disfonia referat

8/17/2019 disfonia referat

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DISFONIA

PEMBIMBING:

dr. Noviati Sri Racha, Sp. THT-KL

DISUSUN OLEH :

Betharia Susi (2015-061-099

Natha!ie" Her"a#$a!% (2015-061-100

Shei"a &'i i!ata (2015-061-101

Kepaniteraan Klinik Ilm !en"akit THT

#niver$ita$ Katolik Indone$ia Atma %a"a

!eriode &' April ( &) *ei &+)


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KATA ! N ANTAR

Pu)i 'a! s*u+ur ,e!u"is ,a!)at+a! +e,a'a uha! .a!% Maha Esa /"eh +are!a

$er+at 'a! rah#at-N*a sehi!%%a ,e!u"is 'a,at #e!*e"esai+a! e erat $er)u'u"

Dis /!ia3 i!i te,at ,a'a a+tu!*a4e erat i!i 'i$uat 'e!%a! tu)ua! u!tu+ #e#$eri+a! i! /r#asi +e,a'a

,e#$a a #e!%e!ai ,e!%ertia! ,e!*e$a$ 'a! ,e!a!%a!a! 'is /!ia4 Se"ai! itu

e erat i!i sa*a a)u+a! se$a%ai sa"ah satu ,ers*arata! +e"u"usa! 'i 7e,a!iteraa!

7"i!i+ I"#u Pe!*a+it H U!i8ersitas 7at/"i+ I!'/!esia &t#a a*a7e$erhasi"a! 'a"a# ,e!u"isa! e erat i!i ti'a+ "e,as 'ari $a!tua! $er$a%ai

,iha+ +husus!*a 'r4 N/8iati Sri a ha S,4 H -7L se"a+u ,e#$i#$i!% 'a!

,e!%u)i se"uruh '/se! 'a! te#a!-te#a! *a!% te"ah #e!'u+u!% ter"a+sa!a!*a

,e!u"isa! e erat i!i serta setia, ,iha+ *a!% te"ah #e#$eri+a! $a!tua! $ai+ se ara

"a!%su!% #au,u! ti'a+ "a!%su!%4Pe!u"is #e!*a'ari $ah a e erat i!i #asih )auh 'ari +ese#,ur!aa! /"eh

+are!a itu ,e!u"is $erhara, u!tu+ $isa #e!'a,at+a! sara! atau,u! +riti+a! *a!%

#e#$a!%u! 'ari ,ara ,e#$a a u!tu+ +e#a)ua! $ersa#a4 &+hir +ata ,e!u"is

u a,+a! se#/%a e erat i!i 'a,at $er#a! aat $a%i se#ua ,iha+4

a+arta 9 Mei 2016

Pe!u"is

DAFTAR ISI

H&L&M&N UDUL444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444447& & PENG&N & 444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444D& & ISI444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444D& & &BEL44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444B&B I4 PEND&HULU&N4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444

1414 Latar Be"a+a!%44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 1424 u#usa! #asa"ah4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444

2


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14;4 u)ua!4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 14


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DAFTAR TA/ L

4


5/28

DAFTAR A*/AR

5


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/A/ I! NDAH#L#AN

).) Latar /elakan0Dis /!ia a'a"ah %a!%%ua! suara *a!% 'ise$a$+a! +e"ai!a! ,a'a

/r%a!-/r%a! /!asi teruta#a "ari!% $ai+ $ersi at /r%a!i #au,u! u!%si/!a"4

Dis /!ia $u+a! #eru,a+a! suatu ,e!*a+ti teta,i #eru,a+a! %e)a"a ,e!*a+it

atau +e"ai!a! ,a'a "ari!%4

i!!itus a'a"ah ,erse,si suara ta!,a a'a!*a sti#u"us 'ari "uar4

i!!itus #eru,a+a! suatu ,e!*a+it *a!% u#u# 'i'erita /ra!% ,a'a usia tua4 1

Se+itar ;0> /ra!% 'e!%a! usia 'i atas 55 tahu! #e!'erita ti!!itus 'e!%a!

i!si'e! ,er tahu!!*a se$a!*a+ 5> 'e!%a! ,re8a"e!si ter$a!*a+!*a a!tara

usia


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8/28

Le$ih 'ari 50 )uta /ra!% 'i eri+a Seri+at 'i"a,/r+a!

#e!%a"a#i ti!itus #e!%hasi"+a! ,re8a"e!si se$esar 10> - 15> ,a'a

/ra!% 'e asa4 Se+itar 20> 'ari /ra!% 'e asa *a!% #e!%a"a#i ti!itus

#e#$utuh+a! i!ter8e!si +"i!is4Pre8a"e!si 'ari ti!itus 'i,er+ira+a! ,a'a National Health

Interview Survey tahu! 199< 'i eri+a Seri+at 'e!%a! #e!a!*a+a!

