Doanchuyennganh-dau Mo Nhon

7/31/2019 Doanchuyennganh-dau Mo Nhon

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MC LC

M u

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN..................................................................................................51.1. Du Thi.....................................................................................................................51.1.1. u im Ca Du Thi.....................................................................................51.1.2. Nhc im........................................................................................................5

1.2. M NHN:................................................................................................................51.2.1.nh ngha:..........................................................................................................51.2.2.Thnh Phn Ca M: .........................................................................................5

1.3. Phn Loi.................................................................................................................111.3.1 Phn Loi M Nhn Theo Cht Lm c........................................................111.3.2 Phn Loi M Nhn Theo Cng Dng ............................................................13

1.3.3. Phn Loi M Theo NLGI...............................................................................151.4. Cng Dng Ca M Nhn ......................................................................................171.4.1 Tc Dng Bi Trn B Mt Chi Tit ...............................................................171.4.2.Tc Dng Bo V B Mt Chi Tit...................................................................171.4.3 Tc Dng Lm Kn Cc Mi Lp Ghp :..........................................................18

1.5. nh Hng Ca Cht Lm c...............................................................................181.5.1 nh Hng Ca Cht Lm c........................................................................181.5.2. nh Hng Ca Cc Yu T Khc.................................................................19

1.6. Cc Ch Tiu Cht Lng Ca M Nhn...............................................................201.6.1 Tnh n nh Ton Din Ca M Nhn...........................................................20

1.6.2. Xc nh Kim T Do V Acid Hu C T Do (TBN v TAN)....................221.6.3 Sch Ca M Nhn.....................................................................................231.6.4.Mt S Tnh Nng S Dng Khc Nh M Nhn...........................................24

CHNG 2: M HNH THIT B...................................................................................272.1 M Hnh Thit B......................................................................................................272.2 Nguyn Tc Hot ng............................................................................................28

2.2.1.Cc Thng S Chnh Khi S Dng Thit b:....................................................282.2.2.Hot ng:........................................................................................................292.2.3. Mt S Vn Cn Ch Khi Vn Hnh Thit B.......................................29

CHNG 3. BI TH NGHIM........................................................................................30

3.1. Ngha M Nhn....................................................................................................303.2. Dng C Th Nghim...............................................................................................313.3. Quy Trnh.................................................................................................................323.4. Bo Co Kt Qu.....................................................................................................34

3.4.1 Nhn Xt...........................................................................................................343.4.2 Hiu Xut Ca Qu Trnh.................................................................................36

TI LIU THAM KHO....................................................................................................37

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M U

Du m nhn c tm quan trng rt ln trong cuc sng. N c ng dng trong vic

bi trn cc chi tit chuyn ng, gim ma st, gim mi mn, n mn cc chi tit Du

bi trn c ng dng vi s lng ln, phm vi s dng rng ri. Tuy nhin n cn b

hn ch trong mt s iu kin lm vic nh bi trn cc trc c nhit rt cao , v trchu ti ln Ti cc v tr ny ngi ta thay th du bi trn bng m bi trn .Ngay nay

m bi trn cng c s dng vi s lng tng i ln , n b sung thm nhng tnh

cht, tc dng m du bi trn khng c. C nhiu ngun nguyn liu v phng php

sn xut cc loi m bi trn vi cc cng dng khc nhau.

Sn xut m bi trn t nht thi l mt quy trnh mi m cha c s dng rng ri

.Trong thc t quy trnh ny mi c lm th cng . Nht sau mt thi gian s dng b

bin tnh, gim cht lng v c thi ra .Lng nht thi ra l rt ln nu khng s l s

nh hng rt nhiu n mi trng , n cng c s dng trong mt s cng vic khc,tuy nhin hiu qu cha cao . tn dng lng nht ny ngi ta nghin cu v a ra

quy trnh sn xut m nhn t nht thi. Tuy m c sn xut t nht thi cht lng

cha cao nhng n cng gp phn em li nhiu li nhun v tc dng khc.

Sau mt thi gian tm hiu,nghin cu quy trnh v c s hng dn ca cc thy

c chng em hon thnh v hiu bit thm v quy trnh ny.Do thi gian c hn, cha

c c st vi thc t ,kin thc cn hn ch ,y li l mt quy trnh mi m, nguyn

liu v mt s ha cht cn thit cha y nn quy trnh v sn phm chng em lm racn nhiu sai st v cht lng cha cao.

Chng em rt mong c s ch dn thm v kin ng gp ca cc thy c v cc bn!

Chng em xin chn thnh cm n.

Nhm sinh vin thc hnh

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NHN XT

(Ca ging vin hng dn)

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NHN XT

(Ca ging vin phn bin hoc b mn)

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CHNG 1: TNG QUAN

1.1. Du Thi

1.1.1. u im Ca Du Thi.

Nhit chy ln, gn vi nhit nng ca mazut l t (FO). Do c th thay thhon ton du mazut trong cc l t trn x lang, tu thy hay trong cc l nung, vt liu

xy dng, l thi thy tinh th s

im ng c thp v loi b gn ht cc parafin rn c nhit ng c cao.

Nh c im ny, du thi t th vic bm ht d dng, tn t nng lng.

Hm lng S thp hn nhiu so vi cc loi mazut thng phm, thng chi cho vo

khong 0.4-0.8%, trong khi nhin liu ch cho php 3%. Nh vy nu dng du thi t l

s gim s nhim, gim tc hi n mn rt nhiu.

1.1.2. Nhc im.

Trong du thi c ln mt lng nhin liu v nc, do khng th s dng an ton

nu khng qua s l (v im chp chy ca du qu thp).

Cha cc tp cht kim loi, ng ch nht l ch.

Hm lng tro qu cao chim khong 0.8-1.5% trong khi du mazut thng phm ti

a ch c 0.15-035%, v th nu t bng du thi s to nhiu tro gy bn l.

Hm lng cn cng qu cao 4-7%

Trong gii php nhin liu, c th xem mt tn du thi ( gn lng v tch nc )

cho php tit kim 0.90-0.950 tn du th (hiu sut ny ty thuc hm lng cc cht cn

bn c trong du thi ) cc l t loi c c th s dng c nu pha thm vo du thi

mt lng mazut (FO). i vi l t loi mi, mun s dng du thi, phi thit k thm

mt vi b phn ph tr nh: b gom tro, b phn lm ch bay hi

1.2. M NHN:1.2.1.nh ngha:

M bi trn l loi sn phm c nhiu dng t rn cho n bn lng do s phn b

ca cc tc nhn lm c cht bi trn dng dung dch v cc thnh phn khc c a

vo to nn cc c tnh ca m.

