do2.vsmu.by · Web viewИ.С. Андреева, Е.В. Афанасьева. АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК. УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ. ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ

ИС Андреева ЕВ Афанасьева

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ

ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ

ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ 1 КУРСА

ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧЕСКОГО ФАКУЛЬТЕТА

Витебск 2017

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯРЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ

УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ ldquoВИТЕБСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ОРДЕНА ДРУЖБЫ

НАРОДОВ МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТraquo

КАФЕДРА ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ

УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ

для студентов 1 курса фармацевтического факультета

Под общей редакцией РВ Кадушко

ВИТЕБСКВГМУ2017

УДК 811 111 (072) ББК 81 432 1я73 А 65

Рецензент кафедра мировых языков УО laquoВитебский государственный университет им ПМ Машероваraquoзаведующий кафедрой иностранных языков УО laquoВитебский государственный технологический университетraquo АА Пиотух

Андреева ИСА 65 Английский язык Учебно-методическое пособие по английскому

языку для студентов 1 курса фармацевтического факультета учебно-методическое пособие Андреева ИС Афанасьева ЕВ под общред РВ Кадушко ndash Витебск ВГМУ 2017 ndash 221с

ISBN 978-985-466-900-7

Учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для студентов имеющих

фоновые знания по английскому языку Оно может быть использовано как для работы в аудитории так и для управляемой самостоятельной работы Представленная в пособии тематика текстов позволит студентам сформировать навыки понимания и перевода аутентичной литературы по специальности laquoФармацияraquo с опорой на знание профессиональной лексики и грамматических структур характерных для научного стиля Пособие состоит из 6 разделов дополнительных текстов приложения списка литературы и ключей к грамматическим упражнениям для самостоятельной работы студентов

Утверждено и рекомендовано к изданию Центральным учебно-методическим Советом непрерывного медицинского и фармацевтического образования Витебского государственного медицинского университета 21 июня 2017г протокол 6

УДК 811 111(072)ББК 81 432 1я73

copycopy

Андреева ИС Афанасьева ЕВ 2017Издательство УО laquoВитебский государственный медицинский университетraquo 2017

ISBN 978-985-466-900-7

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Пособие по английскому языку предназначено для студентов 1 курса фармацевтического факультета как для работы в аудитории так и для самостоятельной работы

Целью данного пособия является ознакомление студентов с терминологической лексикой по специальности laquoФармацияraquo развитие навыков чтения текстов на основе изученной лексики и грамматики с последующим обсуждением прочитанного в форме беседы на определенную тему

Пособие состоит из 6 разделов ldquoVitebsk State Medical Universityrdquo ldquoPharmaceutical educationrdquo ldquoIn the chemical laboratoryrdquo ldquoChemical elementsrdquo ldquoPlant studyrdquo ldquoIn the pharmacyrdquo что отражает познавательную и профессиональную направленность языкового материала

Каждый раздел пособия состоит из следующих частей 1) ldquoGrammar practicerdquo - изучение и узнавание грамматических структур

с помощью таблиц и упражнений с последующим использованием их в речевой деятельности

2) ldquoVocabulary learningrdquo - изучение профессиональной лексики и её закрепление при выполнении серии упражнений

3) ldquoReading comprehensionrdquo - чтение текстов для развития навыков как изучающего так и просмотрового чтения

4) ldquoRenderingrdquo ndash развитие навыков интерпретации текста на английском языке

5) ldquoSpeakingrdquo ndash развитие навыков монологической и диалогической речи

Тексты для чтения подобраны из аутентичных источников путем компиляции с соблюдением методического принципа ldquoот простого к сложномуrdquo Все разделы пособия содержат текстовой материал для самостоятельного изучения студентами Дополнительные тексты можно использовать в качестве источника информации как для подготовки монологического высказывания по изучаемой теме так и для составления презентаций и докладов

CONTENTS

ПРЕДЕСЛОВИЕ hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 3Section 1 hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 7Topic ldquoAt the university ldquoGrammar 1 The system of the English Tenses (Active) 2 The word order in affirmative negative and interrogative sentences 3 Auxiliary verbs in short questionsPart I Grammar practice hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 7Part II Speech patterns hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 12Part III Vocabulary learning hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 14 22Part IV Reading Comprehension hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 18Text 1 ldquoVitebsk State Medical Universityrdquo hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 18Text 2 ldquoFrom the history of the universityrdquo hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 23Text 3 ldquoEnglish Universitiesrdquo hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 26Part V Rendering hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 29Part VI Speaking hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 30Section 2 hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 33Topic ldquoPharmaceutical educationrdquo Grammar 1 Indefinite Active 2 Pronouns 3 Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs Comparative constructionsPart I Grammar practice hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 33Part II Speech patterns hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 43Part III Vocabulary learning hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 45 53Part IV Reading Comprehension hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 48Text 1 ldquoPharmaceutical education in Belarusrdquo hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 48Text 2 ldquoPharmaceutical education in Great Britainrdquo hellip hellip hellip hellip 54Text 3 ldquoThe development of pharmacyrdquo hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 56Part V Rendering hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 59Part VI Speaking hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 60Section 3 hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 64Topic ldquoIn the chemical laboratoryrdquo Grammar 1 Participle II (Past Participle) 2 Indefinite Passive Voice 3 Word-substitutes ldquoonerdquo ldquoonesrdquo ldquothat ofrdquo ldquothose ofrdquo 4 Imperative Mood 5 Grammar homonyms Part I Grammar practice hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 64Part II Speech patterns hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 72Part III Vocabulary learning hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 73Part IV Reading Comprehension hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 76Text 1 ldquoIn the chemical laboratoryrdquo hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 77Text 2 ldquoChemistry an experimental sciencerdquo hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 82Text 3 ldquoHow to prepare for chemistry labrdquo hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 85Part V Rendering hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 87

Part VI Speaking hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 88Section 4 hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 89Topic ldquoChemical elementsrdquo Grammar 1 Pronoun ldquoitrdquo 2 Participle I (Present Participle) 3 Continuous Active and Passive voice Part I Grammar practice hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 89Part II Speech patterns hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 98Part III Vocabulary learning hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 99Part IV Reading Comprehension hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 105Text 1 ldquoChemical elements and compoundsrdquo hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 105Text 2 ldquoChemical elements of living matterrdquo hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 108Text 3 ldquoToxic substances in manrsquos environmentrdquo hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 111Part V Rendering hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 115Part VI Speaking hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 117Section 5 hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 120Topic ldquoPlant studyrdquo Grammar 1 Perfect Active and Passive 2 Compound prepositions 3 Homonyms (prepositions and conjunctions) Part I Grammar practice hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 120Part II Speech patterns hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 126Part III Vocabulary learning hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 128Part IV Reading Comprehension hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 133Text 1 ldquoMedical herbsrdquo hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 133Text 2 ldquoNaturersquos medicinesrdquo hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 136Text 3 ldquoPoisonous plantsrdquo hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 138Part V Rendering hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 142Part VI Speaking hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 142Section 6 hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 145Topic ldquoIn the pharmacyrdquo Grammar 1 Modal verbs in the Indefinite Active and Passive Indefinite 2 Pronoun lsquoonersquo with modal verbs 3 The use of lsquocanrsquo lsquocouldrsquo lsquomayrsquo and lsquowouldrsquo in requests permissions suggestions and invitations Part I Grammar practice hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 145Part II Speech patterns hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 150Part III Vocabulary learning hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 151Part IV Reading Comprehension hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 156Text 1 ldquoIn the pharmacyrdquo (ldquoAt the chemistrsquosrdquo) hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 156Text 2 ldquoA prescriptionrdquo hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 162Text 3 ldquoLabels of medicinesrdquo hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 166Part V Rendering hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 171Part VI Speaking hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 171Supplementary texts hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 174

Section 3 Creating thermometer scales hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 174Section 4 Get the lead out hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 175

The chemistry of our senses hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 176Section 5 Plant nutrition hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 177Section 6 Chinese pharmaceutical products hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 178English ndash Russian vocabulary hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 179APPENDIX hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 202Names of chemical elements and substances hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 202Names of plants hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 204Abbreviations hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 205REFERENCES hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip 207

SECTION 1

Oral topic At the University

Grammar 1 The system of the English Tenses (Active) 2 The word order in affirmative negative and interrogative sentences 3 Auxiliary verbs in short questions

Part I Grammar practice

ВИДО-ВРЕМЕННЫЕ ФОРМЫ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ГЛАГОЛА В ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНОМ ЗАЛОГЕ

Table 1

Indefinite (Simple)Простое

Continuous (Progressive)Длительное

PerfectЗавершенное

Perfect ContinuousЗавершенно-длительное

Констатация факта

Процесс

be V-ing

Завершенность

have V3

Процесс уже в течение

некоторого периода времени have been V-ing

PRESENT

I writeЯ пишу (часто)

amis V-ingare

I am writingЯ пишу (сейчас)

have V3

I have writtenЯ написал

(сегодня уже только что)

have beenhas V-ing

I have been writingЯ пишу (уже час с

двух часов)

V ndash edV2

I wroteЯ (на)писал

(вчера два дня тому назад)

was V-ingwere

I was writingЯ писал (вчера в

три часа когда он вошел пока он

читал)

had V3

I had writtenЯ написал (вчера к

трем часам до того как он

пришел)

had been V-ing

I had been writingЯ писал (уже два

часа когда он пришел)

FUTURE

shallwillV

I shallwill (Irsquoll) write

Я напишу буду писать завтра

shallwill be V-ing

I shallwill(Irsquoll) be writingЯ буду писать

(завтра в 3 часа)

shallwill have V3

I shallwill(Irsquoll) have written

Я напишу (завтра к трем часам до

того как он придет)

shallwill have been V-ing

I shallwill(Irsquoll) have been

writingЯ буду писать

(завтра уже 3 часа когда он придет)

V ndash основа глаголаV-ed = V2 ndash прошедшее простое время (Past Simple) вторая форма глаголаV3 ndash причастие II (Participle II) третья форма глаголаV-ing ndash причастие I (Participle I) четвертая форма глагола

Exercise 1 Define the tense form 1 am V-ing2 V-s3 V4 have V-ed (V3)5 V-ed6 will have V-ed (V3)

7 had V-ed8 was V-ing9 will V10 has V-ed11 had been V-ing12 has been V-ing

а) настоящееб) прошедшеев) будущее

Exercise 2 Match the verb forms with their characteristics1 to be V-ing2 V-s V3 to have been V-ing4 to have V-ed (V3)5 will V6 V-ed

а) констатация факта (Indefinite)б) завершенность действия (Perfect)в) процесс незаконченность действия

(Continuous)г) действие совершенное уже в течение

определенного периода времени (Perfect Continuous)

Exercise 3 Read the following sentences Define the character of action of each verb1 Я учу английский язык каждый день 2 Я учу новые слова Не мешай мне 3 Я учил эти слова вчера 4 Я выучил слова Проверь меня 5 Я буду учить слова завтра 6 Я учил слова вчера когда ты смотрел телевизор 7 Я буду учить английский завтра в 6 часов вечера 8 Вчера к 6 часам я уже выучил все слова 9 Я надеюсь что к 7 часам я их выучу 10 Я изучаю английский уже 3 года 11 Я учил слова уже час когда пришла сестра 12 На будущий год я буду изучать английский язык уже 5 лет

Exercise 4 Match the given character of action with the predicate а) незаконченность (процесс)б) завершенность (результат)в) констатация факта (регулярность)

г) процесс + завершенность уже в течение определенного периода времени

1 Я пишу а) сейчасб) уже 20 минутв) каждый день

2 Я написал статью а) уже (на этой неделе)б) вчерав) вчера к 7 часам

3 Я писал статью а) вчераб) вчера когда вы пришлив) вчера уже 3 часа когда вы пришли

4 Я напишу статью а) завтраб) завтра к 7 часам

5 Я буду писать статью а) когда он придетб) уже час когда ты придешь

Exercise 5 Define the tense forms of the predicates and translate them1 I study at the Medical University 2 I finished school last year 3 I have just spoken to the dean 4 I shall become a pharmacist in future 5 I have just studied this topic 6 I had studied this topic before he came 7 He will have completed the work by Wendsday 8 I have been working there for five months 9 Before I entered the University I had been studying at school for 11 years 10 Yesterday from 10 am to 11 am the students were listening to the lecture 11 Donrsquot disturb me I am preparing for my English classes 12 Students usually take exams twice a year in January and in June 13 By July I will have already passed the first-year exams

Exercise 6 Translate the sentences from Russian into English1 Я учусь в медицинском университете2 Я учусь в университете уже три месяца3 Сейчас я учу английскую грамматику4 К концу второго года я закончу обязательный (compulsory) курс

английского языка5 До поступления в университет я учился в школе6 Я поступил на фармацевтический факультет7 Вчера с 7 до 10 вечера я учил химию

Word order in affirmative and interrogative sentences

Виды предло-жений и типы вопро-сов

Воп-роси-тель-ное слово к группе сказу-емого

Вспо-мога-тель-ный глагол

Подле-жащее

Сказуе-мое (или спрягае-мый глагол)

Допол-нение

Обстоятельство

места времени

Утвер-дитель-ная форма (прямой порядок)

Our professor

delivers lectures at the Unuver-sity

two times a week

Специи-альный вопрос к группе подле-жащего

Whose professor

delivers

lectures

at the Unuver-sityat the Unuver-sity

two times a week

Общий вопрос (обрат-ный порядок слов)

Does our professor

deliver lectures at the Unuver-sity

two times a week

Специи-альные вопросы к осталь-ным членам предло-жения (обрат-ный порядок слов)

our professor

deliver

lectures

at the Unuver-sityat the Unuver-sityat the Unuver-sity

two times a week

Exercise 7 Define the parts of the sentences and place them in the table

группа подлежащего

группа сказуемого

группа дополнения

группа обстоятельства

1 The head of the faculty is the Dean2 More than 7 thousand students study at these faculties3 The University pays great attention to the developing of practical skills of

the students4 Pharmacists are trained at the Pharmaceutical department5 Before the Great Patriotic War 808 graduates got their diplomas6 There is a special scientific laboratory at the medical university7 In 1946 the Medical Institute resumed its work in Vitebsk

Exercise 8 Make up sentences1 of Medical the regional on basis institute was hospital organized

our2 began 1941 War in Patriotic the Great3 to teachers of went students and a lot front the4 university foreign trains our staff for medical countries5 university famous are talented many there and scientists our in6 work scientific in part active an take students the7 clinical improved the University has and considerably base8 faculty was in 1959 founded the pharmaceutical

Exercise 9 Make up the question to each sentence changing the word order1 Vitebsk Medical Institute was organized in 19342 The teaching staff was not permanent at that time3 The Pharmaceutical faculty is a real center of Belarusian pharmaceutical

education4 In 1943 in Yaroslavl the Medical Institute was restored with the joined

staff of Minsk and Vitebsk5 The Medical Institute has expanded during the post-war period6 More than 1370 physicians and pharmacists have been trained at the

Overseas Students Training faculty7 VMI was the first to receive the right of training medical staff for foreign

countries8 VSMU has trained several thousands of specialists

Exercise 10 Read the following jokes and define the tense form of the italicized predicates

At the Top

ldquoA telegram from George dearrdquoldquoWell did he pass the examination this timerdquo

ldquoNo but he is almost at the top of the list of those who failedrdquo

ldquoYou were late this morning BrownrdquoldquoYes sir Irsquom sorry I oversleptrdquoldquoGood gracious Do you sleep at home as wellrdquo

He Must Go

Two men were going in a train One of them asked the otherldquoAre you going to Brownrsquos lecture todayrdquoldquoYes I amrdquo said the otherldquoTake my advice and donrsquot gordquo said the first ldquoThey say he is a very bad lecturerrdquoldquoI canrsquot help itrdquo said the other ldquoI must go Irsquom Brownrdquo

A Question to the PointThe professor was delivering the final lecture of the term He put

much emphasis on the fact that each student should devote all his time to preparing for the final examination He said

ldquoThe examination papers are now in the hands of a printer Are there any questionsrdquo

Silence prevailed Suddenly a voice from the rear inquiredldquoWho is the printerrdquo

ldquoWhat are you doing PeterrdquoldquoIrsquom writing a letterrdquoldquoAnd what were you doing ten minutes agordquoldquoI was doing my lessons And maybe you want to know what I shall be doing in twenty minutes AlecrdquoldquoYes Peter what will you be doingrdquoldquoI shall be beating you if you donrsquot stop asking me stupid questionsrdquo

Part II Speech patterns

I Auxiliary verbs in short questions

Mind that questions like that are not asked to get information but are used to express your reaction to what has been said Such questions are called echo questions In particular they may show your interest surprise etc

Interrogative patterns

- Human nature is much the same everywhere- Is it

Young men are often obstinate - Are they

- One should be prepared to take risks sometimes- Should he

A Respond to the interrogative statements1 You are almost half an hour late2 Mary may keep the book for seven days3 The only place to work in piece is the library4 Julia was absent from her last English class5 It is up to you to decide6 All of them were in a very nervous state7 There is something to talk about8 You will speak first

Negative patterns

- I wouldnrsquot miss your party for the world- Wouldnrsquot you

- You canrsquot help it- Canrsquot I

- There is not any evidence- Isnrsquot there

B Respond to the negative statements1 The students were not in the classroom2 Their methods are not correct3 Itrsquos not up to you to decide4 She wasnrsquot speaking for all of us5 John will not write any notes in textbooks6 You should not make remarks like those7 You must not interfere8 They neednrsquot worry

9 I donrsquot like staying in other peoplersquos houses

II Remember the pattern

It takes me hellip minutes (hours days etc) to do somethingМне требуется hellip минут (часов дней и тп) чтобы сделать что-то

A Translate the following sentences1 It takes me half an hour to cook dinner2 It took him long to translate this text3 How long will it take you to do this task4 It takes me an hour and a half to do our flat5 It took me twenty minutes to get to the place6 It will take us some hours to prepare everything for the test7 It takes me forty-five minutes to get to the university

B Answer the following questions using the pattern given above

How longHow much time does it

take you

to do your morning exercisesto prepare breakfastto have breakfast (dinner supper)to get to your hostel (home university)to do your English homeworkto look through newspapersto speak over the phone with your friends (parents)

C Ask your groupmates about his (her) actions in the Past and Future Use the following models

Did it take you long hellipHow long did it take you hellip

Will it take you long hellipHow long will it take you hellip

Part III Vocabulary Learning

Exercise 1 Read and memorize the following words1 accommodation [әkɔmәprimedeıʃәn] n ndash жилье

hostel ~ [prime hɔstәl әkɔmәprimedeıʃәn] ndash жилье в общежитии2 activity [aeligk tıvıtı] n ndash деятельность

social activities ndash культурно-просветительские мероприятия3 arrange [әprime reındʒ] v ndash организовывать устраивать

4 assist [әprime sıst] v ndash помогать содействовать5 assistant [әprime sıstәnt] n ndash ассистент помощник6 associate professor [әprime sәuʃııt prәprime fesә] n ndash доцент7 attend [әprime tend] v ndash посещать присутствовать (на лекциях занятиях и

тп)8 award (be awarded) [әprime wɔd] v ndash награждать9 be in charge of [ʧαdʒ] ndash руководить10 be responsible for [rısprime pɔnsәbl] ndash быть ответственным за11 chemistrsquos (shop) [prime kemısts] n ndash аптека12 continuous education [kәnprimetınjuәs edju()primekeıʃәn] ndash непрерывное

образование13 day-time [primedәıtaım] n ndash дневной14 deliver (lecture) [dıprime lıvә] v ndash читать лекцию15 department [dıprime pα tmәnt] n ndash отделение кафедра

correspondence ~ ndash заочное отделение16 development [dıprime velәpmәnt] n ndash развитие17 disposal (at onersquos ~) [dısprime pәuzәl] n ndash распоряжение (в чьем-либо ~)18 edition [ıprime dıʃәn] n ndashиздание19 educational manufacturing [edju()rsquokeıʃәnl maelignjuprime faeligkʧәrıη] adj ndash

учебно-производственный20 equipment [ıprime kwıpmәnt] n ndash оборудование21 experience [ıksprime pıәrıәns] n ndash опыт возможности22 facilities [fə sılıtız] n ndash возможностьблагоприятные условия23 faculty for advanced training [ədvαnst] ndash факультет повышения

квалификации24 guide [gaıd] v ndash руководить25 head [hed] n ndash глава руководитель26 instruct [ınprime strʌkt] v ndash обучать27 master [mαstə] v ndash овладевать (языком)28 merit [primemerıt] n ndash заслуга29 pharmaceutist [fαmәprime sjutıst] n ndash фармацевт30 physician [fıprime zıʃәn] n ndash врач31 practical skills [prime praeligktıkәl primeskılz] ndash практические навыки32 recreational [rekrıprime eıʃәnl] ndash развлекательный33 research [rıprime sәʧ] n ndash исследование34 stomatologist [stɔmәprime tɔlәdʒıst] n ndash стоматолог35 supervise [ sjupəvaız] v ndash наблюдать (за чем-либо)36 surgeon [prime sәdʒәn] n ndash хирург37 teaching staff [ tiʧıŋ stʌf] ndash штат преподавателей38 train [treın] v ndash готовить обучать

Exercise 2 Read the words of Greak and Latin origin Translate them into Russian Pharmacy [primefαmәsı] pharmaceutical [fαmәprimesjutıkәl] medicine [primemedsin] medical [primemedıkl] laboratory [lәprimebɔrәtәrı] student [stjudənt] professor [prəfesə] institution [ınstıtjuʃən] department [dıpαtmənt] general [ʤenərəl] education [edjuʹkeıʃən] instructor [ınstrʌktə] stomatology [stɔmətɔlədʒı] specialist [speʃəlıst] university [junıvəsıtı] organize [ɔgənaız] organization [ɔgənaızeıʃən] lecture [lekʧə] clinic [klınık] control [kəntrəul] diagnostic [daıəgnɔstık] provisor [prəprimevaızə] academician [əkaeligdəmıʃən] doctor [dɔktə] rector [rektə] assistant [əsıstənt] guide [gaıd] analytical [әnәprimelıtıkәl]

Exercise 3 Form the new words with the help of suffixes Translate them into Russian 1) The nouns by adding -er (-or) to train to instruct to teach to work to

demonstrate to read2) The adjectives by adding -al industry pharmacy stomatology education

experiment practice clinic medicine recreation

Exercise 4 Translate the families of the wordsto arrange arrangement to teach teacher to instruct instruction instructor to prepare preparation preparatory stomatology stomatological stomatologist medicine medical medicinal to head a head to guide a guide guidance to practise practice practical practically to educate education educational skill skillful skillfully science scientific scientist

Exercise 5 Match the expressions from the right column with their Russian equivalents the left column 1 at the department of hellip2 at the head of hellip3 is headed by hellip4 is assisted by hellip5 is awarded the Order hellip6 the course of study hellip7 in practical work hellip8 to a great extent hellip9 was founded (established) hellip

a) курс обученияb) в практической работеc) возглавляетсяd) во главеe) в значительной степениf) на кафедреg) награждаетсяh) был основан (учрежден)i) помогает

Exercise 6 Translate the following word combinationsmedical educational establishment regional hospital pharmaceutical education to be awarded the Order of Peoplesrsquo Friendship day-time and correspondence department to train the specialists in hellip Public Health

Service to have a rich experience a member of the Association of higher and continuous education spacious lecture halls a well-equipped laboratory a scientific-research laboratory educational-manufacturing pharmacy theoretical knowledge and practical skills highly-skilled teachers the teaching staff academic affairs research and administrative work teach instruct and guide students educational process educational and scientific books

Exercise 7 Study the explanations of the following words and word combinationsTo learn = to get knowledge of some subject or skill in some activity ndash учить выучитьTo study = to gain knowledge it refers only to knowledge not skills or abilities ndash изучать учитьсяTo do to get on well = to be a bright student ndash хорошо учитьсяTo teach = to give a person knowledge to give lessons ndash преподавать обучатьTo train = to give teaching and practice usually for a particular job or skills ndash готовить обучать тренироватьTo instruct = to teach a practical skill ndash учить обучать (in)Education (general) training (more practical) tuition ndash обучение подготовка

Exercise 8 Translate the sentences using lexical units from exercise 71 Они должны выучить эти правила наизусть 2 Моя подруга учится в медицинском университете 3 Квалифицированные преподаватели обучают студентов в университете 4 Студенты этой группы очень хорошо учатся 5 Медицинский университет готовит специалистов по лечебному делу и фармации 6 Плата за обучение в университете довольно высокая 7 Преподаватель обучает студентов работе в лаборатории 8 Они уехали на год во Францию чтобы изучить там французский язык 9 Самые известные профессора преподают в Оксфорде 10 Очень трудно учиться и работать одновременно 11 Медицинское образование в Беларуси можно получить в 4-х университетах 12 Они учатся на первом курсе

Part IV Reading Comprehension

Read and translate text 1

Text 1

Vitebsk State Medical University

Vitebsk State Medical University (VSMU) is one of the most prestigious medical educational establishments in Belarus This institution has been playing an important role in the development of medical science and training of medical and scientific personnel Nowadays the University has 7 faculties General Medicine Faculty Pharmaceutical Faculty Stomatological Faculty Overseas Students Training Faculty Retraining and Advanced Training Faculty Faculty of Pedagogics and Psychology of Higher School and Preuniversity Training Faculty Physicians and surgeons are trained at the Faculty of General Medicine the Faculty of Stomatology trains stomatologists or dentists Pharmacists are trained at the Faculty of Pharmacy at both day-time and correspondence department The head of each faculty is the Dean More than 7 thousand students study at these faculties VSMU is headed by the Rector who is assisted by the Vice-Rectors responsible for academic affairs research and administrative work Educational process is organized at 64 departments The head of the department usually a professor or associate professor is in charge of the work of the department The teaching staff consists of doctors of sciences candidates of sciences instructors and laboratory assistants Lectures are delivered by professors or associate professors while instructors and laboratory assistants teach instruct and guide students in their practical work The students attend lectures seminars practical classes and scientific conferences The students study in the spacious lecture halls well-equipped laboratories and modern computer classes At its disposal the University has 3 educational buildings a scientific research laboratory a dental clinic an educational-manufacturing pharmacy and a control analytical laboratory

The University gives the students both theoretical knowledge and practical skills The pharmacy students have an opportunity to study in the botanical garden and numerous chemistsrsquo The medical and the stomatological students get practical skills in city clinics equipped with modern medical-diagnostic apparatuses

VSMU has a rich experience in training students from different countries Since 1981 the University has been effectively training the specialists in medicine and pharmacy for the needs of foreign Public Health Services For the large merits in this work our University was awarded the Order of Peoplesrsquo Friendship

The University has become a member of the Association of higher and continuous medical and pharmaceutical education of medical institutions of higher learning of Russia

At the University there is a medical library full of various editions The majority of books are educational and scientific ones

The University has 5 comfortable hostels The students from other towns are given hostel accommodation As to cultural and recreational activities at the University they are quite various and to a great extent are arranged by the students themselves Many students participate in concerts parties discos folk orchestras the choreographic ensemble and the vocal music group

The students are supposed to master the fundamental subjects and to follow the traditions of the oldest Medical University

Exercise 1 Look through the text and explain why1) mostly the Simple Present Tenses are used2) the Present Perfect Tense is used in one sentence

Exercise 2 Find the synonymsdepartment stomatologist to deliver a lecture pharmacist institution physician experience to guide day-time student to train chemistrsquos

pharmaceutist faculty to give a lecture dentist to supervise full-time student establishment practical skills general practitioner to teach pharmacy

Exercise 3 Make up word combinations and translate themA Educational-manufacturing

control-analytical educational correspondence skilled medical-diagnostic spacious fundamental recreational research

Work laboratory pharmacy equipment establishment lecture halls department subjects teachers activities

B To organize to train to be responsible for to guide to follow to be awarded to pay attention to to be headed by to deliver to attend to give

Lectures educational process the traditions the Dean academic work theoretical knowledge students the order pharmacists hostel accommodation classes

Exercise 4 Match the names of the faculties with their English equivalents1 Лечебный факультет a) Retraining and Advanced Training

Faculty2 Фармацевтический факультет b) Overseas Students Training

Faculty

3 Стоматологический факультет c) The Faculty of General Medicine 4 Факультет довузовской

подготовкиd) Pharmaceutical Faculty

5 Факультет подготовки иностранных граждан

e) The Faculty of Pedagogics and Psychology of Higher School

6 Факультет повышения квалификации и переподготовки кадров

f) Stomatological Faculty

7 Факультет педагогики и психологии высшей школы

g) Preuniversity Training Faculty

Exercise 5 Agree or disagree with the following sentences using the formulas of agreement and disagreement

Use I quite agree with you Thatrsquos right Irsquom of the same opinion I disagree I differ from you

1 Pharmacists are trained at the Stomatological faculty2 The Pharmaceutical faculty of VSMU is the center of Belarusian

pharmaceutical education3 Assistants usually deliver lectures4 The Dean is responsible for administrative work5 The students have an opportunity to get practice in the botanical garden

and in city clinics6 There are 52 departments at the University7 Each department is headed by the professor or associate professor 8 VSMU has a rich experience in teaching students from different

countries

Exercise 6 Put questions to the following statements1 VSMU was founded in November 1934 (When ) 2 There are 7 faculties at our University (How many )3 The faculty of General Medicine trains physicians (What specialist

does )4 Teachers instructors and laboratory assistants teach instruct and guide

students in their practical work (What do )5 For the large merits in training specialists for foreign Public Health

Services the Institute was awarded the Order of Peoplesrsquo Friendship (What for )

6 Students study in the spacious lecture halls well-equipped laboratories and modern computer classes (Where do )

7 The University has 5 comfortable hostels (How many )8 The first- year students master the fundamental subjects (What do)

Exercise 7 Say the following in Englishпрактические навыки развитие медицинской науки возглавлять университет быть ответственным за учебную работу заведующий кафедрой читать лекцию обучать студентов хорошо оборудованные лаборатории современный компьютерный класс преподавательский состав теоретические знания ботанический сад эффективная подготовка специалистов соблюдать традиции университета комфортабельные общежития большие заслуги организовывать отдых участвовать в концертах

Exercise 8 Answer the following questions1 What can you tell the group mates about the faculties of the University2 Who heads the University the faculty and the department3 What is the teaching staff of the University 4 What are the facilities for studies at the University5 Does the University train specialists for different countries If yes what

are these specialists6 Are all the university students given hostel accommodation7 Is it necessary to follow the traditions of the University Why

Exercise 9 Translate the sentences from Russian into English1 На лечебном факультете готовят врачей 2 Наш вуз уделяет внимание как теоретическим знаниям так и практическим навыкам студентов 3 Проректоры отвечают за учебную научную и административную работу университета 4 Студенты посещают лекции семинары практические занятия а также участвуют в конференциях 5 Лекции читают профессора или доценты 6 Студенты обучаются в просторных аудиториях и современных компьютерных классах 7 Студенты фармацевтического факультета имеют возможность проходить практику в ботаническом саду и многочисленных аптеках 8 С 1981 года университет готовит специалистов для зарубежных стран 9 Иногородние студенты обеспечиваются общежитием 10 Свой отдых в большинстве случаев студенты организуют сами 11 Студенты должны овладевать фундаментальными науками и соблюдать традиции университета

From the History of the University

Exercise 1 Words to be remembered1 academician [әkaeligdәprimemıʃәn] n ndash академик2 achievement [әprimeʧıvmәnt] n ndash достижение3 basis [primebeısıs] n ndash база основа

on the ~ of ndash на основе чего-либо4 decision [dıprimesıʒәn] n ndash решение5 district doctor [primedıstrıkt] ndash участковый врач6 enrolment [ınprimerәulmәnt] n ndash прием зачисление7 enterprise [primeentәpraız] n ndash предприятие8 executive [ıgprimezekjutıv] adj ndash административный9 existence [ıgprimezıstәns] n ndash существование10 expand [ıksprimepaelignd] v ndash расширяться увеличиваться11 graduate [primegraeligdjuәt] n ndash выпускник12 improve [ımprimepruv] v ndash улучшать13 joined [primedʒɔınd] adj ndash объединенный14 Ministry of Education ndash Министерство образования15 Ministry of Public Health ndash Министерство здравоохранения16 permanent [primepәmәnәnt] adj ndash постоянный17 potential [pәuprimetenʃәl] n ndash возможность потенциал18 receive [rıprimesıv] v ndash получать19 restore [rısprimetɔ] v ndash восстанавливать20 resume [rıprimezjum] v ndash возобновлять21 share [ʃεә] v ndash делиться

Exercise 2 Match the adjectives with the corresponding nouns and translate the word combinationsRegional different necessary permanent medical clinical pharmaceutical important foreign scientific district executiveAchievements doctors hospital faculty parts teaching staff institute countries laboratories positions industry base building

Exercise 3 Translate the word combinationsOn the basis of a regional hospital the joined teaching staff of Minsk and Vitebsk medical institutes to resume the work the post-war period to improve the scientific base the center of pharmaceutical education to receive the right of training medical staff the great potential of the institution to

hold executive positions to share the knowledge the students enrolment plan

Read text 2 and be ready for a comprehension check-up

Text 2

From the history of the university

1 Vitebsk Medical Institute was organized in 1934 on the basis of a regional hospital At that time it had not any buildings of its own and the departments were situated in different parts of the town There was not a permanent teaching staff and the students were trained only at one medical faculty The scientists from Moscow Leningrad Smolensk Minsk started teaching students The first director of Vitebsk Medical Institute was the graduate of Bern medical faculty professor Khazanov Moisey Anisimovich

2 Before the Great Patriotic War 808 graduates got their diplomas During the war period the institute didnrsquot function and professors assistants and students worked in hospitals helping the front and the population It was only in 1943 in a Russian city of Yaroslavl that the Belarusian Medical Institute was restored with the help of the joined teaching staff of Minsk and Vitebsk

3 In 1946 the Institute resumed its work in Vitebsk It expanded during the post war period its clinical and scientific base having considerably improved The student enrolment plan was increased there appeared new specialities faculties and departments Now more than 650 university teachers share their knowledge with the students The pharmaceutical faculty was founded in 1959 At present it is a center of Belarusian pharmaceutical education

4 In 1981 by the decision of Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health of the USSR Vitebsk Medical Institute was the first in the republic to receive the right of training medical staff for foreign countries Over this period more than 1370 physicians and pharmacists have been trained at the Overseas Students Training Faculty They work successfully in 110 countries of the world

5 In 1999 in view of the important achievements and of the great potential of the institution its status was changed into that of a University During the period of its existence VSMU has trained several thousands of specialists Among them there are academicians heads of the clinics and clinical departments district doctors and pharmacists The Pharmaceutical facultyrsquos graduates work in pharmacies scientific laboratories they also hold

executive positions at the enterprises of chemical pharmaceutical and medical industry

USSR ndash Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Exercise 1 Find in the text1) the sentence beginning with ldquoIt was only in helliprdquo and try to find the connection between such a word-order and the translation2) the sentences with predicates in Perfect Tenses translate them and explain their usage

Exercise 2 Find in the text the information about1 the first years of the Institute2 its further development3 the training of foreign students4 the spheres of graduates activity

Exercise 3 Compare the information about the first years of the Institute with the present state of things

Use ldquoAt first at that time hellip and now helliprdquo

1 At first our educational establishment was called Vitebsk Medical Institute hellip

2 hellip there was only one medical faculty hellip 3 hellip it had not any buildings of its own hellip 4 hellip there was not a permanent teaching staff hellip 5 hellip there was one hostel for the students hellip 6 hellip the clinical and scientific base was rather modest hellip

Exercise 4 Insert instead of gaps the proper words and word combinations from the text Translate the sentences into Russian1 In 1934 Vitebsk Medical Institute had not any buildings hellip2 The first director of the Institute was hellip Professor Khazanov MA3 In 1943 the Belarusian Medical Institute hellip with hellip of Minsk and Vitebsk4 Now hellip is a center of Belarusian pharmaceutical education5 VSMU was the first hellip the right of training foreign students6 In 1999 in view of hellip the status of the Institute was changed into that

7 Among the graduates of the University there are hellip 8 The pharmaceutical specialists hold hellip at the enterprises of medical

industry9 In the course of time the University increased the student hellip plan

Exercise 5 Put questions to the following statements1 Our Institute was organized on the basis of a regional hospital in 1934

(On what basishellip Whenhellip)2 Before the War 808 graduates got their diplomas (When hellip How many

hellip)3 During the War period the Institute didnrsquot function and professors and

students helped the front (What hellip Who hellip When hellip)4 The Institute expanded during the post-war period (What establishment

hellip Whenhellip)5 More than 1370 specialists work successfully in 110 countries of the

world (How many hellip How hellip Where hellip)6 The University has trained several thousands of specialists (What

establishment hellip How many hellip)7 The Pharmaceutical facultyrsquos graduates work in pharmacies and scientific

laboratories (Where hellip In what spheres hellip Who hellip)

Exercise 6 Translate the sentences from Russian into English1 ВГМУ был основан в 1934 году на базе региональной больницы2 Помощь институту оказывали ученые из Ленинграда Москвы

Смоленска Минска Они приезжали обучать студентов3 Во время войны профессора преподаватели и студенты работали в

госпиталях4 Только в 1943 году в Ярославле институт был восстановлен

объединенными силами преподавателей Минска и Витебска5 В институте был только один ndash лечебный факультет6 С течением времени план приема студентов увеличился7 В институте появились новые специальности факультеты и

кафедры8 Фармацевтический факультет был создан в 1959 году9 За послевоенный период институт очень разросся при этом

значительно улучшилась его научная база10 Наш институт первым получил право на подготовку иностранных

студентов11 За важные достижения и огромный потенциал институту был

присвоен статус университета в 1999 году

12 Среди выпускников университета есть академики главные врачи заведующие отделениями провизоры участковые врачи стоматологи

13 Выпускники фармацевтического факультета работают в аптеках в химических лабораториях занимают ведущие позиции на предприятиях фармацевтической и медицинской промышленности

Text 3

English Universities

All English universities except Oxford and Cambridge are fairly new London University is the biggest of the modern universities and has many colleges and schools Oxford has 32 colleges A large college has about 5000 students about a hundred students study at a small college The college is an educational institution giving special instruction in certain subjects There are many types of colleges in England There are colleges within universities There are also technical colleges of various types colleges of arts and commerce Medical colleges are among them The college may be independent in its own affairs but is a part of the university in some matters The university gives the highest type of education It comprises a number of colleges and provides programmes for study and research beyond the college level The university is an administrative center which arranges lectures for all the students of the colleges holds examinations and gives degrees University teaching combines lectures practical classes and small group teaching in either seminars or tutorials the last being a traditional feature of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge A university usually has both faculties and departments The faculties are arts law medicine science The departments include engineering economics commerce agriculture music and technology At the head of each faculty there is a professor The staff of teachers called lecturers helps him Professors and lecturers deliver lectures to a large number of students or study with small groups All universities admit men and women but within some universities there are colleges especially for students of one sex Most of the universities provide hostels for their students

All the universities and colleges are independent self-governing institutions although they receive substantial aid from the state through the University Grants Committee The local education authorities have no responsibility for universities English universities greatly differ from each other They differ in date of foundation history traditions general

organization internal government methods of teaching ways of students life size etc On the whole British universities are comparatively small The approximate number is 7000-8000 students most universities having 3000 and some even less than 1500 students

The most ancient English universities are Cambridge and Oxford They date back to the 12-13th centuries and have always been universities for gentlemen Other universities are called modern or provincial They are located in large centers of industry There are no tutorial systems there These universities rely on lectures All universities charge fees which are rather high

Notes aid = assistance help tutorials = the system of individual training to charge fees = to get money for education

Exercise 1 Give Russian equivalents to the following word combinationsfairly new science faculty at the head of a staff of teachers to admit men and women within some universities to provide hostels an independent college self-governing institution substantial aid the local education authorities internal government tutorial system to charge fees

Exercise 2 Answer the questions to the text1 What is London University composed of2 Does university have faculties or departments3 What are faculties in English universities4 What do the departments include5 What do most universities provide for their students6 Are there many types of colleges in England7 What kinds of colleges are there in England8 In what do English Universities differ9 What is the number of students at British Universities10 How are other universities called11 What methods does university teaching combine

Exercise 3 Compare the organization of VSMU and that of English Universities indicating the main differences and similarities in their structural units and organization of educational process

Exercise 4 Read the following text and discuss it with your groupmates using as much information from the text as you can

The oldest and most famous universities in England are Oxford and Cambridge Oxford University was established in 1249 The choice of the small rural village of Oxford as a seat of learning was significant Far removed (неподверженный) from foreign influence Oxford was within comparatively easy reach of all parts of England Like London it is international because people from many parts of the world come to study at one of the twenty seven menrsquos colleges or at one of the five womenrsquos colleges that are the university They join the university ldquofamilyrdquo that has more than 9000 members The present facilities at Oxford include theology law English language and literature history humanities (гуманитарные дисциплины) social studies medicine physical and chemical science biological science