,a'a i!'i8i'u a,a+ah #ere+a #e!%a"a#i rasa $er'e!%i!% atau

$er'e!%u!% ,a'a te"i!%a *a!% #e!eta, ,a"i!% se'i+it se"a#a ; $u"a!4

Ge)a"a terse$ut 'ite#u+a! ,a'a 146> 'e asa $eru#ur 1=- 'e asa $eru#ur 60

tahu! +eatas4Pa'a ,e!e"itia! Bea8er Da# / s,ri!% stu'* 'ari ;000 /ra!%

'e asa $eru#ur a!tara 21-=< tahu! ,a'a tahu! 2005 sa#,ai 200=

104=> #e"a,/r+a! ti!itus 'e!%a! ti!%+at +e,araha! se'a!% atau#e!*e$a$+a! %a!%%ua! ti'ur4 2

241424 7"asi i+asi

Ber$a%ai #a a# +"asi i+asi ti!itus te"ah 'ia)u+a! !a#u!

sa#,ai se+ara!% $e"u# a'a siste# *a!% 'iteri#a se ara u#u#4

Se+ara!% i!i *a!% ,a"i!% $er#a+!a se ara +"i!is $a%i ,ara

/t/"ari!%/"/%is a'a"ah ti!itus su$)e+ti atau /$)e+ti 'a! ti!itus

,u"sati"e atau !/!-,u"sati"e4Per$e'aa! a!tara ti!itus ,u"sati"e 'a! !/!-,u"sati"e 'i'asar+a!

atas 'es+ri,si suara *a!% 'i'e!%ar /"eh ,asie!4 i!itus ,u"sati"e 'a,at

'i$a%i +e#$a"i #e!)a'i arteria" 'i#a!a suara #e!%i+uti 'e!*ut

)a!tu!% 'a! 8e!a 'e!%a! suara #e!'eru4 i!itus )u%a 'i$a%i #e!)a'i

su$)e+ti 'i#a!a suara ha!*a 'i'e!%a! /"eh ,asie! 'a! /$)e+ti

'i#a!a suara 'a,at 'i'e!%a! /"eh ,asie! 'a! ,e#eri+sa +e'ua!*a

,e!ti!% 'a"a# 'ia%!/sis 'a! tera,i ti!itus4

i!itus /$)e+ti ,a"i!% seri!% ter'e!%ar /"eh ,e#eri+sa #e"a"uiaus+u"tasi ,a'a re%i/ ,eriauri+u"ar "ia!% te"i!%a "eher 'a! )u%a 'a'a4

7/! ir#asi 'ari ,asie! #e!%e!ai suara *a!% 'i'e!%ar /"eh ,e#eri+sa

a,a+ah sa#a 'e!%a! *a!% 'i'e!%ar /"eh ,asie! 'i$utuh+a! u!tu+

i'e!ti i+asi ,asti4 i!itus /$)e+ti )ara!% 'ite#u+a! 'a! #e!u!)u+a!

a'a!*a su#$er 'ari sti#u"us a+usti+ *a!% #e!*e$a$+a! suara *a!%

'i'e!%ar /"eh ,asie! se,erti $ruit 8as+u"ar tu#/r 8as+u"ar 'a!

#i/+"/!us te!s/r ti#,a!i4

8


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10/28

i##u!/#/'u"at/r !i+/ti!7ternal A ditor" 8anal & uire' ste!/sis seru#e! $e!'a asi!%

Ker $akan Inner Hair 8ell

Ge!eti+ heari!% "/ss her,es /ster

/ti+us "a$iri!itis #e!iere 'isease

NIHL /t/t/+si+ ,res$ia+usis!en"akit Telin0a Ten0ah 7/"esteat/#a OM7 /t/s+"er/sis

2414


11/28

+/#,resi sara 'a! #i/+"/!us4 Pa'a ,asie! 'e!%a! ti!itus

*a!% terus-#e!erus: (1 'e!%a! %a!%%ua! ,e!'e!%ara! 'a,at

'i uri%ai a'a!*a tu"i +/!'u+ti atau tu"i se!s/ri!eura"4 Pa'a

tu"i +/!'u+ti 'a,at 'ise$a$+a! /"eh /t/s+"er/sis /titis #e'ia

a+ut /titis #e'ia +r/!is atau /titis #e'ia +r/!is su,,urati8a4

Pa'a %a!%%ua! tu"i se!s/ri!eura" 'a,at 'ise$a$+a! /"eh $isi!%suara ,res$ia+usis 'a! aut/i#u!4 (2 'e!%a! 8erti%/ 'a,at

'i uri%ai a'a!*a Meniere’s disease 'ehise!s +a!a"is

se#isir+u"aris 'a! tu#/r ,a'a !er8us +ra!ia" III4 (; 'e!%a!

sa+it +e,a"a 'a,at 'i uri%ai a'a!*a hi,erte!si i!tra+ra!ia"

$e!i%!a hiari 'a! tu#/r ,a'a !er8us +ra!ia" III4 (< 'e!%a!

%a!%%ua! )i a 'a,at 'i uri%ai a'a!*a 'e,resi %a!%%ua!

a!Fietas i!s/#!ia 'a! %a!%%ua! somatoform 4 (5 'e!%a!