1.2.2.Thnh Phn Ca M:

1.2.2.1.Th Lng Lm Nhn:

Th lng lm nhn hay cn gi l thnh phn ch yu ca m (70-90%), n c nh

hng n tnh bi trn,lm nhn ca m.

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a s cc loi m c pha lng c ch luyn t cc loi du nhn gc du m. Tuy

vy ,trong mt s trng hp vi mc ch nng cao cht lng m, ngi ta thng s

dng cc loi du tng hp ch luyn m.

Cc loi du nhn gc du m thng c s dng sn xut cc loi m thng

thng. du nhn c nht nh c s dng sn xut m s dng cho cc chi tit mast lm vic nhit thp, vng quay ln ti trng nh. Trong trng hp ngc li

ngi ta dng du nhn c nht cao. Du nhn c nht trung bnh c dng sn

xut m thng dng, s dng iu kin ph bin bnh thng nht, nhng loi m dng

ni c nhit cao trn 2000C ch c th sn xut c khi dng du nhn tng hp.

Trong thc t, cng ngh ha du khng sn xut du nhn chuyn dng cho mc ch pha

trn sn xut m. V th khi sn xut m ngi ta thng ly du nhn thng phm c

sn xut vi mc ch khc nhau: du bin th, du cng nghip, du truyn ng

Khi cn sn xut mt s loi m c tnh tr khi tip xc vi cc sn phm t du m

nh xng, nhin liu diesel, nhin liu phn lc, cc loi du nhnNgi ta phi s dng

du nhn c ngun gc t ng vt, thc vt lm pha lng nh du bng, du thu du,

du hng dng, du daLoi m ny khng tan vo cc hydrocacbon nn c tn gi

chung l m chu xng.

Khi sn xut cc loi m tr vi cc mi trng c tnh ha hc cao, n mn hoc

ph hy mnh nh acid, kim, mui v cphi dng cc hp cht lng ca flo, clo c

tnh bn vng ha hc rt cao. Thnh phn, cc tnh cht v cht lng ca cc loi dunhn dng d sn xut m phi p ng y cc yu cu ra cho cc loi du nhn

cng cng dng c s dng trc tip cho cc my mc v cc loi thit b k thut.

1.2.2.2 Cht Lm c:

Cht lm c hay cn gi l pha rn, pha phn tn chim hm lng t 20-25%. Cht

lm c trong m to thnh khung c cu trc khng gian. Khung ny c lm thm

t bi pha lng l du nhn chnh n lm nn cc tnh do ca m. Du nhn lp y cc

khong rng, khe h hoc ch trng trong khung cu trc khng gian ca cht lm c vb gi li ti c gi li nh lc ht mao dn. Cu trc ca m c 2 loi: cu trc th

v cu trc tinh. M c cu trc xuyn sut ton b dy ca m, cu trc ny chnh l

cu trc ca cc phn t nh nht ca cht lm c to nn. Do c tc ng c hc t bn

ngoi nh lc, kh bt, khuy trn lm cho th khi ca m b ph v, to ra cu trc

th. Cc ht n l hay cc s m trong cu trc th c th nhn thy bng mt thng hay

khi phng i ln mt cht. Chnh v th cu trc th ca m to ra hnh dng bn ngoi

ca m. Cu trc th ca m c 3 dng: dng ht, dng x v dng trn. Cu trc ca m

ph thuc vo thnh phn, cng ngh sn xut v gia cng c hc ca m. Bn cht tnhin ca cht lm c ng vai tr chnh trong qu trnh hnh thnh cu trc m. Tuy vy

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khng th b qua vai tr ca thnh phn ha hc v cc tnh cht ca du nhn, cn c vo

cht lm c ngi ta phn ra cc loi m sau: m x phng, m hydrocacbon, m v c

v m hu c.

Phn ln m ang s dng hin nay l m x phng( chim 80-90% s lng m

ang s dng). Loi m ny dng x phng lm c du nhn. X phng l mui caacid bo bc cao vi cc kim loi, sn xut x phng ngi ta ly acid bo ca m t

nhin, cc loi acid tng hp, cc acid bo n l c lm sch, c t 12-20 nguyn t

cacbon trong mi phn t, acid c li nht l loi mi phn t c t 16-18 nguyn t

cacbon, x phng l sn phm ca phn ng ha hc v x phng ha gia hydroxit kim

loi vi cc acid bo to ra x phng v nc hoc gia hydroxt kim loi vi

glyxerin( thnh phn chnh ca du thc vt v m ng vt).

nRCOOH + Me(OH)n (RCOO)nMe + nH2O

trong : R l gc hydrocacbon

Me l cation kim loi

V d : x phng natri

C17H35OOH + NaOH C17H35COONa + H2O

Nu m dng x phng c sn xut t du m t nhin th c gi l m bo, nu

dng x phng sn xut bng phng php tng hp th gi l m tng hp.

Nguyn t kim loi trong phn t x phng c nh hng rt ln n tnh cht ca xphng v ca m ,nn ngi ta gi tn m theo tn kim loi c trong x phng. Thng

gp nht l m canxi,natri,canxi-natri,bari,nhm, mc t hn cn c m ch,bc

,kem.Ngy ny ngi ta cn dng x phng phc lm c du nhn,x phng dng

sn xut m phn ln c iu ch t acid bo tng hp. l sn phm ca qu trnh

oxi ha hdrocacbon thuc dy ng ng ankan(parapin).acid bo tng hp sn xut m

s tit kim c cc loi du thc vt,m ng vt qu him v t tin.

M dng x phng ca acid bo tng hp c phm cht thng km hn m bo vtnh cht nht-nhit,tnh bi trn,d long,d ra v gii hn bn thp,khi gp lnh s b

ng cng,thi gian dng ngh khi ang s dng m ko di d lm cho m bin cht

hn.nguyn nhn ca nhng nhc im trn la do qu trnh sn xut ra acid bo tng hp

cn ln nhiu tp cht khng c li nh ankan cha b oxy ha,acid bo bc thp,acid v

c c nhiu sn phm khng c oxy ha khc,nu c lm sch tt,tuyn chn tt v

c nhit luyn tt th m tng hp s khng thua km m bo v mt cht lng.