The first college at Cambridge Peterhouse was founded in 1284 and now there are twenty-four colleges A number of well-known scientists and writers among them Newton Darwin and Byron were educated in Cambridge

The organization system of the two universities differs from that of all other universities and colleges

The teachers are commonly called ldquodonsrdquo Part of the teaching is by means of lectures organized by the university Apart from lectures teaching is carried out by tutorial system for which these two universities have always been famous This is a system of individual tuition (обучение) organized by the colleges Each student goes to his tutorrsquos room once a week to read and discuss an essay which the student has prepared

Oxford and Cambridge are rather far from London and other large cities Therefore the students have to live in the university hostel or in a private room and the rent is very high Besides special fees are taken for books for laboratory work teaching aids etc Some students get scholarship but the number of these students is comparatively small

Part V Rendering

Read the following information and render it into Russian Use the vocabulary of section 1

За время своего существования Витебский ордена Дружбы народов государственный медицинский университет подготовил свыше 17 тысяч врачей около 8 тысяч провизоров и более 500 стоматологов В рейтинге медвузов СССР он занимал 3 место после 1-го Московского и Ленинградского институтов

11 октября 1934 года был ликвидирован заочный мединститут с отделениями в Бобруйске Витебске Гомеле и Могилеве который просуществовал 2 года 1 ноября 1934 года была образована больницаndashмедвуз с очным стационарным обучением Специальных помещений не было Часть кафедр рассредоточилась по городу а для клинических кафедр через год построили здание ОКБ (областная клиническая больница)

Помощь новому вузу оказывали ученые Ленинграда Москвы Минска Смоленска Ростова-на-Дону Профессора и доценты приезжали на время некоторые оставались на постоянную работу Преподавали и сотрудники местного ветеринарного института До войны дипломированными специалистами стали 808 человек С начала войны вуз эвакуировали на восток Сотрудники института работали в лечебных учреждениях сражались в рядах Красной Армии Витебский мединститут восстановили в 1946 году

В период с 1951 по 1961 в вузе был открыт фармацевтический факультет введен в строй главный корпус института на проспекте Фрунзе

С 1961 по 1965 годы резко возрос научный потенциал С 1965 по 1979 было открыто подготовительное отделение начато строительство лабораторно-теоретического корпуса Позже появились 6 новых кафедр заочное отделение фармфакультета факультет усовершенствования врачей начали обучать иностранных студентов В 1984 году вуз наградили орденом Дружбы народов

Сегодня в университете 7 факультетов 64 кафедры где обучаются свыше 7 тысяч студентов Свои знания молодым людям более 650 преподавателей из них 59 докторов и 251 кандидатов наук

На всех кафедрах введена рейтинговая и трехэтапная система (3-stage ratio system) оценки знаний студентов (компьютерное тестирование практические навыки (skills) устное собеседование) Используются современные образовательные технологии Студенты готовятся к занятиям и экзаменам с помощью тестов на компьютере Хорошо организован и досуг В университете действуют 14 кружков по интересам и 15 спортивных секций Ежегодный (annual) международный фестиваль laquoСтуденческая осеньraquo выявляет таланты Университет верен традициям в деле подготовки высококвалифицированных врачей и провизоров

Part VI Speaking

Exercise 1 Read and roleplay the dialogues Pay attention to the way of introducing people 1) - May I introduce myself Irsquom Victor Panov- And Irsquom Ann Petrova Are you from this university- Yes I study at the Stomatological faculty And you- Irsquom at the Pharmaceutical faculty Do you find it difficult to study

anatomy- Not very much I think Of course it takes time to learn definite things

but then everything goes all right2) - Oh Nick where are you hurrying Meet my friend Alec- Hello Alec- Hello Nick- Pete Irsquod like to be introduced to the girl who is near you- With pleasure This is Ann And these are Nick and Alec- Hello boys- Hello Ann- Going to the lecture I suppose Are you from our faculty too- Not quite so Alec and I study at the Preuniversity training faculty We

hope to become students of your faculty next year- Good luck then- Thanks3) - Alice is the name of William Porter familiar to you- I donrsquot think so- I want to introduce him to you He is very clever well educated and has

good manners William this is my sister Alice Alice meet William- Hi Alice- Hi William How are you- Never felt better in my life Thanks How are you- Fine thank you4) - Kate this is Vlad- Wersquove met before havenrsquot we- Sure We played a game of tennis the other day- And you won the game- Thatrsquos right

Exercise 2 Look through the dialogues and saya) how many persons take part in the conversation b) what questions they discuss c) what expressions of introduction they use d) write out these expressions and memorize them

Exercise 3 Make up your own dialogues on the suggested situations Use the phrases of introduction from the dialogues given above1 You meet your school friend with her new University friend Have a talk with them 2 You get acquainted with your friendrsquos brother 3 You meet a third-year student of your faculty and ask him to introduce you to his friends Ask them about the University and their faculty

Exercise 4 Discuss the following talking-points using the key words and expressions1 The organization of Vitebsk Medical Institute (on the basis of medical

faculty permanent teaching staff the scientists from the first director)2 The Institute during and after the War (didnrsquot function the front to be

restored joined teaching staff to resume the work)3 The present day situation of the University (has expanded clinical and

scientific base the center of pharmaceutical education the training of foreign students the change of status)

4 The faculties of the University (7 faculties pharmacists stomatologists physicians the head of the faculty)

5 The administrative staff (rector pro-rectors the head of the department dean)

6 Facilities for studies (spacious lecture halls well-equipped laboratories modern computer classes a scientific research laboratory a dental clinic an educational-manufacturing pharmacy and a control analytical laboratory)

7 Every-day problems (hostel accommodations recreational activities to master the subjects)

Exercise 5 Compose a dialogue in which one is a freshman (первокурсник) wishing to know everything about the University and the other a graduate saying all he (she) knows about the University

Exercise 6 Suppose the students of your group invited a veteran-professor of our University who witnessed (был свидетелем) the organization of it in 1934

Compose a roleplay you are asking him about the history of our University and its present scientific work and he is answering your questions

Exercise 7 Arrange a meeting at which the students of your group will speak about your University to a group of English-speaking students (Distribute the roles)

Exercise 8 Get ready to speak on the topic ldquoVitebsk Medical Universityrdquo using exercise 4 as an outline

SECTION 2

Oral topic Pharmaceutical Education

Grammar 1 Indefinite Active 2 Pronouns 3 Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs Comparative constructions

Indefinite (Simple) tenses activeTable 1

вопрос утверждение отрицание

Iyouwetheyheshe

willlivesee

Iyouwetheyheshe

will not (wonrsquot)livesee

FUTURE

Iyouwetheyheshe

livesee

livessees

Iyouwetheyheshe

do not (donrsquot)livesee

does not (doesnrsquot)livesee

PRESENT

Iyouwetheyheshe

livedsaw

Iyouwetheyheshe

did not (didnrsquot)livesee

Time markersPresent ndash usually always every day as a rule sometimes often seldomPast ndash yesterday last week (month year) three days ago in April on Saturday in 2011 the day before yesterdayFuture ndash tomorrow the day after tomorrow tonight next week (month year) in a day (week month) in 2 hours

ldquoto be to haverdquo in the Indefinite (Simple) Tenses

Study the table and do exercises given belowTable 2

Present Past Future

I am I hesheit

weyouthey

I shall be hesheit

weyouthey

hesheit

will be

we shall beyouthey will be

to have

I have I hesheit

weyouthey

I shall have hesheit

weyouthey

hesheit

will have

we shall haveyouthey

will have

Exercise 1 Practise the usage of the verbs ldquoto be to haverdquo in the Present Past and Future Indefinite Make up your own sentences

Model I am a student now A year ago I was a schoolgirl (boy) In 5 years I will be a pharmacist

Exercise 2 Use the verb ldquoto berdquo in a proper formJohn hellip an old friend of mine We hellip friends even when we hellip

children We went to school together played together after the lessons and everybody thought we hellip brothers Now we hellip students of a medical school John wants to become a dentist and I hellip sure that he hellip a good specialist because he works hard to master his profession Tomorrow John hellip twenty Every year Johnrsquos birthday hellip a great occasion not only for his family but for all his friends They will come to his party and I hellipvery glad to go there and say ldquoHappy birthdayrdquo to my best friend

Exercise 3 Fill in the gaps with to be to have in the Present Past and Future Indefinite1 Last year I hellip a schoolgirl but now I hellip a student of a Medical

University2 We hellip good friends now but not very long ago we hellip only neighbours3 We hellip lectures and seminars every day but Saturday and Sunday4 There hellip 200 000 people in our town but ten years ago there hellip only

50 0005 They hellip the exam in mathematics last week6 I hellip my breakfast at 8 orsquo clock7 Usually I hellip in time for my lesson but yesterday I hellip late8 She hellip a laboratory class today9 I hellip busy tomorrow10 They hellip a meeting next week11 We hellip an examination in Chemistry this term12 You hellip an English class in 2 hours

Exercise 4 Open the brackets and use the verbs in Present Indefinite1 Training of a pharmacist (include) many subjects common to the

medical curriculum2 He (notstudy) at the Pharmaceutical faculty3 Chemistry (be) an interesting subject4 What entrance exams (studentstake) to enter the Pharmaceutical

faculty5 How long (the studylast) at the Pharmaceutical faculty6 When (your classesbe overusually)7 Our library (have) many books on medicine8 They (notattend) classes regularly9 He (to do) research in organic and bioorganic chemistry10 I (not to think) that they (to work) hard enough to pass their exams

successfully

Exercise 5 Say what your friend (friends) usually does (do) at practical classes lectures and seminars Use the following word combinationsAt the English classto read the texts to ask and answer the questions to write word dictations to learn new English words to translate from Russian into English to listen to the recordings to repeat after the speaker to imitate to listen to the teacher to do tests to fulfill grammar control works to do written assignmentsAt the lectureto listen to the lecturer to take notes to write down (to put down) smth to

ask questionsAt the seminarto make an oral presentation to ask questions to take part in the discussion to clear up smth to ask the university teacher (instructor) to explain smth to fulfil different tasks

Exercise 6 Translate the passage into English adding to each sentence one of the given adverbs usually sometimes always every day often seldomЯ встаю в 7 часов утра Мой завтрак состоит из чашки кофе и бутерброда Я добираюсь до своего университета на автобусе Около университета я встречаю своего друга и мы вместе идем на занятия Первая лекция начинается в 830 У нас одна-две лекции и один-два семинара После занятий я иду в библиотеку Я возвращаюсь домой около 6 часов вечера По вечерам мне звонят мои друзья и мы обсуждаем планы на завтра

Exercise 7 Find regular and irregular verbs Write down their three formsto become to serve to pass to spend to learn to give to master to train to deal to receive to treat to acquaint to live to develop to use to take to set to go to begin to feel to come to enter to speak to know to discuss

Exercise 8 Open the brackets and use the verbs in the Past Indefinite Make these sentences negative and interrogative1 My brother (to enter) the University last year2 Our vacation (to begin) in July3 We (to work) hard the whole term4 The teacher (to find) some mistakes in my dictation5 He (to come) to see me last week6 The students (to discuss) this problem with their tutor yesterday7 He (to take) three exams last term but (to pass) only two8 We (to meet) at the University two years ago and (to become) good

friends9 He (to give) me a good piece of advice10 We (to spend) a lot of time in the library11 I am afraid that he (not to pass) his exam in chemistry yesterday12 The students (to write) a composition last MondayExercise 9 Ask questions and give possible answers1 Last week we went to hellip (Where hellip)2 Yesterday I met hellip (Whom hellip)3 I learned English at hellip (Where hellip)

4 hellip gave me a piece of advice (Who hellip)5 I heard hellip with my own ears (What hellip)6 My brother came home yesterday at hellip (When hellip)7 I got to town by hellip (How hellip)8 He liked reading hellip stories when he was a boy (What kind of hellip)

Exercise 10 Ask your groupmates what they diddidnrsquot do yesterday

Model to see the film Ann did you see the film yesterdaya) - No I didnrsquot I was busyb) - Certainly I did

To get up early to go to the University to be in time for classes to attend the lecture to take exam in English to have lunch at the University canteen to come home after classes to do homework to watch TV

Exercise 11 Open the brackets and use the verbs in the Future Indefinite using the phrases given belowNote Saying ldquowill dordquo we usually decide to do it at the time of speaking without planning before That is why the Future Indefinite Tense often goes with

Probably Irsquoll probably come home late tonight(I) expect We expect our friend will phone soonIrsquom (not) sure Irsquom not sure yoursquoll pass your examI (donrsquot) think I donrsquot think the exam will be difficult

1 I (to play) chess tomorrow 2 You (to read) this book next week 3 I (not to see) him tomorrow 4 Where you (to go) next summer 5 They (to become) pharmacists in 5 years 6 We (to have) a lecture in 2 hours 7 Why she (to come) home so late tomorrow 8 We (to stay) at home the day after tomorrow 9 What you (to do) in the evening 10 In a year she (to be) a second-year student 11 You (to get) a diploma of a pharmacist in five years 12 We (to study) toxicological chemistry next year

Exercise 12 Ask questions and give possible answers1 Premedical training of students will take hellip years (How many years hellip)2 We shall study special subjects in hellip years (When hellip)3 In chemistry classes the students will learn about hellip (What hellip)

4 We shall have practice hellip (Where hellip)5 During the period of internship an intern will havehellip (What hellip)6 hellip will make experiments in the chemical laboratory next week

(Whohellip)

Exercise 13 Practise the usage of the Present Past and Future Indefinite Do it according to the models

Model 1 I study at the University and you- I study at the University too My father studied at the

Institute twenty years ago And my son will study there in fifteen years

Model 2 I play chess well and you- I donrsquot play chess well My friend plays chess well He

played chess well even in his childhood

1 I cook well and you 2 I always read newspapers and you 3 I know English well and you 4 I work at maths every day and you 5 I attend all the lectures and you 6 She often comes here and you 7 I use computer in my work every day and you

Exercise 14 Put the verbs in brackets in the Present Past or Future Indefinite1 My friend (to study) at the Pharmaceutical faculty of the Medical University 2 As a rule students in Belarus (not to pay) for their education 3 I (to take) my final exams in two months 4 He (not to come) to the lecture yesterday he (to be) ill 5 My sister (to graduate) from the medical school next year 6 We (to attend) lectures in physiology once a week 7 I (not to see) my friend at the university yesterday 8 Students (to take) examinations at the end of each term 9 I (to buy) this drug at our chemistrsquos a week ago 10 They (to study) special subjects in the senior years 11 Tomorrow they (to make) experiments with different chemical substances in the chemical laboratory 12 Every year the scientific conference (to take) place at the university

Exercise 15 Translate the sentences into English Use the Indefinite Tenses1 Я окончил школу в 2012 году 2 Сейчас я - студент медицинского университета 3 Мой друг будет учиться в высшем учебном заведении нашего города 4 Они учились на подготовительном отделении в

прошлом году 5 Абитуриенты сдают тестирование по химии биологии и русскому или белорусскому языку 6 На 1 курсе мы будем изучать фундаментальные дисциплины 7 Эти студенты занимались научной работой на 5 курсе 8 Раз в неделю занятия по химии проходят в химической лаборатории 9 Студенты фармацевтического факультета будут проходить практику в аптеках города 10 Два года назад он защитил диссертацию 11 Учеба в аспирантуре не является обязательной 12 Мы будем изучать физические и лечебные свойства лекарственных веществ 13 После окончания университета студенты будут работать провизорами управляющими аптек химиками - аналитиками

Pronouns

Personal pronouns Possessive pronounsИменительный

падежКто что

Объектныйпадеж

Кого что кому

Притяжательные местоимения

Чей чья чьё чьи

Абсолютная форма

притяжательных местоимений

IYouHeSheIt

WeThey

meyouhimheritus

myyourhisheritsourtheir

mineyours

hishersits

ourstheirs

Note its ne itrsquos (it is)

Exercise 16 Fill in the gaps with necessary pronouns1 hellip am a student of the Medical School 2 He often writes to hellip parents 3 Does hellip help her brother 4 I often see hellip in the park with his dog 5 She likes hellip work very much 6 Is Tom a friend of hellip ndash No he is only my colleague 7 We go to the country with some friends of hellip every weekend 8 The students usually have hellip exams in January and in June 9 These magazines are very interesting Read hellip at home 10 Do you know these students ndash Yes hellip are from our group 11 Translate this text without a dictionary hellip is not very difficult 12 Give hellip your pen please Thank hellip 13 We have lectures every day we attend hellip regularly 14 We shall study constituents of drugs and hellip composition

Exercise 17 Replace italicized words with corresponding pronouns1 We carry out experiments in the laboratories 2 We shall study organic chemistry 3 Some of the students belong to the scientific society 4 There are 13 students in my group 5 My sister entered the university last year 6 I donrsquot see my brother often 7 Mike helps his friend very much 8 The boys ask Mary to sing

Exercise 18 Translate into English1 Я вас не могу видеть 2 У него нет тетради 3 Его конспект остался дома 4 Дайте мне свою ручку 5 Я не могу дать вам свою ручку 6 Они не дают нам свои словари 8 Я хочу навестить своего друга в Минске 9 Откройте свои книги 10 Дайте ей ее конспект 11 Дайте ему его телефон 12 Дайте нам наши зачетки 13 Дайте им их зачетки 14 Его сестра ndash моя подруга 15 Ее брат ndash их друг 16 Дайте ему их тетради 18 Дайте нам ваши телефоны 19 Дайте им наши материалы 20 Дайте ей его сумку

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

Положительная степень

Сравнительная степень

Превосходная степень

bigshortnicehighcleverlarge

biggershorternicerhigherclevererlarger

the biggestthe shortestthe nicestthe highestthe cleverestthe largest

good (well)bad (badly)many muchlittlefar

betterworsemorelessfurther

the bestthe worstthe mostthe leastthe furthest

attentivepracticaldifficult

more attentivemore practicalmore difficult

the most attentivethe most practicalthe most difficult

Comparative constructions

Для выражения сравнения существует также ряд конструкций

Конструкция Значение Перевод ПримерAs hellip as

Twice as hellip as

Равная степень качества

Такой же hellip как

В 2 раза больше

He is as cheerful as his brotherThis classroom is twice as big as that one

Not so (as)hellip as Отрицание равенства степени качества

Не такой hellip как This classroom is not so small as that one

More hellip than

Less hellip than

Сравнение степеней качества предметов

Более hellip чем

Менее hellip чем

This task is more important than that task

The + сравнит степеньthe + сравнит степень

the warmer hellipthe better

Зависимость одного от другого

Чем + сравнит степень тем + сравнит степень

Чем теплее hellip тем лучше

The warmer the weather the better I feel (Чем теплее погода тем лучше я себя чувствую)

Much + сравнстfar

much cheaper

far more serious

Значительное превышение качества одного предмета над другим

гораздо (намного) дешевле гораздо серьезнее

Lets go by carItrsquos much cheaperHer illness was far more serious than we at first thought

a bit + сравнстa littlea little warmer

Незначительное превышение

Немножко (чуточку) теплее

Itrsquos a little warmer today than it was yesterday

Older используется при сравнении по возрасту

He is older than my brother Он старше моего брата

Elder означает laquoстарший в семьеraquo

My elder brother is a doctor Мой старший брат ndash врач

Further ndash дальше и дальнейшийFarther ndash дальше

Go a bit further farther Пройдите немного дальшеMy further investigations will deal with cell physiology

Мои дальнейшие исследования будут связаны с клеткой

Exercise 19 Form comparative and superlative degreesOld young large wide difficult good hot bad much easy early well many big interesting dangerous far late

Exercise 20 Translate1 The longer (is) the night the shorter (is) the day 2 The more we read the more we know 3 He can speak German twice as fast 4 Your room is three times as large as mine 5 We shall drive at a speed as great as 90 km per hour 6 New streets are usually not so (as) narrow as old streets 7 She does not know Moscow so (as) well as we do 8 This boy is as tall as my brother 9 The earlier you get up the more you will do

Exercise 21 Use the adjectives in the brackets in comparative degree1 This problem is (complicated) than we at first thought 2 The discovery which was made by the team of American researchers is (important) than it may seem 3 The new building of the university is (big) than the old one 4 You have made many mistakes You must be (attentive) 5 Microbiology studies (simple) organisms such as bacteria protozoa and others 6 Pharmacognosy is as (difficult) as botany 7 Pharmacology is not so (easy) as you say 8 The weather today is (bad) than yesterday 9 It is necessary to work (much) to become a pharmacist

Exercise 22 Use the italicized adjectives in the superlative degree1 I think that your theory is logical Itrsquos hellip Irsquove heard so far 2 Metabolism is very important for living organisms It is one of hellip life activities 3 Your explanation is very good It is hellip which has been given for this phenomenon 4 Professor K is very famous He is one of hellip physiologists in the world 5 The operation was good It was one of hellip of its kind 6 Molecules are tiny units of which all substances are composed They are hellip of any substance which preserve the properties of this substance in chemical reactions 7 The discovery of antibiotics was really great It was one of hellip in the history of

medicine 8 Show me please a short way to the station This is hellip way to the station

Exercise 23 Chose the proper forms of adjectives1 My (oldest eldest) brother is an engineer Irsquove got two brothers They are

(older elder) than I am2 Oxford and Cambridge are the (oldest eldest) universities in Great

Britain3 If you need (farther further) information ask the doctor on duty please4 The university was situated much (farther further) than we expected5 The state of the patient changed for the (worst worse)6 We have got (less least) time than I thought7 I need (more most) time to finish the work

Exercise 24 Translate into English1 Какое здание самое высокое в вашем городе 2 Она старше своей сестры 3 Мне нужна комната поменьше 4 Это самое сложное задание в контрольной работе 5 Его ситуация более серьезная чем мы думали 6 Новое здание университета больше и лучше старого 7 Он лучший студент в нашей группе 8 Ваша лабораторная работа самая xopoшая 9 Дождливая погода хуже солнечной

Part II Speech patternsUsing ldquoshallrdquo to ask someonersquos opinion to make an offer or a suggestionShall I take a messageShall I open the windowShall we consult a dictionary

If we accept we respond sayingYes please Do pleasePlease doI think soWhy not

If we do not accept we respond sayingNo you neednrsquot Please donrsquot

Exercise 1 Make up short dialogues combining the following utterances or using your own ones

Model - Shall I speak English- As you like

- Shall I answer the phone- Yes please

- Shall we discuss the plan right now- No you neednrsquot

- Shall we cancel the meeting this afternoon- Shall I use my own car- Shall I hand in my paper in a month- Shall I fulfil my project by the end of the month- Shall we plan our campaign now- Shall I do it by myself- Shall I make a report

Exercise 2 Translate from Russian into English- Принести книги ndash Незачем- Послать письмо ndash Пожалуйста пошлите- Открыть окно ndash Не открывайте пожалуйста- Закрыть дверь ndash Пожалуйста- Мне говорить по-английски ndash Как хотите- Готовить это задание письменно ndash Нет не надо

Study the following responsesYou have been most helpful Вы мне очень помоглиYou have been most polite Вы весьма любезныYou have been most kind Вы очень добрыYou have been most curious Вы весьма любопытныYou have been most careless Вы весьма небрежны

Exercise 3 Translate from Russian into English

- Вам помочь- Да пожалуйста Вы очень добры

- Сходить в библиотеку за учебниками- Спасибо не нужно Вы и так мне очень помогли

- Проводить (see off) Вас до вокзала- Пожалуй да Вы очень любезны

- Мне Вас подвести (give a lift)- Нет спасибо Я живу недалеко (not far) отсюда

PART III Vocabulary Learning

Exercise 1 Read the words then match the suffixes and prefixes with their meanings from the list belowa) native of -an having the nature of -alb) later than or after something post- before someone or something pre-Russian postsecondary posterior prehistoric premedical pharmaceutical Hungarian medical postoperative American toxicological Belarusian botanical physiological precedent chemical preliminary Slovenian preschool practical African analytical national Armenian post-graduate post-war

Exercise 2 Read and memorize the following words1 abroad [әprimebrɔd] n ndash за границей2 applicant [rsquoәplıkәnt] n ndash aбитуриент претендент кандидат3 assignment [əsaınmənt] n ndash задание4 compulsory [kәmprimepʌlsәrı] a ndash обязательный5 conduct (classes seminars etc) [kəndʌkt] v ndash проводить (занятия

семинары и тп)6 course [kɔs] n ndash курс7 credit-test [kredıt primetest] n ndash зачет8 curriculum [kәprimerıkjulәm] n ndash учебный план9 essential [ıprimesenʃәl] a ndash существенный10 establishment [ısprimetaeligblıʃmәnt] n ndash учреждение11 extra-mural [primeekstrәprimemjuәrәl] a ndash заочный12 fail (at) [feıl] v ndash терпеть неудачу не иметь успеха

~ in maths ndash провалить(ся) на экзаменe по математике13 graduate [graeligdjueıt] v ndash окончить (любое) высшее учебное

заведение14 internship [intәnʃıp] n ndash интернатура15 master [primemαstә] n v ndash магистр овладевать16 medicine [primemedsın] n ndash медицина лекарство17 miss [mıs] v ndash пропускать (занятия и тп)18 optional course [primeɔpʃәnl primekɔs] ndash электив необязательный курс19 post-graduate [primepәust prime grәdjuıt] n ndash acпиpaнт20 property [primeprɔpәtı] n ndash свойство

21 standard [staeligndәd] n ndash уровень стандарт22 enter [primeentә] v ndash поступать23 last [lαst] v ndash длиться24 thesis [θısıs] n ndash диссертация

Exercise 3 Read the words of Greak and Latine origineTranslate them into Russianinstitution [ınstı tjuʃən] academy [әprimekaeligdәmı] examination [ıgzaeligmıprimeneıʃən] subject [primesʌbdʒıkt] physiology [fızıprimeɔlәdʒı] chemistry [primekemıstrı] physics [primefızıks] laboratory [lәprimebɔrәtәrı] qualified [primekwɔlıfaıd] specialize [primespeʃәlaız] perfumery [pәprimefjumәrı] cosmetic [kɔzprimemetık] assistant [әprimesıstәnt] faculty [primefaeligkәltı] specialist [primespeʃәlıst] problem [primeprɔblәm] train [treın] professional [prәprimefeʃәnl] pharmacognosy [fαməprimekɔgnəsı] pharmacokinetics [fαməprimekɔkaıacutenetıks] organize [ɔg(ə)naɪz] doctor [primedɔktә] professor [prәprimefesә] biology [baıɔlәdʒı] botany [primebɔtәnı] pharmacology [fαməprimekɔləʤɪ] organic [ɔprimegaelignɪk] toxicological [tɔksıprimekɔlәdʒıkl] analytical [aelignəprimelıtık(əl)] special [speʃəl] technology [tekprimenɔlәdʒı] pharmacy [primefαməsı] management [acutemaelignıdʒmənt] marketing [primemαkıtıŋ] department [dıprimepαtmənt] period [primepıərıəd] pathology [pəprimeθɔlәdʒı] mechanism [primemekənızm] molecular [məuprimelekjulə] radiation [reıdıacuteeıʃәn] clinic [acuteklınık]

Exercise 4 Match the words with the definitions1 abroad a) to continue for a particular length of time2 property b) to start working in a particular field or organization

or to start studying at a school or university3 postgraduate c) the level that is considered acceptable or the level

that someone or something has achieved4 to last d) an organization or institution especially a business

shop etc5 to enter e) someone who is studying at a university to get a

Masterrsquos Degree or a PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) Degree

6 internship f) someone who has formally asked usually in writing for a job university place etc

7 course g) a job that someone who has almost finished training as a doctor does in a hospital

8 establishment h) a period of study in a particular subject especially at university

9 applicant i) in or to a foreign country

Exercise 5 Find the synonyms1 to acquire a) task2 to complete b) to edit3 participate c) institution4 to master d) a drugstore5 to do e) to obtain a degree6 to enter f) annually7 to found g) to major8 correspondence h) to make9 to work as i) voluntary10 to be engaged in j) extramural11 every year k) to finish (graduate from)12 to publish l) to act as13 to specialize m) to establish14 to get a degree n) to get15 assignment o) to take part in16 establishment p) to be involved in17 a chemistrsquos shop q) to be admitted to18 optional r) to learn

Exercise 6 Translate the following word combinationsto acquire practical skills to do research to take exams to pass credit-tests to have practical classes to defend a graduation thesis to be engaged in social activities scientific research work after graduation extra-mural department to attend lectures (classes) to participate in seminars to fail at exam(s) to fail in Chemistry (Biology) to conduct exams to give advice to master English

Exercise 7 Translate the following sentences into Russian indicating the words of the active vocabulary1 The committee is assessing the standard of teaching in this school2 She often goes abroad on business3 People know many herbs with healing properties4 Each lesson lasts for 45 minutes5 To enter a university applicants take entrance tests6 He was one of 30 applicants for the managerrsquos job7 The course of study at the Pharmaceutical faculty lasts for 5 years8 The course of compulsory education in Belarus makes 9 years9 People keep medicines out of the reach of children10 He studies Medicine at the University11 Postgraduate students do research for their theses

12 Teachers help students in their research13 There is an extramural department at our university14 Languages are an essential part of a school curriculum

Text 1

Pharmaceutical Education in Belarus

In our country there are two institutions of higher medical education which train pharmacists Vitebsk Medical University and since 2011 Belarusian Medical University in Minsk The Pharmaceutical faculty of the VSMU was founded in 1959 and now it is the basis of Belarusian pharmaceutical education Every year more than 300 applicants enter both day-time and correspondence (extramural) department of the faculty

To enter a Pharmaceutical faculty applicants take written entrance tests in chemistry biology and Russian or Belarusian languages The course of study lasts for five years During the first two years pharmacy students study general subjects such as botany physiology general chemistry physics etc During the third fourth and fifth years they have classes in special sciences like pharmacology pharmacognosy pharmaceutical chemistry etc Six special chairs function at the faculty pharmacognosy and botany chair practical pharmacy chair organization and economy of pharmacy chair pharmaceutical technology chair toxicological and analytical chemistry chair and pharmaceutical chemistry chairSince 1999 12 optional courses have been introduced in the curriculum which contains all the basic and practical subjects necessary for the training of highly skilled pharmacists

The students also have practical classes in laboratories where they study physical and chemical properties of medicines They acquire practical skills in botany and pharmacognosy at a large Botanical Station Pharmaceutical students have practical training at chemistrsquos shops where they learn to work as pharmacists In the 5-th year the students defend a graduation thesis and take final state examinations consisting of a) test control b) practical skills control c) personal interview on theoretical problems

80 of students are engaged in social activities and scientific research work The studentsrsquo scientific societies play an important role in the training of young specialists Every year joint conferences of young scientists and

members of studentsrsquo scientific societies take place collections of papers being published

After graduation all pharmaceutical students have a period of internship which lasts for one year Here they specialize in the following pharmaceutical specialties ldquopharmacyrdquo ldquoclinical pharmacyrdquo ldquotechnology of pharmaceutical preparationsrdquo and ldquoorganization and economy of pharmacyrdquo

At higher medical institutions of Belarus there is also postgraduate study as a form of training scientific and teaching specialists Postgraduate education is not compulsory The students study and write a thesis to get the Masterrsquos Degree or the Candidate of Science Degree

After completing the course of study at the Pharmaceutical faculty graduates can work as managers assistants dispensing pharmacists or chemists-analysts at chemistrsquos shops pharmaceutical plants or chemical laboratories

Exercise 1 Fill in the gaps with the words and word combinations from the listThe degree take specialize higher medical institutions completing practical training pharmaceutical plants outlook need management period of time curriculum influence1 In our country there are hellip which train pharmacists2 Pharmaceutical students have hellipat chemistrsquos shops3 Students hellipin four pharmaceutical specialties4 Applicants hellipwritten entrance tests in chemistry biology and Russian or

Belarusian5 Postgraduate students get the hellipof Candidate of Science6 After hellipthe course of study graduates can work as managers assistants or

dispensing pharmacists7 The urgent hellipfor pharmaceutical specialists led to the organization of the

faculty8 The faculty trains professionals for chemistrsquos shops and hellip9 The hellipat the faculty consists of general and special subjects10 For a relatively short hellipall the necessary scientific and research facilities

were created at the faculty11 The VSMU trains a new generation of pharmacists with wide university

hellipand knowledge of clinical presentation and pathology of the human body

12 They master the mechanisms of drugrsquos hellipon the body13 Senior students study hellipand marketing of pharmacy

Exercise 2 Fill in prepositions where necessary

1 Organization and economy pharmacy is one of the subjects in the curriculum

2 present there are six special chairs at the Pharmaceutical faculty3 The course of study lasts five years4 The curriculum at the faculty consists many subjects5 The faculty trains students different countries of the world6 The students master the mechanisms of drug influence the body7 During the third fourth and fifth years students have classes special

sciences8 graduation all pharmaceutical students have a period of internship

which lasts for one year9 Here students specialize several pharmaceutical specialties10 Half all the foreign students getting education in our country study

medicine11 Nearly 300 applicants enter both day-time and correspondence

department hellip the faculty each year12 higher medical institutions of Belarus there is also postgraduate study

as a form of training scientific and teaching specialists

Exercise 3 Replace the underlined words with their synonymsvarious broad experts continues pharmacies effect prepares medications comprises significant views learn establishments drugs finishing directors instruct qualities drugstores system undergraduates pharmaceutists1 The need for specialists who can solve the most important social

problems of providing the people of Belarus with medicines led to the organization of the Pharmaceutical faculty at our university

2 The faculty trains professionals for chemistrsquos shops and pharmaceutical plants as well as scientists of different branches

3 The curriculum at the faculty consists of many subjects4 The course of study lasts for five years5 The VSMU trains a new generation of pharmacists with wide university

outlook and knowledge of clinical presentation (демонстрация случая) and pathologies of the human body

6 The students master the mechanisms of drug influence on the body7 There is a wide network of medical institutions which train pharmacists8 During the first two years students study general subjects9 Students study physical and medical properties of medicines 10 After completing the course of study graduates work as managers

assistants dispensing pharmacists11 Pharmaceutical students have practical training at chemistrsquos shops

Exercise 4 Match each word from column A with its opposite from column B

A В1 to create a) untrained2 to organize b) ordinary3 qualified c) inferior4 to last d) to destroy5 outstanding e) to miss6 necessary f) to stop7 to attend g) to disorganize8 primary h) nonessential9 to complete i) to begin10 to enter j) to fail11 to last k) elective12 practical l) in our country13 abroad m) to leave14 to pass n) theoretical15 compulsory o) to relax16 to work p) to cease

Exercise 5 Give English equivalents to the next word combinationsдневное отделение заочное отделение высшее медицинское образование письменные вступительные тесты курс обучения общеобразовательные предметы специальные предметы токсикологическая и аналитическая химия учебный план высококвалифицированный специалист практическая подготовка физические и лечебные свойства дипломная работа элективный (факультативный) курс государственные экзамены научно-исследовательская работа студенческое научное общество сборник научных докладов фармацевтические специальности последипломное обучение писать диссертацию степень кандидата наук

Exercise 6 Answer the following questions1 What higher medical institutions of our country train pharmacists2 What entrance tests do the applicants take3 Where do the students have practical training4 Where do the students have practical classes5 What is internship6 What pharmaceutical specialties do you know7 What does the final state examination consist of

8 What is postgraduate study9 Where can graduates work after completing their study

Exercise 7 Correct the statements below1 Applicants take oral exams to enter Pharmaceutical faculties2 Students have practical classes at chemistrsquos shops3 Students study pharmacology and pharmacognosy during the second year

of study4 Students specialize in pharmaceutical specialties during the last year of

study5 In laboratories students study pharmacy clinical pharmacy and

technology of pharmaceutical preparations6 Every student of pharmacy takes a postgraduate course

Exercise 8 Read the text and say about a) the semester system b) the examination period c) the subjects studied in the first and second years d) practical training Retell this text

The University training course for full-time students lasts for 5 years The semester system divides the academic year into two almost equal terms of approximately 18 weeks each During a semester students must attend lectures and practical classes and prepare for them regularly participate actively in seminars fulfil written assignments do laboratory works At the end of each semester students take examinations The examinations period lasts approximately for 3 weeks

The first two years of University studies are to give students a sound background for obtaining their professional knowledge So first- and second-year students take classes in a number of general and basic subjects They also study social sciences and foreign languages Later usually beginning with the third year students take classes in their special subjects and are engaged in practical training in the field of their specialization Professional skills are acquired at the laboratories and the practical work at the chemistsrsquo of Vitebsk and other towns

Pharmaceutical Education in Great Britain

Exercise 1 Read and memorize the words1 acquire [əkwaıə] v ndash приобретать овладевать (каким-либо навыком)2 adopt [ədɔpt] n ndash принимать3 be engaged in smth [ıngeıʤd] ndash заниматься чем-либо4 dispense [dıspens] v ndash приготовлять и распределять (лекарства)

5 experience [ıkspıərıəns] n ndash стаж опыт работы6 meet requirements ndash удовлетворять (соответствовать) требованиям7 require [rıkwaıə] v ndash нуждаться (в чем-либо) требовать (что-либо)8 technique [teknık] n ndash метод способ9 the sick [sık] n ndash больной10ward [wɔd] n ndash палата (больничная)

Exercise 2 Match English word combinations with Russian equivalents

1apprenticeship system a) включать обучение в палатах у постели больного

2formal educational courses b) заниматься бизнесом3to embrace general education

subjectsc) система обучения посредством

ученичества4advanced courses d) нуждаться в лицензии5to prepare for career e) официально установленный

курс обучения6to involve training in hospital

wardsf) курс повышенного типа для

продолжающих обучение7to administer medication g) назначенный на должность

правительством8possible interaction of drugs h) заключаться в знании многих

областей науки9expected side effects i) назначать лекарственное

средство10 to encompass a wide field of

knowledgej) подготавливать к карьере

11 to be engaged in business k) фармацевт имеющий лицензию на практическую деятельность

12 licensed pharmacist l) включать (содержать) общеобразовательные предметы

13 a board of pharmacy m) возможное взаимодействие лекарств

14 appointed by the government n) фармацевтический Совет15 to require a license o) предполагаемые побочные

действия лекарств

Read the text and do the tasks which follow it

Text 2

The history of pharmaceutical education has closely followed that of medical education As the training of the physician underwent changes from the apprenticeship system to formal educational courses so did the training of the pharmacist The first pharmaceutical colleges in Great Britain were founded at the beginning of the nineteenth century

The course of instruction leading to a degree in pharmacy was extended from four to five years in 1960 The first and frequently the second year of training embracing general education subjects are often provided by a school of arts and sciences Many institutions in addition offer graduate courses in pharmacy and cognate sciences leading to the degrees of Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in pharmacy pharmacology or related disciplines These advanced courses are intended especially for those who are preparing for careers in research manufacturing or teaching in the field of pharmacy

Several schools of pharmacy have now adopted a six-year professional course leading to the degree of Doctor of Pharmacy This professional training includes many subjects common to the medical curriculum and involves training in hospital wards In this service a professionally trained pharmacist is expected to give advice to the physician in the techniques of administering medication and possible interaction of drugs in the patient along with expected side effectsSince the treatment of the sick with drugs encompasses a wide field of knowledge in the biological and physical sciences it is obvious that understanding of these sciences is necessary for adequate pharmaceutical training The basic five-year curriculum in British colleges of pharmacy embraces physics chemistry biology bacteriology physiology pharmacology and many other specialized courses such as dispensing pharmacy As the pharmacist is engaged in business as well special training is provided in merchandising accounting computer techniques and pharmaceutical jurisprudence All other countries requiring licenses to practice offer the same basic curriculum with minor variations

Before one is permitted to practice pharmacy in Great Britain as well as in other countries in which a license is required an applicant must be qualified by graduation from a recognized college of pharmacy meet specific requirements for experience and pass an examination conducted by a board of pharmacy appointed by the government The passing of this board examination carries with it the legal right to practise pharmacy The holder is then designated a registered or licensed pharmacist

cognate sciences minus сходные науки Master of Science minus Магистр наук is designated ndash называется (обозначается) holder ndash обладатель степени (звания) a board of pharmacy ndash экзаменационная комиссия по фармации a registered pharmacist ndash фармацевт имя которого внесено в

официальный список (реестр)

A B1 closely a) unofficial2 obvious b) to deprive3 formal c) to reduce4 to permit d) unclear5 to provide e) remotely6 to extend f) general7 to qualify g) entrance8 specific h) to forbid9 graduation i) to disqualify

Exercise 4 Correct the statements below1 The history of pharmaceutical education is not connected with the history

of medical education2 A four-year instruction course was adopted in 19603 All pharmaceutical institutions offer courses leading to the degrees of

Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy4 The compulsory professional course in pharmacy is 6 years5 Different countries offer different curricula in pharmaceutical education6 Before one is permitted to practice pharmacy in Great Britain he must

pass an examination conducted by a board of pharmacy appointed by his college

Exercise 5 Answer the following questions1 What changes did the training of the pharmacist undergo2 When were the first pharmaceutical colleges founded in Great Britain3 When was the course of instruction extended4 Which years of training are provided by a school of arts and sciences5 What additional graduate courses do many institutions offer