+e"uha! s/#at/se!s/ri+ 'a,at 'i uri%ai a'a!*a %a!%%ua! ,a'a

"eher atau temporo mandibular oint ( M 4 (6 'e!%a! ri a*at

trau#a 'a,at 'i uri%ai a'a!*a istu"a ,eri"i# ati+ /ssi u"ar

'isru,ti/! /ti $ar/trau#a 'a! +/!tusi +/+"ear (Ga#$ar 1 4 1

Ga#$ar 14 &"%/rit#a E8a"uasi i!itus N/!-,u"sati"4 2

2414


12/28

7e$a!*a+a! ,asie! 'e!%a! ti!itus su$)e+ti

#e!%a"a#i %a!%%ua! ,e!'e!%ara! *a!% si%!i i+a!4

Pe!%%u!a! a"at $a!tu 'e!%ar 'e!%a! $ai+ 'a,at

#e!%ura!%i ti!itus ,a'a 50> ,asie! 'e!%a! %a!%%ua!

,e!'e!%ara! 'a! ti!itus4 &"at $a!tu 'e!%ar #e!%i!%+at+a!

suara se+itar *a!% 'a,at 'i'e!%ar /"eh ,asie! sehi!%%a#e!%ura!%i +e e,ata! i#,u"s sara ,e!'e!%ara! 'a!

#e!%ura!%i ,r/'u+si suara ti!itus 4 2

• i!!itus #as+i!%i!itus ,u"sati" 'a! !/!-,u"sati" 'a,at 'itutu,i /"eh

suara e+ster!a" #e!%hi"a!%+a! ,erse,si ti!itus 'a! se!sasi

ti'a+ !*a#a! *a!% 'ihasi"+a!!*a4 U!tu+ 'a,at

#e!%%u!a+a! tera,i i!i 'e!%a! $ai+ '/+ter harus

#e!%e+s+"usi *a!% ti!itus!*a ti'a+ 'a,at 'itutu,i +are!a

$a%i $e$era,a ,asie! suara e+ster!a" terse$ut 'irasa+a!

"e$ih $uru+ 'ari,a'a ti!itus *a!% 'i'e!%ar!*a4 Ba%i

$a!*a+ ,asie! suara te"e8isi #au,u! ra'i/ 'a,at

#e!%ura!%i rasa ti'a+ !*a#a! *a!% $erasa" 'ari ti!itus4

Pa'a $e$era,a +asus 'i#a!a ,e!%%u!a+a! suara e+ster!a"

ti'a+ #e#u!%i!+a! ,e!%%u!aa! ear-level tinnitus masker

a"at +e i" *a!% #e!%hasi"+a! suara sa#a 'e!%a! ti!!itus

*a!% 'ihasi"+a! /"eh ,asie! #e!%hasi"+a! ,er$ai+a! t/ta"

,a'a 6> ,asie! ,er$ai+a! ,arsia" ,a'a 2;-6 ,asie!4 2• i!!itus etrai!i!% hera,*

'i'asar+a! ,a'a ha$ituasi terha'a, sti#u"us

*a!% #e!%%a!%%u sehi!%%a #e!i!i#a"isasi rea+si ,asie!

terha'a, sti#u"us terse$ut4 Se+itar =0> ,asie! #e!%a"a#i

ti!itus *a!% 'irasa+a! ti'a+ #e!%%a!%u4 i'a+ se,erti

tera,i "ai! u!tu+ ti!itus ti'a+ $ertu)ua! u!tu+

#e!%ura!%i ,r/'u+si 'ari suara ti!itus #e"ai!+a! u!tu+

#eru$ah hu$u!%a! a!tara ,erse,si ti!itus 'e!%a! siste#

/t/!/# 'a! "i#$i+ 'e!%a! ara +/!se"i!% 'a! tera,i

suara42 'i'asari /"eh "i#a ti!%+ata! tera,i *a!%

'itu)u+a! ,a'a +e"/#,/+ ,asie! *a!% $er$e'a: (1 ,asie!

'e!%a! ti!itus *a!% #e!*e$a$+a! %a!%%ua! #i!i#a"

(+ate%/ri 0 (2 ,asie! 'e!%a! ti!itus *a!% #e!*e$a$+a!

12


13/28

%a!%%ua! (+ate%/ri 1 (; ,asie! 'e!%a! ti!itus *a!%

#e!%%a!%u serta %a!%%ua! ,e!'e!%ara! (+ate%/ri 2 (<

,asie! 'e!%a! ti!tius *a!% #e!%%a!%u ,e!'e!%ara!

!/r#a" 'a! hi,era+usis (+ate%/ri ; (5 ,asie! 'e!%a!

ti!itus *a!% #e!%%a!%u ,e!'e!%ara! !/r#a" hi,era+usis

'a! e+saser$asi )a!%+a ,a!)a!% ti!itus /"eh $isi!% suara(+ate%/ri < 4 Per"a+ua! ,a'a #asi!%-#asi!% +e"/#,/+

$er$e'a-$e'a #e!%%u!a+a! +/!se"i!% auditory

enrichment a"at $a!tu 'e!%ar 'a! a"at %e!erasi suara4astre$/ 'a! Ha e"" #e!)e"as+a! $ah a

+/!se"i!% a'a"ah sesi 'i#a!a ,asie! 'ia)ar+a! #e!%e!ai

#e+a!is#e 'ari ter)a'i!*a ti!itus4 7/!se"i!% #e#$uat

ti!itus #e!)a'i ti'a+ asi!% 'a! #e!)auh+a! ,asie! 'ari

rasa e#as 'a! ta+ut a+a! ti!itus #e"a"ui e'u+asi4

!uditory enrichment 'i"a+u+a! 'e!%a! #e#$eri+a!