Trong cc loi du t nhin thng hay dng nht sn xut m l du bng,du

thu du,du lanh,m ha hc v m cng nghip. sn xut m c cht lng

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cao(chim khong 1.5%)ngi ta dng x phng ca acid n l nh acid

sterit(C17H35COOH),acid oleic(CH3-(CH2)7-CH=CH-(CH2)7-COOH).

X phng l hp cht tan khng tt trong du khong. iu kin bnh thng hoc

nhit cao hn,mt phn ln x phng trong m u dng keo hoc dng phn tn

th.do ch vi hm lng x phng khng nhiu (khong 10%) c th to ra m ccc tnh cht in hnh ca cc cht do.

Trong s cc loi m x phng c s dng nhiu nht hin nay phi k n m

canxi. y l loi m i tr lu i v r tin nht,m canxi tng hp c sn xut t x

phng canxi ca acid bo tng hp.m canxi bo c sn xut t x phng canxi ca du

th hoc m ha hc.trong thnh phn ca m canxi nht thit phi c nc,v nc tham

gia to tinh th hydrat ca x phng canxi,cht c kh nng lm cao. Do , loi m ny

cn c tn gi l m hydrat ha .nh vy, nc trong m canxi to ra cu trc khng gian

ca m. nu loi ht nc th s ph v cu trc ca m, lm m t phn r thnh du

nhn v x phng. y nc ng vai tr l cht ph gia n nh th keo ca m canxi.

Nu hm lng nc di 0.5% th m c hin tng phn r, cn nu hm lng nc

ti 5%,tuy cao hn mc quy nh, nhng thc t cha gy nh hng g ti cc tnh cht

s dng ca m, hm lng nc trong m thch hp nht l t 1-3%. M canxi c u

im: gi thnh thp, tnh chng xc v chng mi mn cao, bo v kim loi tt, th keo

tng i n nh, mc chu nc p ng nhu cu theo yu cu m bo cho vic s

dng i tr. Nhc im ca m canxi l nhit nng chy thp nn phm vi s dngca n b hn ch. 100oC m b mt nc nn khung cu trc khng gian bt u b ph

hy v m bt u phn r dn. nhit cng cao tc phn r cang nhanh,nhit c

php s dng t 30-70oC. M canxi c tnh n nh c hc thp khi bo qun trong

kho,trong bao bi hay trng thi tra np m cc c cu tm dng lm vic trong thi gian

di. M canxi ch yu dng lm m chng ma st,ngoi ra cn c dng lm m bo

qun tng i tt v chu c nc,ma gi, hi m v nh sng nhng vi iu kin

mi trng khng qu 50oC.

M canxi phc hp khc vi m canxi thng l khc phc c nhng nhc

im ca m canxi thng. M canxi phc hp c sn xut t canxi x phng phc hp

ca acid bo bc cao v acid bo bc thp(stearic,acetic).M canxi phc hp khng tan

trong nc, c tnh n nh c hc cao.Tuy vy m canxi phc hp cn c nhc im l

trong m thng xut hin v tch t cc sn phm c tnh acid.

M natri gm c m bo v m tng hp .Trong thnh phn cu trc ca m khng

cn c nc,hm lng nc c trong m cn c hn ch hoc khng c, trnh tc

hi do nc gy ra . tan ca natri trong nc tng i cao ,nn chng khng c sdng nhng v tr chu tc ng ca nc. m natri c kh nng hp th hi m,khi s

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gim hng loi cc tnh cht quan trng nh:gii hn bn , tnh n nh c hc , nhit

nh git . Nu m tng tc vi mt lng nc va phi th s to vi nc th nh

tng,c th bo v b mt c bi trn chng tc nhn n mn tt hn m canxi. M

canxi c tnh n inh cao vi nhit nh git trn 103oC,nhit s dng hu hiu nht

i vi m natrio t 20 n 110

o

C.M canxi natri l m x phng phc hp canxi-natri ,n bao gm c hai tnh cht

ca hai loi m kiu trn.N c s dng nhit


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nh c kh nng chu nhit ln ti 6000C. tuy nhin gi thnh ca loi m ny cn rt

cao(t hn cc loi m thng thng hng trm ln).

1.2.2.3. Cht Pha Thm:

M vi 2 thnh phn chnh: cht lm c v du nhn, cha th p ng v yu

cu cc tnh cht s dng, nn ngoi 2 thnh phn ny ngi ta cn cho tm vo m cccht c tnh cht c bit khc. Thnh phn ch yu ca cc cht cho thm ny rt khc

nhau, c trng hp chim ti 15% khi lng ca m, cc cht thm c tc dng lm cho

cu trc ca m tt hn, lm tng cng c chn lc nhng tnh cht s dng quan trng

ca m nh: tng cc tnh cht n nh nhit, n nh ha hc, n nh keo, tinh nng bi

trn, tng bm dnh, tng kh nng lm kn v nhiu tnh cht khc ty thuc vo iu

kin s dng.

Cht c ch c im

Diphenylamine R tin

Phenyl-alpha-napthylamine Dng nhit thp

Dioctyldiphenylamine Chim 0,5-2% 200-260oC trong

m gc du silicone hoc diester

Phenothiazine Dng nhit trn 150oC

Polymerictrimethylldihydroquinoline Dng nhit cao cho du tng

hp hoc du khong

2,6-di-tert-butyl-r-methylphenol Dng nhit di 120oC

Dilauryl thiodipropionate citric,ascorbic

acids

Dng trong nghnh thc phm

Bng 1.1 c im Ca Cht c Ch

Tnh nng % khi lng Cht ph gia

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Chu p sut cao 2-10 Dibezyl disulphide

vi chlorinated parafins

bn mng 0,1-5 di-isopropyl hoc

dilauryl hydrogen

Chng r 0,5-5 Sodium petroleum

sulphonates, barium

dinonylnapthalene

sulphonate

Kh hot tnh ng 0,05-1 2-

mercaptobenzothiazole

Ci thin nht 0,1-1 Polymethacrylates

Chng to ta 0,001 Du silicone

To dnh 0,5-2 Polymers

Chng mi mn 0,1-2 Tricresyl phosphate,

zinc

dialkyldithiophosphate

Tnh k nc 0,1-2 Oleic

To mu 0,05-0,5 PerfumesBo v mi mn 0,5-3 Nonylphenoxyacetic

acid, ethylene-diamine

sulphonate, barium

sulphonate

Bng 1.2 tnh nng ca mt s ph gia

1.3. Phn Loi.

1.3.1 Phn Loi M Nhn Theo Cht Lm c.

1.3.1.1 M Nhn Gc X Phng.

Nhm m ny c cht lm c l cc loi x phng. X phng dng trong m l mui

ca cc acid bo(c mch cacbon thch hp al2 t C12-C18) vi cc kim loi nh

Na,Ca,Al,Li c cng thc tng qut l: (RCOO)XMe

RCOO-: l gc ca acid bo v d nh: C17H35COO- ca acid stearic C17H35COOH,

gc C15H31COO- ca acid palmitic C15H31COOH.