6 What professional training includes medical subjects and training in hospital wards

7 What is the professionally trained pharmacist expected to do8 What sciences does the basic five-year curriculum embrace9 What curriculum do other countries offer10What is required to be permitted to practice pharmacy in Great Britain

Read the text and be ready for a comprehension check-up

Text 3

THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMACY

Pharmacy is defined as the art and science of recognizing identifying collecting selecting preparing storing testing compounding and dispensing all substances used in preventive or in curative medicine for treating people The word ldquopharmacyrdquo comes from the Greek word pharmakon which in the modern language means ldquoa drugrdquo To the Greeks it was associated with a god or higher being who had the power of affecting people with herbs infusions etc

Pharmacy was born in old time when human being started to search for remedies for treatment of the ailments First pharmacies in Europe appeared in 1100 in monasteries Monks prepared remedies and supplied them to all needy free of charge At the same time first prescriptions were created and they were started with the words ldquoGood luckrdquo 100 years later first city pharmacies were opened in Venice Specialists for those pharmacies were prepared in accordance to widely acceptable methods of those times pupil ndash apprentice ndash master This preparation chain took 10-15 years (depending on the abilities of each person) The monks created schools and laboratories in monasteries The earliest ever found Pharmacopoeia Articles for different medicines were created by monasteries scientists But Monkrsquos schools were unable to reach scientific opportunities proposed by popular universities in Oxford Salamanca Prague and other European cities So peak of prime of those universities fell on the 13-th century

Pharmacy as an independent branch of medicine was born in Europe in 1240 when the Emperor of Holy Rome separated pharmacy from medicine However there was no special pharmaceutical training at that time The duty of a pharmacist was to prepare and sell medicines and to help the doctor In Great Britain assistants to the physicians were called apothecaries

In the 15-th century first appeared the term ldquoprovisorrdquo (from Latin foreseeing predicting) that explains the importance of the role of the pharmacists in treatment process The doctor establishes diagnosis and the

pharmacist foresees the tendency of the disease and with the aid of proper medicines corrects and predetermines its course and further development First proper Pharmacopoeia was published in 1581 in Spain

Much time went till pharmacy became a profession and creation of special medical establishments were found necessary Hundreds of private schools were opened in Europe that often were headed or owned by the pharmacists

In 1623 the apothecaries opened a manufacturing laboratory which produced galenical preparations This was necessary in their opinion because the drugs sold were often adulterated The laboratory was a great success and by 1671 it developed into a real chemical plant The apothecaries had the right to dispense medicines

Practices of giving education to the pharmacists within Universities were first introduced in France and England at the beginning of the 19-th century The education was oriented on gaining knowledge and practical skills in manufacture and use of the medicines But later educational courses started to include more theoretical subjects It was connected to the fact that during following decades pharmacies gradually lost manufacturing functions and were more concentrated on sales of medicines and advice to the patients

In Russia pharmacy as a branch of science started its development since the decree of Peter I in the 18-th century According to the decree pharmacists got special training at the hospital chemistsrsquo and private chemistsrsquo Some of them had practice at the chemistsrsquo orchards (gardens) The pupils studied botany and had practice of pharmacy at the hospital chemistsrsquo At the end of their study they had an examination for the title of a pharmacist and chemist-assistant

Pharmacy is now made possible by organized pharmaceutical education pharmaceutical research and pharmaceutical industry

Notes remedy ndash лекарство лекарственное средство ailment ndash недомогание нездоровье болезнь monk ndash монах prescription ndash рецепт apprentice ndash ученик Pharmacopoeia Article ndash фармакопейная статья adulterated ndash фальсифицированный испорченный (примесями) Holy Rome ndash Святой Рим Decree of Peter I ndash указ Петра I hospital chemistsrsquo ndash аптеки при больницах

Exercise 1 Discuss the text answering the questions

1 What new facts have you found out about your future speciality 2 When was pharmacy born 3 How can you define ldquopharmacyrdquo now 4 Is pharmacy an ancient science Prove it 5 Who were the first ldquopharmacistsrdquo 6 How were the pharmacists prepared at that time 7 What did you learn about the word ldquoprovisorrdquo 8 When were the first educational establishments for pharmacists opened 9 What was the education of pharmacist oriented on 10 Why was it necessary to open a manufacturing laboratory 11 What can you say about the development of pharmacy in Russia

Exercise 2 Look through the text and find the degrees of comparison of adjectives

Exercise 3 Finish the sentences according to the text1 First pharmacies in Europe hellip 2 First prescriptions were created and hellip 3 Monks prepared remedies and hellip 4 The earliest Pharmacopoeia Articles hellip 5 The duty of a pharmacist was hellip 6 The doctor establishes diagnosis and the pharmacist hellip 7 First proper Pharmacopoeia hellip 8 In 1623 the apothecaries opened hellip 9 Practices of giving education to the pharmacists within Universities hellip 10 According to the decree pharmacists got special training hellip

Exercise 4 Read and say what statement corresponds to the main idea of the text1 Pharmacy has developed independently of medicine since early time 2 Pharmacy has developed independently since the act of the Emperor of Rome 3 Pharmacy had developed independently of medicine till late seventeenth century 4 Pharmacy developed independently of medicine because the Medical Act of 1540 permitted practice of medicine to apothecaries

Exercise 5 Look through the text again and note the differences of pharmacy development in Europe and Russia

Part V Rendering

Read the following information and render it into English

ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧЕСКОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ В ИЗРАИЛЕ

На фармацевтов в Израиле учат всего в двух местах в Еврейском университете в Иерусалиме который считается главным в стране а также на факультете Беер-Шевского университета в Южном округе Израиля Поступить в университет очень сложно поступить на фармацевтический факультет ndash практически невозможно Люди закончившие школу сдают экзамен на аттестат зрелости (school-leaving certificate) Помимо этого есть некоторые предметы (математика физика химия биология и английский) которые можно изучать на повышенном уровне (advanced level) Также для поступления в израильский университет необходимо сдать единый (unified) экзамен ndash laquoпсихометриюraquo Она включает тест с вопросами общего характера из разных предметов школьной программы тест по математике английскому языку и грамматике иврита Для того чтобы поступить на фармацевта надо набрать 700 баллов по психометрии и иметь средний балл аттестата не менее 90-95 что является крайне жестким (stringent severe) критерием отбора Поэтому большинство израильтян едут учиться в Европу Лидерами по обучению молодых специалистов являются Каунас в Литве и Будапешт в Венгрии Как правило на фармацевта учатся 3-4 года (первая степень бакалавр) Уже с первой степенью по фармацевтике в Израиле можно работать фармацевтом что довольно необычно тк по другим специальностям надо отучиться как минимум на вторую степень магистра

Большинство фармацевтов получив степень бакалавра сразу же идут учиться на вторую степень подрабатывая на полставки (part-time job) Вторая степень выполняется в какой-либо лаборатории и связана с выполнением небольшой научной работы вроде того что у нас называется laquoписать дипломraquo Это занимает еще года два По закону любой фармацевт обязан получить лицензию (get a licence) на работу в Израиле по специальности Те кто оканчивают университет в Израиле сдают формальный экзамен Те кто учились за границей имеют возможность пройти специальный полугодичный курс организованный министерством здравоохранения Курс включает занятия по анатомии физиологии органической химии биохимии технологии а также английскому языку

КАК СТАТЬ АПТЕКАРЕМ В КАНАДЕ

Работу фармацевтов и продажу лекарств в Канаде контролирует Канадская фармацевтическая ассоциация Большинство фармацевтов Канады (80) работают в розничных (retail) аптеках Около 15 фармацевтов работают в госпитальных аптеках а остальные ndash в

фармакологических ассоциациях компаниях или консультационных фирмах Как правило для работы фармацевтом необходимо иметь диплом бакалавра фармацевтики одного из канадских университетов пройти практику в интернатуре или поработать в качестве практиканта непосредственно в аптеке а затем сдать национальный квалификационный экзамен В Канаде фармацевтов готовят в 9 университетах Программа обучения рассчитана на 4 года после этого студенты в течение года проходят практику в аптеке и далее следует 6 месяцев обучения в интернатуре В некоторых провинциях диплома бакалавра для работы в аптеке вполне достаточно и дальнейшее обучение уже не требуется

Part VI Speaking

Exercise 1 Read and reproduce the following situational dialogues

־ Wersquove got a new philosophy lecturer this term־ How do you like him־ He makes an impression of a highly qualified teacher Besides he is very

strict And I think itrsquos good־ As for me I prefer not very strict teachers

־ Excuse me are you from the Pharmaceutical faculty־ Yes I am־ And from what group־ 12־ Fine I am to speak to your monitor Is he here־ Yes there he is standing Letrsquos come up to him

monitor ndash староста

What foreign language do you study־ English And I like it very much־ Do you Then you must be good in languages As for me I have a lot of

trouble with it Irsquom afraid I have no abilities for languages hellip־ Sorry but do you work at your English regularly־ To tell the truth I donrsquot Perhaps I got a little too interested in sports־ I see Itrsquos not easy for you to keep up both sports and studies And what

are you going to do about it

־ I really donrsquot know Maybe I have to change something in my daily routine

to be good at languages ndash хорошо знать языки to have abilities for languages ndash иметь способности к языкам to keep up ndash не прекращать

־ You wouldnrsquot like to fail in your physics exam tomorrow would you־ Of course I wouldnrsquot Who would־ But you havenrsquot been working at all these days Perhaps you think you are

clever enough to pass the exam without any effortshellip־ No fear Irsquom quite at home in physics Irsquove been studying it properly

during the term

to fail ndash провалиться (на экзамене) to be at home in physics ndash хорошо знать физику

־ Can you help me with these formulas Irsquom so poor in chemistry nowhellip־ Are you Itrsquos hard to believe You were at the top of the class at school as

far as I remember־ It was at schoolhellip And here I havenrsquot got a single good mark in chemistry

yet You see Irsquove missed rather many classes Though it isnrsquot my fault Irsquove been ill for nearly a month and now I canrsquot keep up with the group

־ I see Certainly Irsquoll help you Come to me any time you like־ Thank you See you tomorrow then if you donrsquot mind־ Till tomorrow

to be poor in chemistry ndash (не знать) быть слабым в химии to miss classes ndash пропустить занятия to keep up with ndash laquoидти в ногу сraquo не отставать

Have you written your term-paper־ Certainly I already handed it in to the teacher a couple of days ago And

what about you־ I only started it the day before yesterday I didnrsquot think the work would be

so difficult And now I see I wonrsquot manage it on time־ Well itrsquoll teach you a lesson You are in the habit of putting off

everything till the last moment

term-paper ndash семестровая работа

to hand in ndash сдавать on time ndash вовремя to teach a lesson ndash преподавать урок to be in the habit of putting off ndash иметь привычку откладывать все

־ Are you going back to the hostel Whatrsquos happened Classes are

beginning in some 5 minutes You may be late־ I hope I wonrsquot Irsquove forgotten to take my notes and Irsquoll need them at the

seminar Irsquom going to give a talk־ Canrsquot you speak without any notes־ Oh no I donrsquot feel very sure of myself yethellip־ Then hurry up Good luck Bye־ Bye See you later

feel very sure of myself ndash чувствовать себя уверенно

Exercise 2 Agree or disagree to the statements given below Use the following expressions

Yes you are right No you are not right Sorry you are wrong Yes indeed Quite so I donrsquot agree with you

1 To enter a Pharmaceutical faculty applicants take oral examinations2 Pharmacy is a modern science3 Scientific research work helps the student to understand better some

scientific problems4 Postgraduate education is compulsory5 It is necessary to write thesis to get the Masterrsquos degree6 During the period of internship pharmaceutical graduates specialize in

some pharmaceutical specialties7 Understanding of the biological and physical sciences is necessary for

adequate pharmaceutical training

Exercise 3 Discuss the following talking-points1 The conditions of taking entrance examinations to your University2 The course of study3 Practical training4 Postgraduate study

Exercise 4 Compare the British pharmaceutical education with that in our country

Exercise 5 An acquaintance of yours is interested in your profession as he is going to make a career in the same field He tries to find out some information about it Answer his questions

Exercise 6 Make an oral presentation of pharmaceutical education in Great Britain to your groupmates

Exercise 7 Get ready to speak on the topic ldquoPharmaceutical education in Belarusrdquo Use exercise 2 as an outline

SECTION 3

Oral topic In the chemical laboratory

Grammar Participle II (Past Participle) Indefinite Passive voice Words-substitutes ldquoonerdquo ldquoonesrdquo ldquothat ofrdquo ldquothose ofrdquo Imperative Mood Grammar homonyms

Participle II

Study Table 1 Read the following regular verbs and pay attention to the pronunciation of the suffix ndash ed

Table 1 [-d] [-d] [-t] [-ıd]

studiedplayedstayedfreed

engaged

prolongedinformedrevised

organizedfailed

helpedworkedstopped

producedmissed

waitedgeneratedgraduated

Study Table 2 and say what functions Participle II may perform in a sentence Pay attention to the mode of translation of Participle II

Table 2

Функции Пример Переводопределение (attribute)

The standard buffer solution formed by a mixture of acid and its salt contains a base and its salt

The experiments made were of great importance

Experiments made by the students were discussed at the Department of Organic Chemistry

Стандартный буферный раствор образованный смесью кислоты и ее солей содержит основание и сольПроводимые эксперименты имели большое значениеЭксперименты выполненные (выполняемые) студентами обсудили на кафедре органической химии

обстоятельство (adverbial modifier) с союзами if when (with conjunctions if when)

When heated albumin hardens into a solid mass

If boiled with dilute nitric acid the solution decomposes

При нагревании альбумин затвердевает в плотную массуКогда альбумин нагревают он затвердевает в плотную массуЕсли раствор кипятить с разбавленной азотной кислотой то он разлагается

составная часть глагола-

At present impurities in the chemical substances

В настоящее время примеси в химических

сказуемого (part of a predicate in Passive Voice Perfect Tenses Active Voice)

are easily established веществах легко установить (устанавливаются)

Exercise 1 Give three forms of the following irregular verbsto seem to break to make to give to leave to speak to keep to ride to say to send to build to take to do to put to know to hold to tell to choose to think to eat to drink to run to wear to shut to be

Exercise 2 Read and translate the following word combinations with Participle IIa) as an attributeA student admitted to the university passed credit-tests the arranged meeting a lecture delivered a seen film a broken glass a well-made test the task explained a given food elements discovered by scientists beautifully colored leaves a mixture placed in a cool place the supplied reagents the given amount of the substance the obtained data substances called reagentsb) as an adverbial modifierWhen spoken to when mixed if done incorrectly when fulfilled in time if stored correctly when kept ventilated if kept in non-metallic containers if used as indicated

Exercise 3 Translate the following sentences and define functions of Participle II 1 The information presented in the article was of great importance for the pharmacy students 2 When poured into a container liquids take the shape of the container 3 In the 20th century the vitamins and the elements required only in small amounts were discovered 4 Reagents are usually supplied in boxes 5 Silver dissolved in water kills many harmful bacteria 6 Despite the health risk associated with lead it was used by doctors for around 2000 years 7 All the life on Earth ndash human beings animals and plants ndash depend on the heat light and other kinds of energy given off by the sun 8 Hydrogen explodes easily when mixed with air or oxygen 9 Cellulose is the most abundant substance found in the plant kingdom 10 When heated dry ice (solid CO2) becomes a gas 11 Most poisonous plants are poisonous only if eaten

Indefinite PassiveTable 3

to be (present past future) + Participle IIУтвердительная форма(Affirmative)

1 This effect is associated with the low temperature

2 New substances were discovered at our laboratory

3 The apparatus will be modified

1 Этот эффект зависит от низкой температуры

2 Новые вещества были открыты в нашей лаборатории

3 Прибор будет модифицирован

Вопросительная форма(Interrogative)

1 Is this effect associated with the low temperature

2 Were new substances discovered at our laboratory

3 Will the apparatus be modified

Отрицательная форма(Negative)

1 This effect is not associated with low temperature

2 New substances were not discovered at our laboratory

3 The apparatus will not be modified

1 Этот эффект не зависит от низкой температуры

2 Новые вещества не были открыты в нашей лаборатории

3 Прибор не будет модифицирован

Exercise 4 Remember the following phrases and make up your own sentences with themIt is said that hellip ndash Говорят что hellipIt is reported that hellip ndash Сообщают что hellipIt was announced that hellip ndash Объявили что hellip

Exercise 5 Add a statement to the one given in the model

Model They discussed this question last week- So the question was discussed after allHe asked them to come- So they were asked to come after all

1 He finished this experiment last night 2 They made the report on Tuesday 3 I asked them to arrive here 4 He wrote the article for the newspaper 5 She answered the letter yesterday

Exercise 6 Express your satisfaction (удовлетворение) with the news according to the model

Model We decided to translate this article ndash Irsquom glad it will be translated He made up his mind to see you off ndash Irsquom delighted I shall be seen off

1 They decided to do this job at once 2 She decided to finish the article 3 He made up his mind to deliver this lecture 4 She made up her mind to send an e-mail to Peter

Exercise 7 Express your surprise (удивление) in response to the statements given below Use the model

Model They will make the report in time ndash Will the report really be madeHe sent the telegram at once ndash Was the telegram really sentThey make the experiment ndash Is the experiment really made

1 They built this house in the last century 2 We shall finish the work today 3 He prepared the report 4 Shersquoll take her exam next month 5 The museum greatly impressed them 6 They have opened the exhibition 7 He has done the translationExercise 8 Practise verb-preposition combinations used in the Passive voice Change the active construction into a passive one as in the modelModel They immediately sent for a doctor ndash The doctor was

immediately sent for

Mind the translation of the following verbslaugh at ndash смеяться надlook for ndash искатьlook through ndash просматриватьlook at ndash смотреть на что-либо кого-либоlook after ndash присматривать за кем-либоtake care of ndash заботиться о ком-либоlisten to ndash слушатьcall for ndash заходить за кем-либо

put aside ndash откладывать в сторону

1 They often laugh at this guy 2 He will look for these documents 3 We shall take care of your son 4 The professor will operate on this woman 5 We looked through these articles 6 We listened to the speaker with great interest 7 The boy hurriedly put aside books and note-books 8 The nurse will look after these patients 9 Did you call for them yesterday 10 I shall take care of the patient 11 They didnrsquot look at him 12 I will rely on your findings

Exercise 9 Find the sentences with the verbs in Indefinite Passive Translate them into Russian1 The work at the botanical stations helps the students acquire deep knowledge of botany and pharmacognosy 2 We will define chemistry today as the study of formation composition structure and reactions of the chemical elements and their compounds 3 Great number of new compounds was described and important work was carried out on the determination of atomic weights 4 Each period of development of medicine contributed to the store of medical knowledge 5 The year of 1887 may be accepted as the date of appearance of physical chemistry 6 Galenical preparations will be produced according to the needs of medical knowledge 7 In ancient time the most important examinations were spoken not written 8 The written examination where all students are tested on the same questions was probably not known until the 19th century

Exercise 10 Translate the sentences into Russian Pay attention to the use of Indefinite Passive1 Many experiments are carried out by the pharmaceutical students during their studies 2 Chemical laboratories are equipped with different apparatuses 3 Positive effect was associated with the low temperature 4 Pharmacy is defined as the science of recognizing identifying collecting selecting preparing and compounding substances 5 First educational establishments with proper course for pharmacists were opened in Montpelier 6 Thousands of future specialists are trained at the higher educational establishments 7 Chemical and physical properties of inorganic substances were thoroughly studied during practical classes in chemistry 8 Drug effects will be described after a number of experiments

Exercise 11 Open the brackets using the verbs in the Passive Voice

1 The academic year in all types of educational institutions (divide) into two terms

2 A laboratory is a place where experiments (carry out)3 State universities partly (subsidize) by state governments4 Periodic Law (study) by millions of secondary school children and by

students at higher educational establishments of natural sciences and engineering

5 In British universities some university teachers (call) tutors6 A lecture - room is a place where lectures (deliver)7 A studentsrsquo conference on this problem (hold) next month8 Pharmacy (define) as the science of drugs9 Great attention in his lectures (give) to organic chemistry10 In the 18th century the General Pharmaceutical Association of Great

Britain (form)11 The Fahrenheit thermometric scale and some new methods of study

(introduce) in the 18th century

Exercise 12 Change the voice of a verb-predicate as in the model

Model We carry out many experiments in our laboratory Many experiments are carried out by us in our laboratory

1 After each lesson we ventilate our classroom 2 The students place laboratory vessels on the table 3 In a year we will equip our chemical laboratory with modern apparatuses 4 Fahrenheit introduced a new scale into the experimental work in the 18th century 5 The students take written exams at the end of the term 6 The teacher gave him an interesting problem to solve 7 The scientists discuss the experiments every day 8 A librarian offered him many books on the subject of his report 9 The Dean warmly thanked the students for their help 10 After the experiment was over we recorded all the findings

WORDS-SUBSTITUTES ldquoonerdquo ldquoonesrdquo ldquothat (of)rdquo ldquothose (of)rdquo

Exercise 13 Analyze the sentences and find nouns which are substituted by the words ldquoonerdquo ldquoonesrdquo ldquothat ofrdquo ldquothose ofrdquo Translate the sentencesNote Words-substitutes are not translated into Russian In some cases the translation of the noun may be used instead of the word-substitute

Model 1 The laboratory tables are higher than the usual ones Лабораторные столы выше чем обычные (столы)

2 As the body changes from a state of rest to that of activity its requirements alter По мере того как организм переходит от пассивного состояния к активному (состоянию) его потребности меняются

3 The simplest atom is that of hydrogen Самый простой атом ndash атом водорода

4 Plants are divided into two main groups those that have flowers and those that do not Растения делятся на две основные группы растения у которых есть цветы и растения у которых их нет

1 The mercury thermometer is more accurate than the alcohol one 2 I donrsquot like this test-tube Can you give me a better one 3 It was necessary to use hydrochloric acid instead of sulphuric one 4 Synthesis is the use of chemical reactions to build larger molecules from smaller ones 5 Within six months or so 90 percent of molecules that make up our bodies are replaced by the new ones 6 Simple microscopes ndash ones with only one lens ndash are really no more than the magnifying glasses 7 A compound has properties that can be different from those of its component elements 8 One of the most interesting periods in the history of chemistry was that of alchemists 500-1600 AD 9 The earliest known system of classification is that of Aristotle 10 The early chemists were aware that fluorides contained an unknown element fluorine and that its compounds greatly resembled those of chlorine but they could not isolate it

Imperative mood

The sentences that give a command or make a request are called imperative sentencesStop it Stop talkingBe yourself Trust your own intuitionListen Pack your suitcases we are going to leave

Occasionally to give emphasis we include the subject (always the addressee)You take my advice Jane

Exercise 14 Ask your partner- to apply for the job

- to imitate the teacherrsquos (the speakerrsquos) pronunciation

- to comment on the fact

- to establish a new point of reference

- to choose a better description- to accept the invitation

Study negative imperative sentencesDonrsquot take the job if you are not sureDonrsquot imitate others be yourself

Exercise 15 Ask your partner- not to smoke (that much)- not to speak so loud - not to give advice if you are not

asked for

- not to accept that job- not to trust that person- not to give comments

Exercise 16 Learn some of the informal uses of imperativesThink nothing of it (acknowledging apology thanks)Do it my way (advice)(Do) forgive me (apologizing)Excuse me (apologizing starting to speak to a stranger)Please do (giving permission)Look here (attention-getting)Tell me another (disbelief)Look out Watch out (warning)Take care (saying farewell)Check out (focusing)

Imperative Mood in instructions and regulations

Exercise 17 Read A General Lab Safety Rules and say if you always follow them

1 Work in the lab when the teacher is present2 Walk Do not run in the lab3 Do not eat drink beverages or chew gum in the lab4 Never taste chemicals5 Avoid contact with chemicals Wear safety glasses whenever

necessary6 Clean and dry your lab table7 Never rely on the shape size or color of the bottle Read the label8 Always wash hands after experiments

9 Report any accident (spill breakage etc) or injury (cut burn etc) to the instructor immediately

10 Carefully follow all instructions

B the following instructions and translate them into RussianIf you see the fire1 Stay calm donrsquot panic2 Shut the door to the room with the fire3 Tell other people about the fire as soon as possible4 Leave the building immediately5 Do not run Walk quickly but calmly6 Do not use lifts7 Move near the floor The best air is at floor level8 Close all doors behind you

Task Make up instructions for the students (schoolchildren) working in the physics laboratory

Part II SPEECH PATTERNS

TALKING ABOUT THE TEMPERATURE I Read the following short dialogues

1 ndash What is the temperature todayndash It is seventeen degrees above zero Celsius (Centigrade)

2 ndash What was the temperature yesterdayndash It was twelve degrees above zero Celsius (Centigrade)

3 ndash What was the average temperature last winterndash It was twenty degrees below zero Celsius (Centigrade)

above zero ndash выше нуляbelow zero ndash ниже нуляaverage ndash средний

Exercise 1 Words to be remembereda) names of chemical substances and reagents

liquid [lıkwıd] n а ndash жидкость жидкийreagent [rieıdʒənt] n ndash реактив реагентpotassium [pətaeligsıəm] n ndash калийammonium [əməunıəm] n ndash аммоний

sodium [səudıəm] n ndash натрийalkali [aeliglk(ə)laı] n ndash щёлочьnitric [naıtrık] acid ndash азотная кислотаsulphuric [sʌlfjuərık] acid ndash серная кислотаhydrochloric [haıdrəklɒrık] acid ndash соляная кислота хлористоводородная кислотаmethylene green [mɛθılın grın] ndash метиленовый зелёныйmethylene blue [mɛθılın blu] ndash метиленовый синийphenolphthalein [finɒl (f)θalin - (f)θeɪl-] ndash фенолфталеинmercury [mɜkjərı] n ndash ртуть ртутный столб температура или давление

b) names of glassware and vesselstest-tube [acutetestacutetjub] n ndash пробиркаflask [flαsk] n ndash колба volumetric [vɔljuacutemetrık] flask ndash мерная колбаglass [glʌs] n ndash стакан measuring glass [acutemeʒərıŋacuteglαs] ndash мензуркаglass cap [acuteglαsacutekaeligp] ndash стеклянная крышкаpipette [pıacutepet] n ndash пипеткаfunnel [acutefʌnl] n ndash воронкаglassware [acuteglαswεə] n ndash стеклянная посудаretort [rıacutetɔt] n ndash ретортаgraduated cylinder [acutegraeligdjueıtıd acutesılındə] ndash мерный цилиндрburette [bjuəacuteret] n ndash бюреткаbeaker [bıkə] n ndash лабораторный стакан мензурка

c) names of laboratory materials instruments and equipmentseparation [sep(ə)reıʃ(ə)n] n ndash отделение разложение на частиrack [raeligk] n ndash полка (узкая)shelf [ʃelf] n ndash полкаpullout ~ выдвижная полкаlipped ~ выступающая полкаwater supply [acutewɔ təsəacuteplaı] n ndash водопроводrunning water ndash проточная водаinstrument [acuteınstrumənt] n ndash приборtool [tul] n ndash инструментstand [acutestaelignd] n ndash штативbalance [acutebaeligləns] n ndash весыburner [acutebənə] n ndash горелкаscale [skeıl] n ndash шкалаdevice [dıvaıs] n ndash приспособлениеstopcock [stɔpkɔk] nndash запорный кран пробка stopper [stɔpə] n ndash пробка затычка

d) names of processes and actions connected with the work in the laboratorywaste [weıst] nndash отходы industrial wastes ndash промышленные отходыsteam [stım] n ndash пар дымaccessory [əkses(ə)rı] a ndash вспомогательныйweigh [weı] v ndash взвешиватьweight [weıt] n ndash весrecord [rıacutekɔd] v ndash регистрироватьobtain [əbacuteteın] v ndash получатьsupply [səacuteplaı] v ndash снабжатьclamp [klaeligmp] v ndash скреплятьmelting-point [acutemeltıŋacutepɔınt] n ndash точка плавленияboiling-point [acutebɔılıŋacutepɔınt] n ndash точка кипенияamount [əacutemaunt] n ndash количествоdissolve [dıacutezɔlv] v ndash растворять (ся)findings [acutefaındıŋz] n ndash данныеmeasure [acutemeʒə] v ndash измерятьaccurate [aeligkjurıt] andash точныйcontamination [kəntaeligmıneıʃ(ə)n] n ndash загрязнениеunder the supervision ndash под руководствомsafety [seıftı] n ndash безопасность сохранностьdatum [deıtəm] (pl data) ndash данная величина данное calculation [kaeliglkjuleıʃ(ə)n] n ndash вычисление подсчёт расчётcomplete [kəmplıt] v ndash заканчивать завершать комплектовать

Exercise 2 Read the words of Latin and Greek origin and translate themSpecial [speʃ(ə)l] laboratory [ləbɔrət(ə)rı] ventilate [ventıleıt] group [grup] analysis [ənaeligləsıs] cylinder [sılındə] pipette [pıpet] accurate [aeligkjurıt] experiment [ıksperımənt] apparatus [aeligp(ə)reıtəs] instrument [ınstrəmənt] thermometer [θəmɔmıtə] accessory [əkses(ə)rı] material [mətıərıəl] reaction [rıaeligkʃ(ə)n] separation [sep(ə)reıʃ(ə)n] basic [beısık] function [fʌŋkʃ(ə)n] category [kaeligtɪg(ə)rɪ] concept [kɔnsept] component [kəmpəunənt] procedure [prəsıdʒə]

Exercise 3 Form the derivatives from the next words

Model measure measurment measuring

Measure volume pharmacy practice chemist equip find contaminate boil melt determine react separate clean heat work harm burn observe

Exercise 4 Make up word combinations and translate them into Russian

to make

observations discoveriesinventionsexperiments testssure

scientific

methods laws studiestheoriesresearch achievements breakthrough

researchlessonsonersquos worksmb goodsmbharmonersquos best

accurate

measuring weight findings calculations analysis (es)instrument

to perform

orderpromiseexperimentroleplay

safety

glasslampequipmentrules

to take

measurementstemperatureexams (credit-tests)for granted

general

glasswaresafety rulesinformationsubjects

Exercise 5 Make up the word combinationsPractical chemical harmful unpleasant analytical general special molecular quantitative greatest essential digital graduated accurate efficient basic laboratory workingConditions classes reaction substances accessories odor materials work thermometer pipette equipment measurement apparatus accuracy use weight analysis glassware

Exercise 6 Translate the following word combinationsDifferent reactions chemical substances a room for carrying out experiments a room for weighing a room for storing substances to ventilate a room equipment of a laboratory to carry out volumetric analyses to measure a volume accurate measuring with the greatest accuracy a specific volume essential equipment heating equipment basic materials laboratory

accessories non-essential things steam-heated devices to improve working conditions to avoid injuries the laboratory safety equipment to influence the research work melting-point boiling-point solidifying-point quantitative analysis digital instruments

Exercise 7 Answer the questions using the suitable alternatives1 Which of the glassware is used for measuringa) a pipette b) a thermometer c) a test-tube d) a volumetric flask2 Which of the glassware is most widely used by pharmaceutical students

during experimentsa) a) test-tubes b) retorts c) funnels d) flasks e) burettes f) pipettes g)

graduated cylinders3 Which of these are generally available for the students in the chemical

laboratorya) slides b) buffer solutions c) alkali d) scales e) scissors f) litmus g) microscope h) distillators

Part IV Reading Comprehention

Text 1

In the chemical laboratory

The chemical laboratory is a place where you can perform in actual the different reactions that you had learnt in the books or heard in lectures The students of the pharmaceutical faculty often have practical classes in chemistry in the chemical laboratory There they carry out various experiments work with different chemical substances

The chemical laboratory consists of several rooms a room for storing the necessary substances a room for recording the obtained findings and a room for washing laboratory vessels These rooms are large and light well ventilated because chemists often work with harmful substances that have a strong and unpleasant odor

A good chemical laboratory is fully equipped with the basic measuring and analytical apparatuses that allow a good study of all the branches of chemistry However all experiments should be performed under the supervision of the lab instructor only

The laboratory is equipped with special tables which are higher than usual ones On each of the tables one can see shelves and racks with

laboratory vessels and glassware of all kinds some of them are empty while others contain the reagents

The most widely used reagents which are available at every laboratory are acids (nitric sulphuric and hydrochloric) alkali (ammonium solution potassium solution sodium solution) oxides inorganic salts indicators (phenolphthalein methylene green)

Reagents which are used in large amounts are supplied in big boxes or bottles Reagents which are seldom used are supplied in amounts up to 10 or 11g or even less

The most common and widely used equipment is that made of glass With glassware it is easy to spot what is happening inside The laboratory vessels and glassware are divided into three groups glassware for general use glassware for special use and glassware for measuring Glassware for general use includes test-tubes funnels flasks of different shape and size retorts etc Special glassware includes things necessary for carrying out different analyses For example special vessels for determination of molecular weights for the determination of melting- and boiling-points etc The glassware for measuring includes graduated cylinders burettes graduated flasks measuring glasses pipettes and others Burettes are used for very accurate measurements of volumes as in volumetric analysis Volumetric flasks are used to measure specific volumes accurately especially for preparing solutions in quantitative analysis Pipettes provide a means for greatest accuracy in measuring volume Thermometers and pipettes are essential equipment for many chemistry laboratories There are the standard lab thermometers for traditional measurements or the digital instruments for very accurate and easy recording of temperature or pH level The simplest and most common of all is a liquid thermometer Mercury is a particularly suitable liquid because of its high boiling point ndash +35725degC and its low solidifying-point ndash -39degC The mercury thermometer is more accurate than the alcohol one Graduated pipettes allow for very accurate liquid measurements A balance is used to measure out small amounts of chemicals

Laboratory heating equipment is used to generate the heat required to effect a reaction or a separation The broad range of heating equipment can be divided into two broad categories steam-heated devices and electrically heated devices

There are many types of materials that are not basic but are not less important than basic They are called laboratory or lab accessories They may include pullout shelves lipped shelves laboratory stands clamps stopcocks or laboratory stoppers

The laboratory stands are used to hold test tubes beakers etc Laboratory clamps are used to hold the apparatus

The work in the chemical laboratory requires cleanliness It is necessary to keep the working place clean Glass tubes vessels bottles

funnels etc should be clean and ready for use It is recommended to close the glass bottles with glass caps to prevent their contamination from air

Exercise 1 Find the corresponding definitions1 test- tube a) a thing that burns or works by heat2 glassware b) a substance used to show the presence of another by

reaction3 funnel c) a glass tube closed at one end used in chemical

experiments4 reagent d) tools and instruments that help in performing and

improving the core function5 burner e) a thing that is used to hold test-tubes beakers6 accessories f) things made of glass7 stand g) a vessel wide and round at the top and narrowing to a

small tube at the bottom used for pouring liquids into a small opening

Exercise 2 Match the English word combinations with the Russian ones1 is equipped with2 is performed under the

supervision3 are divided into4 are used for 5 is recommended6 should be clean7 are required8 is affected by 9 will be carried out10 are well ventilated

a) хорошо проветриваютсяb) воздействует

c) должны быть чистымиd) будет выполнятьсяe) требуютсяf) рекомендуетсяg) выполняется под руководствомh) делятся наi) оснащенаj) используются для

Exercise 3 Fill in the gaps with the verbs in a corresponding form perform recommend allow equip use include divide influence1 A good chemical laboratory is hellipwith the basic measuring and analytical

apparatuses2 All the experiments should be hellipunder the supervision of the lab

instructor3 The laboratory vessels and glassware are hellipinto three groups4 Special glassware hellipthings necessary for carrying out different analyses5 Burettes are hellipfor very accurate measurements of volume

6 Graduated pipettes hellipfor very accurate liquid measurements7 Certain tools and instruments do not directly hellipthe research work in a

laboratory8 It is hellipto close the glass bottles with glass caps to prevent their

contamination from air

Exercise 4 Give English equivalents to the given word combinations Выполнять различные эксперименты полученные данные работать с химическими веществами хорошо проветриваемая комната сильный и неприятный запах лабораторная посуда всех видов специальные сосуды измерять специфический объем основное (вспомогательное) оборудование цифровой термометр точное измерение нагревательное оборудование вырабатывать тепло эффективно выполнять работу основные материалы улучшать процесс работы в лаборатории сохранять рабочее место в чистоте закрывать бутылки стеклянными крышками

Exercise 5 Complete the following sentences according to the text1 In the chemical laboratory the students carry out hellip 2 The rooms of the chemical laboratory are hellip 3 A good chemical laboratory is fully equipped with hellip 4 The most common and widely used equipment hellip 5 With glassware it is easy to hellip 6 The broad range of heating equipment hellip 7 There are certain tools and instruments hellip 8 Laboratory accessories may include hellip 9 The work in the chemical laboratory requires hellip

Exercise 6 A Answer the questions to the text

1 Where do pharmacy students have practical classes in chemistry2 What kind of place is a chemical laboratory 3 How many rooms does a typical chemical laboratory consist of4 What is the most common equipment in the laboratory5 What groups is all the glassware divided into6 What vessels does the glassware for measuring include7 What vessels does the special glassware include8 Why is it necessary to close the glassware with glass caps9 Does the work in the laboratory require cleanliness Why

B Name all types of equipment that you can find in the laboratoryC Explain the use of different types of equipment (burettes volumetric

flasks thermometers a balance heating equipment laboratory stands (clamps)

Exercise 7 Translate into English1 На полках в химической лаборатории можно видеть все необходимые для опытов реактивы 2 Во время работы в лаборатории студенты часто используют стеклянную посуду всех видов 3 Шкалу Фаренгейта стали использовать в науке в 18-м веке 4 Комнаты лаборатории должны хорошо проветриваться тк химики часто работают с вредными веществами имеющими неприятный запах 5 Хорошая химическая лаборатория полностью оснащена основными измерительными и аналитическими приборами и инструментами 6 Когда мы проводим измерения мы пользуемся различными измерительными приборами мерными колбами пипетками бюретками термометрами весами 7 Вспомогательное оборудование используется для улучшения условий работы в лаборатории 8 Работа в химической лаборатории требует знаний об условиях эксперимента и соблюдения определенных правил

Exercise 8 Read the text ldquoTHERMOMETER SCALESrdquo and say1 What thermometer scales were established 2 Who proposed them 3 What was taken as limits 4 What limits are for each of the scales

THERMOMETER SCALES

The concept of temperature variation dates from antiquity although early measurements were based solely on the subjective sense of touch Touch is only capable of detecting temperature differences between objects it cannot provide quantitative temperature data For example you may be able to tell if a person has a fever by placing a hand on his forehead (лоб) but exactly how high is the fever That question requires quantitative data our senses can mislead us but a thermometer can give us that data Gabriel Fahrenheit (German 1686-1736) devised (придумывать изобретать) the Fahrenheit scale the oldest common temperature scale in about 1714 (Prior to this Galileo Galilei had invented an open tube thermometer in about 1593) One of Fahrenheit`s innovation was to use mercury (ртуть) which made the liquid column easy to see Previously people had had difficulty sealing mercury-containing tubes Fahrenheit established his temperature scale by selecting reference points (ориентиры) he could reproduce He designated (обозначать) a freezing ice-snow-salt-water mixture as 0degF because this was the lowest temperature he

could create in his workshop Several stories purport (иметь целью) to explain his selection of the reference point for 100degF my favorite is that he selected the body temperature of a cow a measurement that interested him and others in the agricultural community Starting with these primary reference points Fahrenheit determined values of 32degF for the freezing point and 212degF for the boiling point of water Anders Celsius (Swedish astronomer 1701-1744) developed a different thermometer scale in 1742 Celsius designated the freezing and boiling points of water as 0degC and 100degC respectively His scale was originally called the Сentigrade scale because centi means 1100th part and the reference points span 100 degrees The Celsius scale has been adopted worldwide and is the official metric temperature scale The third temperature scale was the invention of Englishman Lord Kelvin (born William Thompson 1824-1907) Lord Kelvin devised his scale in 1848 It is identical to the Celsius scale but all temperatures are 273 degrees higher Thus the freezing point of water is 273 degrees K the boiling point 373 degrees K This thermometer scale was derived from (устанавливать выводить) observation of gases

Exercise 9 Translate the following passage using a dictionary

The microscope

1 The most important single piece of apparatus in a laboratory is the microscope and it must be used and cared for accordingly 2 It is used to magnify and to make visible to the eye very small bodies such as bacteria the eggs of intestinal parasites and the material found in urine sediments 3 A simple microscope is nothing more than a single magnifying lens 4 A compound microscope which is the type used in medical laboratories consists of a number of such lenses arranged in line so as to give a very great magnification 5 Complete and detailed descriptions of microscopes may be found in all books on laboratory work 6 Before attempting to use a microscope for the first time one should read over a description of its parts and their functions in order to adjust the light and the lenses properly 7 There are a few important things to keep in mind regarding its use and they are never leave the microscope exposed to direct sunlight excessive heat or splashing water never use ether alcohol or xylol to clean it never pick it up by any of the movable parts never leave immersion oil on the lens or objective as it is called but wipe it off immediately after use with a fine soft

cloth or with special lens paper when not in use see that it is well covered to protect it from dust