,asie! ,a,ara! $isi!% 'e!%a! #e!%%u!a+a! a"at ,r/'u+si

suara 'e!%a! 8/"u#e *a!% re!'ah sehi!%%a #e!*eru,ai

suara "atar atau se+itar4 1• I#,"a!tasi 7/+"ear

Ha#,ir =0> 'ari ,e!eri#a i#,"a! +/+"ear

#e!%a"a#i ti!itus se'a!% sa#,ai $erat4 Pe!e"itia!#e!%e!ai ti!itus ,a'a ,e!eri#a i#,"a! +/+"ear

#e!u!)u+a! ,er$ai+a! #e!%i+uti i#,"a!tasi u!i"atera"

,a'a 60-90> ,e!eri#a 'e!%a! $e$era,a #e!%a"a#i

,er$ai+a! ,a'a ti!itus +/!tra"atera" #e"a"ui i!hi$isi

resi'ua"4 Per$uru+a! 'ari ti!itus atau ti#$u"!*a ti!itus

"e$ih seri!% 'i'a,at+a! ,a'a ,asie! 'e!%a! i#,"a!

+/+"ear $i"atera"42

• ar#a+/tera,iBer$a%ai #a a# /$at-/$ata! sta!'ar 'a!

her$a" te"ah 'i%u!a+a! /"eh ,asie! u!tu+ #e!%ura!%i

atau #e!%hi"a!%+a! ti!itus *a!% 'i'erita!*a ter#asu+

a%e! a!asteti+ ("i'/+ai! I a!ti+/!8u"sa!

a!ti'e,ressa! a!tihista#i! $e! /'ia e,i! 'iureti+

G&B& a%/!is e+stra+ Ginkgo biloba hista#i!

ster/i' 'a! 8ita#i!4 2

13


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2414 /ra!% #e!'erita ti!itus ,u"sati"42414


15/28

e!/us &!/#a"i ugular bulb hi,erte!si i!tra+ra!ia"

i'i/,ati+ a!euris#e si!us 8e!a 'ura" a!/#a"i

8e!a #ast/i' ste!/sis 8e!a si%#/i' tra!s8ersus&rteria" &ter/s+"er/sis #a" /r#asi arteri 'a! 8e!a 'ura"

a!/#a"i arteri +ar/tis +/#,resi 8as+u"ar

a!euris#a hyperdynamic flow stateDevelopmental Dis u!%si tu$a eusta hius "aget disease /titis

#e'iaIn3ectio $ Otitis #e'ia ser/sa tu#/r %"/#usNeopla$tic He#a!%i/#a tu#/r i!tra+ra!ia"

*i$c. #ehisence +a!a"is se#isir+u"aris (S@@D

/t/s+"er/sis #i/+"/!us te"i!%a te!%ah

2414


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Ginkgo biloba ter%/"/!% 'a"a# a#i"i Gi!+%/ eae 'e!%a! si!/!i#

Salisburia adiantifolia$ Salisburia macrophylla$ 'a! "terophylla

salisburiensis& P/h/! %i!+%/ i!i su'ah a'a se)a+ 150 )uta tahu! *a!% "a"u

'au! 'a! +a a!% 'ari ,/h/! i!i su'ah 'i%u!a+a! se)a+ $e$era,a a$a' *a!%

"a"u 'a"a# ,e!%/$ata! tra'isi/!a" @hi!a4 5 I!'i+asi 'ari ,e!%%u!aa!*a

ter#asu+ ,e!%/$ata! )a!tu!% 'a! ,aru4 Pa'a tahu! 196< /r#u"a sta!'ar e+stra+!*a 'i$uat /"eh ,erusahaa! ar#asi er#a! 'a! 'a,at 'i%u!a+a!

se$a%ai ,e!%/$ata! si#,t/#ati+ 'ari 'e isit #e#/ri +/!se!trasi 'a! 'e,resi

+are!a %a!%%ua! /ta+ /r%a!i+ . Pa'a saat i!i Ginkgo biloba #eru,a+a!

,re,arat her$a" *a!% ,a"i!% seri!% 'irese,+a! 'i er#a! 'a! #eru,a+a!

,re,arat her$a" over the counter *a!% u#u# 'i%u!a+a! 'i eri+a Seri+at4 ?

242414 E+stra+ 'a! +/#,/!e! a+ti

7are!a $a!*a+!*a +/#,/sisi 'ari 'au! Gi!+%/ 'i$uat suatu

sta!'arisasi u!tu+ #e!'a,at+a! +/#,/sisi $i/a+ti !*a 'ise$ut EG$

?61 ® 4 Dau! 'ia#$i" se"a#a #usi# ,a!as 'a! #usi# %u%ur 'i a!tara

$u"a! u"i 'a! Se,te#$er +eti+a #asih $er ar!a hi)au4 7e#u'ia!

