................................................................ 30

- B -

Bağdaşıklık (Cohesion) ..................................................................................................... 31 Bağdaştırma / Metafor ..................................................................................................... 32 Bağımlı Biçimbirim ............................................................................................................ 34 Bağımsız Biçimbirim ......................................................................................................... 34 Bağımsız Okuma ............................................................................................................... 34 Bağımsız Yazma ................................................................................................................. 35 Bağlam ................................................................................................................................. 35 Balık Kılçığı Tekniği .......................................................................................................... 36 Beceri ve Yetenek .............................................................................................................. 36 Beden Dili ........................................................................................................................... 37 Bellek ................................................................................................................................... 38 Benmerkezci Düşünme (Egosantrizm) .......................................................................... 40 Benzetme ............................................................................................................................ 42 Betimleyici Yazma ............................................................................................................. 43 Beyin Fırtınası .................................................................................................................... 43 Beyin Temelli Öğrenme ................................................................................................... 44 BIO Stratejisi ...................................................................................................................... 45 Bildirişim ............................................................................................................................. 46 Bilgi ...................................................................................................................................... 46

ix

Bilgi Basamağı Sorusu ....................................................................................................... 47 Bilgi İçin Dinleme ............................................................................................................. 48 Bilgiyi İşleme Modeli ......................................................................................................... 48 Bilgi Türleri ......................................................................................................................... 50 Bilgilendiricilik.................................................................................................................... 50 Biliş ...................................................................................................................................... 51 Bilişsel Alan Basamakları .................................................................................................. 51 Bilişsel Dil Yaklaşımı ......................................................................................................... 53 Bilişsel Gelişim ................................................................................................................... 54 Bitişik Eğik Yazı ................................................................................................................ 54 Bloom Yöntemi / Tam Öğrenme Modeli ..................................................................... 54 Boğumlama / Eklemleme ................................................................................................ 55 Broca Alanı ......................................................................................................................... 55 Buluş Yoluyla Öğrenme ................................................................................................... 57 Bükümlülük ........................................................................................................................ 57 Bürün Olguları / Parçaüstü Birimler .............................................................................. 57 Bütünden Parçaya Yaklaşım ............................................................................................ 58 Bütünsel Beyin Modeli ...................................................................................................... 58

- C -

Cluster Tekniği (Kümeleme / Salkım Oluşturma) ....................................................... 61 Cümle Çözümleme Yöntemi ........................................................................................... 61

- Ç -

Çağrışımsal Anlam / Tasarımlar ..................................................................................... 63 Çatışma ................................................................................................................................ 64 Çocuk Edebiyatı................................................................................................................. 64 Çoklu Zekâ Kuramı .......................................................................................................... 65 Çoktan Seçmeli Testler ..................................................................................................... 65 Çözümleme ve Birleşim Yöntemi ................................................................................... 66

- D -

Davranış Değişikliği .......................................................................................................... 67 Davranışçı Yaklaşım .......................................................................................................... 67 Değerlendirme ................................................................................................................... 68 Değerler ............................................................................................................................... 68 Değiştirim ........................................................................................................................... 69 Deklaratif Bellek / Açık Bellek ....................................................................................... 69 Deklaratif Olmayan (Örtük) Bellek ................................................................................ 69 Demagoji ............................................................................................................................. 70 Dendrit ................................................................................................................................ 71 Deneme ............................................................................................................................... 71 Dengeleme .......................................................................................................................... 71

x

Dereceli Puanlama Anahtarı (RUBRİC) ........................................................................ 72 Derin Yapı ve Yüzey Yapı ............................................................................................... 73 Derinlik ............................................................................................................................... 73 Ders Kitabı ......................................................................................................................... 74 Deyim Aktarması ............................................................................................................... 75 Dik Temel Yazı .................................................................................................................. 75 Dikte .................................................................................................................................... 75 Dil ........................................................................................................................................ 76 Dil Alanı / Kavram Alanı ................................................................................................ 80 Dil Becerisi ......................................................................................................................... 80 Dil Bilgisi / Gramer .......................................................................................................... 80 Dil Dolaşması ..................................................................................................................... 81 Dil Edinim Kuramları ....................................................................................................... 81 Dil Edinimi ......................................................................................................................... 81 Dil Farkındalığı .................................................................................................................. 83 Dil Öğretim Yaklaşımları ................................................................................................. 83 Dil Yapısı / Dil Sistemi .................................................................................................... 84 Dil Yetisi ............................................................................................................................. 84 Dil Bilimi ............................................................................................................................. 85 Dinleme ............................................................................................................................... 86 Dinleme / Anlama Hızı .................................................................................................... 87 Dinleyiş Ses Bilimi ............................................................................................................. 87 Disemi ................................................................................................................................. 88 Disleksi ................................................................................................................................ 88 Diyafram ............................................................................................................................. 89 Dizartri ................................................................................................................................ 89 Doğal İki Dillilik ................................................................................................................ 89 Doğrudan Kelime Öğretimi ............................................................................................. 90 Dolaylı Yaşantı ................................................................................................................... 90 Dolgu Ses ............................................................................................................................ 90 Dramatizasyon (Oyunlaştırma) Yöntemi ....................................................................... 91 Dudak ve Damak Yarıklığı ............................................................................................... 92 Durak / Kavşak ................................................................................................................. 92 Duruma Uygun Olma ....................................................................................................... 92 Duyusal Kayıt ..................................................................................................................... 93 Düzenli Bilgi ....................................................................................................................... 94 Düzensiz Bilgi .................................................................................................................... 94