Read Text 2 and be ready for a comprehension check-up

Text 2

Chemistry an experimental science

Chemistry deals with all substances that make up our environment It also deals with the changes that take place in these substances ndash changes that make the differences between a cold and lifeless planet and one that teems with life and growth Chemistry helps us understand and benefit from naturersquos wondrous ways

Chemistry is an important part of science Since every phase of our daily life is affected by the fruits of scientific activity everyone should know what scientific activity is what it can do and how it works The study of chemistry helps you learn these things The most enjoyable part of chemistry is experimentation Unifying principles are developed with the laboratory work providing the basis for the development To see these principles grow out of observations you have made in the laboratory gives you a valid picture of how all scientific advances begin It permits you to engage in scientific activity and to start becoming a scientist yourself

Most of the students will not become scientists But all of you live in a world greatly influenced by science You will read the newspapers about many scientific advances and sometimes you will be asked to vote on important technical subjects You will be asked to consider the effect of aerosol sprays on the earthrsquos atmosphere cancer-producing chemicals in water supplies the bad effects of industrial wastes and the advantages and possible dangers of nuclear power production All these are important problems that require two major efforts First scientists must collect enough good information so that the real danger and possible solutions are known Second a political decision has to be made about what society wants Every citizen should be involved in the second effort For this reason it is important to understand how scientists go about solving problems To understand the world a scientist 1 Makes experiments and gathers information through observation 2 Organizes this information and looks for regularities 3 Wonders why the regularities exist 4 Communicates the findings to others

These are the basic activities of science Observation is the starting point Observation is most useful when the conditions which affect the observation are controlled carefully A condition is controlled when it is fixed known and can be varied deliberately All science is built upon the

results of experiments performed under controlled conditions Regularities provide an efficient way to summarize the results of many experiments and also allow us to predict the results of experiments that we have not carried out before The fourth activity of science is the most important one of all It is only through communicating ideas to others that a strong framework can be provided for science Experimental results must be confirmed and explanations must be tested by others If it were not for this aspect of science each generation of scientists would have to start from the beginning

Notes deal with ndash рассматривать вопрос teem ndash кишеть изобиловать wondrous ndash удивительный чудесный to see these principles ndash понимание этих принципов water supplies ndash водоснабжение advantages ndash преимущества has to be made ndash необходимо принять (решение) valid ndash действительный обоснованный wonder ndash интересоваться желать знать deliberately ndash обдуманно осторожно framework ndash структура explanations ndash толкования if it were not forndash если бы не

Exercise 1 Find in the text English equivalents for the following word combinationsНаучная деятельность вовлекать в научную деятельность научный прогресс научное наблюдение собирать информацию посредством наблюдения возможное решение решать проблемы заниматься решением проблем проводить эксперименты в контролируемых условиях промышленные отходы оценить действие аэрозольных спреев на атмосферу планеты производство ядерной энергии обобщать информацию искать закономерности передавать данные экспериментов знать возможные решения эффективный способ подтверждать результаты эксперимента

Exercise 2 Look through the text and find the sentences in which Participle II and the verbs in the Passive voice are used Translate the sentences

Exercise 3 Agree or disagree with the following statements Use the phrases

I suppose (think) so Thatrsquos true Exactly so I donrsquot think so Irsquom afraid I canrsquot agree with you I donrsquot believe that

1 Chemistry is not a very important science2 The most enjoyable part of chemistry is the study of theory3 The observations made in the chemical laboratory help understand how

all scientific advances begin4 Most of the students will become scientists5 You must be involved in a political decision about what society wants6 It is not important for every citizen to consider the problems of the world7 To understand the world a scientist makes experiments and gathers

information8 All science is built on the results of experiment9 Observation is the most important one of all

Exercise 4 Answer the following questions1 What does chemistry deal with2 What does the study of chemistry help you learn3 What is the most enjoyable part of chemistry 4 What gives you a valid picture of how all scientific advances begin5 Is it necessary to become a scientist to understand the world problems6 How does a scientist solve the problems7 What is the base of all science8 What do the regularities provide9 Why are communicating ideas so important for scientists10 Are you thinking of becoming a scientist If yes why11 What principles can you use in your work in the chemical laboratory

Text 3

HOW TO PREPARE FOR CHEMISTRY LAB

Read the title of the text and say what this text will be about Read the text and do the tasks which follow it

Chemistry lab is a required component of most chemistry courses Learning about lab procedures and performing experiments helps you to learn techniques and reinforces textbook concepts

1 Make the most of your time in the lab by coming to lab prepared Review these pre-lab tips before starting an experiment Complete any

pre-lab assignments or homework The information and calculations are intended to make the lab exercise quicker and easier

2 Know the location of the lab safety equipment and understand how to use it In particular know the location of the emergency exit fire extinguisher eye-wash station and safety shower

3 Read through the experiment before going to lab Make sure you understand the steps of the experiment Jot down any questions you have so that you can ask them before starting lab

4 Start filling out your lab book with information about the experiment Itrsquos a good idea to draw out your data table in advance so all you need to do in lab is to fill it in with numbers

5 Review the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) of the chemicals you will be using during the lab

6 Make certain you have all the glassware materials and chemicals needed to complete the lab before starting any part of the procedure

7 Understand disposal procedures for the chemicals and other items used in your experiment If you are unclear about what to do with your experiment after it has been completed ask your instructor about it Donrsquot throw items in the trash or dump liquids down the drain or waste disposal containers until you are certain it is acceptable to do so

8 Be prepared to take data in the lab Bring your notebook a pen and a calculator

9 Have personal safety gear such as a lab coat and goggles clean and ready to use before lab

Notes make the most of ndash полностью (максимально) использовать chemistry lab = laboratory work in chemistry jot down = put down in short sheets = tables = charts disposal ndash избавление удаление drain ndash водосток gear ndash одежда goggles ndash очки

Exercise 1 Find in the instruction sentences in Imperative mood and translate them

Exercise 2 A Answer the following questions

1 What is necessary to know before starting an experiment

2 What kind of experiments do you carry out in the chemical laboratory

3 Is it necessary to use any equipment in the experiments What type of equipment

4 What must you know about safety equipment and safety dataB Find in this instruction some rules of work in the laboratory Do you

agree that these rules help you perform your experiments successfully Support your answer with some arguments

Exercise 3 Look through the text again and summarize in your own words how students are supposed to prepare for the chemistry lab Use the following phrasesFirstly secondly thirdly hellip It is necessary (important) to hellip Not less important is hellip Everybody should know hellip It is evident that hellip Thus these are hellip Use the following key words pre-lab assignment to use lab safety equipment to understand the steps of the experiment to fill out a laboratory book to have necessary glassware materials and chemicals to know disposal procedures for the chemicals after the experiment to take data in the lab to use clean lab coat and goggles

Exercise 4 Tell your groupmates how you prepare for your chemistry lab

Part V Rendering

ВЫБИРАЕМ ТЕРМОМЕТР

Измерить температуру у ребенка ndash задача не из легких Не удивительно что современные модели термометров которые позволяют измерить температуру буквально за секунду пользуются таким спросом

И все же несмотря на все достижения науки и техники старые ртутные (mercury) термометры остаются самыми точными (accurate) и самыми дешевыми И к великому сожалению самыми опасными (dangerous) особенно когда речь идет о детях Разбить хрупкий (fragile) стеклянный корпус (coating) ничего не стоит но избавиться (dispose)

потом от ртутных шариков мгновенно зная что испарения (evaporation) этого металла смертоносны (fatal) - очень сложно Кроме того чтобы достоверно узнать температуру ртутный термометр нужно держать под мышкой (under the armpit) (или в анальном отверстии (anus)) не менее пяти минут а то и все десять

Цифровые (digital) термометры ndash другое дело Потребуется (it will take) всего лишь 3 минуты чтобы измерить (to take) температуру а для некоторых людей даже полторы Наряду с этим замечательным преимуществом (advantage) они обладают массой дополнительных возможностей (additional functions) запоминают предыдущие (previous) значения температуры (readings) звуком сообщают о готовности к работе и о том что градусники пора вынимать (get out of) автоматически выключаются (switch off) и зачастую снабжены подсветкой (illumination) чтобы использовать прибор ночью не доставляя неудобств (disturb) другим членам семьи

Для самых маленьких пациентов изобрели термометр-соску (soother) К сожалению показания такого термометра могут быть не очень точными (accurate) особенно если малыш плачет или дышит (breathe) ртом

Еще одно полезное изобретение ndash цифровой индикатор Но индикатор ndash он и есть индикатор то есть дает приблизительные (approximate) данные (data) о температуреСамые удобные модели ndash ушные (aural) инфракрасные термометры Одно плохо ndash эта почти фантастическая новинка отличается и фантастически высокой ценой (high price)Part VI Speaking

Exercise 1 Read and say which of the following statements are interpretations rather than observationsa) Gases are made of tiny particles in random (беспорядочный) motionb) Gases fill their containerc) A gas can be compressedd) Some gases are colorede) The particles that make up a gas are far apart

Exercise 2 Comment on the following Make use of the introductory phrasesIn my opinion As far as I know I believesuppose It is said that1 Chemists often function as detectives with molecules as their suspect

Each molecule can be identified by its own unique behavior2 To learn the nature of chemistry is possible only through your own

experience

3 ldquohellip those sciences are vain (пусты напрасны) and full of errors which are not born from experiment the mother of all certaintyhelliprdquo Leonardo da Vinci

Exercise 3 Prove that1 A well equipped laboratory is the base for every successful experiment 2 Lab accessories are not less important than basic ones 3 The work in the chemical lab requires cleanliness

Exercise 4 Ask your groupmates questions concerning- the organization of a chemistry laboratory- the equipment of a laboratory- the instruments and tools- the laboratory glassware- the rules of work in the laboratory

Exercise 5 Get ready to speak on the topic ldquoIn the chemistry laboratoryrdquo using exercise 5 as an outline

section 4

ORAL TOPIC CHEMICAL ELEMENTS

Grammar Pronoun ldquoitrdquo and its functions Participle I (Present Participle) Continuous Active and Passive voice

Pronoun ldquoitrdquoTable 1

ФУНКЦИИ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ ПРИМЕР ПЕРЕВОДЛичное местоимение (он она оно его ему им ее

Вместо неодушевленных существительных в качестве

Special branch of chemistry studies carbon compounds It

Специальный раздел химии изучает углеродные

ей ею) подлежащего или дополнения

is called organic chemistry We study it in the second year

соединения Он называется органической химией Мы изучаем ее на втором курсе

Указательное местоимение (это)

Подлежащее утвердительного предложения

It is pure water in the glass

Это чистая вода в стакане

Формальное (служебное) подлежащее в безличных оборотах и неопределенно-личных предложениях

Как вводящее инфинитивную фразу после оценочных прилагательных

It is not easy to carry out this experiment

Этот эксперимент выполнить нелегко

Как вводящее придаточное предложение после оценочных прилагательных

It is possible that the reaction will require special conditions

Возможно что реакция потребует специальных условий

Как вводящее придаточное предложение после сказуемого в форме страдательного залога

It is reported that two million carbon compounds were described in literature

Сообщается что 2 миллиона углеродных соединений было описано в литературе

Эмоционально-усилительная

В конструкции It is (was) hellip that (who) для выделения любого члена предложения кроме сказуемого

It was DI Mendeleyev who arranged all chemical elements in the table of elements

Именно ДИ Менделеев расположил все химические элементы в таблице элементов

Exercise 1 Read the sentences Translate them Define the function of the pronoun ldquoitrdquo1 Sodium a silver-coloured metal is very soft It is also known that it is a very reactive substance 2 The river or lake water is a mixture of substances some dissolved in it others suspended in it 3 It is generally recognized that the primeval life forms developed in the waters of the earth 4 It is necessary to store the buffer solution in a dark place 5 It was commonly believed that

milk contained an acid 6 To demonstrate coagulation he diluted milk with a little water brought it to the boiling-point and to portions of it added various mineral acids 7 It is recommended to close the glass bottles with glass caps

Exercise 2 Read the sentences containing the construction it is (was) hellip that (who) and translate them into Russian1 It was in the second half of the 19th century that chemistry began its rapid

growth2 It is in the chemical laboratory that the students learn to carry out different

experiments in chemistry3 It was Marie Curie who won two Nobel Prizes in Physics (1903) together

with her husband Pierre Curie and in Chemistry (1911)4 It was Peter I who with his decree laid the foundation of pharmacy as a

branch of science in Russia5 It is pharmacology that is having so great an effect on medicine today6 It was the Emperor of Holy Rome who separated pharmacy from

medicine7 It was the Medical Act of 1540 that permitted practice of medicine by any

person having the experience or knowledge of herbs roots or waters8 It was only after gallium scandium and germanium were discovered and

after the properties of a number of elements predicted by Mendeleyev were confirmed that Mendeleyev was recognized as the author of the Periodic Law

PARTICIPLE ITable 2

Функции Пример Переводопределение (attribute) The element forming

this compound is easily oxidized

Элемент образующий это соединение легко окисляется

обстоятельство (adverbial modifier) с союзами if while (with the conjunctions if while)

Distilling water we produce a pure substanceWhile boiling the mixture he used special chemical glassware

Дистиллируя воду мы производим чистое веществоВо время кипячения смеси он пользовался специальной химической посудой

составная часть глагола сказуемого (part of a predicate) (Continuous Active and

The 5th year students are acquiring now practical skills in preparing medicines at the

Студенты пятого курса приобретают сейчас практические навыки приготовления

Passive voice Perfect Continuous)

chemistrsquos лекарств в аптеке

Exercise 3 Read and translate the following word combinations containing Participle I and Participle II a) as an attributeburning sulfur drinking water a mixture placed in a cool place a very low boiling point of liquid air a colorless liquid boiling at about 190deg C a table consisting of vertical groups the number of elements discovered educational establishments training pharmacists chemists contributing to the development of science elements introduced by Empedocles scientists discovering new elements and their properties the lightest gas known strong acidifying agents crystallized form the hardest natural substance knownb) as an adverbial modifier while carrying out the test when passing through liquid air while repeatings the operation several times when heated strongly under certain condition while making X-ray pictures when boiled with dilute nitric acid when mixed with air and oxygen while preparing the solution

Exercise 4 Translate the following word combinations with Participle I or Participle II into RussianИзвестные всем факты взятая ею пробирка ученые проводящие эксперимент Менделеев располагая элементы в таблице используемый в фармации опыт таблица состоящая из вертикальных групп вещества встречающиеся на земле жидкость закипающая при температуре используя различные методы тестируемый раствор хорошо известный факт

Exercise 5 Translate the following sentences and define the functions of Participle I1 Solutions of acids have a sour taste and produce a burning feeling when

they touch skin2 Oxygen is a highly reactive substance readily combining with many

other elements in the process of oxidation3 Using different methods chemists isolated and identified about six

million substances4 In naturally occurring compounds boron exists as a mixture of two stable

isotopes with atomic weights of 10 and 115 An atom is a basic structural unit of the matter being the smallest particle

of an element that can enter into chemical combination

6 While establishing impurities it is necessary to use special methods7 An isotope of a chemical element consists of atoms having the same

number of neutrons8 While burning magnesium emits large quantities of ultraviolet rays and

Exercise 6 Insert the forms of the Present or the Past Participle using the verbs given in brackets Translate the sentences into Russian1 Alcohol is a colorless liquid (to have) characteristic odor2 Ethyl alcohol is a colorless liquid the (to boil) point of which is 78degC3 In the laboratory work the students used test-tubes (to graduate)

cylinders and other glassware4 Hydrochloric acid if not (to use) with great care may cause burns5 A committee (to consist) of 4 members was formed to hold the meeting6 Free phosphorus combines directly with many simple substances (to

give) a large amount of heat7 The Periodic Law allowed DI Mendeleyev to put into one orderly table

almost all (to know) chemical elements 8 Add 3 ml of hydrochloric acid while (to carry out) the test

CONTINUOUS (ACTIVE VOICE)Table 3

present

Now the process of crystallization

Modern chemistry and biology

am working

is taking place

are developing

in the laboratory

in this test-tube

very quickly

The students

was sitting

were making

in the lecture hall and writing something in her note-book

their experiments from 12 till 2 pm

future

will be waiting

will be preparing

for you in the reading hall

for his class in chemistry all day tomorrow

Time markersPresent ndash now at the present moment all day long the whole week (month year)Past ndash at 7 orsquoclock at that moment from 7 till 8 last evening when I came while all day long the whole week (month year)Future ndash at 7 orsquoclock tomorrow when I come while

Mind verbs which do not take Continuous Tensе to know to understand to believe to doubt to like to love to hate to remember to seem to belong to mean to want to wish to see to hear to prefer to have etc

Exercise 7 Read and translate the following sentences Define the tense form of a predicate in each sentence1 Ancient men knew and used at least 12 elements 2 Many articles are published each year in the scientific journals 3 Pharmacists are working at a number of research projects 4 When the assistant entered the laboratory the students were still fulfilling their task 5 She is preparing for her laboratory work in organic chemistry that will take place in our chemical laboratory tomorrow 6 The plants which we used in this test were growing in special conditions 7 Did you pass all the examinations successfully

Exercise 8 Combine the following sentences as in the model using Present Continuous or Past Continuous

Model 1 One student speaks (spoke) The other students listen (listened) to himWhile one student is (was) speaking the other students are (were) listening to him

1 The professor delivers a lecture The students take notes2 One student reads the text The other student translates it3 Some students make experiments The other students record their

findings

4 Some students take their exams The other students wait their turn5 The students wait for the class to begin The instructor gets ready some

specimens for demonstration6 One student shook the solution before heating it The other student

prepared the burner7 The student put down the results of the experiment The laboratory

assistant checked them up carefully

Model 2 She left the anatomical theater Her groupmates worked there When she left the anatomical theater her groupmates were still working there

1 We came into the office Our colleagues discussed the problem2 The doorbell rang We had dinner3 You called for my sister She took a walk with a dog4 My friends visited me I revised for the exams5 I left the hostel My roommates cooked dinner6 He arrived at the station The passengers waited for the train to come7 I left the university The students of our group took the credit-test in

chemistry

Exercise 9 Make up questions to the answers as in the model

Model Who __________ Irsquom meeting my colleagueWho are you meeting tonight

1 Where __________ My colleague works in the central scientific laboratory

2 How __________ Students come to the university clinic by bus3 Which __________ Irsquom working the night shift tomorrow4 What __________ She is washing the laboratory vessels now5 What time __________ Our classes begin at 8 orsquoclock6 What __________ Irsquom going to check the obtained data7 How __________ Irsquom not feeling well today

Exercise 10 Choose the correct tense1 When do youare you going to get an appointment with the doctor2 She doesnrsquot use isnrsquot using this method in her practical work3 What are you doingdo you usually do when you have a high

temperature4 We were gatheringgathered medicinal plants when it started to rain

5 While she was plantingplanted flowers her daughter was watering them6 This time next Friday we will be making will make a report7 Mikhail is workingworks in the pathology laboratory at the Regional

Hospital8 My friend enjoysis enjoying his work though sometimes he is

working works at weekends

Exercise 11 Complete the situation1 Tomorrow when I come to the University I know that my group mates

a) будут повторять правилаb) будут готовиться к контрольной работеc) будут выполнять тесты в компьютерном классеd) будут слушать лекцию по неорганической химииe) во время перерыва будут разговаривать по мобильному телефону

с друзьямиf) во время перерыва будут перекусывать (to have a snack) в

столовой

Exercise 12 Open the brackets and put the verb in the proper tense form (Indefinite or Continuous Active voice)1 A stable balance between acids and bases in the body (to be) essential to life 2 Many science articles (to appear) each year in the medical journals 3 The scientists of VSMU (to work) now on a number of research projects 4 In his first article DI Mendeleyev (to point out) the similarities of a number of properties of certain elements and (to change) the order of atomic weights where necessary 5 The atoms of radioactive elements such as uranium and radium are very unstable they continuously (to break apart) 6 In the second half of the 19th century modern botany (to develop) rapidly and (to branch) into many specific fields 7 If we change the conditions of the experiment the findings (to be different)

CONTINUOUS (PASSIVE VOICE)Table 4

present

New scientific experiment

Chemical analyses

is being prepared

are being performed

in the laboratory of organic chemistry now

at the Pharmaceutical faculty during the whole course of study

The exhibition of economic achievements The students

was being shown

were being examined

in various cities of Belarus

from 9 am till 3 pm yesterday

Exercise 13 Read the sentences and translate them into Russian Define the tense form of a predicate in each sentence1 Now the volumetric analysis is being carried out in the chemical

laboratory2 Yesterday at 6 orsquoclock the solution was being boiled in the water-heater

system3 Tomorrow at 2 orsquoclock plant constituents will be extracted using water4 When the professor came the examination questions were being

distributed among the students by the assistant5 Yesterday at 5 pm a very important problem was being discussed at the

meeting6 Chemical laboratories are equipped with different instruments and

apparatuses7 Some herbal preparations which were known to primitive men are still

used at present in a modified form8 Drug effects will be described after a number of experiments

Exercise 14 You have just entered the chemical laboratory The work in the lab is coming to an end What is being done by the students at their working places Make up sentences in Present Continuous Passive voice using the following word combinationsto wash the laboratory glassware to put away the reagents to close the bottles containing reagents with caps to put safety glasses in their proper place to clean and to dry the lab tables to wash hands with running water after work

Exercise 15 Read the following sentences and rewrite them in Passive voice

Model The nurse is sterilizing a new set of instrumentsA new set of instruments is being sterilized by the nurse

1 They are washing the glassware and cleaning the lab tables now

2 The laboratory assistant was preparing the manganese solution when the telephone rang

3 The students are taking notes of the lecture now4 We were carrying on the experiment when the lights went down5 He was learning Latin terms the whole evening6 Tomorrow at 5 orsquoclock I will be delivering lecture on inorganic

chemistry7 Yesterday at 9 orsquoclock the students were identifying herbs

Exercise 16 Answer the questions either in Present or Past Continuous Passive voice using the word combinations in brackets

Model What is going on in the laboratory (to carry on the experiments)The experiments are being carried on here

1 Why is your friend in hospital right now (to treat for acute poisoning)2 What is going on in the assembly-hall now (to hold a meeting of the

pharmaceutical faculty)3 Who is being examined in the classroom (the second-year pharmacy

students)4 What is being demonstrated by the lecturer (a new video film)5 What television program was being watched when you entered the room

(a talk-show devoted to the problem of high school reform)6 What sort of problems were being discussed when you joined the

conversation (problems concerning general lab safety rules )7 Why is student X absent (to be examined by the doctor for his burn on

the arm)

Part II Speech patterns Present Continuous and Present Indefinite for the future actionsFarewell I Practise the dialogues paying attention to the use of Present Continuous and Present Indefinite for the future actions

IA Irsquove come to say good-byeB When are you leaving for MinskA Irsquom going home tomorrow

B Good-bye then and all the very bestA Cheerio Say good-bye to the rest of the family for me will you

IIA Irsquod like to say good-bye to youB When are you offA My coach leaves at 8 amB Good-bye and have a nice tripA Good-bye All the best

IIIA Irsquom ringing to say good-byeB When are you setting offA Irsquom catching the 1025 trainB Good-bye and keep in touchA Good-bye Thanks a lot

IVA Irsquove just dropped in to say good-byeB What time are you leavingA Irsquom going to try to get away by tenB Good-bye My best regards to your parentsA Good-bye See you next year

to be off отправлятьсяall the best всего хорошегоmy best regards to your parents

передай от меня привет своим родителям

the rest остальныеto set off уезжать отправлятьсяIrsquom catching the 1025 train я отправляюсь поездом в 1025to keep in touch зд сообщить о себе (досл держать

связь)to drop in заходить забегатьto try to get away пытаться уехать

II Compose your own dialogues about your plans for the nearest future Use the word combinations in the box and the verbs in the Present Continuous or the Past Indefinite tenses to express future

Part III VOCABULARY LEARNING

Exercise 1 Learn the words of the active vocabularya) names of chemical elements and their compounds

lead [led] n ndash свинецdiamond [daıəmənd] n ndash алмаз бриллиант copper [kɔpə] n ndash медьiron [aıən] n ndash железоfluorine [fluərın] n ndash фторfluoride [flʊəraıd] n ndash фтористое соединение фторидgold [gəuld] n ndash золотоcaustic soda [kɔstık səudə] ndash едкий натр каустическая сода каустикcarbon dioxide [kɑb(ə)n daıɔksaıd] ndash углекислота углекислый газnitrogen [naıtrəʤən] n ndash азот

b) names of substancespoison [pɔızn] n ndash ядsolid [sɔlıd] n ndash твердое тело веществоfluid [fluıd] n ndash 1) текучая среда (жидкость газ)

c) names of parts of the human body and processes within the bodybrain [breın] n ndash мозгheart [hɑt] n ndash сердце (орган тела) blood vessel [lsquovesl] n ndash кровеносный сосудurine [lsquojuərın] n ndash мочаdigest [dıʤest] v ndash переваривать (пищу)cavity [lsquokaeligvıtı] n ndash полостьcutaneous [kjursquoteınıəs] a ndash кожный bone [bəun] n ndash костьosseous [lsquoɔsıəs] a ndash костныйcancer [lsquokaelignsə] n ndash рак cell [sel] n ndash клеткаtissue [tısju] n ndash ткань

d) words relating to physical and chemical properties of substancessense [sens] n v ndash чувство ощущение ощущатьtaste [teıst] n v ndash вкус пробовать на вкусodo(u)r [lsquoəudə] n ndash запахbreak [breık] v ndash ломать разламыватьfreeze [frız] v ndash замерзатьdensity [densıtı] n ndash плотность удельный весsoft [sɔft] a ndash мягкийpure [pjuə] a ndash чистый беспримесный

e) words relating to medicineill [ıl] predic больной нездоровыйaffect [əfekt] n v ndash поражение повреждение поражать влиять воздействовать

pain [peın] n v ndash боль страдание причинять боль болетьcure [kjʊə] n ndash лечение курс лечения способ леченияintake [ınteık] n ndash 1) поглощение потребление 2) всасываниеprevent [prıvent] v ndash предотвращать предупреждать

f) general scientific wordsarrange [əreınʤ] v ndash 1) приводить в порядок 2) классифицировать систематизировать discover [dıskʌvə] v ndash обнаруживать находить maintain [meınteın] v ndash поддерживать сохранять (в состоянии которое имеется на данный момент особенно в хорошем)contain [kənteın] v ndash 1) содержать в себе включать вмещать pollution [pəluʃ(ə)n] n ndash 1) загрязнение загрязненность occur [əkɜ] v ndash встречаться происходить случатьсяcombine [kəmbaın] v ndash объединять сочетатьremove [rımuv] v ndash передвигать перемещатьinfant [ınfənt] n ndash младенец ребёнокseparate [sepəreıt] v [sep(ə)rıt] adj ndash отделять(ся) разъединять(ся) отдельный обособленныйadult [aeligdʌlt] n [ədʌlt] a ndash взрослый совершеннолетнийdetect [dıtekt] v ndash замечать открывать обнаруживать определять

Exercise 2 Read the words of Greek and Latin origin Translate themLithium [lıθıəm] magnesium [maeliggnızıəm] titanium [tıteınıəm] [taıteınıəm] radium [reıdıəm] polonium [pələunıəm] francium [fransıəm] rhenium [rınıəm] neon [nıɔn] argentum [ɑʤentəm] ferum [ferəm] cuprum [kjuprəm] yttrium [ıtrıəm] carbon [kɑb(ə)n] bicarbonate [baıkɑbənıt] tungsten [tʌŋstən] chlorine [klɔrin] abrasive [əbreɪsɪv] conductor [kəndʌktə] electricity [elektrısətı] magnet [maeliggnət] caustic soda [kɔstık səudə] anemia [ənımıə] excrete [ıkskrıt] [eks-] formula [fɔmjələ] electrolysis [elıktrɔləsıs] enzyme [enzaım] thyroid [θaırɔıd] insulin [ınsjəlın] blood [blʌd] hormone [hɔməun] deficiency [dıfıʃ(ə)nsı] ceramic [səraeligmık] nervous [nɜvəs] system [sıstəm] urine [juərın] hygiene [haıʤın] decade [dekeıd] Sweden [swıd(ə)n] Germany [ʤɜmənı] Portugal [pɔtjʊg(ə)l pɔtʃʊ-] France [frɑns] cerebral [serəbr(ə)l] vascular [vaeligskjələ] infection [ınfekʃ(ə)n] receptor [rıseptə] tract [traeligkt] organ [ɔgən] condense [kəndens] isometric [aısəprimemetrık] abrasive [əbreısıv] resist [rızıst] hemoglobin [hımə(u)gləubın] [he-] hypertension [haıpətenʃ(ə)n] pressure [preʃə]

Exercise 3 Translate the words paying attention to their prefixes and suffixes- Prefix ldquononrdquo has negative meaningNontoxic nonflammable nonreactive- ldquocordquo(ldquo comrdquo ldquocolrdquo ldquoconrdquo) means ldquotogetherrdquoComplex combine component compound collect- ldquohydrordquo means ldquowaterrdquoHydrogen hydroxide hydrolysis hydrocarbon- ldquoderdquo means separation lack ofDecompose decode decarbonate- Suffix ldquoablerdquo ldquoiblerdquo means capable of doing somethingSoluble combustible breakable preventable- Suffix ldquoousrdquo forms adjectivesGaseous poisonous precious porous

Exercise 4 Match the verbs with the nouns and translate themdiscover predict prevent maintain consider take combine pollute occur solidify characterize locate deform identify separate detectseparation location consideration identification solidification combination detection deformation characterization prediction discovery prevention intake pollution maintenance occurrence

Exercise 5 Learn the following pairs of wordsNose ndash nasal mouth ndash oral skin ndash dermal (cutaneous) bone ndash bony (osseous) urine ndash urinary digestion ndash digestive olfactories ndash olfactory vessel ndash vascular brain ndash cerebral liver ndash hepatic kidney ndash renal

Exercise 6 Match an adjective with the proper noun Write down the word combination substituting an adjective by a noun where possible

Model oral cavity ndash cavity of the mouth

oral nasal digestive olfactory cerebral dermal osseousinfection cavity receptors damage tract hygiene organs

Exercise 7 Read and translate the following cognate wordsActive ndash activate ndash activation connect ndash connection ndash connective synthesis ndash synthesize ndash synthetic oxygen ndash oxide ndash oxidize ndash oxidation character ndash

characterize ndash characteristics pollute ndash pollution ndash pollutant pure ndash impure ndash impurity fluoride ndash fluoridation ndash fluoridated

Exercise 8 Translate the following adverbs Use the dictionary if necessaryEasily at least strongly finally actually perhaps previously similarly roughly generally considerably primarily fairly commonly mainly however unfortunately readily nearly especially highly chiefly significantly relatively eventually

Exercise 9 Study the mode of translation of nouns as modifiers Translate the following word combinations

Model laboratory work лабораторная работа chemistry laboratory work лабораторная работа по химииchemistry laboratory workbook

тетрадь для лабораторных работ по химии

university chemistry laboratory workbook

тетрадь для лабораторных работ по курсу химии в университете

Tooth decay lead pollution lead poisoning brain damage hemoglobin production protein synthesis thyroid hormone gday requirements red blood cells plastic water pipes excess sodium intake central nervous system damageExercise 10 Insert instead of gaps the names of chemicals1 Be careful when you are working with solution of hellip HCl because you

can burn yourself2 Hydrogen is prepared 1) from water 2) from acids such as hellip H2SO4

and hellip HCL 3) from alkalies such as hellip NaOH3 In the free state as the gashellip H2 occurs in volcanic gases as well as in

different minerals rocks and the atmosphere4 The addition of 1 or more hellip CO2 to hellip O2 stimulates the respiratory

center5 Elementaryhellip C occurs in the crystalline forms of diamond and

graphite and amorphous form as charcoal6 The bodies of plants and animals contain compounds of carbon with

hydrogen and sometimes hellip N hellip S and hellip PKey 1) hydrochloric acid 2) sulphuric acid hydrochloric acid caustic soda 3) hydrogen 4) carbon dioxide oxygen 5) carbon 6) nitrogen sulphur phosphorus

Exercise 11 Match the descriptions of the elements with their names1 A soft silver-white metallic element which occurs in nature only in

compounds is essential for the growth of plants and oxidizes rapidly when exposed to the air It is the lightest metal which belongs to the alkali metals

2 An isometric crystallized form of pure carbon used as a precious (драгоценный) stone and as an abrasive It is the hardest natural substance known

3 A shiny bright-yellow ductile (тягучий) and malleable (ковкий) precious metallic element which resists alteration (деформация)

4 A colorless odorless gaseous element that burns easily and is the lightest of all elements

5 A colorless odorless and tasteless gaseous element that forms about one fifth of the atmosphere by volume

6 A colorless odorless and tasteless gaseous element that forms about four fifth of the atmosphere by volume and it is a necessary part of all animal and plant tissues

7 A tough reddish-brown ductile metallic element which occurs in different ores (руда) It resists rust (ржавчина) and is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity

a) oxygen b) gold c) fluorine d) nitrogen e) hydrogen f) sodium g) diamond h) copperKey 1) sodium 2) diamond 3) gold 4) oxygen 5) hydrogen 6) nitrogen 7) copper

Exercise 12 Read the following information giving the names of symbolsA Elements in youVery common H O C NScarce (редко встречающийся) Na Mg P S Cl K CaVery scarce (but essential) F Si V Cr Mn Fe Co Cu Zn Se Mo

The first four make up 63 255 95 and 14 respectively of your atoms The other 20 elements account for the remaining 06

B List of elements with single letter symbolsH B C O N F P S K V Y I U WKey hydrogen boron carbon oxygen nitrogen fluorine phosphorus sulphur potassium vanadium yttrium iodine uranium tungsten

1 Фтор ndash очень ядовитый газ зеленоватого цвета 2 Сера практически не растворима в воде 3 Химические свойства хлорида натрия и его состав отличаются от свойств чистого хлора и натрия 4 Натрий и хлор быстро вступают в реакцию и образуют белое твердое вещество ndash хлорид натрия 5 В твердом состоянии кислород окрашен в бледно- синий цвет 6 Йод при комнатной температуре представляет собой темно-фиолетовые кристаллы 7 Многие неорганические соединения хорошо растворимы в жидком фтористом водороде

Exercise 14 Answer the following questions1 All the given substances are called acids What element do they have in

commona) nitric acid (HNO3) b) hydrochloric acid (HCl)c) acetic acid (HC2H3O2) d) sulfuric acid (H2SO4)e) phosphoric acid (H3PO4)

2 What do the following symbols representK Ca Co Pb Hf Hg

3 Read the names of some common chemicals and their formulas Name the elements of which each compound is composeda) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) b) jewelerrsquos rouge (красный

полировальный порошок) (Fe2O3)

c) light-bulb filament (W) d) tetraethyl lead (Pb(C2H5)4)e) baking soda (NaHCO3) f) octane (C8H18)g) household gas (methane) (CH4)

4 A white substance on heating forms a colorless gas and a purple solid Is the substance an element or a compound Why do you think so

Part IV READING COMPREHENSION

Read the text and do exercises that follow it

Text 1

Chemical elements and compounds

An element is a pure substance containing only one kind of atom When two distinct elements are chemically combined the result is termed a compound

The term element was first used by the Greek philosopher Plato in about 360 BC Plato believed that the elements introduced a century earlier

by Empedocles were composed of small polyhedral forms tetrahedron (fire) octahedron (air) icosahedrons (water) and cube (earth)There are 118 elements known today Some elements occur pure in nature and have been known for thousands of years Elements like iron silver gold mercury lead tin and sulphur were known to the ancients They were given Latin names by the early chemists For example iron was called ferrum silver was called argentum and gold was called aurum

The first modern list of chemical elements was given in Antoine Lavoisierrsquos 1789 Elements of chemistry which contained thirty-three elements including light and caloric During the 19 th century there was an increase in the number of elements discovered as chemists began to adopt quantitative methods Dmitri Mendeleev had sixty-six elements in his periodic table of 1869 By the end of the 19th century 81 elements had been known Almost twice as many elements were discovered in the 20th century as were discovered up to that time Credit for proof of elemental character goes to scientists in England France Sweden Germany Portugal and the United States Three of those scientists were Marie Skladovska Curie (radium polonium) Maquerite Perey (francium) and Ida Tacke (rhenium)

Each element has a name and has been given a shortened symbol of one or two letters The element carbon is symbolized by the letter C the element neon by letter Ne Ten of the elements have symbols derived from the capitalized first letter of the Latin name of the element and if necessary by a second letter Other elements have symbols that can be derived from their English names

But now letrsquos consider a substance like water Water can be identified by its properties colour taste melting and boiling temperatures and ability to dissolve sugar and salt A demonstration of electrolysis can easily show that water can be changed into other substances hydrogen gas and oxygen gas Since water can be decomposed into two other substances water must contain at least two kinds of atoms Water is a compound

Sugar is another substance that you know One property of sugar is its sweetness Another property is that it dissolves in water Still another is the way it behaves when heated Under definite temperature sugar not only begins to melt to a liquid but it also begins to decompose Sugar can be decomposed to form water and charcoal in definite amounts Sugar is a compound

Actually there is a set of characteristics called properties that characterize each substance Chemists sometimes speak about chemical changes and physical changes Physical changes do not mean a change in the composition of a substance For example breaking freezing melting boiling and deforming a substance such as lead are considered physical changes A chemical change or chemical reaction however changes the composition and characteristic or special properties of a substance

Note almost twice as many elements ndash почти в два раза больше элементов

Exercise 1 Translate the following word combinationsTo dissolve sugar and salt to adopt quantitative methods a set of characteristics under definite temperature to dissolve in water to produce in definite amounts to identify the substance by its properties to derive the name from melting and boiling temperatures to consider a substance elements occurring in nature

Exercise 2 Insert instead of gaps the proper words from the text1 The term ldquoelementrdquo was first introduced by hellip 2 By the end of the 19 th

century elements had been known 3 There are hellip elements known today 4 Elements like hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip and hellip were known to the ancient people 5 Iron was called hellip silver was called hellip and gold was called hellip in ancient times 6 The first modern list of chemical elements was given by hellip 7 Radium and polonium were discovered by Polish scientist hellip in 1898 8 Francium was discovered by hellip in 1939 9 Ida Tacke a German scientist discovered hellip in 1925

Exercise 3 Define the following notions1 An element 2 A compound 3 A periodic table 4 A physical change 5 A chemical reaction 6 Sugar 7 WaterExercise 4 Answer the following questions1 Who was the first to use the term ldquoelementrdquo 2 What is an element according to the current definition 3 What is a compound 4 What names did ancients give to such elements as iron silver and gold 5 What languages are chemical names of elements based on 6 Why was there an increase in the number of elements discovered in the 19th century 7 The scientists of what countries contributed to the discovery of elements Give their names 8 What is the most convenient and the most traditional presentation of elements 9 How can water be identified 10 In what way can one prove that water is a compound 11 What are the main properties of sugar 12 What is the product of decomposition of sugar under definite temperature 13 Are heating freezing melting boiling and deforming chemical or physical changes 14 What is a chemical change

Exercise 5 Make up the outline to the text and speak about chemical elements and compounds according to it

Exercise 6 Read the following passages and translate them with the help of a dictionary

PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

As chemists discovered new elements they also discovered that certain elements behave in a similar manner Beginning in the mid-1800rsquos several chemists suggested ways to organize the known elements into a periodic table so that those with similar properties would be grouped together Chief among these researchers were Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev a Russian chemist and the German chemist Julius Lotcher Meyer DI Mendeleev developed a form of a periodic law a basic principal in chemistry His law states that the properties of chemical elements reoccur in regular pattern when the elements are arranged according to their atomic weight Mendeleevrsquos work together with that of Meyerrsquos led to the periodic table a systematic arrangement of the elements

In 1869 Mendeleev proposed his arrangements of the elements in order of increasing atomic weight and according to similarity in properties Mendeleevrsquos table has blank spaces for unknown elements Later using the periodic law he predicted the properties of these unknown elements His predictions were confirmed by the discovery between 1875 and 1886 of three elements with these properties Mendeleev also discovered the phenomenon of critical temperature the temperature at which a gas or vapour may be liquefied by pressure

Turning the Table on Refrigerants

The Freon compounds that are used to absorb heat in refrigerators and air conditioners were discovered in 1937 by Thomas Midgley an American chemist The following is his description of how the periodic table was usedldquoWhat was wanted was obvious ndash a nontoxic nonflammable refrigerant The desired combination of properties was a boiling point between Odeg and - 40degC stability nontoxicity and nonflammability I decided to bring into play the Periodic Table Perhaps volatility could be related to it some way It takes but a fraction of a second to see this is true The elements on the right-hand side of the Periodic table are the only ones which make compounds sufficiently volatile for the purpose in hand In fact only a certain number of these elements need to be considered Volatile compounds of boron silicon phosphorus arsenic antimony bismuth selenium tellurium and iodine are all too unstable and toxic to consider Now look at the remaining elements ndash

carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine sulphur chlorine and bromine Every refrigerant used has been made from combinations of these elements Flammability decreases from left to right Toxicity usually decreases from the heavy elements at the bottom to lighter elements at the top These two trends focus on fluorine It was an exciting deduction Seemingly no one previously had considered it possible that fluorine might be nontoxic in some of its compoundsrdquo