'i+eri!%+a! 'a! 'ia!a"isa a,a+ah ter'a,at su$sta!si ,/"uta! 'a!

t/+si+ se,erti #eta" $erat 'a! a "at/+si!4 Sete"ah +eri!% 'ie+stra+

'e!%a! #e!%%u!a+a! a#,ura! aset/!:air (;5-6?:1 4 7e#u'ia!

'i$uat ,re,arat 'e!%a! #e!%hitu!% )u#"ah "a8/!/i' 'a! ter,e!/i'4 =

Pre,arat sta!'ar 'ari 'au! Gi!+%/ a'a"ah EG$ ?61 ® *a!%

#e!%a!'u!% 2 "a8/!/i' %"i+/si'a 5-?> ter,e!e/i' 'a!

+ura!% 'ari 5 ,,# asa# %i!+%/"i+4 ; 5

&'a 'ua +/#,/!e! a+ti ar#a+/"/%i uta#a *a!% a'a ,a'a

e+stra+ 'au! Gi!+%/ *aitu "a8/!/i' 'a! ter,e!/i'4 "a8/!/i' atau

'ise$ut )u%a e!i"$e! /,ir/! atau e!i"+r/#/! a'a"ah +e"/#,/+

su$sta!si 'e!%a! $erat #/"e+u" re!'ah *a!% ter+a!'u!% ha#,ir ,a'a

se"uruh ta!a#a!4 "a8/!/i' *a!% a'a ,a'a e+stra+ 'au! Gi!+%/

a'a"ah "a8/! "a8/!/" ta!i! $i "a8/! 'a! %"i+/si'a 'ari +uersiti!

'a! +ae#, er/" *a!% teri+at ,a'a ;-ra#!/si'a ;-ruti!/si'a atau ,-

/u#ari ester4 7/#,/!e! i!i 'i+e!a" se$a%ai a!ti/+si'a! i!hi$it/r

e! i# 'a! cation chelators 4

Pa'a u#u#!*a $i/a8ai$i"itas "a8/!/i' e!'eru!% re!'ah

+are!a a$s/r$si!*a ter$atas 'a! e"i#i!asi!*a e,at4 "a8/!/i' 'a"a#

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$e!tu+ %"i+/si'a a$s/r$si!*a +ura!% $ai+ ,a'a usus ha!*a 'a"a#

$e!tu+ a%"i+/! *a!% 'a,at "a!%su!% 'isera,4 "a8/!/i' *a!% ti'a+

tersera, saat #e! a,ai +/"/! 'a,at 'i#eta$/"is#e /"eh $a+teri

+e#u'ia! 'ia$s/r$si4 Pa'a saat 'ia$s/r$si "a8/!/i' #e! a,ai hati

'i#a!a 'i#eta$/"is#e #e!)a'i 'eri8at +/!)u%at a+ti8itas $i/"/%i

,a'a #eta$/"it "a8/!/i' ti'a+ se"a"u sa#a 'e!%a! +/#,/!e!as"i!*a4 ; 5

er'a,at 'ua ti,e ter,e!/i' *a!% 'i'a,at+a! ,a'a Gi!+%/

se$a%ai "a+t/! *aitu %i!+%/"i'a 'a! $i"/$a"i'a4 9 Gi!+%/"i'a 'i$a%i

#e!)a'i 5 ti,e: & B @ 'a! M 'i#a!a ti,e & B @ ter+a!'u!%

se$a!*a+ ;41> 'ari t/ta" e+stra+ 'au! Gi!+%/ se'a!%+a! Bi"/$a"i'a

ter+a!'u!% se$a!*a+ 249>4 10 E+stra+ i!i 'a,at 'i$eri+a! se ara i!tra

8e!a $er$e!tu+ aira! atau #e"a"ui ta$"et4 Pa'a u#u#!*a 'i$eri+a!

'a"a# $e!tu+ +a,su" atau ta$"et4 ? i'a+ a'a ,e!e"itia! *a!%

#e!e!tu+a! '/sis e+stra+ 'au! Gi!+%/ *a!% 'i$utuh+a! u!tu+

#e! a,ai e e+ *a!% 'ii!%i!+a! teta,i $e$era,a re+/#e!'asi 'ari

sta!'ar e+stra+!*a a'a"ah


18/28

#e!*i!%+ir+a! s,esies /+si%e! rea+ti ( OS se,eti ra'i+a"

hi'r/+si" ra'i+a" ,er/+si" ra'i+a" a!i/! su,er/+si'a ra'i+a"

/+si'a !itrit hi'r/%e! ,er/+si'a 'a! s,esies i/! err*"4 2

se ara ti'a+ "a!%su!% #e!%ha#$at ,e#$e!tu+a! ra'i+a"

$e$as 'e!%a! #e!i!%+at+a! a+ti8itas e! i# a!ti/+si'a!

se,erti su,er,er/+si'a 'is#utase (SOD %"utati/! ,er/+si'a+ata"ase 'a! atau he#e-/+si%e!ase-14 11 E+stra+ 'au! Gi!+%/