Me+x: ion kim loi v d nh: Na+,Li+,Ca2+...

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x: l ha tr ca kim loi bng 1,2 hoc 3

cc loi x phng sau y thng c dng trong cng nghip ch bin m nhn:

a)x phng ca kim loi kim(Li,Na,K), trong s dng ph bin nht l m nhn

gc x phng liti,t s dng nht l m nhn gc x phng kali,m x phng gc Na c

nhit nng chy cao,chu c nhit nhng km chu nc .Ngay nay thay th bng mgc x phng Li va chu nhit va chu nc.

b)x phng ca kim loi kim th (Mg,Ca,Ba...) M x phng gc Ca c nhit

nng chy trung bnh ,km chu nhit nhng chu nc tt.

c) x phng cc kim loi khc (zn, al,pb...).m gc x phng nhm c tnh chu nc

k c nc mn.

d) x phng hn hp ca hai kim loi nh m nhn x phng g c canxi-natri,m

nhn x phng gc liti v canxi.

ng thi nngi ta cn phn bit m nhn gc x phng thng thng v m nhn

x phng phc.

1.3.1.2 M Nh Gc Sp(Hydrocacbon rn).

Nhm m ny c tnh cht lm c hydrocacbon rn c nhit nng chy cao nh

parafin,serezin,perolatom,ozokerit,cc loi m sp t nhin hoc m sp tng hp khc

nhau. Sp dng trong m chia lm hai loi:

a) loi thch lp( parafin rn ) c nhit nng chy thp

b) loi a lp (ozokerit ) c nhit nng chy cao hn

M gc sp c tnh n nh tt nn thng c dng m bo qun. V d m pho

l sn phm ca Lin X (c),c sn xut nh cch lm c du khong bng

petrolatum(60-70%) v xerizin(5%) c cha 0.2% NaOH,nhit nh git khng di

50oC.

1.3.1.3 M Nhn Gc V C.

Nhm ny c cht Lm c l cht v c c phn tn cao. Ph thuc vo vic s

dng loi cht lm c v c no ngi ta phn ra cc loi m nh m nhn silicagen,m

nhn t set, m nhn bent/onit, m graphit ...Loi m ny khng b nng chy ,c n

nh cao,thng lm m bi trn chuyn dng trong mt s nghnh cng nghip nh ha

cht ,xi mng , snh s ,st thp c nhit lm vic ln ti 200oC.

1.3.1.4 M nhn gc hu c.

Nhm m ny c cht lm c l cc cht hu c rn, c b mt ring kh ln, chuc nhit cao v khng nc tt. Trong nhm ny nhiu loi m c thnh phm l du

khong hoc du tng hp vi cc cht lm c khc nhau :

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M trng hp c tnh cht lm c L polyme nh polyetylen ,polyprolylen

,polytrifroetylen...

a)m ureat c cht lm c l cc dn xut ankyl,axyl,arylv ure,c kh nng lm vit

trong khong nhit kh rng t-70n 2000C

b) m ureit c cht lm c l ureit ,sn phm tng tc gia cc polyizoxyanatvicc amin ca acid abietc

c)m bt mu c cht lm c l bt mu nh phtalxyamin ,indrantren

,izovilantron ...loi m nay c tnh n nh cao ,rt chu nhit c kh nng lm vic trong

khong 250-3000C c khi ln ti 5000C .ngoi ra cn c m bitum ,m b hng ...

1.3.2 Phn Loi M Nhn Theo Cng Dng

1.3.2.1 Thnh Phn Loi GOST23258 Ca LIN X (c)

Da vo cng dng , c th chia cc loi m nhn thnh bn nhm sau :

a) M bi trn ch yu nhm chng ma st, b sung cho chc nng du bi trn, m

dng bi trn nng chi tit my m du bi trn th lng khng th thc hin c

chc nng bi trn.

b) M bo qun vi chc nng ch yu l bo v b mt kim loi ca trang thit b,

my mc chng tc dng ca khng kh,nc, cc cht n mn... b mt khng b han

r, h hi, m ny cn c tn l m bo v, c cc loi m bo qun lng, m bo qun

do...

c) M lm kn vi chc nng lm kn cc khp ni ren ca cc ng ng dn, cc

cm np bt, m lt v cc ch ni ca cc h thng bm v my mc, thit b...C cc

loi m lm kn khp ni ren, m lm kn my bm, m chn khng...

d) M cp l m chuyn dng cho vic chng n mn v mi mn ca cc h thng

cp nh: cp m, cp khoan, cp cn cu, thang my v cc loi my nng. C cc loi cp

in dng bi trn cc tm p tip xc v cc mi ni ray nhm bo m n in n

nh ca mi ni, loi m cp thp c kha nng lm vic trong khong nhit t -30 n40oC dng bi trn cp trong qu trnh lm vic lun tip xc vi nc ca ngnh vn

chuyn g hay hng ha theo ng thy.

1.3.2.2 Phn Loi M Nhn Theo Cng Dng

Da theo kh nng s dng ca cc loi m nhn c th phn bit chng thnh hai

nhm l m nhn theo cng dng v m nhn chuyn dng:

a) M nhn thng dng l m nhn dng hu ht cc loi xe my vi phm vi

nhit d s dng t 50-200oC. Chng c phn bit theo nhit nng chy,gm ba phnnhm:

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M nhn nng chy thp : cc loi m nhn ny c nh git t 40-70oC, dng cho

cc loi my mc c nhit lm vic thp, c cc loi m Chiatim 201,203,205 ca Lin

X c.

M chiatim 201,203 c pha thm ph gia chng oxy ha, chng mi mn tng

ng vi m Aeroshell 6B (hng shell) ,m beacon P290(hng Esso) dng cho cc thitb cng sut nh ,nhit thp.

M chiatim 205 c cht lm c l xerezin, dng vng m chn du,mi ni ren

v cc thit b d hng lm vic mi trng n mn.