Numerous Freons are now made to provide useful kinds of refrigerators air conditioners and freezers for preparing or storing foods

Text 2

Chemical elements of living matter

1 Living matter contains about one-third of the elements of the Mendeleyev Periodic Table Only hydrogen carbon nitrogen and iodine are found in higher concentrations in the human body than in the earth Six other elements are found in roughly the same proportions oxygen phosphorus sulphur chlorine potassium and calcium 2 Besides hydrogen oxygen is the element present in the human body in the greatest amount It constitutes about 65 of the total (by weight) amountMost amount of oxygen is combined with hydrogen as water ndash the most abundant compound of the human body constituting 45 to 75 by weight Water itself is essential to keep the body hydrated but it also plays an absolutely vital role in respiration The exact amount depends principally on age sex and build relatively infants have more than adults men more than women There may also be considerable differences between healthy and ill people and the water content of the body may be affected by drugs3 Carbon is the second most abundant element found inside the human body Carbon is excreted from the body in the form of carbon dioxide which is a waste product of respiration Carbon is also the main component of glucose and other sugars The unique nature of living matter is due to its organic constituents ie compounds based on a carbon chain 4 There are some important organic chemicals usually ions that are essential to health For example calcium and phosphorus for the teeth and bones and iron is essential in the hemoglobin of the blood transporting the oxygen throughout the bodySodium potassium and chlorine ions deserve special emphasis because they regulate the electrolyte equilibrium in the blood and body tissues and help maintain proper fluid balance inside and outside the cells This balance is

controlled primarily by the Na+K+ ion ratio which ideally is 06 Potassium is the major cation within cells the 19 to 56 gday requirements must be replenished since the ion is excreted in the urine Na+K+ deficiency is fairly common in people using a diuretic to control body fluids The Na+ (1-2gday) and Cl- (17-51 gday) requirements are usually easy to meet since most foods contain NaCl in fact the average Na+ intake in the United States is about 10 gday between five and ten times the amount needed Excess sodium intake may contribute to hypertension or high blood pressure5 Phosphorus is another very important mineral One of its functions involves energy production Other important ions occurring in living matter besides those formed from organic acids and bases are bicarbonate ammonium phosphate and sulphate The bony skeleton and the teeth contain lithium fluoride as well Additional important compounds include carbon dioxide and oxygen

Notes waste product of respiration ndash продукт распада дыхания ie (id est) ndash that is то есть to replenish ndash пополнять intake ndash потребление

Exercise 1 Read the sentences translating the words given in brackets into English Translate the sentences into Russian1 Oxygen is the element (составляющий) about 65 of the total body weight 2 Six other elements (находящиеся) in roughly the same proportions in the human body as in the earth are oxygen phosphorus sulphur chlorine potassium and calcium 3 Oxygen is combined with hydrogen (образуя) water ndash the most abundant compound of the human body 4 Drugs (используемые) by ill people may affect the water content of the body 5 Sodium potassium and chlorine (регулирующие) electrolyte equilibrium in the blood and body tissues help maintain proper fluid balance 6 Bicarbonate ammonium phosphate and sulphate are important ions (встречающиеся) in living matter 7 Na+K+ deficiency is fairly common in people (применяющих) diuretics 8 The requirements of potassium (выделяемый) in the urine must be replenished

Exercise 2 Define the statements as TRUE or FALSE Correct the false statements1 Living matter contains about one-fourth of the elements of the Periodic

2 Hydrogen carbon nitrogen and oxygen are found in high concentrations in the human body

3 The most abundant compound in the human body is water4 The water content of the body depends on age sex build as well as

peoplersquos state of health5 Sodium potassium chlorine are present as the ions and so is part of

calcium magnesium iodine and bromine6 Calcium and phosphorus are essential for the bones and teeth7 Potassium sodium and chlorine regulate fluid balance inside and outside

the cell8 Na+K+ deficiency is common in people taking diuretics9 The daily requirement of NaCl is 1-5 g per day10 Excess sodium intake canrsquot contribute to any pathology11 There are some other important ions occurring in living matter

Exercise 3 Answer the questions1 What amount of chemical elements does living matter contain 2 What elements are found in the human body in higher concentrations than in the earth 3 What is the percentage of oxygen present in the human body 4 What does the exact amount of water in adult and infant depend on 5 Is there any difference in water content in healthy and ill people 6 What organic chemicals present as ions are essential to health 7 Why do sodium potassium and chloride ions deserve special emphasis 8 What is the ideal Na+K+ ion ratio 9 What is the daily requirement of potassium 10 Is it easy to meet daily requirements of Na+ and Cl- Why 11 What are the daily requirements of Na+ 12 What may the excess of sodium intake result in 13 What is the main function of phosphorusExercise 4 Speak in short about chemical elements of living matter on the basis of the text read

Text 3

TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN MANrsquoS ENVIRONMENT

1 Read the title of the text and say what it is about2 Name some toxic substances known to you3 Say whether

a) you have ever been in contact with any toxic substance (s)b) you know how to act in case of poisoning

4 Read the text and formulate its main idea

The human body is a complex system of chemical compounds When an excessive amount of a single element or compound occurs in the body toxic reactions can be expected

Sometimes chemicals present in small amounts affect the biochemical functions of the body Lethal doses are usually expressed in milligrams (mg of substance per kilogram (kg) weight of the subject) For example cyanide ion (CN-) is generally fatal to human in doses of 1 mg of CN - per kg of body weight For a 200-pound person 000032 ounce of cyanide is a lethal dose Examples of somewhat less toxic substances and the probable lethal doses for an average person are morphine 1-50 mg per kg aspirin 50-500 mg per kg methyl alcohol 05-5 g per kg ethyl alcohol 5-15 g per kg

Substances we take in through food and water or through the air we breathe may influence our health While some substances are harmful others can be beneficial eg fluoride preventing caries water disinfectants killing germs etc

Lets consider such toxic substances as arsenic fluorides and mercury

ARSENIC 1 Where is arsenic formed

Arsenic is found in the natural environment About one third of the arsenic in the atmosphere comes from natural sources and the rest comes from man-made sources

The amounts of arsenic found in living animals plants and microbes vary 2 What are the ways of arsenic exposure

Humans are exposed mainly through food water and cigarette smoking Food is usually the largest source Arsenic is one of many hundreds of chemicals present in cigarette smoke The quantities of arsenic breathed in by non-smokers are very small except in industrially polluted areas Smokers inhale more because arsenic is one of many hundreds of chemicals present in cigarette smoke

Many arsenic compounds are quickly transformed and eliminated from the body via the urine 3 What are the effects of arsenic exposure

Many parts of the body may be affected by arsenic including the skin gut (кишка) lungs heart blood vessels immune system urinary system reproductive organs and the nervous system

Long-term exposure to high levels of arsenic in drinking water can cause thickening and pigment spots in the skin and cancer of the skin lungs bladder or kidney

FLUORIDES

1 What are fluorides Fluorides are organic and inorganic compounds containing the

fluorine element Generally colourless the different fluoride compounds are more or

less soluble in water and can take the form of a solid liquid or gasThese are important industrial chemicals with a number of uses but the largest fluorides uses are for aluminum production drinking water fluoridation and the manufacture of fluoridated dental preparations 2 How are humans exposed to fluorides

Food and drinking water typically contain at least small amounts of fluorides

In drinking water fluoride can either be naturally present or artificially added for the prevention of dental caries

All foodstuffs contain at least small amounts of fluoride Humans retain 60 to 90 of the fluoride taken in and accumulate almost all of it in their bones and teeth 3 What effects have actually been seen in humans

Fluoride can help prevent cavities but as the amount taken in increases it can also harm teeth (dental fluorosis) and bones (skeletal fluorosis) MERCURY1 What is mercury

Mercury is a chemical element with symbol Hg It is a silver-coloured metal and unlike any other metal it is a liquid at room temperature It flows so easily and rapidly that it is sometimes called quicksilver

Mercury compounds have uses in agriculture and industry Mercury however is extremely poisonous and can cause illness or death After many people realized its dangers industries and government agencies began trying to reduce the amount of mercury reaching the environment

2 What are the main uses of mercuryMercury has many properties (qualities) that make it useful For

example mercury expands and contracts evenly when heated or cooled It also remains liquid over a wide range of temperatures These properties have prompted its use in thermometers

3 What compounds does mercury form Can they be useful for people

Chemists divide mercury compounds into two groups (1) mercurous and (2) mercuric Mercurous compounds include mercurous chloride (Hg2Cl2) also called calomel and mercurous sulphate (Hg2SO2) Calomel is an antiseptic used to kill bacteria Scientists use mercurous sulphate to speed up certain tests on organic compounds

Mercuric compounds include mercuric chloride (HgCl2) a powerful poison that surgeons once used to disinfect wounds Several organic

mercuric compounds have important medical uses For example diuretics which doctors use to treat kidney disease contain these compounds The antiseptic Mercurochrome is also a mercuric compound

4 What effect may mercury have on plants animals and the environment

Mercury in the environment is harmful chiefly because its poisonous compounds have been found in plants and animals that people use for food Scientists have discovered poisonous mercury compounds in such foods as eggs fish grain and meat Mercury acts as a cumulative poison ndash that is the body has difficulty eliminating it Thus it may collect over a long time eventually reaching dangerous levels

Among the most dangerous mercury compounds are those containing methyl mercury They can damage brain cells

ounce ndash унция (= 28 г) cavity ndash полость впадина

Exercise 1 Read the following sentences and ask your groupmates the questions to which the given sentence will be the answers1 Some substances are harmful for the organism (What hellip)2 Fluoride can be beneficial in preventing caries (What substance hellip)3 About ⅓ of the arsenic in the atmosphere comes from natural sources

(How much hellip)4 Arsenic is one of the many hundreds of chemicals present in cigarette

smoke (Where hellip)5 Many arsenic compounds are eliminated from the body via the urine

(How hellip)6 The skin the heart the lungs the blood vessels the immune system the

urinary system and some others may be affected by arsenic (What hellip)7 Fluorides are added to dental products to prevent cavities (To what hellip)8 Human retains 60 to 90 of the fluoride taken in (What is the

percentage hellip)9 If taken in excess amount fluoride can harm teeth and bones (In what

case hellip)10 Mercury flows so easily and rapidly that it is sometimes called

quicksilver (Why hellip)11 Mercury remains liquid over a wide range of temperatures (Does hellip or

hellip)12 Mercuric chloride a powerful poison was used to disinfect wounds (For

what purpose hellip)13 A mercuric compound Mercuchrome is used as antiseptic (What hellip)14 Mercury acts as a cumulative poison (Does hellip)

Exercise 2 Read the text once again and answer the questions asked in the text in short

Exercise 3 Discuss the text expressing your own point of view concerning1 Very toxic substances2 Less toxic substances3 The risk of poisoning by toxic substances4 Beneficial effects of toxic substances5 The ways of preventing either acute or chronic poisoning

Exercise 4 Translate the following information from Russian into English

ДОГОВОРИТЬСЯ С ТАБЛИЦЕЙ МЕНДЕЛЕЕВА

1 Микроэлементы ndash химические соединения в минимальном количестве содержащиеся в живых тканях

2 Выделяют 4 группы макро- микро- и ультраэлементов эссенциальные условно эссенциальные (при повышенной или пониженной концентрации вызывающие негативные изменения в организме) потенциально токсичные (при определенных условиях) токсичные

3 Химические вещества контролируют важные реакции серебро и селен поддерживают иммунный статус хром не дает липидам оседать на стенках сосудов и регулирует уровень сахара в крови

4 Благодаря марганцу у нас здоровый цвет лица и все в порядке с костной системой

5 Медь влияет на эластичность сосудов Но ее избыток ndash яд возникают сбои в работе нервной системы и ЖКТ

6 Цинк входит в состав более 200 ферментов от него зависит здоровье глаз кожи волос и ногтей

7 Ртуть свинец кадмий мышьяк являются наиболее опасными Но в малом количестве они есть в почве водоемах растениях и в человеческом организме

8 Колебания концентрации каждого из названных элементов провоцируют многие болезни

9 Мышьяк вызывает сбои в работе печени почек расстройства ЖКТ и неврологические нарушения

10Кадмий нарушает баланс жизненно важных химических элементов (цинк селен медь железо кальций)

11Свинец накапливается в организме при недостатке железа магния кальция приводит к патологии ЖКТ нервной и сердечно-сосудистой систем

Part V RENDERING

МЕТАЛЛЫ ЖИЗНИ

Practise the pronunciation of the following words1 blood [blʌd] n ndash кровь2 plasma [plaeligzmə] n ndash плазма3 liver [lıvə] n ndash печень4 metabolism [metaeligbəlızəm] n ndash метаболизм обмен веществ5 activator [aeligktıveıtə] n ndash возбудитель активатор6 catalyst [kaeligt(ə)lıst] n ndash катализатор7 arterial [αtıərıəl] adj ndash 1) артериальный 2) разветвляющийся 3)

магистральный8 pressure [preʃə] n ndash давление сжатие9 heart [hαt] n ndash сердце (орган тела)10 ischemia [ıskımıə] n ndash ишемия местное малокровие11 infarct [ınfαkt ınfαkt] n ndash инфаркт12 cretinism [kretınız(ə)m] n ndash кретинизм Syn idiocy cretinism

кретинизм врожденный гипотиреоз болезнь Фаге13 oligophrenia [ɔlıgəfrınıə] n ndash олигофрения слабоумие14 mental [ment(ə)l] adj ndash умственный15 retardation [rıtαdeıʃ(ə)n] n ndash задерживание замедление16 bile [baıl] n ndash желчь17 kidney [kıdnı] n ndash почка18 sweat [swet] n ndash испарина пот потоотделение 19 gland [glaelignd] n ndash железа20 excrete [ıkskrıt ] [eks-] v ndash выделять21 thyroid [θaırɔıd] n ndash щитовидная железа22 prevent [prıvent] v ndash предотвращать предупреждать

Read the following information in Russian and render it into English

ТАБЛИЦА МЕНДЕЛЕЕВА В ОРГАНИЗМЕ

О том что в организмах содержатся металлы было известно давно Однако их исключительное значение для живой природы открылось на стыке наук физики биологии химии и медицины

В организме человека как и в водах Мирового океана находятся все элементы таблицы Менделеева Даже такой редкий и радиоактивный металл как уран хотя количество его ничтожно мало ndash всего 000009 грамма

Распределяются (distribute) элементы в нашем организме неравномерно (unevenly) Каждому органу в зависимости от выполняемой функции свойственны определенные химические

элементы в необходимых концентрациях Наибольшее их количество накапливается в печени (liver) В плазме крови (blood plasma) и в волосах химические элементы содержатся в незначительных количествах

Все химические элементы нашего организма подразделяются на две неравные группы Первая группа ndash макроэлементы В неё входят 10 незаменимых элементов калий натрий кальций железо медь магний молибден кобальт цинк и марганец Вторую группу ndash микроэлементов ndash составляют все оставшиеся элементы В здоровом организме и макро- и микроэлементы сбалансированы

Нарушение баланса микроэлементов влечет за собой изменение функции (disfunction) в дальнейшем и морфологической структуры клетки органа организма вызывая различные заболевания в том числе и онкологические

В крови больных ишемией (ischemia) и инфарктом (infarct) например обнаружены повышенные концентрации марганца и никеля но ndash дефицит магния кальция меди железа и бария Для нормального сердечного ритма (heart rate) необходимо достаточное поступление в организм именно кальция и магния что обеспечивает правильный электролитический обмен

Недостаток цинка селена и хрома указывает на пониженный иммунитет Дефицит магния и избыток (excess) натрия влияют на уровень артериального давления (arterial pressure)

ЙОДДефицит его в организме вызывает гипотиреоз (hypothyrosis) так

как йод принимает участие в выработке тиреоидина (thyroidin) Недостаток тиреоидина ведет к нарушению интеллектуального и физического здоровья Дефицит йода вызывает необратимые нарушения у новорожденных умственную отсталость (mental retardation) кретинизм (cretinism) олигофрению (oligophrenia)

Исследования последних лет в разных странах мира показали что в регионах с выраженным йодным дефицитом средние показатели умственного развития снижаются на 15-20 По мнению ВОЗ недостаток йода является самой распространенной (widespread) формой умственной отсталости которую можно предупредить (prevent)

Дефицит йода в Беларуси пытаются предупредить добавлением к пищевой соли йодистого калия 25 граммов на (per) тонну соли Срок хранения такой соли не более 4-х месяцев так как йод улетучивается (evaporate)

Какая-то часть дефицита йода восполняется за счет овощей и фруктов Значительное количество йода содержится в чесноке (garlic) свекле Много ndash в субтропических плодах фейхоа Но особенно богаты им все морепродукты

Выделяется (eliminate) йод из организма преимущественно через почки (kidneys) ndash до 80 а также через молочные (mammary) слюнные (salivary) и потовые железы (sweat glands) частично с желчью (bile)

PART VI SPEAKING

Exercise 1 Finish the following sentences adding to them two or more ones1 Toxic substances can be classified into several categories according to hellip 2 The amount of water in the body depends on hellip 3 The average Na+ intake is about hellip and excess sodium intake may result

in hellip 4 There are some important organic chemicals that are essential to health

For example hellip 5 Sulphuric acid is the chief basic chemical in many countries Other basic

chemicals include hellip

Exercise 2 Agree or disagree with the following statements Use the phrases Yes I fully (partially) agree Thatrsquos quite right I think so Right you are I disagree Irsquom afraid Thatrsquos wrong Just on the contrary1 DI Mendeleev was the only one who contributed to the development of

the Periodic Table of elements2 List of elements is available by name by symbol by atomic number by

density by melting point and by boiling point3 There is no much difference between chronic and acute poisoning4 Lethal doses of toxic substances are usually expressed in grams5 The exact amount of water in the human body depends upon age sex and

build of a man

Exercise 3 Fulfil the following tasksa) Enumerate

- elements used by ancients- elements discovered by chance- toxic elements and their possible effects

b) Indicate - elements contained in a man- functions of minerals in the body

c) Briefly indicate contribution to the development of chemistry made by Antoine Lavoisier Marie Scladovska Curie D I Mendeleyev and other scientists

Exercise 4 Look through the list of elements in the Appendix part of the textbook and choose any of the elements to think of its description Present it to your groupmates so that they guess the name of the element described

Exercise 5 Give some facts proving that1 Heavy metals are very toxic and should be used with caution2 Oxygen is one of the elements present in the human body in the greatest

amounts3 Certain organisms may accumulate considerable amounts of elements that

do not occur in the human body4 Not only chemical elements are considered as toxic5 Chemical substances affect the human body in different ways6 Elements may serve man in his everyday life

Exercise 6 Extend the idea Express your point of view Use the following phrases I thinkfeel that hellip As far as I know hellip My point of view is hellip 1 Chemists sometimes speak about chemical changes and physical changes2 Nearly all elements on or in the earth are found combined with other

elements3 Artificially combined elements are not plentiful all of them are

radioactive

Exercise 7 Prepare a talk about chemical elements using the following points as an outline1 Periodic table of elements as the first natural classification of chemical

elements and its significance to further development of chemistry2 Properties of matter3 Chemical elements of living matter and their amount4 Classification of toxic substances and their effects

section 5

ORAL TOPIC PLANT STUDY

Grammar Perfect (Active and Passive voice) Compound prepositions Homonyms (prepositions and conjunctions)

Perfect activeTable 1

present

Many scientists

have asked

has just made

have already visited

him to prepare for this experiment alone

the report on classification of elements

Silicon Valley

The professor

had delivered

had received

the lecture before our practical class on quantitative analysis beganall chemical preparations by 5 orsquoclock yesterday

future

The assistant professor

will have finished the lecture by 12 pm tomorrow

Time markersPresent today this week (month year) never ever yet already lately recentlyPast by hellip orsquoclock yesterday by the hellip of May by the end of the week since hellip after hellip Future by hellip orsquoclock tomorrow by thehellip of March by the end of the week (year month) after hellip

Exercise 1 Read and translate the following sentences Define the tense form of a predicate in each sentence1 All life depends on plants for food 2 Scientists have discovered a great many tropical fruits in rain forest over the years 3 Ancient men knew and used at least 12 elements 4 The number of neutrons does not affect the properties of an atom 5 Many plants have developed strong chemical defensive properties They are an important source of poisons and drugs 6 The development of microscope as a scientific tool during the 17 th century brought new insight to botany 7 Oxygen will form oxides with all other elements except the noble gases

Exercise 2 Compare the sentences in the right-hand and left-hand columns State the difference in using Present Perfect and Past Indefinite predicates

1 She lost her textbook yesterday 1 She has lost her textbook and canrsquot do her home task now

2 Did you find your lost key yesterday ndash Yes I found it after my class in Latin

2 Have you found your lost key ndash Yes I have Here it is

3 The students didnrsquot finish their laboratory work yesterday

3 We havenrsquot finished our laboratory work We need more time

Open the brackets and put the verb in either Past Simple or Present Perfect State the difference in using the Present Perfect and the Past Indefinite predicates

1 I (not to see) him lately I think he (to go) to Britain 2 I (not meet) him yesterday 3 The researchers (not to finish) their work so far but they promise good

results4 Professor (to come) You can have a talk with him right now 5 He (to publish) his first article only two years ago and now he is a well-

known specialist in this field 6 My brother (not to decide) yet what faculty to choose 7 You ever (to meet) this professor ndash No I never (to meet) him 8 You (to translate) this text already ndash Yes I (to translate) it9 When the conference on pharmaceutical education of the XXI century (to

take place) It (to take place) last month10 You (to surprise) me yesterday I (not to expect) you to come 11 Marie Curie (to discover) a new chemical element which was called

ldquopoloniumrdquo 12 We (to repeat) the experiment several times this week The results are the

Exercise 3 Answer the questions saying that somebody has done the action

Model Why isnrsquot she doing her experiment She has already done it

1 Why arenrsquot the students reading up for their examinations 2 Why isnrsquot the lecturer demonstrating the film 3 Why isnrsquot he answering the instructorrsquos questions 4 Why arenrsquot you writing an essay 5 Why arenrsquot you making the experiments 6 Why isnrsquot Ann writing the report 7 Why arenrsquot you learning the rules 8 Why arenrsquot they writing down the obtained data 9 Why isnrsquot your groupmate revising the most important points of the credit-test

Exercise 4 Have you ever used these facilities Answer as in the model

Model Irsquove used a volumetric flask to measure specific volumes accurately (I havenrsquot used it)

Centigrade thermometer to measure temperature herbal medicines to treat minor diseases transfusion apparatus to transfuse blood distillator to distill water microscope to see plant tissues ventilator to ventilate the laboratory burners to heat solutions graduated pipette to measure different volumes analytical balances to weigh different substances accurately

Exercise 5 Answer the questions saying that somebody had completed the action before he (she) was asked about it

Model - Why didnrsquot you watch that film on TV yesterday (to see)- I didnrsquot watch it because I had seen it before

1 Why didnrsquot you tell him my address (forget) 2 Why did Frieda come so soon from her holiday (spend all the money) 3 Why didnrsquot you see your groupmate when you came to Pinsk (leave) 4 Why couldnrsquot you get to your room at the hostel at once (lose the key) 5 Why didnrsquot Tom play cricket yesterday (break the leg) 6 Why didnrsquot you tell me about the results of your examinations (fail) 7 Why didnrsquot you go to the studentsrsquo festival (have an appointment)

Exercise 6 Open the brackets and use proper tense forms of the verb in Present Past or Future Perfect and Indefinite (Active voice) 1 After DI Mendeleyev (to arrange) all known elements in a table it (to undergo) several adjustments and rearrangements some time later 2 Botanists (to use) biotechnology to produce a variety of genetically engineering plants 3 Up to 110 million years ago non-flowering plants (to dominate) 4 Plants (to be) always of interest to man 5 In ancient times men (to try) different plants to see which ones helped cure certain diseases 6 Leaves one way or another (to produce) all the foods a plant needs for growth 7 In future there (to be) a great variety of genetically engineering plants 8 A plant (to need) materials (carbon dioxide water and nutrients) to carry out its life process 9 Eventually even the biggest trees must fall Their bodies (to contain) several tons of carbon nitrogen phosphorus and other valuable elements that the trees over their lifetime (to extract) from the atmosphere and the ground

PERFECT PASSIVETable 2

present

This liquid

The solutions

has not been filtered

have already been heated

He said that the solution

The experiment

had already been cooled

had been made by 12 orsquoclock yesterday

future

All the test-tubes will have been prepared by tomorrow

Exercise 7 Define the Perfect Passive in the following sentences Translate them into Russian1 By the end of the week the obtained results of the investigation will have been presented at the conference 2 About half a million organic compounds have been described in the chemical literature 3 This solution has been infused for a very long time 4 Medicinal properties have been ascribed to iron since time immemorial 5 By the time the instructor entered the biochemical laboratory all necessary equipment had already been prepared by the laboratory assistant 6 The solutions for laboratory diagnosis have not been delivered yet 7 A new book on organic chemistry has been published recently 8 This report will have been finished by next month

Exercise 8 Rewrite the sentences in the Perfect Passive1 Biochemistry and biophysics have achieved remarkable results in analyzing and synthesizing DNA and RNA 2 Modern scientists have discovered 20 new elements 3 The scientists have made little progress in fundamental theory 4 By 1939 Otto Hahn Fritz Strassmann and Lise Meitner had established the occurrence of uranium fission 5 The rapid growth in the understanding of chemical processes in general organic and biochemical reactions in particular has brought a revolution in the pharmaceutical industry 6 After we had heated the solution we wrote down the result of the experiment 7 Today chemists have not only synthesized many of the organic substances in nature but have prepared substances that do not occur in nature such as plastic different types of rubber medicines etc

Exercise 9 Open the brackets and use the correct tense form of the verb in Present Past Future Perfect and Indefinite (Passive Voice)1 More than 300 flowering plants (to recognize) today 2 The classification of chemical elements (to express) by Mendeleyev in the form of periodic table 3 Specimens of plants that (to prepare) properly can remain in excellent condition for many years 4 Gallium (to discover) in 1875 but its existence (to predict) already six years earlier by D Mendeleyev 5 The greenness of plants (to cause) by chlorophyll 6 The symbols of the elements (to establish) by international agreement and (to use) nowadays throughout the world 7 Vitamins (to extract) mainly from natural sources but nowadays the majority of them (to make) by synthetic methods 8 Plants (to find) throughout the world on land in water and in air 9 Matter (to compose) of elements of which there are 107 known ndash 17 (to produce) artificially and 90 (to occur) naturally on our planet

Compound prepositions

according tobecause ofdue tothanks toby means ofdepending onas toin spite ofregardless of

laquoсогласноraquo laquoв соответствииraquolaquoиз-заraquo laquoвследствиеraquo laquoблагодаряraquolaquoиз-заraquo laquoвследствиеraquo laquoблагодаряraquolaquoблагодаряraquolaquoпри помощиraquo laquoпосредствомraquolaquoв зависимости отraquo laquoчто касаетсяraquolaquoнесмотря наraquolaquoневзирая наraquo

Exercise 10 Read the following sentences and indicate compound prepositions Translate the sentences1 Many carbon compounds play a vital role due to their effect on the processes in the human body 2 Antibodies can be classified according to their mode of action 3 As to the starch it was then recognized that it gave glucose when heated with dilute sulphuric acid 4 By means of the glycolytic series of reactions pyruvic acid is formed in the cells of plants 5 Depending on the basis of the functional group carbon compounds are divided into several classes 6 The chemical properties of phenols differ from those of alcohols chiefly because of the acidic character of the phenols 7 In spite of the importance of the contributions to chemistry that had been made earlier the greatest portion of credit for the development of the Periodic system must go to the Russian scientist DI Mendeleyev (1834-1907) 8 Regardless of

their diverse molecular structures all hydrocarbons have a number of properties in common

Homonyms (prepositions and conjunctions)

ПРЕДЛОГИ совпадающие по форме с СОЮЗАМИ

СЛОВОФОРМА ПРЕДЛОГ СОЮЗsince c с тех пор как так какtilluntil

до до того как (до тех пор) пока (не) пока

for для так как потому чтоafter после после того какbefore до до того как прежде чемas как в качестве так как по мере того как

Exercise 11 Translate the following sentences pointing out conjunctions of the subordinate sentences1 Cells must grow before they can divide 2 As the leaf ages hormonal changes take place and at least two layers of cells become differentiated 3 For a long period man has known about the medicinal properties of plants 4 Until man learned to develop nuclear energy he depended entirely on sunlight for his energy needs 5 After algae and other simple green plants appeared in the oceans about 35 billion years ago the amount of oxygen started to increase as a result of photosynthesis 6 Two dyes are used for the preparation of lipstick 7 In the vitamin field the efforts of the chemists are especially large since they isolated and synthesized a number of new vitamins 8 Plants are very important as they help to maintain the balance of the atmosphere 9 Since 1930 all other vitamins have been isolated 10 Before the era of electricity acetylene gas was used as a component of illuminating gas for it burns with a colourless flame

Exercise 1 Practise the dialogues paying attention to the use of Present Perfect and Past Simple

Model A - Have you ever won the lottery- No I havenrsquot I have never won anything - (No every time I wasnrsquot lucky)

B - Have you ever been to the Palace of Arts in Minsk- Yes Irsquove been there several times

- (Yes I was there a few days ago)C - Has he spoken to you about his plans

- No he hasnrsquot said anything to me- (No he went to Riga last week and hasnrsquot arrived yet)

Exercise 2 Finish the dialogues according to the model given above - Have you ever met anyone famous- hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip- Have you ever travelled abroad- hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip - Have you ever visited Moscow museums of arts- hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip - Have you ever lived at the studentsrsquo hostel- hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip

Task Prepare some questions for a questionnaire using Have you ever pattern to find out something interesting or unusual about some other people Use the following verbs to stay to visit to be to win to speak to fly to develop to take part in to discuss to plan

DIALOGUEs

Meeting people after a long time

Read and learn the following speech patterns- We havenrsquot seen you for ages - Мы давно не видели вас- We havenrsquot seen much of you

lately- Последнее время тебя что-то

совсем не видно- I have seen very little of you

lately- Последнее время я тебя редко

вижу- Itrsquos a pity you havenrsquot made up

your mind- Жаль что вы не приняли

решения- Sorry to have kept you waiting - Простите что заставил вас

ждать- Never mind - Ничего страшного- Sorry to have failed to fulfil your

request- Простите что не удалось

выполнить вашу просьбу- No harm done - Все благополучно- Sorry to have woken you up - Простите что вас разбудил

Read the dialogues in pairsI

A Irsquom delighted to see you again Where have you been all this timeB Irsquove been at my relativesC WhereaboutsD I was in the country where my aunt and uncle live

IIA Itrsquos such a long time since we metB Oh yes Irsquove been away on holidayC Where exactlyD In Latvia Irsquove got relations there

IIIA I havenrsquot seen much of you lately Where have you been HomeB I have just returned from ItalyC Were you on a business tripD Oh no I was on leaveE A lucky man How did you spend time thereF Oh it was marvelous

IVA Hi I havenrsquot seen you for agesB Irsquove been away for a while I was on a business trip A couple of days

have passed since I came backC Irsquom very glad you rang me up Irsquove got a lot to tell you aboutD You see Irsquove been so busy since my return that I had no time to visit

any of my friends

Part Iii VOCABULARY LEARNING

Exercise 1 Read and memorize the following words of the active vocabularya) words naming parts of plants

root [rut] n ndash кореньrhizome [raızəum] n ndash корневищеstem [stem] n ndash ствол стебельseed [sıd] n ndash семя семечкоinflorescence [ınflɔres(ə)ns] n ndash 1) соцветие 2) цветение bark [bαk] n ndash кора (дерева)fruit [fru t] n ndash плод фруктtop [tɔp] n ndash 1) верхушка вершина

bud [bʌd] n ndash (бот) почкаb) words indicating taste or ordour of plants fruits etc

distinct [dıstıŋkt] a ndash особый индивидуальный spicy [spaısı] a ndash острый пикантный пряный (о пище)bitter [bıtə] a ndash горький (на вкус)agreeable [əgrıəbl] a ndash приятный mucilaginous [mjusılaeligʤınəs] a ndash 1) слизистый 2) клейкий липкий вязкийastringent [əstrınʤənt] n a ndash вяжущее средство вяжущийpungent [pʌnʤənt] a ndash острый пикантный едкийpeculiar [pıkjulıə] a ndash специфический особенный своеобразный необычныйsweet [swıt] а ndash сладкий (о вкусе) душистыйacrid [aeligkrıd] a ndash острый резкий (на вкус) едкий (о запахе) раздражающийnauseous [nɔsjəs] a ndash вызывающий тошноту тошнотворный вонючий

c) words indicating shape and colour of plants fruits etcshape [ʃeıp] n ndash форма очертание round [raund] a ndash круглый шарообразный сферическийoblong [ɔblɔŋ] a ndash продолговатый вытянутый удлинённыйelliptic(al) [ılıptık(ə)l] a ndash эллиптическийbroad [brɔd] a ndash широкий pale [peıl] a ndash бледный

d) words relating to maturing and harvesting of plants fruits etc pollination [pɔlıneʃn] n ndash опылениеripen [raıpən] v ndash зреть созреватьmoisture [mɔısʧə] n ndash влажность сырость harvest [hαvıst] n ndash сбор (урожая и т п)mature [mətjuə] a ndash зрелый спелый (о плоде)humid [hjumıd] a ndash влажный сырой

e) general scientific words determine [dıtəmın] v- определять устанавливать

investigate [ınvestıgeıt] v ndash исследовать изучатьnutrition [njutrıʃn] n ndash еда корм пищаnutrient [njutrıənt] a n ndash питательный пища питательное веществоefficacy [efıkəsı] n ndash сила действенность relieve [rılıv] v ndash облегчать освобождать refer (to) [rıfə] v ndash относиться (к классу) ссылаться (на кого-либо что-либо) purpose [pəpəs] n ndash цель результат vary [veərɪ] v ndash менять изменять

constituent [kənstıtjuənt] n ndash составная частьtreat [trıt ] v ndash обрабатывать обращаться лечить store [stɔ ] n v ndash запас изобилие хранить запасатьharm [hαm] n v ndash вред ущерб вредить наносить ущерб property [prɔpətı] n ndash свойство качество result [rɪzʌlt] v ndash (in smth) кончаться (чем-либо) иметь свой результат ~ from ndash следовать происходить в результате чего- либо

Exercise 2 Read the words of the Greek and Latin origin and try to translate them using your knowledge of the Russian Latin and English languagesAncient [acuteeınʃənt] Egyptian [ıacutedʒıpʃən] Athens [acuteaeligθınz] China [acuteʧaınə] Chinese [acuteʧaıacuteniz] Assyrian [əacutesırıən] cultivate [acutekʌltıveıt] palm [pαm] ferment [acutefəment] list [lıst] legend [acuteledʒənd] symptom [acutesımptəm] popular [acutepɔpjulə] lethal [acuteliθəl] immunity [ıacutemjunıtı] abscess [acuteaeligbsıs] stimulate [acutestımjuleıt] traditional [trəacutedıʃənl] therapy [acuteθerəpı] circulation [səkjuacuteleıʃən] respiratory [rısacutepaıərətərı] penicillin [penıacutesılın] principal [acuteprınsəpəl] reproductive [rıprəacutedʌktıv] function [acutefʌŋkʃən] absorb [əbacutesɔb] syrup [acutesırəp] manufacture [maelignjuacutefaeligkʧə] photosynthesis [fəutəuacutesınθısıs] herb [həb] herbal [hɜb(ə)l] phytomedicine [faıtoacutemeds(ı)n] phytopharmacy [faıtoacutefaməsı] natural [acutenaeligʧrəl] climate [acuteklaımıt] metabolite [meacutetaeligbəlaıt] carbohydrate [kαbəuacutehaıdreıt] diphtheria [dɪfacuteθɪərɪə] pneumonia [nju()acuteməunjə] typhus [acutetaıfəs] tuberculosis [tju()bəkjuacuteləusıs] asthma [acuteaeligsmə] bronchitis [brɔŋacutekaıtıs] malaria [məacutelεərıə] nerve [nɜv]

Exercise 3 Read the names of the following plants and translate them using a dictionary if necessaryGinkgo [acutegıŋkgəʊ acutegıŋkəʊ] ginger [acutedʒındʒə] camphor [acutekaeligmfə] cinchona [sıŋacutekəunə] coca [acutekəukə] oak [əuk] ginseng [acutedʒınseŋ] lily-of-the valley [acutelılıəvethəacutevaeliglı] lobelia [ləuacutebiljə] onion [acuteʌnjən] pansy [acutepaelignzı] senna [acutesenə] strophanthus [strəuacutefentəs] digitalis [dıdʒıacuteteılıs] foxglove [acutefɔksglʌv] valerian [vəacutelıərıən] hemlock [acutehemlok] garlic [acutegαlık] chamomile [kaeligməmaıl] snowdrop [acutesnəudrɔp] dog-rose [acutedɔgrəuz] opium poppy [acuteəupjəmacutepɔpı] ephedra [acuteefedrə] aloe [acuteaeligləu] echinacea [ekaınərsquosıə] cassia [acutekaeligsıə] mint [mınt] lavender [acutelaeligvındə] jasmin(e) [acutedʒaeligsmın] primrose [acuteprımrəuz] hawthorn [hɔethɔn] fennel [fenl] calamus [kaeligləməs]

Exercise 4 Give English equivalents to the following Latin termsHerba radix rhizoma cortex inflorescentia floss fructus folium semen turio bulbus corolla gemmae (почки)

Exercise 5 Learn the following nouns and adjectivesherb [həb] ndash herbaceous [həʹbeıʃəs]cancer [kaelignsə] ndash oncological [ɔnkəacutelɔdʒıkəl]nerve [nəv] ndash nervous [acutenəvəs]intestine [ınacutetestın] ndash intestinal [ınacutetestınəl]lung [lʌŋ] ndash pulmonary [acutepʌlmənərı]heart [hat] ndash cardiac [acutekαdıaeligk]spice [spαıs] ndash spicy [acutespαısı]respiration [respəacutereıʃ(ə)n] ndash respiratory [rısacutepaırət(ə)rı]stomach [acutestʌmək] ndash gastric [acutegaeligstrık]

Exercise 6 Arrange the words into a) synonyms and b) antonymsa) Ripe define lead to accurate act upon wide result in efficacy collect

mature affect determine peculiar precise harvest specific broad efficiency

b) Harm sweet agreeable useful moisture true disagreeable useless bitter dryness untrue good

Exercise 7 Match the explanation with its term1 The part of a plant that grows downward usually into the soil holds it in

place absorbs water and mineral foods from the soil and often stores food material

2 The main part of a tree shrub or other plant usually above the ground3 A root like stem lying on or underneath the ground which usually sends

out roots below and leafy shoots above4 A part of a plant from which a flower vegetable or other plant grows5 One of the thin usually flat green parts of a tree or other plant that grows

on the stem or grows up from the roots6 A juicy or fleshy product of a tree bush shrub vine or fleshy-stemmed

plant that is good to eat7 The way in which the flowers of a plant are arranged on the stem or axis

and in relation to each othera) a rhizome b) a fruit c) a leaf d) a root e) an inflorescence f) a stem g) a seed

Exercise 8 Translate from English into RussianTo absorb plant nutrients and water therapeutic efficacy nutritive substances fully ripened even drying to be in bloom as low (high) as possible lethal dose to relieve the symptoms of illness resulting from heat

factors to result in poisoning agreeable taste unpleasant odour list of medicinal plants Exercise 9 Translate the following word combinations from Russian into English

Корень валерианы кора дуба листья наперстянки корневище аира сок алоэ экстракт сены экстракт листьев гинко зрелые плоды боярышника семена укропа стебель и корни эфедры экстракт цветков ландыша кора кассии

Репродуктивная часть растений верхушка растения питательные и лекарственные свойства растений полное созревание растений наиболее подходящее время сбора растений сходные фармакологические свойства как можно быстрее не иметь вкуса неприятный на вкус

Exercise 10 Read the description of some flowering plants and guess what plants are describedA It is a fragrant (благоухающий) garden flower It grows in North

America Europe and North Asia The beautiful bell-shaped flowers are pure white They hang down in a long cluster (кисть гроздь) along a slender stem The flower stalk rises from a rhizome Each stalk usually has two or three wide oblong leaves The fruit is a red berry about six millimeters in diameter The plant requires rich well-drained soil and grows well in shade (тень) It is a perennial (многолетний) plant flowering naturally in late spring