- E -

Edebî Metinleri Okuma .................................................................................................... 95 Edim .................................................................................................................................... 95 Edinç ................................................................................................................................... 95 Edinilmiş Bilgi .................................................................................................................... 96

xi

Editör .................................................................................................................................. 96 Eğitim .................................................................................................................................. 97 Eğitim Ortamı .................................................................................................................... 98 Eğitim Programı ................................................................................................................ 98 Eğitimsel Dilbilim.............................................................................................................. 98 Eksiltili İfade / Kırık İfade .............................................................................................. 99 Eleştirel Dinleme ............................................................................................................... 99 Eleştirel Düşünme ........................................................................................................... 100 Eleştirel Konuşma ........................................................................................................... 102 Eleştirel Okuma ............................................................................................................... 102 Eleştirel Yazma ................................................................................................................ 102 Eleştiri ............................................................................................................................... 102 El Yazısında Hız .............................................................................................................. 103 Empati ............................................................................................................................... 103 Empati Kurarak Dinleme ............................................................................................... 104 Epistemoloji / Bilgi Felsefesi ........................................................................................ 104 Estetik Dinleme ............................................................................................................... 105 Eş Anlamlılık .................................................................................................................... 105 Eş Seslilik .......................................................................................................................... 106 Eş Yazımlılık .................................................................................................................... 106 Eşleştirmeli Sorular ......................................................................................................... 106 Etkinlik .............................................................................................................................. 107 Ezber ................................................................................................................................. 107 Ezgi / Ezgileme ............................................................................................................... 110

- F -

Fıkra / Köşeyazısı ........................................................................................................... 111 Fizyolojik Ses Bilimi ........................................................................................................ 111 Fonem ............................................................................................................................... 111 Fonosemi ve Fonestem .................................................................................................. 112 Fonetik ve Fonoloji ......................................................................................................... 112 Fonksiyonel Okur – Yazarlık ......................................................................................... 112 Forum / Kütle Tartışması .............................................................................................. 113

- G -

Gaf ..................................................................................................................................... 115 Gelişmeli Ses Bilim .......................................................................................................... 115 Genelleme ......................................................................................................................... 115 Genişlik ............................................................................................................................. 116 Gereç ................................................................................................................................. 116 Geştaltçı Öğrenme .......................................................................................................... 116 Gevşeklik .......................................................................................................................... 117 Gizli Okumaz Yazmazlık ............................................................................................... 117

xii

Gönderim ......................................................................................................................... 118 Görsel Okuma / Görsel Okuryazarlık ......................................................................... 118 Gösteri Yöntemi .............................................................................................................. 119 Göz – Ses Genişliği ......................................................................................................... 120 Göz Atarak Okuma ......................................................................................................... 121 Gözlemci Bakış Açısına Sahip Anlatıcı ........................................................................ 121 Grafolekt ........................................................................................................................... 121 Grup Olarak Okuma ....................................................................................................... 122 Grup Olarak Yazma ........................................................................................................ 122 Gruplama Yöntemi ......................................................................................................... 122 Güdümlü Konuşma ........................................................................................................ 122 Güdümlü Yazma ............................................................................................................. 123