M nhn nng chy trung bnh :m ny c im nh git t 65-100 oC, c th dng

khi nhit lm vic 80oC, thnh phm gm du nhn v x phng canxi.

nc ta trc y thng dng m YC-2 c nh git 75 oC, xuyn kim 25oC

t 230-290mm,thch hp cho cc v m di gm t,cc cutsin ma st nh.Tngng vi YC-2 c cc nhn hiu

Hng shell c m Undergease2,Undergease3

Hng BP c m BP Grearse C2

Hng Castrol c m Castrol Heavy

Hng du ca Hunggary c m 90

Ngoi YC2- cn c YCC-A (cn gi l m ch),v c pha thm 10% bt grapht nhm

tng thn tnh bm dnh v chu lc c nhit nh git l 77oC v xuyn kim 25oC l

250mm, m ny dng lp xe,dy cp phanh,b phn chuyn ng my ko tng ng

c cc nhn hiu:

Hng shell c m loi Barbaria2,3,4

Hng du Hunggari c loi ZG-80

M nhn c nhit nng chy cao

Nhm m ny c nhit nh git trn 100o

C, co1 thnh phn du nhn v cht lmcc5 l x phng natri (hoc hn hp natri-canxi). Loi m ny chu nhit tt,chu nc

km.

nc ta trc y thng dng 2 loi m nhn thuc loi ny l YT-2 v m nhn

BYT (m 1-13), NK-50, m YT-2 c nhit ti thiu l 1500C, nhit s dng khng

qu 1300C, dng cho mt in, bi my ko v xe in, khng dng ni m t, nhn

hiu tng ng:

- Hng shell: m Natrita-3

- Hng esso: m Andox-C

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- Hng du ca Hungari: m 100

Hin nay m c nhit nng chy cao ch bin ch yu t x phng liti. Loi ny

lm vic trong dy nhit kh rng t -30 n 150 0C. v d nh cc loi m ca cc hng

du:

- Hng BP c BP Grease L, BP Energrease L21-M v L2-M, BP Energrease LS vLS-EP..

- Hng Castrol c Castrol LM, Castrol Spheerol AP, Castrol Pheerol EPL, Castrol

MS-3..

- Hng Caltex c Starplex, Untra Duty Grease, Molytex Grease..

- Cng ty PVPDC c m PV Grease MU-2 Lithium EP-2

b) M nhn chuyn dng: l loi m ch dng cho b phn my mc no theo

ng quy nh ca ca nh thit k v ch to my m khng c thay th rng ri bng

cc loi m khc, thuc nhm m ny gm c: m hng hi, m ung st, m cng

nghip, m ng co my bay c nhng loi m cng nghip vi cht lm c l khong

st, bentonit, cht mu khng nng chy v rt bn vng, c dng trong cc loi my

mc cng nghip ha cht, snh s, gch ngi, xi mng, st thp vi nhit lm vic ln

ti 2000C.

- Hng BP c BP Energrease HTG-2, BP Grease BHT252..

- Hng Castrol Spheerol BN, Castrol Spheerol BSN

- Hng Caltex CPS Thermarex EP

1.3.3. Phn Loi M Theo NLGI

Vin du nhn quc gia M NLGI (Nation Lubribacating Grease Institute) phi

hp vi hip hi k s t-SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) v hip hi Hoa K-

ASTM (American Society for testing and Materials) pht trin h thng cho vic ch

nh, m t, phn loi v c tnh ca m dng cho t (xem bng sau).

STT Cp

NLGI

xuyn kim

ASTM 250C/0.1 ml

Dng ngoi

(1) (2) (3) (4)

1 000 445-447 Na lng

2 00 400-430 Cc mm

3 0 355-385 Rt mm

4 1 310-340 Mm

5 2 256-295 Mm va

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6 3 220-250 Rn va

7 4 175-205 Rn

8 5 130-160 Rt rn9 6 85-115 Cc rn

1.3.3.1-Loi Phc V Cho Khung Gm

a) Cp NLGI LA Cho Khung Gm

in hnh cho nhng b phn ca khung gm v khp cacng trong xe khch, xe

ti v mt s xe khc ch di ti nh, c dng cho nhng loi xe t thay m trong

nhng ng dng khng quan trng. Nh mt ch s cp phc v, im nh git cho cp

NLGI LA ti thiu l 800C. c nhng th nghim khc xc nh r hn cp ny.

b)cp NLGI LB cho khung gm .

in hnh cho nhng b phn ca khung gm v khp cacng trong xe khch, xe

ti v mt s xe khc vi ti nh ti khc nghit, m c gp trong nhng hot ng di

nhng diu kin m c th bao gm nhng nh k thay m ko di, hoc ti cao, rung

ng mnh, h, nc v cc cht nhim bn d xm nhp vo. Nh mt ch s cp phc

v, im nh git cho cp NLGI LB ti thiu 1500C c nhng th nghim khc xc nhr hn cp ny.

1.3.3.2. Loi Phc V Cho Trc Bnh Xe

a) cp NLGI GA chho trc bnh xe NLGI trong xe khch, xe ti v mt s xe khc

di ti nh, gp trong hot ng ca xe thay m thng xuyn trong nhng ng dng

khng quan trng. Nh mt ch s cp phc v, im nh git cp NLGI GA ti thiu

phi l 800C, c nhng th nghim khc xc nh r hn cp ny.

b) cp NLGI GB cho trc bnh xe.in hnh cho hot ng bc n trc bnh xe trong xe khch, xe ti v mt s loi xe khc di ti nh ti trung bnh, c gp hu

ht cc x nghip hot ng trong thnh ph bnh thng, trn ng cao tc v phc v

cho cng trng, nh mt s cp phc v, im nh git cho cp NLGI GB ti thiu l

1750C, c nhng th nghim khc xc nh r hn cp ny.

c)cp NLGI GC cho trc bnh xe.

in hnh cho hot ng trc bnh xe trong xe khch, xe ti v mt s xe khc

di ti nh ti khc nghit, gp trong mt xe hot ng di iu kin a n nhit

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cao ca bc n. iu ny bao gm nhng hot ng di ch dng,chy thng xuyn

hoc di ch phanh khc nghit, c nhng th nghim khc xc nh r hn cp ny.

Bng 1.3 c tnh ch yu ca cc loi m

1.4. Cng Dng Ca M Nhn

1.4.1 Tc Dng Bi Trn B Mt Chi Tit

Cng tng t nh du nhn, m to ra cc b mt lm vic, nh m lm gim

c h s ma st cng nh s mi mn.