B They are common garden flowers in temperate (умеренный) regions around the world They grow from 30 to 60 centimeters high The leaves lie one above the other on the stem The flower heads have yellow or orange rays of petals (лепестки) Some of the species are favorite annual garden flowers in many parts of the world Gardeners usually grow them from seeds In Shakespearersquos time the plant blossom was used in cooking to flavor soups

C It is a group of small plants that are sometimes used as medicinal herbs A perennial it grows about 30 centimeters high and has a slender trailing (стелющийся) stem and many branches The flowers look much like daises (маргаритки) The flowers and leaves smell sweet but taste bitter The dried flowers are used to make a tea that has a relaxing effect The flowers are sometimes applied as a warm poultice (warm moist mass) to treat toothache or made into a tonic

The flowers described chamomile lilly-of the-valley calendula

Exercise 11 Translate the sentences from Russian into English1 Настойка и экстракт ландыша ndash одно из лучших сердечных средств 2 Запах корневища валерианы сильный ароматный вкус приятный сладковато-горьковатый 3 Побег является надземной (иногда подземной) частью растения состоящей из стебля и листьев 4 Корень ndash подземный орган растения который укрепляет растение в земле всасывает воду и минеральные соли накапливает запасные вещества 5 Лист является той частью растения в которой протекают основные жизненные процессы такие как фотосинтез газообмен транспирация 6 Соцветие является собранием цветков расположенных на одной оси Part iV Reading Comprehension

Read and translate Text 1

Text 1

MEDICINAL HERBSI

The principal parts of a plant are 1) the root system 2) the stems and leaves 3) the reproductive part made up of flowers fruits or seeds The roots grow downward into the soil and have two main functions ndash to absorb plant nutrients and water from the soil and to anchor the plant As to stems and leaves they are usually above the ground The food used in growth by green plants is manufactured in the leaves from the raw materials taken from the soil and air This process is known as photosynthesis To support the leaves and to connect them with the roots are the main functions of the stem A flower is the part of the plant where seeds are produced Thus to produce seeds the plant must have flowersHerbal medicine also called botanical medicine or phytomedicine refers to using plants seeds fruits roots leaves bark or flowers for medicinal purposes Plants that give drugs have both active substances the so-called primary plant products and inactive substances the so-called secondary products The constituents and active principles vary in quantity at different seasons of the year and the majority of plant materials are usually best collected during the dry season when the herbs are at peak maturity and concentration Roots and rhizomes Best collected from October to February when the plants are more vigorously storing food in their underground organsLeaves The most opportune time is when the plant is about to bloom

Flowers Best collected in the time of pollination Buds are preferred collected in the morning after the morning dew has evaporated flowers just before or shortly after opening Dry the herbal materials as quickly as possibleBark materials and stems Generally best gathered in summer time as the bark of any plant usually contains richer nutritive substances including the medicinal metabolites Fruits and seeds Fully ripened fruits and mature seeds are preferred Turn the fleshy fruit frequently for even dryingWhole plant When the whole plant is desired it is advisable to harvest the plant at the time when the flowers are all in bloom

IIThe moisture content of the dried plant materials should be less than 10 before storageThe dried plant materials should be placed in plastic containers or tightly covered bottles The storage place should be dry well-ventilated and spacious Drug materials can be kept on large open wooden shelves The odour of a drug of plant origin may be distinct or indistinct depending upon the amount of volatile constituents the drug possesses It is described as aromatic balsamic spicy camphorous etc When it is difficult to compare the odour with other substances it is described as characteristicAccording to taste substances may be classified into four groups1 Those possessing a true taste such as acid sweet alkaline bitter2 Those possessing no taste and thus are tasteless3 Those possessing a characteristic odour which gives name to the so-

called ldquotasterdquo They may be grouped broadly into those which are agreeable or pleasant (aromatic balsamic spicy) and disagreeable or unpleasant (alliaceous camphorous etc)

4 Those giving certain sensation to the tongue (mucilaginous oily astringent pungent acrid nauseous)

Pharmacological activity of certain drugs is established using different tests and methods such as chemical tests for the determination of presence of inorganic elements a chemical analysis for the determination of the official activity chromatographic study to separate and analyze constituents and inert materials occurring in drugs etc

Exercise 1 Finish the following sentences1 Herbal medicine is also called hellip 2 Primary plant products are called hellip 3 Secondary plant products are also called hellip 4 Flowers are best collected in hellip 5 Bark materials and stems are best gathered in hellip 6 Roots and rhizomes are collected in hellip 7 It is advisable to harvest the whole plant

when hellip 8 The storage place should be hellip 9 Drug material can be kept on hellip

Exercise 2 Put the questions to which the following will be the answers1 The majority of plant materials are usually best collected during dry season (When hellip) 2 The dried plant material should be stored in plastic containers or tightly covered bottles (What hellip) 3 Yes the constituents and active principles of plants vary in qauntity during different times or seasons of the year (Do hellip) 4 According to taste substances may be classified into four groups (How many hellip) 5 Plants giving drugs have both active and inactive substances (What hellip) 6 The taste colour and odour of medicinal plants are standardized by describing lightness and strength of their colour (How hellip)

Exercise 3 Answer the following questions1 What is the best season of the year to collect the following parts of

medicinal plants and whya) roots and rhizomes b) leaves c) bark d) flowers e) fruits and seeds

2 Is it advisable to collect the whole plant when it is old or is in bloom3 What are the main rules for storing the dried plant materials taking into

consideration a) the storage place itself b) the humidity of the place c) types of containers

4 What is the classification of drugs of plant origin according to a) odour b) taste

5 What tests and methods are used to establish pharmacological activity of certain drugs

Exercise 4 Translate the following sentences from Russian into English1 Научные исследования доказали эффективность трав при лечении различных болезней 2 Если мы собираем лекарственные травы то нужно хорошо знать период сбора каждого растения и его частей 3 Траву то есть надземную часть растения собирают почти всегда в период начала или полного цветения когда растение содержит наибольшее количество биологически активных веществ 4 Корни и корневища выкапывают обычно поздней осенью или ранней весной еще до появления листьев 5 Листья травянистых растений собирают до их цветения или во время цветения 6 Плоды собирают когда они созрели но не перезрели 7 Некоторые растения имеют приятный запах но горький вяжущий вкус 8 Различают сладкий соленый горький кисловатый вкус а у ароматического сырья ndash пряный и

смолистый (resinous) иногда вкус определяют путем сравнения 9 Содержание биологически активных и других веществ определяют лабораторными методами ndash микроскопическими физико-химическими и биологическими

Text 2

NATURErsquoS MEDICINES

1 Without plants there would be no life on Earth In ancient times plants played a vital role in healing and many are still used by the modern pharmaceutical industry2 The Assyrians and Egyptians the early civilized people started cultivating plants By the seventh century they had produced a systematically arranged list of medicinal plants In China medical authorities recognize the medical properties of more than 5800 plants They classified the medicinal effects of the plants on the various parts of the body and then tested them to determine their toxicity what dosages would be lethal etc For example cassia bark is warming in nature and is useful in treating colds Mint is cooling in nature and is used to relieve the symptoms of illness resulting from heat factors 3 One of the most widely used plants that was known to man 5000 years ago is garlic It is well known that garlic is therapeutically useful for the following purposes it is a powerful agent in preventing diphtheria typhus tuberculosis pneumonia it is useful in all respiratory infections especially in symptoms of a dry hacking cough in colds asthma and bronchitis and in many other cases It is also an excellent nerve tonic4 Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) is a popular alternative to commonly prescribed medications for sleep problems Unlike many prescription sleeping pills valerian may have fewer side effects such as morning drowsiness5 Clinical studies found that Echinacea supplements decreased the chance of getting a cold by 58 It also shortened the duration of a cold by 14 days 6 Used correctly herbs can help treat a variety of conditions and in some cases may have fewer side effects than some conventional medications But some herbs may cause allergic reactions and some are toxic if used improperly or at high doses Taking herbs on your own increases your risk so it is important to consult your doctor or pharmacist before taking herbal medicines

7 Plants have been used by people not only as source of medicines but for some other purposes They supply people with food and many other useful products They also add beauty and pleasure to peoplersquos life Flax has been used for centuries for its fibers and linseed oil Paper money is made from fibers of flax Popular drinks such as coffee tea and coconuts are all made from parts of plants Chocolate is made from the fruits of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) Although the modern perfume industry can make perfumes artificially it still relies on essential oils extracted from flowers such as rose lavender jasmine and orange cold ndash простуда hacking cough ndash кашель (отрывистый и сухой) drowsiness ndash дремота oil ndash масло (обычно растительное или минеральное)

Exercise 1 Make up sentences 1 Mint2 Valerian3 Echinacea4 Chocolate 5 Flowers of

rose lavender jasmine and orange

6 Garlic7 Cassia bark

are is used is made is useful decreases

a) the chance of getting coldb) source of essential oils used in

perfumeryc) from fruits of cocoad) in treating coldse) to relieve the symptoms of illness

resulting from heat factorsf) in preventing diphtheria typhus

tuberculosis pneumonia and respiratory infections

g) in sleep problems

Exercise 2 Define the statements as TRUE or FALSE Correct the false statements1 The Egyptians tested plants to discover their nutritional and medicinal

properties2 Garlic was known to men 2000 years ago3 Garlic is considered as antimicrobial agent4 Valerian is effective in sleep problems5 Medicinal plants may not have any adverse effects6 Essential oils extracted from flowers of some plants are not used in

perfume industry because modern perfume industry can make perfumes artificially

7 Taking herbs without consulting a doctor or a pharmacist doesnrsquot pose any risk to an individual

Exercise 3 Tell your groupmates about medicinal plants known to you and their use for medicinal purposes

Read Text 3 and do the tasks which follow it

Text 3

POISONOUS PLANTS

Poisonous plants when used in small or moderate amounts cause a harmful reaction resulting in illness or death Many ornamental plants such as oleander lilly-of-the-valley and mistletoe1 are poisonous Some plants contain both edible and poisonous parts potatoes and tomatoes are common plant foods but their green parts are poisonous

The poisonous compound may be distributed2 throughout all parts of the plant or it may accumulate in one part more than in any other such as the root or berry Every plant may vary in the amount of toxins it contains due to different growing conditions and slight variations in subspecies Certain plants however can be highly toxic when young and harmless later

Usually more than 60g of the poisonous part of the plant must be eaten by an average adult before poisonous results Some plants however are toxic in small amounts for instance one or two castor beans the seeds of castor-oil plant may kill a child

Poisonous plants cause painful skin irritations3 upon contact they cause internal poisoning when eaten and they poison through skin absorption or inhalation into the respiratory tract After ingestion4 the poison may act immediately on the digestive tract Symptoms of ingestion poisoning can include nausea vomiting diarrhea depressed heartbeat hallucinations dry mouth coma and death Some plants affect the heart (oleander) Plants containing alkaloids often produce unpleasant or dangerous reactions in the nervous system Examples are paralysis hallucinations or heart block A few poisons act directly within the cells of the body Cyanide for example prevents cells of the body from using oxygen

First aid in case of poisoningThe symptoms of poisoning depend on both the amount of poison

ingested and the individualrsquos reaction to the poison as every person has a different level of resistance to toxic substances

Action If the victim5 has eaten a poisonous plant or mushroom summon6 emergency medical aid immediately If the victim has been in

contact with a poisonous plant like poison ivy7 ensure that your hands are protected before removing the victimrsquos contaminated8 clothing Do not touch other parts of the victimrsquos body especially the eyes Wash the affected area several times with soap and water Calamine lotion9 may be applied

If the victim is conscious10 Ask which plant was eaten Induce11

vomiting by giving the patient a glass of syrup of ipecac12 Save any vomit13

for medical analysis Do not induce vomiting if the patient is unconscious Give the patient milk or water to drink in order to dilute the poison left

in the body If the victim is unconscious Place the victim in the recumbent

position14 Do not leave the victim alone Do not give the victim food or drink or induce vomiting

If the victim stops breathing give artificial resuscitation15 If poisoning is suspected a doctor should be consulted immediately

Notes1 mistletoe [acutemısltəu] ndash омела белая2 to distribute [dısacutetrıbju()t] ndash распространять3 irritation [ɪrɪteɪʃ(ə)n] ndash раздражение4 ingestion [ınacutedʒestən] ndash прием внутрь пищи (лекарства)

проглатывание5 victim [acutevıktım] ndash жертва6 to summon [acutesʌmən] ndash требовать исполнения чего-либо7 poison ivy [acutepɔıznacuteaıvı] ndash ядовитый плющ8 contaminated [kənacutetaeligmıneıtıd] ndash зараженный9 calamine lotion [acuteləuʃən] ndash примочка (лосьон) каламина10 to be conscious [acutekɔnʃəs] ndash находиться в сознании11 to induce ndash вызывать стимулировать12 ipecac [acuteıpıkaeligk] ndash сокр от ipecacuanha фарм ипекакуана рвотный

корень13 vomit ndash рвота14 recumbent position ndash положение лежа15 resuscitation [rɪˌsʌsɪteɪʃ(ə)n] ndash оживление приведение в сознание

Exercise 1 Translate from English into Russian the following word combinations

to provoke a harmful reaction to result in illness or death contain both edible and poisonous parts through skin absorption or inhalation into the respiratory tract to prevent cells of the body from using oxygen to be in contact with poisonous plant the amount of poison ingested the affected area to dilute the poison left in the body to induce vomiting to place the victim in the recumbent position to give artificial resuscitation

Exercise 2 Choose the right options1

A If you ingest a bit of a poisonous plant you may fall ill or die B Ornamental plants are not harmfulC Poisonous compounds may accumulate only in a certain part of the

plant2 Poisonous plants can affect __________

A the urinary systemB the nervous systemC the heartD the skin

3 The effects of poisoning may be __________A vomitingB allergic reactionC earacheD loss of consciousnessE hallucinations

4 The symptoms of poisoning depend on __________A the toxicity of the plantB the quantity of the ingested poisonC individual level of resistance to poisonD sex of a personE age of a person

Exercise 3 Answer the following questions1 In what case poisonous plants provoke a harmful reaction in human

beings or animals2 What poisonous plants are mentioned in the text What other poisonous

plants do you know3 In what parts of plants may the poisonous compounds be distributed4 Must most poisons enter the body before they act5 What reactions do toxins produce in a victim6 What do the symptoms of poisoning depend on

Exercise 4 Enumerate the main measures to be taken to help the victim who has eaten a poisonous plant or mushroom

Exercise 5 Read the texts and translate them using a dictionary

Belladonna

Belladonna is probably named in honour of Italians who made eye drops of the fresh juice to dilate their pupils and make them appear more alluring According to a medieval superstition witches used belladonna in their ceremonies to promote hallucinations and it was combined with aconite to produce the sensation of flying Gerard described the herb as ldquoa plant so furious and deadlyrdquo Belladonna has powerful sedative and narcotic properties mainly due to the presence of two poisonous crystalline alkaloids One of them atropine affects the autonomous nervous system Today ophthalmologists still use atropine to dilate the pupils and it also antidotes the nerve gas discharges from chemical weapons The other alkaloid is used as a sedative Belladonna extracts are used medicinally to treat ailments characterized by spasms including Parkinsonrsquos disease epilepsy asthma and whooping cough Atropine also controls mucous secretions and may be found in medications for colds and fever Homeopathically belladonna is prescribed for scarlet fever inflammations throbbing headaches and sore throats

All parts of plants are highly poisonous They should be taken only under medical supervision All parts of the fresh plants give off an unpleasant smell when bruised and are extremely poisonous Black berries contain a sweet inky juice that is deadly poison

CAMPHOR

Camphor chemical formula C10H12O is a substance that comes from the camphor tree The trees grow tall and have white flowers and green leaves Most grow in China and on the island of Taiwan

Camphor is produced by steaming wood chips from the camphor tree During this process camphor collects in an oily layer on the chips The oily substance is drained and pressed to remove the oil and water Camphor is then left in the form of whitish almost transparent crystals The crystals are usually purified by sublimation a process by which the camphor changes directly from a solid to a vapour leaving behind impurities Chemists now produce synthetic camphor in laboratories

Camphor is used in cosmetics lacquers and pharmaceuticals Spirits of camphor ndash mixture of 10 parts camphor 70 parts alcohol and 20 parts water ndash is a mild antiseptic Camphor is also combined with another compound to make camphorated parachlorophenol a germ-killing drug sometimes used in dental work Chemists use camphor to denature ethyl alcohol the type of

alcohol used in alcoholic beverages Denatured alcohol is ethyl alcohol that is unfit for drinking but has other uses Large doses of camphor are poisonous and will cause delirium and convulsions

Part v RENDERING

Read the newspaper article and render it into English

ЭТОТ ВКУСНЫЙ ШОКОЛАД

Ученые естественно не могли пройти мимо какао не попытавшись выявить в нем активное действующее начало В 1841 году адъюнкт Петербургского университета АА Введенский извлек (extracted) из какао-бобов новый алкалоид который назвал теобромином

Плоды теобромы помещаются (are placed) в специальные емкости (containers) и подвергаются брожению (ферментации) (are undergone) Какао-бобы прошедшие ферментацию содержат 50 ndash масла 15 ndash белка 9 ndash ароматических и экстрактивных веществ 7 ndash крахмала (starch) 5 ndash дубильных веществ (tannins) 5 ndash минеральных веществ 15 ndash катехинов (catechins) со свойствами витамина РР 05-2 ndash теобромина и 02 кофеина Калорийность (caloric content) бобов составляет 600 калорий на (per) 100 граммов массы

Масло какао вот уже почти три века используется при изготовлении суппозиториев ndash лечебных свечей и шариков Теперь масло какао все больше используется для производства губной помады (for the manufacture of lipstick) а суппозитории все чаще готовятся из гидрогенизированного жира ndash бутирола

Какао-напиток ndash ценный диетический продукт Он высококалориен поэтому назначается (is indicated) на стадии выздоровления (recovery) после изнурительных (exhausting) заболеваний Какао рекомендуют пить при сердечной слабости (asthenia of the heart) учитывая его положительное влияние на силу сердечных сокращений (contractions) и относительно высокое содержание (content) калия

В чистом виде теобромин как лекарственный препарат практически не используется Он раздражает желудок (irritates the stomach) плохо и медленно всасывается (is absorbed) в кишечнике (the intestines) и эффективность его крайне низкая Поэтому созданы и

продаются в аптеках препараты в которых действие теобромина усилено (is enhanced by) другими компонентами

Part vI SPEAKING

Exercise 1 Answer the questions with more than one sentence1 Do you use medicinal plants to keep yourself healthy Which ones2 For what purposes have people selected and used plants3 Would you name the flowers the modern perfume industry uses for the

purest fragrances Would you name some of natural cosmetic products4 Many of the early botanists were also doctors Why do you suppose this

is no longer so

Exercise 2 Ask your friend1 Использовал ли он (его родители) когда-либо лекарственные

растения2 Какие лекарственные растения он (его родители) предпочитает иметь

в домашней аптечке (medicine chest)3 Знает ли он правила хранения лекарственных растений4 Какие лекарственные растения произрастают в Беларуси5 Какие из растений произрастающих в Беларуси считаются

ядовитыми6 Знает ли он время сбора лекарственных растений

Exercise 3 Fulfil the following tasks a) Enumerate plants which are harvested a) in spring b) in summer c) in

autumn Which parts of the enumerated plants are usually used in medical practice

b) Indicate some spices and medicines obtained from a) roots or rhizomes b) stems c) leaves d) flowers

c) Briefly indicate contributions to plant science made by the ancient Egyptians and the Chinese

Exercise 4 Look through the list of plants in Appendix part of the textbook and choose any of the flowering plant Think of a description and present it to your groupmates to guess the name of the plant described

Exercise 5 Give your recommendations a) how to deal with wild plants b) how to store dried medicinal plantsUse the following phrases you should (shouldnrsquot) do something yoursquod better (yoursquod better not) do something itrsquos (isnrsquot) advisable to do something itrsquos (isnrsquot) recommended to do something

Exercise 6 Act out the following situationYou are giving emergency help for the victim of poisoning Before rendering help ask the victim 1) what plant he was in contact with 2) what complaints the victim has

Use the following word combinations skin irritation reddening of the affected area dryness in the mouth to induce vomiting to wash clothing to make the victim drink some water to consult a doctor

Exercise 7 Speak on the following1 Herbal medicines as a source of natural drugs2 Best time for harvesting different parts of plants3 Rules for storing dried plant material4 Description of drugs of plant origin by odour and taste5 Therapeutic effects of some medicinal plants6 Poisonous plants and their effects

Section 6

Oral topic IN THE PHARMACY

Grammar 1 Modal verbs with Active and Passive Infinitive 2 Pronoun ldquoonerdquo with modal verbs 3 The use of ldquocanrdquo ldquocouldrdquo ldquomayrdquo and ldquowouldrdquo in requests permissions suggestions and invitations

MODAL VERBS AND THEIR EQUIVALLENTSTable 1

finite

Отр

ица-

тель

ная

фор

Пер

евод

Что

озна

чает

экви

вале

нты

(син

оним

can could cannotcanrsquotcould not

могу можем можно сможешь умею смогли

физическая или умственная возможность умениевежливая просьба

to be able (to)

may might may notmight not

можно возможно могу быть может вероятно

разрешениепредположениевозможность

to be allowed

must had to must notmustnrsquotneed notneednrsquot

должен надо нужно должно быть вероятно

долженствованиеобязанностьвероятностьпредположение

to have (to)

has (to)

had (to) donrsquot have (to)doesnrsquot have (to)didnrsquot have (to)

придется вынужден надо (было)

необходимость вызванная обстоятельствами

to be (to)amis (to) are

was (to)were (to)

is not (to)was not (to)

должен надо

необходимость совершения заранее запланированного (обусловленного) действия

should - should not должен следует

совет желательность (субъективное мнение)

ought (to)

- ought notoughtnrsquot

должен следует

необходимость обусловленная логикой вещей моральный долг

NoteThey must not go there

Выражает категорическое запрещение В переводе ndash нельзя

не должен

They neednrsquot go thereВыражает отсутствие

необходимости и долженствования В переводе ndash не

надо не нужноИм нельзя идти туда Им не надо идти туда

Exercise 1 Read and translate the sentences using Table 1 Pay attention to the mode of translation of Modals and their equivalents 1 Students have to pass exams twice a year 2 Hurry up they must be waiting for us 3 You ought to inform your parents about your studies at the University 4 The second-year students can carry out complex experiments with chemical substances 5 You should do the work with care 6 She will have to sign these papers 6 Will you be allowed to take this journal 7 We will be able to finish this experiment in time 8 May he begin doing the task without waiting for you 9 The first-year students are to have the acquaintance practice at the chemistrsquos 10 I canrsquot understand what has gone wrong with my experiment 11 They donrsquot have to take part in the scientific conference as it has been postponed 12 All vessels bottles glass tubes etc must be clean and ready for use

Exercise 2 Insert where necessary the particle ldquotordquo before the infinitive after modal verbs or their equivalentsThey have hellip translate they were allowed hellip answer he will be able hellip conduct the research workThey should hellip learn the name of plants in Latin you must hellip add another substance he ought hellip know they were allowed hellip use another method she is hellip prepare a report they ought hellip be present at the lecture you neednrsquot call in the doctor does he need hellip go their at once

Exercise 3 Fill in the blanks with the suitable modal verb1 If a person is able to pass his examinations we say that he hellip pass them 2 If it is not necessary for a person to do something we may say that he hellip do it 3 If one is not permitted to talk during classes we say that one hellip not do so 4 If a person is able to work every evening in the lab we say that he hellip work here every evening 5 If a person is to become a pharmacist we say that he hellip study pharmaceutical sciences 6 If you want to know chemistry well you hellip make lots of experiments 7 If a person wants to specialize in Botany he hellip know the subject well 8 If you are interested in research work you hellip join the studentsrsquo scientific society

Exercise 4 Put the modal verbs in the Past and Future Tenses where it is possible1 This medicine may help her 2 The scientist can prove the importance of his investigation 3 You must take this mixture 4 He can become a good pharmacist 5 He may come any minute 6 You can cure this disease 7 The students must work hard during the whole term 8 The pharmacist must instruct the patient about the side effects of the drug 9 All pharmacists must be familiar with the action of drugs on the body 10 A toxic syndrome can result from excessive vitamin intake 11 A new medicine must undergo extensive testing in the laboratory 12 You may warm the ear drops to body temperature

Exercise 5 Student A and student B are inspecting an old medicine chest (аптечка) There are no labels on bottles and boxes and they may only partly guess the identity of their contents

Model Itrsquos a dark yellow powder so it canrsquot be aspirin

- yellow tablets helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip vitamins- pungent fluid helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipeye lotion- small pills helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip soluble calcium- stinging fluid helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip nasal drops- small capsules helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipaspirin- bitter - smelling powder helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip remedy for children

Exercise 6 An experienced pharmacist is talking to his assistant who has just started working for him He is recommending the young person very strongly not to do certain things

Model You mustnrsquot criticize the prescribed medication

To sell antibiotics doctorrsquos prescriptionTo forget to put a label on the medicineTo keep vitamin C metallic containerTo freeze insulin injectionsTo sell narcotics doctorrsquos prescriptionTo store this medicine above 25degC

Exercise 7 Use modal verbs to join the phrases

Model To heat the solution ndash the burner was out of orderThey had to heat the solution but they couldnrsquot as the burner was out of order

To buy the prescribed drugs - the prescription was lostTo read the directions on the label - the label was torn outTo make an injection - the syringe was mislaidTo tell the doctor about patientrsquos condition - the doctor was at the conferenceTo carry out the experiment - the reagents were not available at the momentTo give instructions to the assistant ndash he (she) was out

Exercise 8 Transform the following sentences from Active to Passive voice and translate the transformed sentences

Model You must do it ndash Вам нужно это сделатьIt must be done ndash Это нужно сделать

1 You can find the book on the history of Pharmacy in the university

library2 You mustnrsquot take this medicine together with dairy products3 You must do this laboratory work very carefully4 Before entering the chemical laboratory we must put on white gowns and

caps5 We may collect many flowers in the time of pollination6 I could buy all the necessary drugs at the chemistrsquos yesterday7 The students should ventilate the room after experiments in chemistry8 You must take all medicines according to the indications

Exercise 9 Translate given in brackets Modals with Passive Infinitive

1 On using this preparation allergic reactions (могут отмечаться) 2 The preparation (не следует принимать) together with antidepressants 3 Response to the treatment is not as good as (могла бы ожидаться) 4 This drug (необходимо заказать) in the hospital pharmacy 5 All drugs (следует хранить) in a cool place protected from light 6 In this case hypersensitivity reaction (нельзя исключить) 7 Explain to the patient how this medicine (нужно принимать) 8 In this case steroid preparations (можно назначать) 9 Aspirin (не следует давать) to children who have viral infections

Pronoun ldquoonerdquo with modal verbsImpersonal pronoun ldquoonerdquo may be used as a formal subject and together with modal verbs is translated as followsOne can see hellip ndash Можно видеть hellip One must know hellip ndash Нужно знать hellip One should learn hellip ndash Следует изучить hellip One neednrsquot hurry ndash Не надо спешитьOne must not be late ndash Нельзя опаздыватьOne has to get up early ndash Приходится вставать рано

Exercise 10 Make up sentences and translate them into RussianOne can order

buy ask (for)

1 items for medical care2 medicines according to prescription3 advice4 this drug in a local pharmacy

One must (mustnrsquot)need to (neednrsquot)

be carefulknowbe latehaveworkread

1 for classes2 about possible side effects of a drug3 the instruction in taking medicines4 while taking these preparations5 doctorrsquos permission for non-prescription

drugs6 hard to achieve excellent results

One should (shouldnrsquot)

keepavoidswitchtakefollowneglect

1 taking drugs prescribed for other persons2 to vitamin therapy3 medicines in a cool place4 pharmacistrsquos advice5 doctorrsquos recommendations6 prescribed medicines properly

Exercise 11 Translate the sentences from Russian into English using modal verbs or their equivalents1 Вы можете применить свой опыт на практике в аптеке 2 Врач смог дать ему это лекарство только через два часа 3 Вы сможете приобрести

большой опыт практической работы в нашей лаборатории 4 Это лекарство следует принимать по столовой ложке через каждые два часа 5 Как долго мне придется принимать это лекарство доктор 6 Вам нужно принимать лекарство (микстуру пилюли порошки) в соответствии с рецептом 7 Можно купить этот препарат в любой аптеке без рецепта 8 Лекарства следует хранить в прохладном месте 9 Нельзя принимать лекарства прописанные другим лицам

PART II Speech patterns

ldquoCanrdquo ldquocouldrdquo ldquomayrdquo and ldquowouldrdquo in requests (1) asking for permission (2) in offers (3) and invitations (4)

Study the following examples1

- Could I have a pain-killer please (in a pharmacy)- Hello can I speak to Kate please (on the phone)- Can I have the salt please (at table)

2 - May I come in ndash Yes of course - Can I take the thermometer ndash Yes please- May I take part in the presentation ndash Yes certainly (ndashYes you

may)- May I have a look at your paper ndash No I canrsquot agree to that Irsquom

afraid3

- Can I do anything to make you feel better ndash Thanks A glass of water please

- Can I get you a cup of coffee ndash Thatrsquos very nice of you- Can I help you madam ndash No thank you Irsquom being served

4 - Would you like to come to see us tomorrow evening ndash Thank you

with pleasure

Exercise 14 Give the answers to the questions askedCould I have syringes for intramuscular injections pleasehellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip Can I borrow your thermometer pleasehellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip Could you explain to me please how I have to take this medicinehellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip

What would you like me to dohellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip

Exercise 15 Ask the questions for which these remarks would be suitablehellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip Sorry but I donrsquot know where the nearest pharmacy ishellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip I need some cough mixture and tablets for a coldhellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip Itrsquos just over here I can see you to ithellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip hellip Yes please I need an eye dropper and a disinfectant

Exercise 1 Read and memorize the words of the active vocabularya) drug medication poison dose dosage1 medicine [acutemedsin] n ndash лекарство2 medical charcoal [meacutedıkəl acuteʧakәul] ndash активированный уголь3 drug for cough [kɔf] ndash лекарство от кашля4 cardiac medicine [acutekαdıaeligk] ndash сердечнoе средство5 drug for headache [acutehedeık] ndash лекарствo от головной боли6 sedative [acutesedәtıv] nndash успокаивающее средство или снотворное7 tranquillizer [acutetraeligŋkwılaızә] n ndash успокаивающее средство

транквилизатор8 stimulant [acutestımjulәnt] n ndash возбуждающее средство9 diuretic [daıjuәacuteretık] n ndash мочегонное средство10 depressant [dıacutepresәnt] n ndash успокаивающее средство11 antihypertensive [acuteaeligntıacutehαıpəacutetensıv] n ndash средство понижающее

давление12 hypotensive [primehαıpәuprimetensıv] n ndash гипотензивное лекарственное

средство13 hypnotic sleeping pill [hıpacutenɔtık] ndash снотворноеb) things for medical care1 dressing [primedresıŋ] n ndash перевязочный материал2 cotton wool [primekɔtn wul] ndash вата3 bandage [acutebaeligndıdʒ] n ndash бинт повязка перевязочный материал4 gauze [gɔz] n ndash марля5 sponge [ spʌndʒ] n ndash тампон губка6 plaster [acuteplαstə] n ndash пластырь

7 mustard plaster [acutemʌstəd] ndash горчичник8 adhesive plaster [ədacutehisıv] ndash липкий пластырь9 medicine dropper [drɔpə] ndash пипетка10 hot-water bottle [acutehɔtwɔtəacutebɔtl] ndash грелка11 syringe [acutesırındʒ] n ndash шприцc) medical forms1 drops [drɔps] n ndash мед капли2 ointment [acuteɔıntmənt] n ndash мазь3 mixture [acutemıksʧə] n ndash микстура смесь4 pill [pıl] n ndash пилюля драже таблетка5 powder [pαudə] n ndash порошок6 solution [səacuteluʃən] n ndash раствор жидкое лекарство7 lotion [ləuʃən] n ndash примочка лосьонd) names of side-effects and diseases1 cough [kɔf] v n ndash кашлять кашель2 side effect [saıd ıacutefekt] ndash побочная реакция3 dizziness [acutedızınıs] n ndash головокружение4 thyroid disease [acuteθaırɔıd] ndash заболевание щитовидной железы5 fever [acutefivə] n ndash лихорадка6 quinsy [acutekwınzı] n ndash мед острый гнойный тонзиллит7 insomnia [ınprimesɔmnıә] n ndash бессонницаe) general scientific words 1 severe [sıprimevıә] a ndash резкий сильный2 gargle [acutegαgl] n v ndash полоскание (для горла) полоскать горло3 sweat [swet] n ndash пот потение4 discard [dısʹkαd] v ndash выбрасывать (за ненадобностью)5 beverage [acutebevərıdʒ] n ndash напиток6 condition [kənacutedıʃən] n ndash состояние (здоровья)7 warning [acutewɔnıŋ] n ndash предупреждение предостережение8 anxiety [aeligŋacutezaıətı] n ndash беспокойство тревога9 available [әprimeveılәbl] a ndash доступный имеющийся в распоряжении10 ready-to-use [acuteredı təacutejus] n ndash готовая (лекформа)11 injury [acuteındʒərı] n ndash мед рана ушиб12 history [acutehıstərı] n ndash мед история болезни13 remedy [primerәmıdı] n ndash лекарство лечебное средство14 induce [ınprimedjus] v ndash вызывать заставлять

Exercise 2 Read and memorize the words of Greek and Latin originSuppository [səpɔzıtərı] syrup [sırəp] suspension [səspenʃən] tablet [taeligblıt] liniment [lınımənt] mixture [mıksʧə] pill [pıl] cream [krım] cosmetics [kɔzmetıks] vaseline [vaeligsılın] septic [septık] iodine [aıədın] bicarbonate of

soda [baıkαbənıtәfprimesəudə] diarrhea [daıərıə] placebo [pləsıbəu] diabetes [daıəbıtız] container [kənteınə] narcotic [nαkɔtık] antibiotic [primeaeligntıbaıɔtık] tonic [tɔnık] injection [ındʒekʃ(ə)n] ampoule [aeligmpul] urine [juərın] muscle [mʌsl] influenza [ınfluenzə] viral [vaıərəl] cardiologist [kαdirsquoɔlədʒıst] kidney [kıdnı] patient [peıʃənt] signature [sıgnəʧə] internal [ıntәnl] external [eksprimetənl] petroleum [pıtrəuljəm] sterile [steraıl] ipecac [ıpıkaeligk] stomach [stʌmək] caustic [kɔstık] digitalis [dıdʒıteılıs] strychnine [strıknın] capsule [kaeligpsjul] blood [blʌd] plasma [plaeligzmə] vaccine [vaeligksın] insulin [ınsjəlın] biotech [baıәuprimetek] allergy [aeliglədʒı] disinfectant [dısınfektənt] antihistamine [lsquoaeligntıprimehıstəmın]

Exercise 3 Form the words with the help of prefixes or suffixes Translate them into RussianPrefix ldquoantirdquo means ldquoпротивоrdquo ldquoантиrdquoStressful diarrheal septic hypertensivePrefix ldquooverrdquo means ldquoсверхrdquo ldquoчрезмерноrdquo ldquoнадrdquo ldquoпереrdquoDosage pressure work mature heat dosePrefix ldquorerdquo means ldquoсноваrdquo ldquoзановоrdquo ldquoеще разrdquo Name examine fill use bandageSuffix ldquofulrdquo means ldquoобладающий качествомrdquoSuffix ldquolessrdquo means ldquoотсутствие качестваrdquoHelp pain use stress harm thank hope

Exercise 4 Match English expressions with their Russian equivalents1 two tablets at once a) шкаф для хранения лекарств2 R Rx recipe take b) указания по приему

(лексредства)3 doctorrsquos signature (sig) c) подписывать рецепт4 adult (ad) prescription d) дата истечения срока годности5 prescription form e) принимать лекарство по одной

чайной ложке6 direction to a pharmacist f) печать врача7 to take a teaspoonful of a drug g) рецептурный бланк8 on an empty stomach h) возьми9 doctorrsquos private (personal) seal i) смешай поровну10 to sign a prescription j) взрослый рецепт11 to deliver (to fill) prescriptions k) натощак12 send mix ana (aa) l) подпись врача13 drug cabinet m) две таблетки на один приём14 directions for administration n) отпускать лекарства по рецепту

15 non-prescription drugs o) указание фармацевту16 expiry date p) лекарства выдаваемые без

рецепта

Exercise 5 Find the ldquofalserdquo word in the chain of words1 chemistrsquos ndash drugstore ndash pharmacy ndash pharmacology2 sickness ndash illness ndash weakness ndash disease3 drug ndash medicine ndash prescription ndash medication4 side effect ndash unwanted reaction ndash affect5 beverage ndash drink ndash alcohol ndash liquid6 to occur ndash to take place ndash to take part in ndash to happen 7 ingredient ndash component ndash compound ndash part8 warning ndash caution ndash signal ndash signature

Exercise 6 Make up word combinations and translate themto make injections a diagnosisto feel feverish dizzy pain anxious

to produce (induce) vomiting sleep anxietyto reduce temperature blood pressure fever

to be available ready familiar with responsible for in charge of under care of smb

to apply dressing bandage plaster hot-water bottleto carry out (on) tests investigations scientific research

to give

to follow

instructions informationorders advice recommendations

to take medicines pills temperature blood pressureto keep fit in good shape medicines

to perform analyses operation duties

Exercise 7 Translate from English into RussianA drug for injection a syringe an intramuscular (IM) injection an

intravenous (IV) injection (non)prescription medicine health-care items to take medicine by mouth (per os) on an empty stomach to feel dizzy drug action drugstore drug for internal (external) application to take the drug under medical supervision cardiac medicines a hot-water bottle a bottle label different powders sedatives ampoules of glucose dosed drugs a warning label a total dose the name of the drug medicine cabinet medicine chest once a day (id) twice a day (tds) three times a day (tid)four

times a day (qid) to write out a prescription expiry date contamination of a drug to induce sleep

Exercise 8 Answer the following questionsI using the words and word combinations in brackets

1 What are herb teas used for (for various diseases headaches)2What is valerian used for (as a remedy for emotional states) 3 What are antihistamines used for (for allergy relief) 4 What are dressing materials used for (to dress cuts) 5 What is a syringe used for (to make injections) 6 What are bandages used for (to bandage wounds) 7 What are sponges and cotton balls used for (to stop bleeding to sponge blood away) 8 Whom is the prescription for (adults children)

II using the words given under the linea) What is the name of the drug

- used to produce sleep in patients with insomnia- that suppresses the coughing reflex- used to treat viral infections- that suppresses anxiety and relaxes muscles- used for the relief of diarrhea- that has a calming or sedative effect- that increases the quantity of urine produced by kidneys and passes

it out of the body- that reduces high blood pressure- used to treat infections- used to treat allergies

antidiarrheal antihistamine antihypertensive antiviral cough suppressant sleeping drug diuretic sedative tranquilizer antibacterial

Exercise 9 Match the phrases1 If you have a high temperature 2 If you have pain when swallowing

3 If you have heart trouble

4 If one has a headache

5 If you are nervous all the time

6 If your grandmother has got a high blood pressure

a) you have to gargle your throatb) you have to take some medicine

to reduce temperaturec) she has to take antihypertensive

remedyd) you should take a sedative before

going to bede) you have to take any drug for

cough and phytoteaf) you should consult a cardiologistg) the doctor will prescribe a

7 If you canrsquot fall asleep 8 If you have a dry cough

depressant to youh) one should take a drug for

headache

Exercise 10 Choose the words in brackets which can be used with the given nouns1 The pain can be (controlled relieved indicated)2 The prescription can be (filled refilled developed signed supplied

written out)3 The medicine (remedy) can be (taken dispensed discarded treated

delivered prepared)4 The treatment can be (given prescribed discontinued advised allowed

administered)5 Side effects may be (severe rare high common obvious)6 A drug may be taken (once a day before meals with food instead of

food a tablespoonful with dairy products)

Part IV Reading comprehension

Read the text and do the tasks that follow it

Text 1

IN THE PHARMACY

Pharmacy is a place where medicines are prepared and sold Most pharmacies sometimes called chemistsrsquo or drugstores also sell many other products Every pharmacy has a hall for visitors a department for selling drugs which is called the chemist department and proper working rooms Large pharmacies have also a prescription department where prescriptions are filled Today pharmaceutical manufacturers supply most drugs But pharmacists must still compound some medicines and be able to prepare antiseptic solutions ointments and other common remedies

At the chemist department one can buy ready-to-use remedies in various forms such as tablets (sleeping tablets sedative tablets) pills drops (cough drops nasal drops) tinctures (tincture of iodine) mixtures herbs for infusion (peppermint chamomile) ointments (boric ointment zinc ointment) powders (talcum powder) lotions (eye lotion) Such remedies as valerian medical charcoal bicarbonate of soda vaseline and hydrogen peroxide are also available at the chemist department One can get there dressing material including gauze cotton wool elastic bandages adhesive tape plasters etc