- H -

Hâkim Bakış Açısına Sahip Anlatıcı ............................................................................. 125 Hazırlık Çalışmaları ......................................................................................................... 125 Hazırlıklı Konuşmalar ..................................................................................................... 127 Hazırlıksız Konuşmalar .................................................................................................. 128 Hermenotik (Hermeneutik) ........................................................................................... 128 Hızlı Okuma ..................................................................................................................... 129 Hikâye Edici Yazma ........................................................................................................ 130 Hikâye Haritası Tekniği .................................................................................................. 130 Hiper Metin / Hiper Medya (Hiper Ortam) ............................................................... 131 Hiperleksi .......................................................................................................................... 132 Hipokampüs ..................................................................................................................... 132 Holofraz ............................................................................................................................ 133

- I -

Islıklama ............................................................................................................................ 135

- İ - İki Dillilik (Bilingualism) ................................................................................................ 137 İkna Edici Yazma ............................................................................................................ 137 İletişim ............................................................................................................................... 138 İletişimsel Dinleme .......................................................................................................... 138 İlişkilendirici Yöntem ...................................................................................................... 139 İlk Okuma Yazma Öğretim Yöntemleri ...................................................................... 139 İlke ..................................................................................................................................... 139 İmge ................................................................................................................................... 141 İnteraktif Yaklaşım .......................................................................................................... 141 İş Birliğine Dayalı Öğrenme .......................................................................................... 141 İş Birliği Yaparak (Paylaşarak) Yazma .......................................................................... 142 İşaretleyerek Okuma ....................................................................................................... 142

xiii

İşitilebilirlik ....................................................................................................................... 142 İşitsel Sözel Dil Zekâsı ................................................................................................... 143 İşlevsel Dil Kullanımı ..................................................................................................... 143 İzlek (Tema) ..................................................................................................................... 144

- J -

Jargon ................................................................................................................................ 145

- K - Kabul Edilebilirlik ........................................................................................................... 147 Kalıplaşmış Sözler ........................................................................................................... 147 Karşılaştırmalı Kuram ..................................................................................................... 147 Karşılaştırmalı Yazma ..................................................................................................... 148 Katılımlı Dinleme ............................................................................................................ 148 Katılımlı Konuşma .......................................................................................................... 148 Katılımsız Dinleme .......................................................................................................... 149 Kavram .............................................................................................................................. 149 Kavram Haritası ............................................................................................................... 149 Kekemelik ......................................................................................................................... 149 Kelime ............................................................................................................................... 150 Kelime Ailesi .................................................................................................................... 151 Kelime Ayırt Etme .......................................................................................................... 152 Kelime Bağdaşıklığı ......................................................................................................... 152 Kelime Grubu .................................................................................................................. 153 Kelime Hazinesi / Sözcük Dağarcığı ........................................................................... 154 Kelime Kalitesi ................................................................................................................. 155 Kelime Öğrenme Süreci ................................................................................................. 155 Kelime Sağırlığı ve Kelime Körlüğü ............................................................................. 155 Kelime Sıklığı ................................................................................................................... 156 Kelime Tanıma................................................................................................................. 157 Kelime Türü ..................................................................................................................... 158 Kelime Yaygınlığı ............................................................................................................. 158 Kılınış ve Görünüş .......................................................................................................... 159 Kısa Süreli Bellek ............................................................................................................. 160 Kip ..................................................................................................................................... 161 Kiplik ................................................................................................................................. 161 Kod .................................................................................................................................... 161 Kod Açma ve Yorumlama ............................................................................................. 161 Kodlama ............................................................................................................................ 162 Kolokyum ......................................................................................................................... 162 Kompozisyon ................................................................................................................... 162 Konferans ......................................................................................................................... 163 Konu .................................................................................................................................. 163

xiv

Konuşma ........................................................................................................................... 163 Konuşma Dili ................................................................................................................... 164 Konuşma Hızı .................................................................................................................. 164 Kronem Farkı ................................................................................................................... 164 Kuantum Öğrenme ......................................................................................................... 164 Kurgu – Kurgulama – Kurmaca ................................................................................... 165 Kültürel İki Dillilik .......................................................................................................... 165

- M -

Makale ............................................................................................................................... 167 Masal Parodisi .................................................................................................................. 167 Materyal Tasarımı ............................................................................................................ 168 Medya Okuryazarlığı ....................................................................................................... 169 Metin.................................................................................................................................. 169 Metin Adacığı ................................................................................................................... 169 Metin Yapıları (Küçük Yapı / Büyük Yapı / Üst Yapı) ............................................ 170 Metin Dil Bilim ................................................................................................................ 170 Metinler Arasılık .............................................................................................................. 171 Metinlerle İlişkilendirme ................................................................................................. 171 Metinsellik Ölçütleri ........................................................................................................ 171 Monolog ............................................................................................................................ 172 Motivasyon ve Güdüleme .............................................................................................. 172 Multifonksiyonel Okur – Yazarlık ................................................................................ 173 Mülakat .............................................................................................................................. 173 Münazara .......................................................................................................................... 173