Do c tnh bm dnh tt,nn m ch yu c s dng bi trn cc b mt lm vicvi ph ti ln, nhit cao hoc nhng ni c tc dch chuyn gia cc b mt thp

Tt, hoc nhng ni lm vic s dng du nhn khng m bo : cc b mt h, nhng

v tr kh tip xc

Nh vy, tuy cng l cng c bi trn, lm nhn song m bi trn li khng trng lp

vi cng c bi trn, lm nhn ca du nhn m s b sung cho cng dng bi trn, lm

nhn ca du.

1.4.2.Tc Dng Bo V B Mt Chi Tit.

17

S

TT

Loi m

(cht lm c)

c tnh

Nhit s

dng cao

nht (0C)

Nhit nh

git thp nht

(0C)

Kt cu Kh nngchu nc

1X phng

Nhm82 >80(*) Nhn,mn Tt

2 X phng Bari 107 188 Mn Tt

3X phng

Canci

77 82 Mn Tt

4X phng chc

Canci150 260 Mn Tt

5 X phng Liti 150 190 Nhn, si Kh n tt

6 X phng Natri 120 170 - Xu n tt

7 V c 120 Khng chy Mn Tuyt ho

8 Hu c 160 160 Nhn Tuyt ho


18/37

Vic s dng m bi trn cho php to ra trn cc b mt lm vic mt lp mng bo

v ngn cch s tc ng ca cc tc nhn gy n mn, oxy ha

So vi du nhn, tnh cht bo v ca m tt hn. Do vy n thng xuyn c s

dng bi trn, bo v cc b mt tip xc vi mi trng c m cao hoc cha cc sn

phm kh n mn.1.4.3 Tc Dng Lm Kn Cc Mi Lp Ghp :

Do c tnh dnh bm tt, nn cc m c kh nng lm kn tt hn du nhn, m c

lm kn cc khp ni, ren

T 3 cng c trn trn ca m, khi so snh vi cng c ca du nhn, ngi tat rt ra

cc nt khc bit sau :

Do h c thng lu thng tun hon nn m khng thc hin c hai cng c lm

sch v lm mt.

Ba cng c lm nhn, lm kn v bo v khng trng lp vi cc cng dng ca du

nhn m l s b sung cho cng dng du nhn

1.5. nh Hng Ca Cht Lm c.

1.5.1 nh Hng Ca Cht Lm c.

Ch yu xem xt cht lm c l x phng, v n l loi m thng dng nht dng bi

trn cc ng c xe my, mi loi x phng c cu trc v tnh cht ring,do d tnh chtm chu nh hng rt ln ca tnh cht x phng lm c c trong m.

1.5.1.1 nh Hng Ca Cation X Phng.

Cc cation x phng ca cng gc acid bo c nh hng ti kh nng lm c, tnh

chu nc v tnh nhit ca m.

Tnh chu nhit ca m nhn khi x phng c cng gc l acid bo stearic, c sp

xp theo chiu hng gim dn vi th t cc cation sau :

Li > Na > Ba > Ca > K > Zn > PbTnh chu nc ca m c sp xp theo chiu hng gim dn ca dy sau:

Pb > Ca > Li > K > Na

nht v n nh c hc ca m gc x phng vi cc caton khc nhau c chiu

hng thay i nh sau

Li > Na > K > Al

Ch c x phng cc kim loi kim, nhm, canxi, magi, thy ngn, niken mi c kh

nng to thnh cu trc vi du nhn. X phng vi cc kim loi Pb, Zn t c kh nng to

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19/37

m do s kt tinh x phng rt nhanh nn cu trc m nhn trong trng hp ny khng

to thnh nh mun.

1.5.1.2. nh Hng Ca Gc Acid Bo.

Bn cht gc acid bo trong x phng quyt nh ti kh nng lm c, tnh n nh

ha hc, n nh cu trc v n nh nhit ca m nhn.

n nh ca cu trc m nhn ph thuc ch yu vo tan ca x phng trong

du. tan ny ph thuc vo bn cht x phng v du nhn ha tan n. tan ca x

phng trong du nhn tng theo chiu di mch cacbon ca gc acid to ra x phng.

X phng vi gc acid bo c mch cacbon nh hn 16 kh c kh nng to m hoc

m ch c to thnh nhit rt cao. Nguyn do v cc loi x phng ny tan qu km

trong du nhn.

X phng vi gc acid bo c mch cacbon ln hn 18 tan tt trong du, nn c khnng to m tt, do mch cacbon qu di nn tnh n nh ha hc li km.

Kt qu thc t cho thy, x phng c gc acid bo c mch cacbon t 16-18 l thch

hp nht vi vic to thnh cu trc cho m v m bo cht lng cho m thnh phm.

Ngoi s nguyn t cacbon ca mch, cu to mch cacbon ca gc acid cng nh

hng ti tnh cht ca m, x phng gc acid no d lm c m, m to ra c n nh

nhit, n nh oxi ha tt, ngc li, x phng khng no( c lin kt i trong mch

cacbon) kh lm c m, m to ra c tnh n nh nhit v n nh oxi ha km. nhgi tnh khng no ca gc acid bo ngi ta dng ch s it, ch s it cng cao th tnh

khng no cng mnh. Yu cu x phng lm c m c ch s it thp hn 70mg.

1.5.2. nh Hng Ca Cc Yu T Khc.

1.5.2.1. nh Hng Ca Du Nhn.

Du nhn chim t l cao trong hp phn ca m, do tnh cht ca du rt r rt

ti s hnh thnh v tnh cht ca m. Kinh nghim thc t ch ra cho ta thy rng:

Du nhn dng sn xut m cn c nht ng hc thch hp, trung bnh

khong 40 50cSt 500C. Du c nht qu ln hay qu b u kh to thnh khung

cu trc m, nn cht lng m to thnh khng tt.

Du nhn c gc parafin to ra m nhn c tnh n nh nhit, n nh oxi ha cao.

Du gc naphten v du nhn cn to ra m c cu trc km n nh. Du nhn c ch s

nht cao s to ra m mm v bng.

Ngoi ra cn yu cu du nhn c bm dnh, tnh chng n mn kim loi, tnh bi

trn cng tt th cht lng m to thnh cng cao.

1.5.2.2. nh Hng Ca Cc Cht n nh Cu Trc.