)u%a #e!i!%+at+a! e+s,resi e! i# #it/+/!'ria se,erti

N&DH 'ehi'r/%e!ase 'i#a!a 'a,at #e#,e!%aruhi %e!erasi

OS 'i 'a"a# #it/+/!'ria4 I!i #eru,a+a! suatu ,r/te+si

terha'a, /s /ri"asi /+si'ati sehi!%%a #e!i!%+at+a! "e8e"

& P *a!% #ere%u"asi #eta$/"is#e e!er%i4 5 E e+ i!i

#eru,a+a! e e+ *a!% ter,e!ti!% ,a'a #e#$ra! se"4 Da"a#+ea'aa! !/r#a" e! i# e!'/%e! 'a,at 'e!%a! e,at

#e"a+u+a! 'ea+ti8asi ra'i+a" $e$as4 Se"a#a is+e#ia ra'i+a"

$e$as *a!% ter$e!tu+ #e"e$ihi +e#a#,ua! ,ertaha!a! a"a#i

i!i sehi!%%a ter)a'i ,er/+si'asi 'a! +erusa+a! ,a'a #e#$ra!

"i,i'4 ;

Di$a!'i!%+a! 'e!%a! a!ti/+si'a! "ai! e+stra+ 'au!

Gi!+%/ 'i+e!a" 'a,at #e"a+u+a! re%u"asi 'a! a'a,tasi $ai+ $er'i"atasi +/!tra+si ,e#$u"uh 'arah atau,u! #e!%atur

i!'i+at/r !eur/+i#ia !eur/e!'/+ri! ter%a!tu!% ,a'a

+ea'aa!4 7/#,/!e! uta#a terha'a, a+si i!i a'a"ah "a8/!/i'

(+uersiti! 'a! +ae#, er/" 'a! ter,e!/i' (%i!+%/"i'a 'a!

$i"/$a"i'a 'e!%a! +/!tri$usi *a!% $er$e'a4 "a8/!/i'

'i+e!a" $er,e!%aruh terha'a, i!hi$isi e! i# si+"//+si%e!ase-

2 'i#a!a #eru,a+a! $a%ia! 'ari si!tesis ,r/sta%"a!'i! 'a!ha#$ata! i!i $er,e!%aruh terha'a, ,e!uru!a! +arsi!/%e!esis

/"/!4 Bi"/$a"i'a #e!i!%+at+a! a+ti8itas e! i# a!ti/+si'a!

(SOD 'a! +ata"ase 'a! #e!i!%+at+a! 8ia$i"itas se"4 5

2414


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20/28

,r/sta%"a!'i!4 5 Ha#$ata! terha'a, a%re%asi ,"ate"et 'i"a+u+a!

'e!%a! #e!i!%+at+a! +/!se!trasi tr/#$/"iti+4 ? er)a'i )u%a

,e!i!%+at+a! a"ira! 'arah +/r/!er #e"a"ui a+ti8itas

a!ti,"ate"et *a!% #eru,a+a! u!%si 'ari %i!+%/"i'a B4

7e#u'ia! ter)a'i ,e!i!%+ata! u!%si +/!tra+ti" +are!a

+e"uar!*a +ate+/"a#i! 'ari )ari!%a! hati e!'/%e! /"eh"a8/!/i' (+uertisi! +ae#, er/" 'a! is/rha#!eti! 4 5

2414


21/28

+/rti+/stre/i' 'a! se"a!)ut!*a "e8e" sir+u"asi 'ari

%"u+/+/rti+/i'4 E e+ ,e!i!%+ata! terha'a, #e#/ri 'i'a,at+a!

#e"a"ui ,re8e!si 'e%e!erasi !eur/!4 5

2414 ,/,u"asi4 Sa"ah satu ,e!*e$a$

terseri!% ti!!itus a'a"ah su,"ai 'arah *a!% ti'a+ a'e+uat ,a'a

te"i!%a 'a"a#4 O"eh +are!a itu e+stra+ 'au! Gi!+%/ i!i

'i,i+ir+a! 'a,at #e#i"i+i ,/te!si u!tu+ #e!%/$ati ti!!itus4

De%e!erasi #a+u"ar +are!a ,e!uaa! 'i,er+ira+a! #eru,a+a!

,e!*e$a$ terseri!% ter)a'i!*a hi"a!%!*a ,e!%"ihata! *a!%

$erhu$u!%a! 'e!%a! usia a+i$at 'ari a'a!*a +erusa+a!

/+si'ati ,a'a reti!a4 Gi!+%/ $er,e!%aruh terha'a, ha" i!i

'i#u!%+i!+a! +are!a e e+ free radical scavenger 4 S+i / re!ia

#eru,a+a! +e"ai!a! #e!ta" *a!% #e"i$at+a! %a!%%ua!

,erse,si atau e+s,resi terha'a, rea"itas 'a! a'a!*a 'is u!%si

s/sia" 'a! ,e+er)aa! *a!% si%!i i+a!4 7/!'isi i!i

'i+ara+teristi+a! 'e!%a! a'a!*a ,e#$e!tu+a! ra'i+a" $e$as

*a!% $er"e$iha! 'a"a# /ta+4 5

2424;4 I!tera+si 'a! +ea#a!a!