Besides medicines and health-care items we may also buy all sorts of other things as well such as soap shaving cream toothpaste toothbrush cosmetics etc

A person usually asks the pharmacist or the chemist whether the medicine is for internal or external application He may also ask the chemist to give him something for gargling something to produce sweating a remedy for diarrhea headache earache backache or stomachache

At the prescription department pharmacists fill prescriptions written by doctors or dentists and prepare labels for medicines The name of the medicine the single dose and the total dose are indicated on the label or signature On the labels pharmacists include directions for patients given in the prescriptions The labels for the drugs prepared in the pharmacy are of different colors Labels of a green color indicate medicines for internal use blue labels indicate drugs for injections Drugs for external application have labels of a yellow color Drugs used for treatment of eye diseases have labels of a pink color

All medicines are kept in drug cabinets on the open shelves and in the refrigerator Poisonous drugs are kept in the drug cabinet with the letter A Strong effective drugs are kept in the drug cabinet having the letter B The drugs prepared in the pharmacy for immediate use should be kept in the refrigerator Powders galenical preparations and ready-made medicines are usually kept on the shelves protected from light at a constant temperature not higher than a room one At the chemist department medicines are kept according to their therapeutic effect drugs for cough cardiac medicines drugs for headache Disinfectants herbs and health-care items such as hot-water bottles medicine droppers and thermometers are kept separately

The personnel of an average pharmacy consists of a manager of the pharmacy a dispensing pharmacist who fills prescriptions a chemist controlling the prescriptions that is physical physico-chemical and pharmacological compatibility of the ingredients of the compound prescribed by the physician The pharmacy is also staffed by a chemist-analyst who controls effectiveness of the drug prepared in the pharmacy and a pharmacist who is in charge of the supply of necessary medicinesExercise 1 Translate the following word combinations from Russian into English Рецептурный отдел отдел готовых лекарственных форм помещения аптеки шкафы для хранения лекарств выдавать лекарства по рецепту этикетки с указанием пациенту одноразовая доза общая доза согласно терапевтического эффекта для внутреннего применения для полоскания горла средство от диареи (головной боли ушной боли боли в спине) изделия медицинского назначения готовые лекарственные формы активированный уголь вата физико-химическая и фармакологическая совместимость ингредиентов

Exercise 2 Use the verbs in brackets in the proper form indicated1 In the pharmacy there (to be ndash Present Simple Active) a special room where medicines (to prepare ndash Present Simple Passive) 2 The prescription (to contain ndash Present Simple Active) the name of the drug the name of the patient the name of the physician and other information 3 Powders galenical preparations and medicines (can ndash Past Simple) be produced at pharmaceutical plants 4 The prescription (to fill ndash Future Simple Passive) in two hours 5 Health-care items (to keep ndash Present Simple Passive) separately from medicines 6 The personnel of a pharmacy (to include ndash Present Simple Active) a manager pharmacists and chemists 7 As a rule pharmacies (to be situated ndash Present Simple Passive) on the ground floor 8 At one time pharmacists (to compound ndash Past Simple Active) their own medicines but today most drugs (to supply ndash Present Simple Passive) by pharmaceutical manufacturers

Exercise 3 Insert instead of gaps the suitable words1 hellip is a place where medicines are sold 2 The department for reception of prescriptions and delivery of drugs is called hellip 3 At the hellip department one may buy medicines without prescriptions 4 Pills drops tinctures herbs ointments are hellip remedies 5 The name of the medicine the single dose and the total dose are indicated on the hellip 6 At the chemist department medicines are kept according to their hellip 7 A pharmacist who fills prescriptions is called a hellip 8 A specialist who controls the effectiveness of the drugs prepared in the pharmacy is called a hellip 9 A specialist who controls the prescription is called a hellip

Exercise 4 Answer the following questions In your answers use the word combinations given in brackets1 What is a chemist department meant for (to buy ready-to-use medicines

and health-care items)2 What is a prescription department meant for (to fill prescriptions)3 What are different colors of medicines meant for (to distinguish

medicines for internal or external application)4 What are drug cabinets used for (to keep poisonous or strong effective

drugs)5 What is a manager of the pharmacy in charge of (to supervise the work

of the personnel)

6 What is a dispensing pharmacist in charge of (to deliver drugs according to prescriptions)

7 What is a chemist-analyst responsible for (to control effectiveness of the drugs prepared according to prescription)

Exercise 5 Work in pairs asking each other as many questions as possible1 What can one buy

- at the prescription department- at the chemist department

2 What can one do with- medicinal plants- the prescription

3 What can one do if

- there is no label on the drugrsquos container- one doesnrsquot know how to take the medicine bought in the pharmacy- one needs medicines for cough (for headache for quinsy)

4 Where should one keep- strong effective drugs- poisonous drugs- non-prescription drugs- health-care items

Exercise 6 Fill in the following table based on the content of the text read Speak about medicines and health-care items which can be bought in a pharmacy

Medicines for internal use

Medicines for external use Things for medical care

Exercise 7 Read the following text and do the tasks which follow it

STORAGE OF DRUGS

1 There are strict legal requirements for the purchase (покупка) storage use identification dispensing and prescription of drugs

2 Many drugs are poisonous if taken accidentally or in excess (в избытке) others are caustic and may cause painful burns Some common sense precautions (из соображений здравого смысла) in storing drugs are to keep them well away from strong light heat pungent odors food and drinks to keep poisons up in a special poisons cabinet and to keep caustics on the lowest shelf where accidental spillage (случайно пролившаяся жидкость) cannot affect the eyes or burn the face

3 The condition of the drugs stored for long period depends generally on the conditions of storage over this period and in certain cases depends on the drugs themselves

4 Certain drugs will keep perfectly if they are stored in well closed containers in the dark and in a dry atmosphere at a moderate (умеренная) temperature On the other hand a drug such as digitalis even if it is stored under the most ideal conditions will have lost all its potency by the end of one year while other drugs will be all right even if they are stored under the most varied conditions for long periods (for ex the ampoules of strychnine or the capsules containing drug powders)

5 Some medical products need to be stored at a lower than ambient (окружающая) temperature to assure (обеспечивать) their quality and

efficacy These are often referred to as ldquocold chain productsrdquo or fridge linesrdquo They are to be stored and distributed in strict accordance with (в строгом соответствии) the product labeling requirements Some cold chain items such as vaccine insulin biotech products and products derived from (полученные) blood or plasma can be classified as high risk ones because they are at risk from freezing as well as elevated temperatures Other products for example chloramphenicol eye drops may be labeled as requiring storage between 2deg and 8degC but a short deviation from (отклонение) this temperature range presents less of danger to users

6 Stocks of drugs must be stored in accordance with manufacturerrsquos instructions and not kept beyond their expiry date (срок годности) Records of their purchase supply and expiry date must be kept for at least 11 years Any drugs which have passed their expiry date should be discarded (выбрасывать) together with any solutions which have become discolored or cloudy

Task 1 Pay attention to how the narration is structured and complete the gaps with the words and phrases from the box

a) stocks of drugsb) strict legal requirementsc) the expiry date d) cold chain products

e) poisons and causticsf) the condition g) storing h) examples

Paragraph 1 introduces the fact that there are __________ for buying storage use identification dispensing and prescription of medicines

Paragraph 2 describes some common sense precautions in storing ordinary medicines as well as __________

Paragraph 3 brings in factors on which __________ of storing drugs for a long period depends on

Paragraph 4 continues enumerating conditions for __________ most drugs and gives some __________

Paragraph 5 points out the main regulations for storing __________ which are to be stored strictly in accordance with their labeling requirements

Paragraph 6 provides information about proper storage of __________ in accordance with manufacturerrsquos instructions and utilization of drugs after passing __________

Task 2 Formulate the main rules for storing different kinds of drugs using the Imperative Mood

Exercise 8 Translate with the help of a dictionary

How is herbal medicine sold in stores

The herbs available in most stores come in several different forms teas syrups oils liquid extracts tinctures and dry extracts (pills or capsules) Teas can be made from dried herbs left to soak for a few minutes in hot water or by boiling herbs in water and then straining the liquid Syrups made from concentrated extracts and added to sweet-tasting preparations are often used for sore throats and coughs Oils are extracted from plants and often used as rubs for massage either by themselves or as part of an ointment or cream Tinctures and liquid extracts are made of active herbal ingredients dissolved in a liquid (usually water alcohol or glycerol) Tinctures are typically a 15 or 110 concentration meaning that one part of the herb is prepared with five to ten parts (by weight) of the liquid Liquid extracts are more concentrated than tinctures and are typically a 11 concentration A dry extract form is the most concentrated form of an herbal product (typically 21 - 81) and is sold as a tablet capsule or lozengeCurrently no organization or agency regulates the manufacture or certifies the labeling of herbal preparations This means you cant be sure that the amount of the herb contained in the bottle or even from dose to dose is the same as what is stated on the label Some herbal preparations are standardized meaning that the preparation is guaranteed to contain a specific amount of the active ingredients of the herb However it is still important to ask companies making standardized herbal products about their products guarantee It is important to talk to your doctor or an expert in herbal medicine about the recommended doses of any herbal products

Exercise 9 Translate from Russian into English1 Лекарства обычно хранятся в защищенном от света месте 2 Это лекарство следует хранить в холодильнике 3 Данные препараты необходимо хранить в темном прохладном и сухом месте 4 Не замораживать 5 Делайте и используйте каждый день свежий раствор 6 Этот раствор нельзя кипятить 7 Лекарства нужно хранить в недоступном для детей месте 8 Не давайте принимаемое вами лекарство другому лицу 9 Не пропускайте очередного приема лекарства 10 Не увеличивайте дозировку препарата 11 Не принимайте

большую или меньшую дозу лекарства 12 Принимайте этот препарат запивая его стаканом воды

Text 2

A PRESCRIPTION

The word ldquoprescriptionrdquo from ldquoprerdquo (before) and ldquoscriptrdquo (writing written) refers to the fact that the prescription is an order that must be written down before a compounding drug can be prepared

Prescriptions are handwritten on preprinted prescription form Each prescription is datedA complete prescription is made up of five essential parts 1) the superscription 2) the inscription 3) the subscription 4) the signature and 5) the prescriberrsquos name The superscription section contains the date and patientrsquos information (name address age etc) The inscription is the body of the prescription This contains the ingredients and quantities of each The traditional symbol Rx separates the subscription from the inscription section The symbol originated in medieval manuscripts as an abbreviation of the Latin verb ldquoreciperdquo meaning ldquoto takerdquo Itrsquos the instruction to the pharmacist ndash ldquotake the following components and compound this medication for the patientrdquo The subscription always follows the inscription and contains the writerrsquos instruction to the pharmacist This designates the form of preparation (mixture tablets ointments etc) the strength (in words and figures) and the quantity of the total number (in words and figures) The signature consists of the directions to the patient This information is placed on the label of the container in which the medication is dispensed The prescriberrsquos name is the part of the prescription that guarantees its authenticity Some prescriptions will specify whether and how many ldquorepeatsrdquo or ldquorefillsrdquo are allowed that is whether the patient may obtain more of the same medication

The language of the prescription was unique in Great Britain some half a century ago when all the names of drugs were latinized It was possible because the physician used only dosed drugs Today all prescriptions are written in English The only Latin which is used is a few traditional abbreviations in the instruction to the pharmacist and on the label

A more serious problem is the naming of drugs In the old days drugs had only one official name At present each drug has at least three names They are the chemical name the so-called generic name and trade name The chemical name is difficult to use and remember except for the simplest drugs because of its length and complexity The trade or brand name is the

private property of the drug company and is copy right Many brand name drugs have less expensive generic drug substitutes that are therapeutically and biochemically equivalent Prescriptions will also contain instructions whether the prescriber will allow the pharmacist to substitute the generic version of the drug

It goes without saying that a prescription cannot be written without a very good knowledge of the dose effects of drugs Each drug has its own dose specification dependent on the pharmacological properties and metabolism of the drug

Note abbreviation ndash традиционнoе сокращение authenticity ndash подлинность unique ndash единый latinize ndash употреблять латинизмы generic name and trade name ndash официальное (фармакопейное) и

торговое название private property ndash частная собственность is copy right ndash на него распространяется авторское право It goes without saying ndash само собой разумеется dose specification ndash инструкция по дозировке

Exercise 1 Study the following Latin abbreviations used in prescriptions

Abbreviation Latin Englishbis bis twicepo per os by mouth or orallybdbid bis in die twice dailyqds quarter die sumendus four times a dayqh quaque hora every hourtds ter die sumendum three times a daytid ter in die three times a dayI one or one time M misce mixX timesNon rep non repetatur no repeatsprn as needed

Exercise 2 Insert the words from the text1 The prescription is written on the hellip 2 The body of the prescription contains hellip and is called hellip 3 The traditional symbol Rx is a hellip meaning

ldquohelliprdquo 4 The hellip follows the inscription and contains the direction to the pharmacist 5 The directions to the patient as to how he should take the medicine are called hellip 6 Each drug has its own dose hellip dependent on the pharmacological properties and metabolism of the drug 7 The trade name is usually known to hellip as well as to the specialists of medicine 8 In the old days drugs had only one name 9 The chemical name is difficult to hellip and hellip

Exercise 3 Match each part of the prescription with its explanation Restore the right order of the prescription and translate it into Russian1 Rx 2 Tel ER 5 ndash 6oo3 Joseph A Hiatt MD4 1481 Altadena Ave LA

California5 Arlene Bihop age 456 619 Locust Street California 7 Tylenol Cod 30 mg 308 JA Hiatt9 Sig 1 tablet bid10 Ne rep

a) direction to the patientb) the patientrsquos name age and addressc) a traditional symbol meaning ldquotakerdquod) the subscriptione) the name telephone and address of

the prescriberf) the inscriptiong) instruction to the pharmacist that

the prescription is not to be repeated

h) prescriberrsquos signature

Exercise 4 Debate the following answering the questions1 What is meant by a prescription 2 What is the origin of the word ldquoprescriptionrdquo 3 What are the main parts of the prescription 4 What is the difference between superscription subscription and inscription 5 What is the body of the prescription 6 What parts does the inscription consist of 7 What does the word ldquorefillrdquo mean in the prescription 8 In what language are the prescriptions written in Great Britain 9 Is Latin used in English prescriptions nowadays 10 How many names does the drug have 10 Which name of the drug is difficult to use and remember 11 Which name of the drug is usually used by the prescriber 12 What does the title MD in the prescription indicate 13 What does the dose of the drug depend on

Exercise 5 Read the following information and translate it into English Point out the difference between the English prescription and the Belarusian one

РЕЦЕПТ В БЕЛАРУСИ

Рецепт ndash это письменное обращение врача к фармацевту об изготовлении и выдаче лекарства Рецепты выписываются на рецептурных бланках Рецептурный бланк содержит следующую информациюШтамп УЗНадписи laquoВзрослыйraquo laquoДетскийraquoДата выписки рецептаФамилия инициалы и возраст больногоФамилия и инициалы врачаСлово laquoReciperaquo которое означает laquoВозьмиraquo и является обращением врача к фармацевтуСостав лекарственного средства где перечисляются все ингредиенты лекарственной формы выписываeтся на латинском языке Разрешается использовать только латинские рецептурные сокращения принятые в медицинской и фармацевтической практикеОбозначение лекарственной формы (пилюли капсулы) и количество доз пишется также на латинском языкеСпособ применения лекарственного средства Эта часть начинается со слов laquoSignaraquo и обозначается на белорусском или русском языке с указанием дозы частоты времени приема (до еды во время еды или после еды) и особые способы приемаРецепт заверяется подписью и личной печатью врача

Text 3

Labels of medicines

A prescription medicine container usually has a label with the following information on it1 The name of the patient2 The name of the pharmacy3 The phone number of the pharmacy4 The date the prescription was filled5 The prescription number6 The name of the medicine7 The strength of the medicine8 The quantity (how much) of medicine in the container9 The name of the doctor who prescribed the medicine to the patient10The instructions on how much medicine one should take ie dose or

dosage11The instructions on when one should take the medicine12Information on how many times one can refill the medicine

13Warning labels that tell you what you need to be careful about when you take the medicine

Task 1 Look at the label and write the number of the information given above on the correct line

LABEL 1

rarrrarrrarrrarrrarrrarrrarr

Main Street Pharmacy (714) 998-65451454 Main Street Westminster CA Dr T AndersonRx No 298561 01252016JORGE WASHINGTONTake one tablet by mouth dailyZocor Tabs Mfg MerckQty 20Refills 3 BEFORE 113016

Task 2 Read label 2 and answer the questions given below

LABEL 2

Central Avenue Pharmacy (763) 555-12347000 Central Avenue Minneapolis MN Dr S SmithRx No 34554 01112016Sam ClintonDose TAKE ONE TABLET BY MOUTH TWICE DAILYGlucophage Tabs Mfg Bristrol Myers SquibbQty60REFILLS 2 BEFORE 72716

1 What is the name of the medicine________________________________________________________2 What is the name of the patient________________________________________________________3 Who is the prescribing doctor________________________________________________________4 What is the dosage________________________________________________________

5 How many refills has the doctor prescribed________________________________________________________6 What is the date the prescription was filled________________________________________________________7 What is the name of the pharmacy where the prescription was filled________________________________________________________

Warning labelsSometimes there is a warning label on your medicine container For example primeMay cause drowsinessprime or primeTake capsule with foodprime Ask your pharmacist to explain the warning labels

Look at some examples of warning labels below and explanations of their meanings

This medicine might make you sleepy or feel dizzy

You must shake the bottle a few times before taking this medicine

Donrsquot take this medicine right after meals Wait for 2 to 3 hours after you have eaten to take the medicine

Take this medicine when you are eating or right after you have eaten

You shouldnrsquot drink any alcohol when you are taking this medicine

Task 3 Read the label and answer the questions given below

Waltown Pharmacy Phone(714) 959-668818945 Beach Blvd CA 92647 Date042115NAME Carmella Soprano RX 55446622TAKE 1 TABLET TWICE A DAYFor Allergy ReliefBENADRYL 10MG CAPSULE QTY 3000

MAY CAUSE DROWSINESS OR DIZZINESS

SHAKE WELL

TAKE MEDICATION ON ANEMPTY STOMACH

1 HOUR BEFORE OR 2 TO 3 HOURS AFTER A MEALDIRECTED BY YOUR DOCTOR

TAKE WITH

DO NOT DRINKALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES

WHEN TAKING THIS MEDICATION

MFG MERCKDISCARD AFTER 042116Dr Joseph SandersRefills 0

1 What is the name of the medicine________________________________________________________2 What is the name of the patient________________________________________________________3 Who has prescribed the medicine________________________________________________________4 What is the dosage indicated________________________________________________________5 How many refills has the doctor prescribed________________________________________________________6 Can you drink alcoholic beverages while taking this medicine________________________________________________________7 What is the medicine for________________________________________________________

INFORMATION ON THE LABEL OF NON-PRESCRIPTION MEDICINE

Active ingredients What is in the medicineUses ( The symptoms for which one can take this medicine are listed)

What disease one should take the medicine for

Warnings When one should not use the medicine

Conditions that may require advice from the doctor before taking the medicine

Possible interactions or side effects

When to stop taking the medicine When to call the doctor

Directions How much medicine and how oftenone should take the medicine

Other information How to store the medicine properly

MAY CAUSEDROWSINESS OR DIZZINESS

Expiration date Date after which it isnrsquot recommended to use the product

What to do if overdose occurs What to do if you or someone takes too much of the medicine

Name and address of manufacturer Company that makes the medicineNet quantity of contents How much medicine is in the

packageInactive ingredients Other things in the medicine like

colors and flavors

Task 4 Study the information on the label Read the questions given below and choose the right option

Drug InformationActive Ingredient (in each tablet) PurposePseudoephedrine HCL 30 mg helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Nasal DecongestantUses temporarily relieves nasal congestion due to diams common cold diams respiratory allergiesWarningsAsk a doctor before use if you have diams high blood pressure diams heart disease diams thyroid disease diams diabetesWhen using this productdiams do not use more than directeddiams stop use and ask a doctor if you get nervous dizzy or sleeplessDirectionsAdults and children 12 years and over take 2 tablets every 4 to 6 hours not

more than 4 doses in 24 hoursChildren 6 years to under 12 years take 1 tablet every 4 to 6 hours not

more than 4 doses in 24 hoursChildren under 6 years ask a doctor

1 What symptoms does this medicine treat

2 How much medicine can an adult take in 24 hours

a) High blood pressureb) Nasal congestionc) Running nose

a) 2 tabletsb) 3 tabletsc) 4 tablets

d) Headache d) ask a pharmacist3 How much medicine should a child under 6 take

4 What is a side effect of this medicine

a) 3 tabletsb) 1 tabletc) Ask a doctord) 2 doses

1 nervousness2 rash3 irritability4 nasal congestion

5 Who should ask a doctor before using thisa) someone with nasal congestionb) someone with allergiesc) someone with the gripped) someone with diabetes

Part IV Rendering

ЧТО ТАКОЕ КАКТОРИЙ

Самой старой аптеке Беларуси 300 с лишним лет Сегодня в сохранившемся здании в центре города Гродно снова работает аптека А при ней ndash единственный в Беларуси музей аптеки Исчерпывающие тексты возле каждого стенда помогут понять к какой эпохе относятся таблетки красочные рецепты колбы (retorts) и весы Все они кроме экспонатов XVI века настоящие (original) Муляжи (plaster casts) здесь ndash только хирургические (surgical) инструменты

Лекарства постарше подписаны на латыни А названия и производители фармацевтики начиная с XX века в переводе не нуждаются Крем laquoНивеяraquo и зубной порошок laquoЛакалютraquo отличаются лишь непривычной упаковкой

Ну а самое интересное место музея-аптеки ndash какторий Так в старину называлась лаборатория при аптеке где готовили лекарство из трав ndash галеновые (galenic) препараты Тут же ndash чай кофе разные специи Их раньше продавали не на рынке а в аптеке Помимо столов с весами разных ступок (motars) мензурок и кастрюль для отваров (decoction) тут как и в любой средневековой (medieval) аптеке висят чучела (stuffed animals) крокодилов и ящериц (lizards) заспиртованы (preserved in alcohol) разные лягушки и змеи То что сегодня кажется украшением (decoration) во времена алхимии использовалось для приготовления различных лекарств

Те же посетители кто после посещения музея решит и свою домашнюю аптечку (medicine chest) обставить старинными предметами

могут купить глиняные горшки (clay pots) или бутылочки в которых можно хранить уже свои лекарства

laquoАргументы и фактыraquo 2016

Part V SPEAKING

Exercise 1 Read the following dialogues and act them out

- Good morning I want to fill my prescription - OK Irsquoll do it for you right now It will be ready in 30 minutes - Thank you How often should I take the medicine- According to the doctorrsquos instructions you should take one capsule three

times a day after meals - How long should I take it- Three or four days perhaps- Thank you very much By the way what do you suggest me to use for

insect bites- This ointment may relieve itching Rub it in (втирать) several times a day

- Pharmacist Hello What can I do for you- Customer Wee I feel very bad Actually Irsquove got temperature and

stomachache as well- Ph Have you consulted the doctor- C No I really have no time Give me some medicine please- Ph It is prohibited to give drugs without a prescription It may be

influenza poisoning or even dysentery- C Do I really have to consult the doctor- Ph Quite so and the sooner the better The doctor will make the

diagnosis and write out a prescription Come with it and I will give you the necessary drugs

- C Thanks a lot

Exercise 2 Work in pairsI Ask in English and answer the questions asked

1 Есть ли рецептурный отдел в ближайшей аптеке2 Что ваш друг обычно принимает от головной боли3 Продаются ли в аптеках косметические средства если laquoдаraquo то

какие4 Какого цвета этикетки соответствуют лекарствам для внутреннего

применения (наружного применения для инъекций)

5 Какая информация содержится на этикетке к лекарству6 Какие средства медицинского назначения можно купить в аптеке7 Часто ли ваш друг ходит в аптеку и какие лекарства обычно

покупает8 Принимал ли он когда-либо лекарство по совету своих друзей9 Принимал ли он когда-либо лекарство прописанное другому

человеку

II Make up your own dialogues on the following situations1 You came to a chemistrsquos to fill the prescription2 Your brothersister has already graduated from the university and is

working now as a pharmacist at a chemistrsquos shop Ask him about his duties

3 You want to buy drugs for your medicine-chest Ask a pharmacist to give you a piece of advice about necessary drugs and health care items

Exercise 3 Answer the questions Extend the idea1 What will be your ordinary day at work when you graduate from the

university2 What subjects must you learn and what skills must you acquire to be able

to work as a pharmacist 3 What do you think of people who try to prepare drugs at home Can they

do any harm to those who may take them

Exercise 4 Answer the questions expressing your point of view Use the following phrases I believe consider (that) hellip In my opinion To my mind hellip From my point of view hellip As far as I know I should say hellip

1 Should all the drugs be affordable for the customers How much should be an average cost of a drug

2 Is it possible to solve the problem of high cost of some drugs If yes in what way

3 What drugs should be sold without a prescription and what drugs by prescription only

4 What rules should one follow in keeping drugs at home5 May the doctor prescribe such drugs that may do harm to hisher patient

Exercise 5 Speak about the following1 Premises of a pharmacy

2 Regulations for keeping medicines in a pharmacy3 Prescription and non-prescription medicines4 Duties of a pharmacyrsquos staff5 The labels of medicines6 Warning labels7 Filling a prescription

Supplementary texts

SECTION 3 In the chemical laboratory

Read and translate with the help of a dictionary

Creating thermometer scalesHow do scientists such as Gabriel Fahrenheit and Anders Celsius create new concepts such as temperature scales Many times new discoveries stem from (происходить) a scientistrsquos personal interests or observationsA cowrsquos normal body temperature is the same as a humanrsquos ndash about 986deg F Yet some evidence indicates that Fahrenheit based his primary reference point for 100deg F on the body temperature of a cow If this story is true the Fahrenheit scale was based on a sick cow Some have claimed (утверждать) that Fahrenheit chose his value of 100deg F so that the normal human body temperature would be 986deg F but this cannot be the case While most people were aware (знать) that there was a normal human body temperature its value was not determined until after the development of the thermometer scales Instead it seems that Fahrenheit based his scale on a measurement of interest to him Anders Celsius was a Swedish astronomer who had an interest in determining exactly how cold the Swedish nights were as he walked to his observatory Celsius wanted to know how warmly to dress and whether the metal telescope parts would be too cold to use in gazing at the vastness of the heavens (вглядываясь в безбрежное небо) The Celsius scale grew out of these practical concernsAs you can see scientists often have the same kinds of problems nonscientists do Sometime scientists view (рассматривать) those problems

as an impetus (движущая сила толчок) to study new ideas and invent new solution

SECTION 4 Chemical elements

I Read the passage and concentrate on the following

1 Sources of lead poisoning2 Consequences of lead poisoning3 Prevention and treatment of lead poisoning

II Present the information read using the italicized word combinations and the following phrases To begin with The problem of is rather complicated urgentcontroversal Itrsquos a well-known fact that Some more facts about are I can give some more details about I was surprised by learning that (about) My point of view is that To sum up I can go over some points raised First Second On the whole In conclusion let me say

Get the lead out

Most heavy metals are poisonous to humans and animals Lead one of these heavy metals interferes (препятствовать) with hemoglobin production in the blood and produces anemia Lead contamination can also cause mental retardation (задержка умственного развития) learning disabilities and damage to the nervous systemThe symbol for lead Pb comes from the Latin word plumbum (lead) which also gives us the words plumbing (водопровод) and plumber In the Roman Empire lead pipes carried water in the cities and lead cooking utensils (кухонная посуда) were used by wealthy Romans As a result upper-class Romans may well have suffered from lead poisoning that possibly caused brain or central nervous system damage In fact 1994 studies of ice cores (внутренность) in Greenland revealed extreme lead pollution caused by smelting (плавление) during the period from 500 BC to 300 AD Lead poisoning may have contributed to the fall of the Roman EmpireHowever the Romans arenrsquot the only ones who have been exposed (подвергаться воздействию) to toxic levels of lead Lead pigments were once common in household and furniture paints (краска) ndash lead compounds produce so many different colours that an artist could compose an entire palette (палитра) using only lead compounds Unfortunately lead poisoning from paints in older houses causes problems because old paint peels

(шелушиться лупиться) so readily Small children eat the paint chips nearly 250000 become ill every year In some cases permanent brain damage occurs New paints make use of other types of pigmentsAnother source of lead pollution in modern homes still involves the water supply In many homes copper water pipes are joined with lead solder (тех припой) Small amounts of solder slowly dissolve each day For this reason if you have copper pipes it is wise to run your tap water a few minutes before drinking it especially if the tap has not being used for a day or more If you wash your face or hands before drinking the tap water you can avoid wasting the water as it runs Newer homes often make use of plastic water pipes made from poly vinyl chloride or PVC These pipes are joined with a small amount of volatile solvent (летучий растворитель) Like the ancient Romans we still sometimes use glasses and dishes that contain lead lead improves the appearance and luster of crystal glass (глянец хрусталя) However crystal glass is another potential source of lead poisoning especially when used to serve acidic beverages (напитки) such as wine and soft drinks Similarly many ceramic dishes are coated with lead-containing glazes (глазурь) (especially those imported from foreign markets where the health regulations are not as much as the forefront)Physicians treat lead poisoning with EDTA or ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid EDTA forms soluble compounds called chelates with the lead permitting the body to excrete it But far preferable (намного предпочтительнее) to using EDTA as an antidote is avoiding lead exposure (продолжительное воздействие на организм) as much as possible There is no doubt that it is wise to get the lead out of paints drinking water and other everyday solutions

Notes1 may well have suffered from ndash возможно пострадали 2 where the health regulations are not as much as the forefront ndash где не

такое строгое соблюдение правил охраны здоровья

Read and translate the following text with the help of a dictionary

The chemistry of our senses

Although it may not be obvious most of our senses involve chemistry at one point or anotherTaste and smell are almost entirely chemical In both senses the nature of the stimulus is determined via direct chemical interactions The quality of taste is confirmed using taste buds (вкусовые сосочки языка) sensory units in the

tongue and mouth Taste buds respond to four different kinds of taste sweet sour salty and bitter The perception of flavor consists of varying combinations of these four kinds of taste Most ionic compounds such as NaCl taste salty and stimulate the salt-specific taste buds The sour taste usually arises from acidic substances Sweet or bitter tastes are not as restricted the taste buds perceive many chemicals as sweet including sugar artificial sweeteners glycerin and lead salts These substances have no similarity in structure shape or chemical nature The bitter taste also arises from many different compounds Temperature texture and odour blend into what people call tasteHow the sense of smell operates is still a mystery Scientists know that odour impinge on cells that make up the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity and that molecular shape seems to play a major role in odour Some evidence suggests that odours are detected via infrared which might explain why the sense can detect quantities as small as one or two moleculesAlthough natural odours are usually due to complex mixtures of chemicals some are easily associated with a single chemical Some common odours and the chemicals mainly responsible are pine apple ndash ethyl butyrate banana ndash isoamyl acetate concord grape ndash methyl anthranilate apple ndash isoamyl isovalerate Delicious apple ndash ethyl-2-methylbutyrateFlavour and odour specialists use esters and other compounds to stimulate natural products or create new ones

SECTION 5 Plant study

Read the following text and say what the main functions of plant essential elements are

PLANT NUTRITION

More than 60 elements have been found in plant tissues These elements range from as common as carbon and hydrogen to those as exotic as platinum uranium and gold Are all these elements essential for growth

Carbon hydrogen oxygen phosphorus potassium nitrogen sulfur calcium and magnesium are required in relatively large amounts and are called macronutrients Iron chlorine copper manganese zinc boron and molybdenum are required in relatively small amounts and are called micronutrients

Functions of essential elements1 Plants require different amounts of different elements Most plants require

60 million times more hydrogen atoms than molybdenum atoms These

different requirements reflect different uses of these elements Hydrogen is in almost all compounds in plants while molybdenum occurs only in few

2 Different elements are absorbed in different forms Calcium and iron are absorbed as cations while phosphorus and sulfur are absorbed as anions

3 Most elements have several functions Potassium is involved in starch synthesis affects protein conformation and activates enzymes

Although the functions of essential elements are diverse they can be grouped into four general categoriesndash Essential elements can be part of structural units Carbon hydrogen and

oxygen make up carbohydrates such as cellulose Similarly nitrogen as an integral part of proteins

ndash Essential elements can be part of compounds involved in metabolism Magnesium is part of chlorophyll and phosphorus is part of ATP and nucleic acids

ndash Essential elements can activate or inhibit enzymesMagnesium stimulates several respiratory enzymes while calcium inhibits several enzymes In some cases these enzymes may be those responsible for synthesizing plant hormonesEssential elements can alter the osmotic potential of a cell

SECTION 6 In the pharmacy

Read the following passage without a dictionary and say what products can be bought in the Chineese pharmacy and what they are used for

Chinese pharmaceutical products

Visiting a Chinese pharmacy is much like being inside a miniature museum of natural sciences Tucked away (запрятанные) in row after row of tidy drawers are animal plant and mineral products each with a particular purpose Among the assortment of curiosities are cinnabar (киноварь) and amber (янтарь) to relax the nerves peach pits (косточки персика) and safflower (цветок шафрана) to improve blood circulation bears gall (желчь медведя) to relive pain and tranquilize Chinese ephedra to induce perspiration (потение) and ginseng to strengthen cardiac function

The filling of a prescription ordered by a Chinese doctor is a fascinating process to watch The pharmacist selects a few particular ingredients from the hundreds on the shelf These are taken home by the patient boiled into a ldquosouprdquo and drunk Confronted with such a steaming brew (напиток сваренный и настоянный) you might ask yourself just what the basis of this ancient medical art is

The Government of the Republic of China has put great effort into promoting the modernization of Chinese medicine In the area of pharmacology researchers have evaluated effectiveness analyzed tested and formulated concentrated dosages of Chinese pharmaceutical products for commercial scale The prescriptions for these drugs are easier to fill and are much more convenient for the patient than the old boiling method

English-Russian Vocabulary

accommodationhostel ~

удобство жильё место в общежитии

a number of некоторое количествоabroad за границей широкоabsorb впитывать поглощатьabundant обильный богатыйacademic учебный академическийacademician академикacceptable приемлемый приятныйaccident несчастный случайaccidentally случайно непредумышленноaccording to в соответствии с согласно поachievement достижениеacidic кислотный кислыйacidify окислятьacquaint знакомить сообщать извещатьacquaintance знакомство знакомыйacquire приобретать овладевать (каким-либо навыком)activitysocial activities

деятельностькультурно-просветительские мероприятия

actual действительный подлинныйactually фактически на самом делеadjust регулировать приспосабливатьadjustment корректированиеadjuvant вспомогательное средство при приготовлении

лекарственной формыadminister назначать давать (лекарство)adopt принимать выбирать

adulterated фальсифицированный поддельныйadvice совет рекомендацияadvise советовать консультироватьafford (быть в состоянии) позволить себе давать

приноситьafterwards впоследствии потом позжеage стареть стариться вызреватьagreement соглашение договорaid помощь помогатьAIDS СПИДailment недомоганиеairborne переносимый по воздухуalga (pl algae) водоросльallow позволять разрешать предоставлять делать

возможнымalluring соблазнительный очаровательныйamount количество сумма итог доходить до равнятьсяanchor скреплять закреплять фиксироватьanchorage закрепление надежная опораancient древний старейшийanother другой еще одинanti-diarrheal угнетающий (понижающий) поносantidote противоядиеanxiety беспокойство тревогаapart from кромеapothecarу аптекарь амер аптекаappear появляться выходить издаватьсяapplicant абитуриентapplication применение прикладывание (горчичника

пластыря и тд)appointment встреча свиданиеapproximate приблизительныйarise (arose arisen) возникать появлятьсяarmpit подмышка подмышечная впадинаarrange приводить в порядок располагать

классифицировать организовывать устраиватьarrangement классификация систематизацияarticle статьяartificial искусственныйascribe (to) приписывать (кому-либо) относить за счет

(чего-л)assignment назначение задание

assist помогать содействоватьassistant ассистент помощникassociate professor доцентat least по крайней мереat once сразу немедленно тотчас жеattar розовое масло (тж ~ of roses)attempt пытаться стремитьсяattend посещать присутствовать (на лекциях и тп)

уделять вниманиеavailable доступный имеющийся в распоряженииaverage средний обычный нормальныйavoid избегать сторонитьсяaward (be awarded) награждать (быть награжденным)backache боль в спинеbandage бинт перевязочный материал бандажbase хим oснованиеbasis база основаbe aware with знать что-либо быть осведомленным be engaged in smth заниматься чем-либоbe in charge of быть за старшего командовать заведоватьbe responsible for быть ответственным заbean бобbehave вести себя поступатьbelieve думать полагатьbelong принадлежать (to) относиться (to-к чему-л)belt пояс ременьberry ягода зерно (кофе пшеница)beside рядом с около близ по сравнению сbeverage питье напитокbeyond далеко вдали за выше сверхbicarbonate хим двууглекислыйbillion амер миллиардbite укус кусок (пищи) кусатьblank чистый незаполненный пустое местоbleeding кровотечениеbloom цвет цветение цвести расцветатьboiling кипение кипячениеborrow заимствоватьbrand фабричная марка сорт качествоbreaking разрыв проламываниеbreathing дыханиеbruise ушибать повреждать помять (растение фрукты

тд)burner горелкаburning жгучийbush куст кустарникby means of посредствомcalm успокаиватьcaloric теплота тепловойcapitalize печатать или писать прописными буквамиcare внимание осторожность заботаcareful заботливый внимательный точный

аккуратныйcarry out доводить до конца завершать выполнятьcarve резать делить дробитьcase случай заболевания больной пациентcaustic хим едкое веществоcaustic soda едкий натр каустическая сода каустикcavity полостьcell биол клетка клеточкаcertain определенный некий некоторыйchange изменениеcharacteristic характерный характерная черта особенность

свойствоcharcoal древесный растительный животный угольcheck проверять контролироватьcheek щекаchemistrsquos (shop) аптекаchew жвачка жеватьchief глава руководитель лидерchiefly главным образом особенноchoice выборclaim требовать заявлятьclamp скреплятьclear up выяснить раскрытьclot мед свернувшаяся кровь сгущенный тромбcloudy непрозрачный мутный (о жидкости)combine объединять сочетатьcombustion горение хим окисление (органич вещество)come off удаляться происходить иметь местоcommerce коммерция торговляcommittee комитет комиссияcommon общий распространённыйcommonly обычно обыкновенно

comparatively сравнительно относительноcompare сравниватьcomplete заканчивать завершать полный законченныйcompletely совершенно полностьюcomplex сложный составнойcomplexity сложность запутанностьcompose составлять обыкн pass состоять изcomprise включатьcompulsory обязательныйcondition условие состояние (здоровья) положениеconduct (classes seminars etc)

проводить (занятия семинары и тд)

cone бот шишкаconfirm подтверждатьconfirmed подтвержденный согласованныйcongestion мед прилив крови застойconsider рассматривать обсуждать полагать учитыватьconsiderably значительноconsist состоять (of - из) заключаться (in- в)constituent составная частьconstitutе составлятьcontain содержать в себе включать иметь в своём

составе вмещатьcontaminate загрязнять заражатьcontamination загрязнениеcontent суть сущность объем емкость доля

содержания (вещества)contents содержание содержимоеcontinuous education непрерывное образованиеcontribute делать вклад (в науку и тп)contribution содействие вклад (денежный научный и тп)convenient удобный подходящийconvention обычайcool прохладныйcopper медьcost цена стоимость стоить обходитьсяcotton wool ватаcough кашель кашлятьcourse курсcreate творить создаватьcreation создание творениеcredit доверие вера похвала честь амер зачет

credit-test зачетcrowded переполненный полный наполненныйcups банкиcure вылечивать излечивать исцелять лекарство

средство лечение курс леченияcurrent нынешний современный теперешнийcurriculum расписание учебный планcut разрез порез ранаcut down рубить (деревья) сражать (о болезни смерти)cutaneous кожныйdairy молочныйdangerous опасный рискованныйdare модальный глагол сметь отважиться

пренебрегать опасностью рисковатьdate датировать ставить числоdating датированиеdatum(pl data)

данная величина исходный факт данное исходный уровень элемент данных характеристика

day-time дневнойdead мертвый умерший сухой увядший (о

растениях) неплодородный (о почве)deadly смертельный смертоносныйdecent приличный подходящийdecision решениеdecompose разлагать на составные частиdecrease уменьшение убывание спадуменьшать(ся)

убыватьdecree указ декрет издавать декретdeduction вывод умозаключениеdeficiency отсутствие (чего-либо) недостатокdeficiency disease авитаминозdefinite определенный ясныйdelirium бред бредовое состояниеdeliver доставлять разносить (письма товары) читать