- N -

Nesnel Bilgi / Objektif Bilgi .......................................................................................... 175 Nitel Araştırma ................................................................................................................ 175 Not Alarak Dinleme ........................................................................................................ 176 Not Alarak Okuma .......................................................................................................... 176 Not Alma .......................................................................................................................... 177 Nöron ................................................................................................................................ 177

- O -

Okuma ............................................................................................................................... 179 Okuma – Yazma Hakkı .................................................................................................. 180 Okuma Eğitiminin Fiziksel Unsurları .......................................................................... 180 Okuma Hızı ...................................................................................................................... 182 Okuma Modelleri............................................................................................................. 182 Okuma Stratejileri ............................................................................................................ 182 Okuma Tiyatrosu ............................................................................................................. 183 Okuma Yaklaşımları ........................................................................................................ 183

xv

Okumanın Zihinsel Unsurları ........................................................................................ 183 Okumaz - Yazmazlık ...................................................................................................... 184 Okunabilirlik ..................................................................................................................... 184 Okuryazarlık ..................................................................................................................... 185 Okuryazarlık Düzeyleri ................................................................................................... 187 Olay / Vaka ...................................................................................................................... 187 Olay Örgüsü ..................................................................................................................... 188

- Ö -

Öğrenci Ürün Dosyası .................................................................................................... 189 Öğrenme ........................................................................................................................... 189 Öğrenme / Öğretme Süreci ........................................................................................... 190 Öğrenme Alanı ................................................................................................................. 191 Öğrenme Stratejileri ........................................................................................................ 191 Öğretim ............................................................................................................................. 191 Öğretme ............................................................................................................................ 192 Öğretici Metinleri Okuma .............................................................................................. 192 Öğretim Programı / Müfredat ...................................................................................... 193 Ölçme ................................................................................................................................ 193 Ön Bilgi ............................................................................................................................. 194 Önerme Ağı ...................................................................................................................... 194 Önvarsayım ve Sezdirim ................................................................................................. 195 Örnekseme ....................................................................................................................... 196 Örtük Bilgi ........................................................................................................................ 196 Örtük Program ................................................................................................................. 197 Örtülü Anlam ................................................................................................................... 197 Özdeşlik Kuramı .............................................................................................................. 198 Öz Değerlendirme ........................................................................................................... 198 Öz Düzenleme ................................................................................................................. 198 Özel Öğrenme Güçlüğü ................................................................................................. 199 Özet Çıkarma ................................................................................................................... 199 Özetleyerek Okuma ........................................................................................................ 200 Öznel Bilgi / Subjektif Bilgi .......................................................................................... 200

- P -

Pandomim ........................................................................................................................ 203 Panel .................................................................................................................................. 203 Parçadan Bütüne Yaklaşım ............................................................................................ 204 Parmak Yöntemi .............................................................................................................. 204 Patua .................................................................................................................................. 205 Paylaşarak Okuma ........................................................................................................... 205 Pelteklik ............................................................................................................................. 205 Performans Değerlendirme............................................................................................ 205

xvi

Performans Ödevi ........................................................................................................... 206 PISA Sınavları .................................................................................................................. 206 Piramit ............................................................................................................................... 207 Planlı Yazma ..................................................................................................................... 208 Polyglotte .......................................................................................................................... 208 Praksi ve Apraksi ............................................................................................................. 208 Probleme Dayalı Öğrenme ............................................................................................ 208 Program / Müfredat ....................................................................................................... 209 Proje Ödevi ...................................................................................................................... 209 Proje Tabanlı Öğrenme .................................................................................................. 210 Proxemiks ......................................................................................................................... 210

- R -

Resimli Ses Yöntemi ....................................................................................................... 211 Retorik / Belâgat / Hitabet ........................................................................................... 211 Röportaj ............................................................................................................................ 212