Me!urut ,e!e"itia! ha!*a a'a risi+/ re!'ah *a!%

$erhu$u!%a! 'e!%a! +/!su#si ,r/'u+ 'au! Gi!+%/4 Be$era,a e e+

sa#,i!% *a!% ,er!ah 'i"a,/r+a! a'a"ah %a!%%ua! %astr/i!testi!a"

!*eri +e,a"a ,usi!% ,er'araha! rea+si a"er%i +u"it 'a! ter+a'a!%

rea+si a!a i"a+sis (ha!*a $i"a 'i$eri+a! se ara i!tra8e!a 4 Pe!%%u!aa!

)a!%+a ,a!)a!%!*a #asih $e"u# )e"as4 Per'araha! $er"e$iha!

'ia+i$at+a! +are!a e e+ i!hi$isi!*a terha'a, a+t/r a+ti8asi ,"ate"et4

Pa'a '/sis 120-2


22/28

7/#,/!e! "ai! 'ari e+stra+ 'au! i!i a'a"ah asa# %i!+%/"i+

*a!% 'i#u!%+i!+a! #eru,a+a! suatu t/+si+ 'a! #e!*e$a$+a! rea+si

%astr/i!testi!a" 'a! a"er%i4 O"eh +are!a itu se"uruh )e!is ,re,arat harus

#e#i"i+i asa# %i!+%/"i+ +ura!% 'ari 5 ,,# u!tu+ #e#i!i#a"isasi

e e+ sa#,i!%4 5 Pa'a '/sis haria! 120-1


23/28


24/28

Pe!e"itia! se,erti *a!% 'i"a+u+a! /"eh S#ith et a" #e!%%a$u!%+a!

se#ua ,e!e"itia! #e!%e!ai e i+asi 'ari Ginkgo biloba ta!,a #e#,erhati+a!

+ua"itas serta '/sis Ginkgo biloba *a!% 'i$eri+a! ,a'a #asi!%-#asi!%

,e!e"itia! 'a! #e#$uat +esi#,u"a! $ah a ti'a+ a'a $u+ti $ah a Ginkgo

biloba e e+ti u!tu+ ,e!%/$ata! ti!itus 'i$a!'i!%+a! 'e!%a! ,"ase$/4 Ba%i

,e!e"iti +esi#,u"a! sa!%at ,e!ti!% +are!a ,e!%/$ata! *a!% ti'a+ #e#i"i+ie i+asi tera,i ha!*a #e#$ua!% ua!% 'a! #e! e%ah ,asie! u!tu+ #e! ari

,e!%/$ata! *a!% #e#i"i+i e i+asi *a!% "e$ih $ai+4 19 Pe!e"itia! /"eh e)a"i et

a" 'e!%a! 'e!%a! 'esai! ,e!e"itia! (andomi)ed double blind trial 'ari

Ginkgo biloba 8ersus ,"ase$/ 'a! 'e!%a! meta-analysis of randomi)ed

placebo controlled double blind trials 4 Pa'a ,e!e"itia! 'i,i"ih 66 res,/!'e!

'e asa 'e!%a! ti!itus 'a! ,a'a $a%ia! meta-analysis #e!%%u!a+a! 6

(ter#asu+ ,e!e"itia! itu se!'iri randomi)ed placebo controlled doubleblind trials 4 Hasi" *a!% 'i'a,at+a! 'e!%a! #e#$a!'i!%+a! *innitus

Handicap Inventory ( HI Glasgow Health Status Inventory (GHSI a!'

rata-rata a#$a!% ,e!'e!%ara! ,a'a 045 1 2 < +H 4 Pa'a Meta-analysis

'i'a,at+a! 2146> ,asie! *a!% 'i$eri+a! Ginkgo biloba #e#,er/"eh

+eu!tu!%a! 8ersus 1=4 ,a'a ,asie! 'e!%a! ,"ase$/4 Sehi!%%a

'isi#,u"+a! Gi!+%/ $i"/$a ti'a+ $er#a! aat $a%i ,asie! 'e!%a! ti!itus4 20

E e+ti8itas 'ari se$uah e+stra+ ta!a#a! $er%a!tu!% ,a'a

+/#,/sisi!*a *a!% 'i'asari /"eh ara e+stra+si $i/a8ai"a$i"itas 'ari

+/#,/!e! a+ti !*a serta '/sis *a!% 'i$eri+a!4 Pr/'u+ *a!% $erasa" 'ari

ta!a#a! *a!% sa#a ti'a+ 'a,at 'i+ata+a! bioe+uivalent )i+a 'i,r/'u+si

'e!%a! ara *a!% $er$e'a4 21

24


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/A/ III! */AHASAN

'.). !em6aha$ani!!itus #eru,a+a! suatu %e)a"a *a!% 'a,at #e!'asari $er$a%ai

,e!*a+it 'i#a!a sese/ra!% #e!'e!%ar suara ta!,a a'a!*a sti#u"us 'ari "uar4

&'a $er$a%ai #a a# ,e!*a+it *a!% 'a,at #e!*e$a$+a! ter)a'i!*a ti!!itus $ai+ *a!% $erasa" 'ari siste# au'it/ri #au,u! $u+a! 'a! u+u, $a!*a+ a+t/r