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Vic thm vo h m nhn mt thnh no ca cu t th 3 vi vai tr n nh cu

trc l rt cn thit. Cc cht n nh cu trc thng dng l nc, ru, glyxerin v cc

phelolamin, cc cht ny c kh nng lm tng tan ca x phng trong du nhn do

lm bn lin kt gia x phng v du nhn, to ra mt cu trc tt cho m nhn. S c

mt cc cht n nh cu trc vi t l hp l c tc dng to ra cu trc m hon thinnht nn m c cht lng tt nht. S dng cht no n nh cu trc cho mt loi m

v t l bao nhiu va phi l mt vn cn c kho st c th ch khng phi l mt

cng thc chung cho tt c cc loi m. V d vi lng x phng canxi vi lng di

3% khi lng c tc n nh cu trc m tt nht, nu vt qu 3% th tc dng lm km

i cu trc ca m. Ngc li nu cho nc vo m nhm th kt qu ngc li, cu trc

m s b ph hy hon ton.

1.5.2.3. nh Hng Ca Ph Gia Cht n.

Ngi ta thng pha vo m nhn mt s loi ph gia ci thin cht lng m.

Thng thng c cc loi ph gia chng oxi ha, chng nc, chng n mn, bo v b

mt kim loi, ph gia lm c v to cu trc, ph gia lm bin dng hoc iu chnh s

to cu trc m, ph gia chng to bt, c th dng ph gia ri hoc ph gia trn gi.

Vic dng ph gia trong tng trng hp phi tnh n nh hng ca chng ti tnh

cht ca tng loi m v la chn ph hp. i vi m c phn ng kim yu nn dng

hp cht amin lm ph gia chng oxi ha, cn i vi m c phn ng vi acid th phi

chn cc ph gia gc phenol. Ngoi ra hm lng ph gia phi ph hp. Hm lng phgia qu thp s khng c tc dng, cn qu cao s gy ph hy cu trc v gim hiu qu.

1.5.2.4. nh Hng Ca Lng Kim T Do V Acid Bo Khng X Phng Ha

Trong dng m gc x phng bao gi cng c mt lng kim t do (


21/37

L biu hin kh nng ca m gi nguyn c cu trc ng nht dng na rn,

di tc ng ca nhit cao, ti trong ln v nhng iu kin khc nghit khc. C th

thm nh c tnh cht qua cc ch tiu cht lng di y.

1.6.1.1 Tnh n nh Nhit.

Tiu chun xc nh TCVN 2697-78, ASTM D566

Tnh chi nhit ca m nhn th hin o tnh nh git. Nhit nh git l nhit

m nhit ti git m u tin t chn m ri xung y ng nghim ( hay si m

chy chm xung y ng ) khi t nng m trong dng c chuyn dng do nh git.

nh git c xc nh theo ASTM D566 hoc TCVN2697- 78.

Da vo im nh git ca m ta c th chn c loi m ph hp. Thng thng

nhit s dng bao gi cng thp hn nhit nh git t 10-20 0C. T im nh git

chng ta cng phn on c cht lm c ca m, v d gc x phng natri c nhit nh git ln hn 1000C, m gc x phng canxi v nhm 65-900C, m gc sp 60-900C...

Tuy vy nhit nh git ch ni ln phn no tnh nng s dng ca m nhn m

thi. nh gi ng hn v tnh n nh nhit ta cn kim nh kh nng gi vng kt

cu ban u v tnh cht ca m trong iu kin nhit gn vi nhit lc m lm vic.

Mun kim nh tnh cht ny ngi ta ly mt khi m theo quy nh cho vo t gi

nhit, trong mt khong thi gian v nhit xc nh. Sau khi kt thc th nghim nu

khi lng m khng b bin dng, tch du th chng t n chu c nhit , ngc

li nu m b bin dng, tch du th chng t tnh n nh nhit km, khng th s dng

nhit c

1.6.1.2 n nh Cu Th Hoc Tch Du:

Tiu chun xc nh ASTM D1742

Tnh biu hin cu th biu th kh nng bi trn m chng li nh hng ca nhit

v p lc, gi c cu trc ban u ca m.

nh gi tnh cht ny ngi ta xc nh tch du l lng tch du ra so vikhi lng mu, trong iu kin c th ca th nghim.

Nguyn tc xc nh l kho st s tch du khi tng p. tch du c biu th

bng % khi lng du tch trong iu kin th nghim sau khi khuy m, gi nguyn

250c trong 24 gi. Khi xt on kt qu nu tch du qu mc quy nh th chng t

tnh n nh cu th ca mu khng t yu cu. Quy nh tch du khng qu 3-5%

khi th nghim tng p tch du. M nhn m tnh n nh cu th km khng dng vo

ni c nhit v ph ti cao, khng c kh nng tn cha lu.

1.6.1.3.Tnh n nh Oxy Ha.

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Tnh n nh ha hc biu th tnh chng li qu trnh oxy ha ca m nhn trong lc

bo qun v s dng. nh gi tnh n nh ha hc theo tiu chun Lin X. Ngi ta

cho 20g m vo bnh thp khng r ri cho oxy ha 1000C p lc 8 atm trong mt khong

thi gian nht nh ca m a trn lng oxy ha b hp th v ch s acid tng ln camu th nghim. Yu cu ca cc mu m ny khng c vt qu gii hn cho php

ASTM D492 xc nh tnh bn oxy ha bng phng php bom oxy ha v n v

xc nh ch tiu ny theo KG/cm2. Phng php ny da trn nguyn tc cho mt th

nghim vo bm nhit n nh l 990C c np y kh oxy p sut 110Psi. p

xut ca bm s c theo di v c ghi li trong mt khong thi gian xc nh. Ti

im p sut bt u gim c ngha l s oxy ha ca m xy ra. Quy nh ch tiu n

nh oxy ha ca cc loi m khng c thp di gii hn cho php.

ASTM D1402 xc nh hiu ng ca kim loi ng ti n nh oxy ha ca m

nhn o bng phng php bm oxy. C s ca phng php ny cng ging nh ASTM

D 942, ch khc l lng m th nghim c pht ln kim loi ng s oxy ha xy ra d

dng hn. Khi p sut oxy ha gim cng l lc s oxy ha bt u xy ra.