- S -

Scrol Stratejisi ................................................................................................................... 213 Seçici Dinleme ................................................................................................................. 213 Seçmeli – Esnek Okuma ................................................................................................ 214 Sempozyum ...................................................................................................................... 214 Sentez ................................................................................................................................ 215 Serbest Konuşma ............................................................................................................. 215 Serbest Yazma .................................................................................................................. 216 Ses Bilimi (Fonetik) ......................................................................................................... 216 Ses Bilinci .......................................................................................................................... 216 Sesçil Yazım ...................................................................................................................... 217 Ses Temelli Cümle Yöntemi .......................................................................................... 217 Sesli Okuma ...................................................................................................................... 217 Sesli Okuma Hızı ............................................................................................................. 219 Sessiz Okuma ................................................................................................................... 219 Sesten Okuma Yöntemi ................................................................................................. 220 Sesten Öğretim Yöntemi ................................................................................................ 220 Sezgisel Düşünme ............................................................................................................ 221 Sınama Yanılma ............................................................................................................... 222 Sinaps................................................................................................................................. 222 Sinestezi / Duyular Arası Aktarım ................................................................................ 222 Sorgulayıcı Okuma .......................................................................................................... 223 Sorgulayıcı Yazma ........................................................................................................... 223 Soru Cevap Yöntemi ....................................................................................................... 224 Soru Sorarak Okuma ....................................................................................................... 225 Sosyolekt ........................................................................................................................... 225

xvii

Söylem ............................................................................................................................... 225 Söylev (Nutuk) ................................................................................................................. 226 Söyleyiş Ses Bilimi ........................................................................................................... 227 Söz Korosu ....................................................................................................................... 227 Sözce .................................................................................................................................. 227 Sözcelem / Sözceleme .................................................................................................... 228 Sözlü Dil Becerileri .......................................................................................................... 228 Sözlüksel Alan .................................................................................................................. 229 Strateji ................................................................................................................................ 229 Sunuş Yoluyla Sözcük Öğretimi .................................................................................... 229 Süre .................................................................................................................................... 230 Süreç Odaklı Yazma Yaklaşımı ..................................................................................... 230

- Ş -

Şema .................................................................................................................................. 231

- T - Tahmin Ederek Okuma .................................................................................................. 233 Tam Okuma ..................................................................................................................... 233 Tartışarak Okuma ............................................................................................................ 234 Tartışma Yöntemi ............................................................................................................ 234 Tartışmacı Metin .............................................................................................................. 235 Tartışmacı Metin Elementleri ........................................................................................ 235 Teknik ................................................................................................................................ 236 Tema .................................................................................................................................. 236 Temel Anlam .................................................................................................................... 237 Temel Okur – Yazarlık ................................................................................................... 237 Terim ................................................................................................................................. 237 Tez (Ana Düşünce) ......................................................................................................... 237 Ton .................................................................................................................................... 238 Tonem Farkı ..................................................................................................................... 238 Tutarlılık ............................................................................................................................ 238 Tutukluk ............................................................................................................................ 239 Tutum Ölçekleri............................................................................................................... 239 Tümdengelim (Deduction) ............................................................................................ 240 Tümevarım (İnduction) .................................................................................................. 240 Tümdengelim Yöntemi ................................................................................................... 240 Tümevarım Yöntemi ....................................................................................................... 241

- U -

Uzak Bağdaştırma ............................................................................................................ 243 Uzun Süreli Bellek ........................................................................................................... 243

xviii

- Ü - Üretici / Aktif / Etkin Kelime Hazinesi ..................................................................... 245 Ürün Odaklı Yazma Yaklaşımı ...................................................................................... 246 Üslûp ................................................................................................................................. 247

- V - Ven Şeması ....................................................................................................................... 249 Vurgu ................................................................................................................................. 249 Wernicke Alanı ................................................................................................................. 250

- Y -

Yanlış Analizi Envanteri ................................................................................................. 253 Yansıtıcı Düşünme .......................................................................................................... 253 Yapılandırmacı Yaklaşım ................................................................................................ 254 Yaratıcı Düşünme ............................................................................................................ 256 Yaratıcı Yazma ................................................................................................................. 256 Yarı Okur-Yazarlık .......................................................................................................... 257 Yarı Sesli Okuma ............................................................................................................. 257 Yazı Bilinci ........................................................................................................................ 258 Yazılı Dil ve Yazı Dili ..................................................................................................... 258 Yazılı Dil Becerileri ......................................................................................................... 258 Yazma ................................................................................................................................ 258 Yazma Kaygısı .................................................................................................................. 259 Yazma Tutukluğu ............................................................................................................ 259 Yazma Türleri .................................................................................................................. 260 Yeni Bilgi .......................................................................................................................... 260 Yönlendirme Kuralları / Projection Rules .................................................................. 261 Yöntem / Metot .............................................................................................................. 262

- Z -

Zihin Haritası ................................................................................................................... 263 Zihinsel Sözlük ................................................................................................................ 263

KAYNAKLAR ............................................................................................. 265