*a!% #e#,e!%aruhi $erat ri!%a!!*a ti!!itus4 Se$a%ia! $esar /ra!%

#e!%a"a#i ti!!itus *a!% su$)e+ti (ti'a+ 'a,at 'i'e!%ar /"eh /ra!% "ai! 'a!

ter+a'a!% 'a,at sa!%at #e!%%a!%%u ,asie! 'a! #e!%%a!%%u +ua"itas

hi'u,!*a4 O"eh +are!a itu tu)ua! 'ari ,e!%/$ata! ti!!itus a'a"ah

#e!i!%+at+a! +ua"itas hi'u, 'ari ,asie!4Ginkgo biloba #eru,a+a! sa"ah satu ,e!%/$ata! her$a" *a!% saat i!i

u+u, seri!% 'i%u!a+a! 'a! te"ah 'i$uat ,re,arat sta!'ar u!tu+ e+stra+

'au!!*a +are!a te"ah ter$u+ti #e#i"i+i e e+ *a!% $ai+ terha'a, $er$a%ai

,e!*a+it4 Me+a!is#e e e+ a!ti/+si'a! 'a! a!ti,"ate"et "ah *a!% 'itu)u+a!

u!tu+ ,e!%/$ata! ti!!itus 'e!%a! #e!%%u!a+a! e+stra+ 'au! Gi!+%/4

Me!urut $e$era,a ,e!e"itia! 'i'a,at+a! $ah a ,e!%/$ata! ti!!itus

#e!%%u!a+a! e+stra+ i!i ti'a+ "e$ih $ai+ 'i$a!'i!%+a! ,e#$eria! ,"ase$/

+eti+a ti!!itus se$a%ai +e"uha! uta#a ,asie! #es+i,u! 'i'a,at+a! ,er$ai+a!

'i$a!'i!%+a! 'e!%a! +/!tr/" a+a! teta,i hasi" terse$ut ti'a+ si%!i i+a! se ara

statisti+4 Bi"a 'i$eri+a! ,a'a ,asie! 'e!%a! a'a!*a %a!%%ua! sir+u"asi atau

%e)a"a ,e!*erta "ai! *a!% $erhu$u!%a! 'e!%a! 8as+u"ar ter'a,at ,er$ai+a!

,a'a ,e!*a+it terse$ut *a!% )u%a $er,e!%aruh terha'a, ,er$ai+a! 'ari

ti!!itus itu se!'iri4 Be"u# a'a ,e!e"itia! *a!% #e!%ata+a! ,asti $era,a '/sis

*a!% e e+ti 'a! )a!%+a a+tu ,e#$eria! 'ari e+stra+ 'au! i!i u!tu+

#e#$eri+a! e e+ti8itas *a!% $ai+ terha'a, ti!!itus +are!a $a!*a+!*a

,e!e"itia! *a!% #e#$eri+a! hasi" *a!% $er$e'a-$e'a4O"eh +are!a itu ,e#$eria! e+stra+ 'au! Gi!+%/ terha'a, ,e!'erita

ti!i!itus ti'a+ 'ire+/#e!'asi+a! +e ua"i $i"a ter'a,at ,e!*a+it ,e!*erta

8as+u"ar *a!% #u!%+i! sa!%at #e!%a!%%u +ua"itas hi'u, ,asie!4

'.&. SaranDi+are!a+a! a'a!*a 'ata *a!% ter$atas *a!% $erasa" 'ari ,e!e"itia!

'e!%a! 'esai! *a!% $ai+ serta ter+/!tr/" ,e!e"itia! "e$ih "a!)ut 'i$utuh+a!

u!tu+ #e#asti+a! e i+asi 'ari e+stra+ Ginkgo biloba u!tu+ #e!%/$ati ti!itus4

25


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DAFTAR !#STAKA

14 "i!t PK Hau%he* BH Lu!' Ni,ar+/ 7 i har's/! M& /$$i!s 7et a"4 @u##i!%s Ot/"ar*!%/"/%* Hea' a!' Ne + Sur%er*4 5th e'4Phi"a'e",hia: E"se8ier 20104

24 /h!s/! /se! @&4 Bai"e*Cs Hea' a!' Ne + Sur%er* Ot/"ar*!%/"/%*4 5the'4 Phi"a'e",hia: Li,,i! /tt Ki""ia#s Ki"+i!s 201


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htt,: 4,u$#e' e!tra"4!ih4%/8 arti "ere!'er4 %iAarti' ;?19


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204 e)a"i D Si8a+u#ar & Ba"a)i N4 Gi!+%/ $i"/$a '/es !/t $e!e it ,atie!ts ithti!!itus: & ra!'/#i e' ,"a e$/- /!tr/""e' '/u$"e-$"i!' tria" a!' #eta-a!a"*sis/ ra!'/#i e' tria"s4 @"i! Ot/"ar*!%/" &""ie' S i4 200< 29(; :226 ;14

214 /! B/etti her &4 Gi!+%/ $i"/$a eFtra t i! the treat#e!t / ti!!itus: as*ste#ati re8ie 4 2011 ?:

Documents

disfonia referat