(лекцию)denature изменять естественные свойства денатурировать

(спирт)density плотность удельный весdepartmentcorrespondence ~

отделение кафедразаочное отделение

depressant успокаивающее средство

depth глубина глубь сила густота (цвета краски)derive получать извлекатьdescription описание изображениеdesignate определять указывать обозначать означатьdesired желанныйdetect замечать открывать обнаруживать определятьdeterminate определенный установленный определятьdeterminative определяющий решающий ограничивающийdetermine определять устанавливатьdevelopment развитие разработка созданиеdevice приспособлениеdevise разрабатывать изобретатьdew роса орошать смачиватьdiamond алмаз бриллиантdiffer различатьсяdifferentiate различать(ся) отличать(ся)digest переваривать (пищу)dilate расширять(ся) распространятьсяdilute разбавлять разводить разведенный

разбавленныйdip погружение (в жидкость) жидкость растворdirection направление указание распоряжениеdirectly немедленно тотчасdirectory руководство справочникdiscard выбрасывать (за ненадобностью)discharge мед выделение (гноя и тп)discontinue прерывать(ся) прекращать(ся)discover обнаруживать находитьdispensing pharmacy раздел фармации связанный с отпуском

лекарств по рецептуdisposal (at onersquos ~) распоряжение (в чьем-либо ~)dissolve растворять разлагатьсяdistinct отдельный отличный индивидуальный

особыйdistribute распределять раздаватьdistrict участковыйdisturb тревожить нарушатьdiuretic мочегонное средствоdiverse иной отличный (от чего-л) разнообразный

разныйdizziness головокружениеDNA дезоксирибонуклеиновая кислота ДНК

dominate доминировать преобладатьdoubt сомневаться колебатьсяdrain дренировать осушать (почву) сочиться

просачиваться фильтроватьdrain осушать истощатьdressing перевязочный материалdrops мед каплиdrowsiness сонливость гиперсомнияdrug cabinet шкаф для хранения лекарствdrug for cough лекарство от кашляdrugs for headache лекарства от головной болиdrugstore аптека (амер)due должный надлежащий обусловленныйdump свалкаdust пыль бот пыльцаduty долг обязанностьeach как сущ как прилаг каждый всякийearache оталгия (боль в области ушной раковины или

наружного слухового прохода)earlу раннийeasily легко без трудаedge грань край лезвиеedible съедобный годный в пищуedition изданиеeducate обучать воспитыватьeducational образовательный воспитательныйeducational manufacturing

учебно-производственный

effect воздействие влияниеefficacy сила действенностьelevated повышенный (о температуре)elliptic(al) эллиптическийemergency неотложная (срочная экстренная) помощьemit физ излучатьenable давать возможностьengage привлекать вовлекать наниматьenough достаточныйenrolment прием зачислениеensure обеспечиватьenter входить записывать регистрировать вступатьenterprise предприятиеentire полный целый сплошной

entirely полностью всецело совершенноentrance поступлениеequipment оборудование оснащениеespecially особенно главным образомessay очеркessential основной существенный необходимыйestablish устанавливатьestablishment учреждениеeven равномерныйeventually в конечном счете в итоге в конце концовeverywhere всюду вездеexamine обследовать осматриватьexcept (for) исключая за исключениемexcessive чрезмерныйexciting волнующий захватывающийexecutive административныйexistence существованиеexpand расширяться увеличиватьсяexperience стаж опыт работыexpiration окончание истечение (срока)explain объяснять толковать (значение)explanation объяснение разъяснениеexplode взрыватьсяextent степень мераextinguisher огнетушитель гасительextramural заочныйfacilities благоприятные условияfaculty факультетfaculty for advanced training

факультет повышения квалификации

fail (at)~ in maths

терпеть неудачу не иметь успеха провалить(ся) на экзаменах провалить математику

fairly справедливо красиво довольно явно совершенно

familiar хорошо знающий осведомленныйfavorable благоприятный подходящийfeature особенность черта функция отличатьfeeling чувство ощущениеfever жар лихорадка вызывать жар лихорадитьfeverish лихорадочный лихорадящийfeverous способствующий повышению температурыfilament электрическая нить накала

finally в конечном итоге в конце концовfindings данныеfission расщепление делениеfit в хорошей форме сильный здоровыйfit with снабжатьflame пламяflaskvolumetric ~

колбамерная колба

flavor аромат приятный запах придавать вкус запахfleshy мясистый толстыйflint кременьfluid текучая среда (жидкость газ)fluoride фтористое соединение фторидfluorine фторfocus сосредотачивать (внимание и тп)follow следоватьforesee предвидетьfound основывать учреждатьfoundation фундамент основа основаниеfraction доля частицаfragrance аромат благоуханиеfreeze замерзание застывание замораживание

замерзатьfreezing застывание затвердеваниеfreshman унив первокурсникfrighten пугатьfruit плод фруктfunnel воронкаfurious взбешенный неистовыйfurnace горн печьgain добывать достигатьgargle полоскание (для горла) полоскать горлоgauze марляgear механизм прибор передачаgenerally обычно как правило в целомgeneric родовой характерный для определенного родаgenerous обильный большой изрядныйgerm микробget acquainted with познакомиться ознакомитьсяglassmeasuring ~

стаканмензурка

glass cap стеклянная крышка

glassware стеклянная посудаgoggles защитные очкиgold золотоgraduate окончить (любое) высшее учебное заведение

выпускникgraduated cylinder мерный цилиндрgrowth рост развитиеguess предполагать (by from) догадываться

предположение догадкаguidance руководствоguide руководитьhabit привычка обычайhand in вручать подаватьhandwritten написанный от рукиhard трудный тяжелыйharm вредить наносить вред ущерб harmful вредный пагубныйharmless безвредный безопасныйharvest сбор (урожая и т п)head возглавлять руководить глава руководительheadache головная больhealthy здоровыйheart сердце (орган тела)heat физ теплоhelping порцияhighly очень весьма высокоhip плод (или ягода) шиповникаhistory мед история болезниhold проводить (собрание)honest честный правдивый искреннийhonours отличие при сдаче экзаменаhot-water bottle грелкаhousehold семья домочадцы домашнийhowever как бы ни однако тем не менее несмотря на

(э)тоhumid влажный сыройhumidity сырость влажность влагаhurriedly поспешно торопливоhurry торопить(ся) делать в спешкеhydrochloric acid соляная кислота хлористоводородная кислотаhydrogen peroxide перекись водородаhypersensitivity повышенная чувствительность аллергия

hypnotic sleeping pill снотворноеhypotensive гипотензивное лекарственное средствоidentity идентичность подлинностьill predict больной нездоровыйillegally незаконно нелегально illness болезнь нездоровье заболеваниеilluminating освещающий разъясняющийimagine думать предполагать полагатьimmediate немедленный безотлагательныйimmediately непосредственно немедленно тотчас же как

толькоimmemorial незапамятный древнийimmersion погружениеimpetus стремительность побуждениеimplement выполнять осуществлятьimportance важность значениеimproper неподходящий неправильный сложныйimproperly неподходяще неуместно неправильноimprove улучшатьimpurity загрязнение грязь примесьincorrect неправильный неверный неточныйincrease повышать увеличивать возрастание ростindependent независимыйindicate указывать обозначать служить признакомindication показание признак симптомindoors в помещенииinduce вызывать стимулироватьinfant младенец ребёнокinflammation воспалениеinflammatory мед воспалительныйinflorescence соцветие цветение период цветенияinfluenza (эпидемический) грипп уст инфлюэнцаinfuse вливать (into) заваривать настаиватьingest глотать проглатыватьingestion глотание проглатывание прием внутрьinjure ушибить повредить ранитьinjury вред повреждение мед рана ушибinquire осведомлять искатьinscription пропись рецептаinsomnia бессонницаinstead of вместо взаменinstruct обучать

instrument приборintake поглощение потреблениеintend намереваться предназначатьinteraction взаимодействие взаимосвязьinternship интернатураintramuscular внутримышечноintroduce вводить вводить в употребление применятьinvestigate исследовать изучатьinvestigation (научное) исследованиеinvestigative исследовательскийiron железоitem предмет элемент статья вопросjar банка кувшин кружкаjeweller ювелирjoin присоединятьjoint объединенныйjot down записатьjuicy сочныйkidneys почкиlabel этикеткаlacquer глазурь собир лак лакированные изделия last длиться последнийlawуer юрист адвокатlayer слой пласт наслоение бот отводокlead приводитьlead свинецlength длина расстояние протяженностьlens линза лупа объективlipstick губная помадаliquefy превращать(ся) в жидкостьlist список каталог составлять список

перечислятьloose свободный нетугой неплотный проницаемыйlose терять лишаться утрачивать (свойство

качество)loss потеря ущербlotion примочка лосьонloveliness красота миловидность очарование прелестьlukewarm тепловатыйmagnificent великолепный разгизумительныйmainly главным образомmaintain поддерживать сохранять

majority большинствоmake up изготовлять (приготовлять) (лекарства)make up onersquos mind решить(ся)manner способ образ действияmanufacture производить изготовлять обрабатывать

перерабатыватьmark отмечать обозначать ставить балл отметкуmaster мастер магистр руководить одолевать

справлятьсяmatter вещество материал вопрос причина филос

материяmaturate развиваться созреватьmature зрелый спелый (о плоде)meal принятие пищи еда принимать пищу естьmean намереваться иметь в виду думать

подразумеватьmeaning значение смыслmeasure измерятьmedical charcoal активированный угольmedicine медицина лекарствоmedicine chest аптечкаmedicine dropper пипеткаmedieval средневековыйmeet requirements удовлетворять (соответствовать) требованиямmelt разг растворятьсяmelting плавление расплавлениеmelting-point точка плавленияmercury ртуть ртутный столб температура или давлениеmerit заслугаmethylene blue метиленовый синийmethylene green метиленовый зелёныйmind рассудок ум психика памятьMinistry of Education Министерство образованияMinistry of PublicHealth Services

Министерство здравоохранения

mislead вводить в заблуждениеmislау положить не на место затерятьmiss упустить пропустить не заметитьmixture микстура смесьmobile подвижный изменчивыйmode метод способ образ действийmoisture влажность сырость

mold плесеньmolten расплавленныйmucilaginous слизистый клейкий липкий вязкийmucus слизьmultiple составной сложный многочисленныйmustard plaster горчичникnauseous вызывающий тошноту тошнотворный вонючийnearly близко почти приблизительноnecklace ожерелье петляneglect пренебрегать не обращать вниманияnet чистый нетто без вычетовnitric acid азотная кислотаnitrogen азотnonflammability невоспламеняемостьnormally нормально обычно в среднемnotice замечать отмечать упоминать предупреждатьnumber число количествоnumerous бесчисленный многочисленныйnutrient питательный пища питательное веществоnutrition еда корм пищаobey (the rule) подчиняться следовать правилуoblong продолговатый вытянутый удлинённыйobtain получать доставать употреблятьobvious явный очевидныйoccur встречаться наблюдаться происходить

случатьсяodour запахoily масленый маслянистый жирныйointment мазьopportune благоприятный подходящийopportunity возможностьoptional course электив необязательный курсorder порядок последовательность назначать

прописыватьorderly организованныйosseous костныйoutdoors на открытом воздухе на улицеover над вышеoxidation хим окислениеpackage упаковочная тара упаковкаpain боль страдание причинять боль болетьpale бледный

palm ладоньpaper бумага газета научный доклад диссертацияparticipate участвоватьparticle частица крупицаparticular специфический особый особенныйparticularly в частности в особенностиpass through проходить через что-лpattern образец шаблон модель схемаpeculiar специфический особенный своеобразный

необычныйper capita на душу населенияperennial длящийся круглый год многолетнее растениеperform выполнять (обещание приказание и тд)

совершатьperhaps может быть возможноpermanent постоянныйpermission позволение разрешениеpermit позволять разрешатьpetroleum нефтьpharmaceutist фармацевтphenolphthalein фенолфталеинphysician врачpill пилюля таблетка давать лекарство

гранулироватьpine соснаpipette пипеткаplace ставить помещать размещатьplaster пластырьpoint out указывать показывать обращать (чьё-л)

вниманиеpoison ядpoisoning отравление применение ядаpolite вежливыйpollination опылениеpollution загрязнение загрязненностьpolyhedral многогранныйpost-graduate acпиpaнт аспирантскийpostnatal послеродовойpostpone откладывать отсрочиватьpostscript приложение эпилогpotential возможность потенциалpoultice припарка

pour лить наливатьpowder порошокpractical skills практические навыкиpractice практикаprecursor предшественник предвестникpredict предсказывать пророчитьprediction предсказание прогнозprefer предпочитатьpreliminary подготовительные мероприятия

предварительный prepare готовить подготовитьpreprinted напечатанный заранееpresent текущий теперешний настоящий данныйprevail доминировать восторжествоватьprevent предотвращать предохранять мешать

предупреждать препятствовать (from ndash чему л)previous предыдущийpreviously предварительно заранее ранееprimarily первоначально главным образомprimeval первобытныйprinciple принцип правило закон хим составная часть

элементprobably вероятноprohibit запрещать препятствовать мешать (from)promise обещание обещать давать обещаниеpromote способствовать помогать поддерживать

содействовать распространению развитию и тпproof доказательствоproper правильный должный надлежащийproperly должным образом как следует правильноproperty свойство имуществоprove доказывать подтверждатьprovide снабжать обеспечиватьpsychiatrist психиатрpungent острый пикантный едкийpupil зрачокpurchase покупка приобретениеpure чистый беспримесныйpurify очищать(ся)purport смысл суть означатьpurpose цель намерение иметь целью намереватьсяput off откладывать мешать отвлекать

put down записыватьput on надевать приводить в действие использоватьquantitative количественныйquantity (большое) количествоquinsy мед острый гнойный тонзиллитrack полка (узкая)rag тряпка лоскут обрывок клочокrapid быстрыйrapidly быстро скороrather скорееray лучread up (for examinations)

(усиленно) готовиться к экзаменам

readily быстро легко без трудаready готовый приготовленныйready-to-use готовая (лекформа)reagent реактив реагентrearrangement повторная классификация систематизацияreceive получатьrecent недавний последний новый свежийrecognize узнавать признаватьrecord запись регистрация фактов записывать

регистрироватьrecover выздоравливатьrecovery выздоровлениеrecreational развлекательныйrefer (to) посылать (к кому-либо) направлять (за

справкой)refill пополнениеrefrigerant охлаждающее вещество мед жаропонижающее

средствоrefrigerate охлаждать хранить в холодном местеrefrigerator холодильник рефрижераторregional областной местный районныйregularitу закономерность системаreinforce укреплять усиливатьrelate относиться иметь отношениеrelatively относительно соответственноrelief облегчение снижение смягчениеrelieve облегчать ослаблятьrely on положиться наremain оставаться пребывать в прежнем состоянии

remarkable замечательный удивительный выдающийсяremarkably удивительно необыкновенноremedy средство (от болезни) лекарствоremember помнить вспоминатьremontant бот ремонтантныйremove передвигать перемещатьreoccur встречаться попадаться повторноreport сообщение докладrequest просьба требование запрос просить

запрашиватьrequire требоватьresearch исследование изучениеresponsibility ответственностьrestore восстанавливатьresult from~ in

кончаться иметь результатомследовать происходить в результате

resume продолжать возобновлятьretort ретортаrhizome корневищеright now в этот моментripen зреть созреватьripeness зрелость спелостьRNA рибонуклеиновая кислота РНКrock горная порода камень булыжникroot кореньrouge красный полировальный порошокroughly грубо небрежно приблизительноround круглый шарообразный сферическийroute способ применения (лекарственного средства)

токсикологический путь поступления веществаruling постановление судебное решение

господствующийrunning water проточная водаrural сельскийsafety безопасность сохранностьsalary зарплатаsample образец пробаsaucer блюдцеscale шкалаscent запахscholarship стипендияscience наука умение

scientific научныйscientist ученыйscone ячменная или пшеничная лепешкаscratch царапинаsealing скреплять запечатыватьseat заседатьsecondary вторичный вспомогательный побочныйsedative успокаивающее средство или снотворноеsediment осадок отложениеseed семя семечкоseem казаться представлятьсяseemingly по-видимомуself-governing самоуправляемыйsense чувство ощущение ощущатьseparate отделять(ся) разъединять(ся) отдельный

обособленныйseparately отдельно самостоятельноseparation отделение разложение на частиset серия рядsevere тяжелый серьезный (о болезни) сильный

(о простуде) жестокий (о боли)shade теньshape форма очертаниеshare делитьсяshelfpullout ~lipped ~

полкавыдвижная полкавыступающая полка

shoot росток побегshorten сокращатьshrink сокращать (ся)shrub куст кустарникside effect побочное действиеsignificant значительныйsignificantly значительно существенноsimilar подобный соответствующийsimilarity сходство подобиеsimilarly так же подобным образомsimple простой несложныйskill мастерство умениеskillful умелыйskin кожаsleepiness сонливость

smoke дым курение дымить(ся) куритьsoak замачивание погружать в жидкостьsoap мылоsodium натрийsoft мягкийsoft petroleum вазелинsolely единоличноsolid твердое тело веществоsolute растворsolution раствор жидкое лекарствоsometimes иногдаsore больной воспаленныйsour кислыйspace промежутокspacious просторный обширный всеобъемлющийspan пядь промежуток времени измерятьspecify точно определять устанавливать называть

указыватьspecimen образец экземплярspicy острый пикантный пряный (о пище)spirit спирт спиртовой спиртовой растворspirits алкоголь спирт спиртной напитокsplash брызганье брызгатьsponge мед тампон (из марли и ваты)spot капать пачкать заметитьstaff персонал штат укомплектовывать штат

набирать кадрыstalk стебель черенокstand штативstandard стандарт стандартныйstarch крахмалstate заявлять формировать излагатьstay up не ложиться спатьsteam пар дымsteaming испарениеsteel стальstem ствол стебельstill до сих пор все (еще) по-прежнемуstimulant возбуждающее средствоstinging жгучийstock запас ассортимент (товаров) stoke топить поддерживать огонь

stomachache боль в области желудкаstomatologist стоматологstool стулstopcock запорный кран пробкаstopper пробка затычкаstorehouse склад кладоваяstorе запас изобилие хранить запасать stove печь сушилкаstrongly сильно прочноstudies приобретение знаний учебаstupid глупыйsublimation хим возгонка сублимацияsubstantial существенный крепкийsubstitute заменитель заменить использовать вместоsubtle тонкий нежный неуловимыйsuccessfully успешноsufficient достаточныйsufficiently достаточноsugar сахарsuggest предлагать советоватьsulphuric acid серная кислотаsunburn мед солнечный ожогsunlight солнечный светsuperscription надпись (на чем-л) адрес (на чем-л)supervision надзор наблюдение заведованиеsupply снабжать поставлятьsupport поддерживать способствоватьsuppose предполагать полагать допускать думатьsupposed предполагаемыйsupposition предположениеsurface поверхностьsurgeon хирургsuspect подозревать думать полагать предполагатьsuspended хим взвешенныйswallow глоток глотать проглатыватьsweat пот потениеsweet сладкий (о вкусе) душистыйsymbolize символизировать изображать символическиsyringe шприц спринцовкаtable таблицаtablespoonful столовая ложка (лекарства и тд)take into consideration принимать во внимание

take place случатьсяtaste вкус пробовать на вкусteaching staff штат преподавателейtear рвать обрывать ~ out вырывать выхватыватьtemporarily временно на времяterm термин семестрtest-tube пробиркаtheft воровство кражаtherefore поэтомуthoroughly полностью совсем тщательноthough хотя дажеthrobbing биение пульсацияthroughout повсюду на всем протяженииthyroid disease болезнь щитовидной железыtight туго плотноtime разtip кончик наконечник наклон прикосновение

этикетка верхушка верхний конец опрокидывать опорожнять

tissue тканьtongue языкtonight сегодня вечеромtool орудие труда инструментtop верхушка вершина макушка (головы дерева)

головаtotal весь целый совокупный суммарныйtouch соприкасатьсяtowards к по направлению к по отношению кtrain готовить обучатьtranquillizer успокаивающее средство транквилизаторtransfer переносить перемещатьtransfuse переливать (кровь)trash мусор хламtreat обращаться обрабатывать (with) лечить (for)trend направлениеtrial испытание пробаtuition обучение деятельность учителяtwice вдвое дваждыtwin близнец являющийся близнецом сдвоенный

спаренныйU- tube Y ndash образная трубкаunconscious бессознательный

under the supervision под руководствомundergo испытывать переносить подвергатьсяunderneath вниз внизу ниже подundoubtly несомненно бесспорноunfit негодный неподходящий непригодный (по

состоянию здоровья)unfortunately к несчастьюunstable хим нестойкийurine мочаuseful полезный пригодныйvacation отпуск каникулыvaluable ценный полезныйvapour пар пары испарениеvary менять(ся) изменять(ся) разнообразитьvegetable растительныйvehicle наполнитель связующее веществоview вид пейзаж наблюдение обозревать видетьvigorously сильно энергично решительноvine виноградная лозаviral вирусныйvocational профессиональныйvolatile хим летучий быстро испаряющийся volatility хим летучесть испаряемостьwarning предупреждение предостережениеwastesindustrial ~

отходы промышленные отходы

water supply водопроводwealthy богатый состоятельныйwear носитьweigh взвешиватьweight весweightlessness невесомость состояние невесомостиwhenever всякий раз когда когда бы ниwhereabouts где в каких краяхwhile пока в то время какwhole целый весьwhooping cough коклюшwipe вытирать стиратьwood лес древесинаwound рана ранение ранитьwrite out выписыватьX-ray рентгеновые лучи рентгеновский

APPENDIX (приложение)

Chemical elements and substances

acid кислота кислый кислотныйalcohol алкоголь спиртalkaline щелочныйammonium аммонийantimony сурьмаargentum сереброarsenic мышьякbile жёлчьboron борbromide бромидbromine бромcadmium кадмийcaffeine кофеинcalcium кальцийcalomel хлористая ртутьcarbohydrate углеводcarbon углеродchloride хлоридchlorine хлорcholesterol холестеринcopper медьcurium кюрийdioxide диоксидdisulfide дисульфидenzyme фермент энзимester сложный эфир эфирether простой эфир этиловый эфир эфирfat жирferum железоfluoride фтористыйfluorine фторglucose глюкозаglycerol=glycerine глицеринglycogen гликогенgold золото

halogen галогенhelium гелийhormone инкрет (гормон)hydrocarbon углеводородhydrogen водородiodine йодiron железоlead свинецlithium литийmagnesium магнийmanganese марганецmercury ртутьmolybdenum молибденneon неонniacin никотиновая кислотаnitrate нитратoxygen кислородpetroleum нефтьphenol фенолphosphorus фосфорpotassium калийradium радийrenium ренийsalt сольselenium селенsilicon кремнийsilver сереброsugar сахарsulphurous сернистыйsulfur сераtungsten вольфрамyttrium иттрий

Plants

belladonna белладоннаcalamus аир тростниковый или ирный пальма

каламусcamphor камфараcarrot морковьcassia кассия

chammomile ромашкаcinchona хинное деревоclove гвоздика (пряность) гвоздичное дерево corn пшеница кукуруза маисcotton хлопок вата (медицинская)daisy маргаритка амер поповник нивяник

обыкновенный dandelion одуванчикdeadly nightshade красавка белладонна сонная одурьephedra эфедраfoxglove наперстянкаginseng женьшеньgrape виноградhollyhock штокроза розоваяipecac (ipecacuanna) ипекакуана рвотный кореньivy плющ (обыкновенный)jasmine жасминlavender лавандаlilly of the valley ландышmint мятаmistletoe омелаolive оливаopium опийorange апельсин цитрусpoppy макrose розаsaffron шафранwillow tree иваyew тис

Abbreviations

AD Anno Domini лат нашей эрыAm American американский вариантB Sc Bachelor of science Бакалавр наукbd twice daily два раза в деньBC before Christ до нашей эрыbl blood кровьBrit British употребительно в

ВеликобританииC centigrade по стоградусной шкале (о

температуре)cap capsule капсулаcc cubic centimetre кубический сантиметрD dos dose dosage доза дозировкаeg (exempli gratia)

for example например

F Fahrenheit по шкале Фаренгейтаie (id est) that is то естьIM intramuscular внутримышечныйIV intravenous внутривенныйM Sc Master of science Магистр наукP I participle I причастие первоеP II past participle причастие второеpc after meals (post cibum) после едыpo orally (per os) пероральноpl plural множественное числоq 6 hrs every six hours каждые шесть часовqd every day (quaque die) каждый деньqh every hour (quaque hora) каждый часqid four times daily (quarter in

die)четыре раза в день

qn every night (quaque nocte) каждую ночьSL subl sublingual подъязычныйSQ SC subq subcu

subcutaneous подкожный

T temperature температураtds to be taken three times a day

(ter in diem summendum)принимается три раза в день

v verb глаголV 3 Participle II 3-я форма глагола

(причастие II)V-ed V 2 прошедшее простое времяV-ing Participle I 4-ая форма глагола

(причастие I)VSMU Vitebsk State Medical

UniversityВитебский государственный медицинский университет

REFERENCES

1 Stern KR Introductory Plant Biology K R Stern ndash Wm C Brown Communications Inc 1994 ndash 537p

2 Moore R Botany R Moore WD Clark KR Stern D Vodopich ndash Wm C Brown Publishers 1995 ndash 824 p

3 Schwartz AT Chemistry in context Applying Chemistry to Society AT Schwartz DM Bunce RG Silberman C L Stanitski WJ Stratton AP Zipp ndash Wm C Brown Communications Inc 1994 ndash 397p

4 OrsquoConnor P R Chemistry Experiments and Principles PR OrsquoConnor JE Davis WK MacNab AL McClellan ndash DC Health and Company 1982 ndash 489p

5 The World Book Dictionary in 2 vedited by Robert K Barnhart ndash US World Book Inc 1996 ndash 3586p

6 The World BookRush-Presbyterian-St Likersquos Medical Center Medical Encyclopedia edited by Erich E Brueschke ndash US World Book Inc 1991 ndash 1072p

7 Dudorova ES A Practical Course of Conversational English A textbook ES Dudorova ndash St-Petersburg 2005 ndash 341p

8 Professor Avrachova L English for Pharmacists Edited by Associate LAvrachova ndash Kyiv Medicine 2009 ndash 367p

9 Ivina TN Английский язык для студентов-фармацевтов (Адаптивный курс) Учеб пособие для фармацевтич ин-тов и фак TN Ivina ndash Мн Выш шк 1987 ndash 137 с

Учебное издание

Андреева Ирина Сергеевна Афанасьева Елена Валерьевна

Учебно-методическое пособие

Редактор РВ КадушкоТехнический редактор ИАБорисов

Компьютерная верстка ММ МироевскаяКорректоры ИС Андреева ЕВ Афанасьева

Подписано в печать _______ Формат бумаги 64х84 116Бумага типографская 2 Гарнитура Таймс Услпечлистов _______

Уч -изд л _______ Тираж _______ экз Заказ _______Издатель и полиграфическое исполнение УО laquoВитебский

государственный медицинский университетraquoЛП 02330453 от 30122013

пр-т Фрунзе 27 210023 Витебск

1 What are fluorides

Fluorides are organic and inorganic compounds containing the fluorine element

2 How are humans exposed to fluorides

3 What effects have actually been seen in humans

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯРЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ

УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ ldquoВИТЕБСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ОРДЕНА ДРУЖБЫ

НАРОДОВ МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТraquo

КАФЕДРА ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ

ВИТЕБСКВГМУ2017

УДК 811 111 (072) ББК 81 432 1я73 А 65

ISBN 978-985-466-900-7

УДК 811 111(072)ББК 81 432 1я73

copycopy

ISBN 978-985-466-900-7

CONTENTS

SECTION 1

Table 1

Процесс

be V-ing

have V3

PRESENT

amis V-ingare

have V3

have beenhas V-ing

V ndash edV2

was V-ingwere

читал)

had V3

пришел)

had been V-ing

FUTURE

shallwillV

shallwill be V-ing

shallwill have V3

Our professor

two times a week

Whose professor

delivers

lectures

two times a week

Does our professor

two times a week

our professor

deliver

lectures

two times a week

At the Top

He Must Go

Negative patterns

take you

Text 1

Faculty

countries

Text 2

Text 3

Part V Rendering

Part VI Speaking

SECTION 2

Iyouwetheyheshe

willlivesee

Iyouwetheyheshe

FUTURE

Iyouwetheyheshe

livesee

livessees

Iyouwetheyheshe

PRESENT

Iyouwetheyheshe

livedsaw

Iyouwetheyheshe

Present Past Future

I am I hesheit

weyouthey

I shall be hesheit

weyouthey

hesheit

will be

to have

I have I hesheit

weyouthey

hesheit

will have

successfully

(Whohellip)

Pronouns

IYouHeSheIt

WeThey

meyouhimheritus

mineyours

hishersits

ourstheirs

Twice as hellip as

More hellip than

Less hellip than

much cheaper

far more serious

Text 1

Text 2

Text 3

Part V Rendering

Part VI Speaking

during the term

SECTION 3

Participle II

Table 1 [-d] [-d] [-t] [-ıd]

engaged

organizedfailed

helpedworkedstopped

producedmissed

Table 2

Imperative mood

asked for

to make

scientific

accurate

to perform

safety

to take

general

Text 1

THERMOMETER SCALES

The microscope

Text 2

Text 3

Part V Rendering

experience

section 4

PARTICIPLE ITable 2

present

am working

is taking place

are developing

in the laboratory

in this test-tube

very quickly

The students

was sitting

were making

future

will be waiting

will be preparing

findings

chemistry

столовой

present

Chemical analyses

is being prepared

are being performed

was being shown

were being examined

the arm)

Text 1

Text 2

Text 3

FLUORIDES

Part V RENDERING

PART VI SPEAKING

build of a man

radioactive

section 5

present

Many scientists

have asked

has just made

Silicon Valley

The professor

had delivered

had received

future

present

This liquid

The solutions

The experiment

future

DIALOGUEs

any of my friends

Text 1

MEDICINAL HERBSI

Text 2

Text 3

POISONOUS PLANTS

Belladonna

CAMPHOR

Part v RENDERING

Part vI SPEAKING

is no longer so

Section 6

finite

Отр

ица-

тель

ная

фор

Пер

евод

Что

озна

чает

экви

вале

нты

(син

оним

to be able (to)

to be allowed

to have (to)

has (to)

was (to)were (to)

ought (to)

не должен

buy ask (for)

afraid3

with pleasure

рецепта

to give

to follow

headache

Text 1

IN THE PHARMACY

of the personnel)

STORAGE OF DRUGS

Text 2

A PRESCRIPTION

Text 3

Labels of medicines

LABEL 1

LABEL 2

SHAKE WELL

TAKE WITH

colors and flavors

Part IV Rendering

Part V SPEAKING

- C Thanks a lot

человеку

Supplementary texts

Get the lead out

PLANT NUTRITION

fail (at)~ in maths

Plants

Abbreviations

REFERENCES

УДК 811 111 (072) ББК 81 432 1я73 А 65

ISBN 978-985-466-900-7

УДК 811 111(072)ББК 81 432 1я73

copycopy

ISBN 978-985-466-900-7

CONTENTS

SECTION 1

Table 1

Процесс

be V-ing

have V3

PRESENT

amis V-ingare

have V3

have beenhas V-ing

V ndash edV2

was V-ingwere

читал)

had V3

пришел)

had been V-ing

FUTURE

shallwillV

shallwill be V-ing

shallwill have V3

Our professor

two times a week

Whose professor

delivers

lectures

two times a week

Does our professor

two times a week

our professor

deliver

lectures

two times a week

At the Top

He Must Go

Negative patterns

take you

Text 1

Faculty

countries

Text 2

Text 3

Part V Rendering

Part VI Speaking

SECTION 2

Iyouwetheyheshe

willlivesee

Iyouwetheyheshe

FUTURE

Iyouwetheyheshe

livesee

livessees

Iyouwetheyheshe

PRESENT

Iyouwetheyheshe

livedsaw

Iyouwetheyheshe

Present Past Future

I am I hesheit

weyouthey

I shall be hesheit

weyouthey

hesheit

will be

to have

I have I hesheit

weyouthey

hesheit

will have

successfully

(Whohellip)

Pronouns

IYouHeSheIt

WeThey

meyouhimheritus

mineyours

hishersits

ourstheirs

Twice as hellip as

More hellip than

Less hellip than

much cheaper

far more serious

Text 1

Text 2

Text 3

Part V Rendering

Part VI Speaking

during the term

SECTION 3

Participle II

Table 1 [-d] [-d] [-t] [-ıd]

engaged

organizedfailed

helpedworkedstopped

producedmissed

Table 2

Imperative mood

asked for

to make

scientific

accurate

to perform

safety

to take

general

Text 1

THERMOMETER SCALES

The microscope

Text 2

Text 3

Part V Rendering

experience

section 4

PARTICIPLE ITable 2

present

am working

is taking place

are developing

in the laboratory

in this test-tube

very quickly

The students

was sitting

were making

future

will be waiting

will be preparing

findings

chemistry

столовой

present

Chemical analyses

is being prepared

are being performed

was being shown

were being examined

the arm)

Text 1

Text 2

Text 3

FLUORIDES

Part V RENDERING

PART VI SPEAKING

build of a man

radioactive

section 5

present

Many scientists

have asked

has just made

Silicon Valley

The professor

had delivered

had received

future

present

This liquid

The solutions

The experiment

future

DIALOGUEs

any of my friends

Text 1

MEDICINAL HERBSI

Text 2

Text 3

POISONOUS PLANTS

Belladonna

CAMPHOR

Part v RENDERING

Part vI SPEAKING

is no longer so

Section 6

finite

Отр

ица-

тель

ная

фор

Пер

евод

Что

озна

чает

экви

вале

нты

(син

оним

to be able (to)

to be allowed

to have (to)

has (to)

was (to)were (to)

ought (to)

не должен

buy ask (for)

afraid3

with pleasure

рецепта

to give

to follow

headache

Text 1

IN THE PHARMACY

of the personnel)

STORAGE OF DRUGS

Text 2

A PRESCRIPTION

Text 3

Labels of medicines

LABEL 1

LABEL 2

SHAKE WELL

TAKE WITH

colors and flavors

Part IV Rendering

Part V SPEAKING

- C Thanks a lot

человеку

Supplementary texts

Get the lead out

PLANT NUTRITION

fail (at)~ in maths

Plants

Abbreviations

REFERENCES

CONTENTS

SECTION 1

Table 1

Процесс

be V-ing

have V3

PRESENT

amis V-ingare

have V3

have beenhas V-ing

V ndash edV2

was V-ingwere

читал)

had V3

пришел)

had been V-ing

FUTURE

shallwillV

shallwill be V-ing

shallwill have V3

Our professor

two times a week

Whose professor

delivers

lectures

two times a week

Does our professor

two times a week

our professor

deliver

lectures

two times a week

At the Top

He Must Go

Negative patterns

take you

Text 1

Faculty

countries

Text 2

Text 3

Part V Rendering

Part VI Speaking

SECTION 2

Iyouwetheyheshe

willlivesee

Iyouwetheyheshe

FUTURE

Iyouwetheyheshe

livesee

livessees

Iyouwetheyheshe

PRESENT

Iyouwetheyheshe

livedsaw

Iyouwetheyheshe

Present Past Future

I am I hesheit

weyouthey

I shall be hesheit

weyouthey

hesheit

will be

to have

I have I hesheit

weyouthey

hesheit

will have

successfully

(Whohellip)

Pronouns

IYouHeSheIt

WeThey

meyouhimheritus

mineyours

hishersits

ourstheirs

Twice as hellip as

More hellip than

Less hellip than

much cheaper

far more serious

Text 1

Text 2

Text 3

Part V Rendering

Part VI Speaking

during the term

SECTION 3

Participle II

Table 1 [-d] [-d] [-t] [-ıd]

engaged

organizedfailed

helpedworkedstopped

producedmissed

Table 2

Imperative mood

asked for

to make

scientific

accurate

to perform

safety

to take

general

Text 1

THERMOMETER SCALES

The microscope

Text 2

Text 3

Part V Rendering

experience

section 4

PARTICIPLE ITable 2

present

am working

is taking place

are developing

in the laboratory

in this test-tube

very quickly

The students

was sitting

were making

future

will be waiting

will be preparing

findings

chemistry

столовой

present

Chemical analyses

is being prepared

are being performed

was being shown

were being examined

the arm)

Text 1

Text 2

Text 3

FLUORIDES

Part V RENDERING

PART VI SPEAKING

build of a man

radioactive

section 5

present

Many scientists

have asked

has just made

Silicon Valley

The professor

had delivered

had received

future

present

This liquid

The solutions

The experiment

future

DIALOGUEs

any of my friends

Text 1

MEDICINAL HERBSI

Text 2

Text 3

POISONOUS PLANTS

Belladonna

CAMPHOR

Part v RENDERING

Part vI SPEAKING

is no longer so

Section 6

finite

Отр

ица-

тель

ная

фор

Пер

евод

Что

озна

чает

экви

вале

нты

(син

оним

to be able (to)

to be allowed

to have (to)

has (to)

was (to)were (to)

ought (to)

не должен

buy ask (for)

afraid3

with pleasure

рецепта

to give

to follow

headache

Text 1

IN THE PHARMACY

of the personnel)

STORAGE OF DRUGS

Text 2

A PRESCRIPTION

Text 3

Labels of medicines

LABEL 1

LABEL 2

SHAKE WELL

TAKE WITH

colors and flavors

Part IV Rendering

Part V SPEAKING

- C Thanks a lot

человеку

Supplementary texts

Get the lead out

PLANT NUTRITION

fail (at)~ in maths

Plants

Abbreviations

REFERENCES

CONTENTS

SECTION 1

Table 1

Процесс

be V-ing

have V3

PRESENT

amis V-ingare

have V3

have beenhas V-ing

V ndash edV2

was V-ingwere

читал)

had V3

пришел)

had been V-ing

FUTURE

shallwillV

shallwill be V-ing

shallwill have V3

Our professor

two times a week

Whose professor

delivers

lectures

two times a week

Does our professor

two times a week

our professor

deliver

lectures

two times a week

At the Top

He Must Go

Negative patterns

take you

Text 1

Faculty

countries

Text 2

Text 3

Part V Rendering

Part VI Speaking

SECTION 2

Iyouwetheyheshe

willlivesee

Iyouwetheyheshe

FUTURE

Iyouwetheyheshe

livesee

livessees

Iyouwetheyheshe

PRESENT

Iyouwetheyheshe

livedsaw

Iyouwetheyheshe

Present Past Future

I am I hesheit

weyouthey

I shall be hesheit

weyouthey

hesheit

will be

to have

I have I hesheit

weyouthey

hesheit

will have

successfully

(Whohellip)

Pronouns

IYouHeSheIt

WeThey

meyouhimheritus

mineyours

hishersits

ourstheirs

Twice as hellip as

More hellip than

Less hellip than

much cheaper

far more serious

Text 1

Text 2

Text 3

Part V Rendering

Part VI Speaking

during the term

SECTION 3

Participle II

Table 1 [-d] [-d] [-t] [-ıd]

engaged

organizedfailed

helpedworkedstopped

producedmissed

Table 2

Imperative mood

asked for

to make

scientific

accurate

to perform

safety

to take

general

Text 1

THERMOMETER SCALES

The microscope

Text 2

Text 3

Part V Rendering

experience

section 4

PARTICIPLE ITable 2

present

am working

is taking place

are developing

in the laboratory

in this test-tube

very quickly

The students

was sitting

were making

future

will be waiting

will be preparing

findings

chemistry

столовой

present

Chemical analyses

is being prepared

are being performed

was being shown

were being examined

the arm)

Text 1

Text 2

Text 3

FLUORIDES

Part V RENDERING

PART VI SPEAKING

build of a man

radioactive

section 5

present

Many scientists

have asked

has just made

Silicon Valley

The professor

had delivered

had received

future

present

This liquid

The solutions

The experiment

future

DIALOGUEs

any of my friends

Text 1

MEDICINAL HERBSI

Text 2

Text 3

POISONOUS PLANTS

Belladonna

CAMPHOR

Part v RENDERING

Part vI SPEAKING

is no longer so

Section 6

finite

Отр

ица-

тель

ная

фор

Пер

евод

Что

озна

чает

экви

вале

нты

(син

оним

to be able (to)

to be allowed

to have (to)

has (to)

was (to)were (to)

ought (to)

не должен

buy ask (for)

afraid3

with pleasure

рецепта

to give

to follow

headache

Text 1

IN THE PHARMACY

of the personnel)

STORAGE OF DRUGS

Text 2

A PRESCRIPTION

Text 3

Labels of medicines

LABEL 1

LABEL 2

SHAKE WELL

TAKE WITH

colors and flavors

Part IV Rendering

Part V SPEAKING

- C Thanks a lot

человеку

Supplementary texts

Get the lead out

PLANT NUTRITION

fail (at)~ in maths

Plants

Abbreviations

REFERENCES

Documents

do2.vsmu.by · Web viewИ.С. Андреева, Е.В. Афанасьева. АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК. УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ. ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