1.6.1.4. Tnh Bn i Vi Nc Ca M Nhn.


Tnh bn i vi nc ca m nhn biu th mc nh ca m nc, khi thnghim ngi ta ly t m cho vo ng nghim c nc ct v lc mnh trong 2 pht v

yn trong 3 gi. Sau xem xt kt qu ha tan trong m xc nh nh ha. Nu m

tan nhiu trong nc: nh ha 4, nu m hon ton khng tan: nh ha 1, nh ha 2-

3 l mc trung gian. M gc sp c nh ha 1 rt k nc, gc x phng canxi c d

nh ha 2, gc xa phng natri c nh ha 4 (c khi l 3) khng k nc. Da vo

nh ha la chn m thch hp cho nhng ni m t, tip xc nhiu vi nc, m c

nh ha 4 th khng th dng nhng ni c m cao.

ASTM D 1246 l phng php nh lng xc nh tnh bn ca m i vi nc,

m th nghim c pht trn mt qu cu v quay trn trong mt thit b chuyn dng vi

tc quay l 600 30 vng/pht, phun nc ln qu cu m vi t l 5 0.5 ml/sec. Sau

1 gi xc nh lng m b ra tri theo nc. T lng m ra tri suy on v kh

nng chu nc ca m th nghim, khi lng m ra tri cng t, chng t m cng bn

vi nc v ngc li

1.6.2. Xc nh Kim T Do V Acid Hu C T Do (TBN v TAN)

Tiu chun xc nh TCVN 2704-78, GOST 6307-60

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Hm lng aicd ha tan trong nc c xc nh theo hng dn ca cc tiu chun

ca TCVN v GOST. C s ca phng php xc nh l cho cht ch th mu acid- baz

vo dung dich chic nng ca m nhn. Khi xc hin c lng acid hay kim ha tan, tin

hnh nh lng bng phng php chun vi th tch cht ch th mu hoc o in

th. Trong cc loi m gc x phng lun c mt lng kim qui i v NAOH.1.6.2.2. Kim Nghim n Mn Mnh ng.

Tiu chun xc nh IP 112

M nhn c tc dng bo v b mt kim loi, chng n mn. Tuy nhin trong qu

trnh bo qun, s dng, m c th bin cht do qu trnh oxy ha, do cn nh gi tnh

cht ny bng kim nghim n mn mnh ng 250C. Trong vng 24 gi, theo quy nh

ca cc loi m khng c biu hin tnh n mn i vi mnh ng.

1.6.3 Sch Ca M Nhn.1.6.3.1. Nc Trong M

Tiu chun xc nh TCVN 3183-79, ASTM D95

Nc c mt t l nht nh trong m nhn v iu cn thit cho vic to thnh

cu th ca m, nhng nu lng nc vt qu gii hn cho php th s nh hng

khng tt n tnh n nh c hc ca m, lm gim kh nng bo v kim loi ca m, gy

tc hi n mn. Ty tng gc m m lng nc cho php khc nhau theo % khi lng

so vi m.

- M gc x phng Canxi lng nc cho php l 1,.0 3.0%

- M gc x phng Canxi-Natri lng nc cho php l 0.3-0.5%

- M gc x phng Natri lng nc cho php l 0.5%

- M gc x phng sp khng cho php c nc.

ASTM D95 dng nh lng nc trong m cng nh cc sn phm du m khc

bng phng php chng ct.TCVN 3183-79 dng xc nh nc trong m theo phng php nh tnh

1.6.3.2 Tp Cht C Hc.

Tiu chun xc nh TCVN 2696-78.

Cc cht rn khng tan trong hn hp cn etylic vi benzen v khng tan trong nc

nng gi l tp cht c hc ca m. Tp cht c hc c th c sn trong du v x phng l

nguyn liu ch bin m, cc tp cht c hc nh bi, mt kim loi ... c th t ngoi lt

vo m. Tp cht c hc c nh gi % khi lng so vi mu m. Yu cu chung l

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m khng c cht tan cht c hc, ngoi tr m gc x phng canxi c php c mt

lng tp cht c hc 0.3-0.6% khi lng.

TCVN 2696-78 dng xc nh tp cht c hc trong m mt cch n gin l

dng dung dch HCL phn hy m ha tan trong dung mi, lc v sy kh ri cn lng

tp cht cn li trn giy lc. Cng c th dng c Solet ct chit m bng dung mithch hp.

1.6.3.3. Hm Lng Tro ( Ash)

Tiu chun ASTM D482

xc nh hm lng tro ca m cn t v nung nng m th nghim nhng

iu kin nht nh. Tip theo s nh lng cht cn rn cn li ( theo % khi lng).

cc loi m gc sp, hm lng tro rt thp, ch khong 0.02-0.07%, cn vi cc loi m

gc x phng th hm lng tro cao hn, c th ti 0.5-4%. Da trn c im c thphn bit m nhn gc sp hoc gc x phng, phn bit gc x phng kim loi hoc loi

x phng ha hu c (m dng ny cng c hm lng tro thp nh gc sp).

1.6.4.Mt S Tnh Nng S Dng Khc Nh M Nhn.

1.6.4.1. Nht Ca M Nhn.

Tiu chun xc nh ASTM D 1092

iu kin lm vic khi tc dng ca ti trng di gii hn bn ca m, cu trc

ca m c bo tn, khi c kh nng bi trn ca m c nh gi theo nht biu

kin.

ASTM D1092 c s dng tin hnh xc nh nht biu kin ca m nhn

trong dng c o nht chuyn dng khong nhit t -53 n 37,80C.

iu kin lm vic, khi tc dng ca ti trng ln hn gii hn bn ca m, cu

trc ca m b ph v v m chayy3 lng nh m nhn bi trn. giai on ny tnh cht

ca m c c trng bng nht ng hc nh vi du nhn, tuy vy nht ca m

vn khc so vi du. nht ca m khng ch ph thuc vo nhit m cn ph thuc

vo tc bin dng, ch yu l v gia cc phn t cht lm c ca khung cu trc b

ph v lun lun c xu hng to lp li mi lin kt ca cu trc. S ph v cu trc lm

gim nht, cn s to lp cu trc li lm tng nht.

S ph thuc nht ca m vo tc bin dng biu hin ch, khi tc bin

dng tng th nht gim. Khi tc bin dng tng ti mt gii hn no th nht

ca m khng ph thuc vo tc bin dng na v lc cht lng Niutn. S ph

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thuc nht m nhn vo gradien tc bin dng gi l nht tc (cn gi l

nht hiu dng).

S ph thuc nht m nhn vo nhit cng gi l tnh nht nhit ca m. S

khc nhau v nht gia du v m l ch nht m nhn t ph thuc vo nhit

nh nht dn nhn, c ngha l ch ch s nht ca m cao hn ca du.Tnh cht nht ca m l kh quan trng i vi m. Cho php nh gi kh nng

khi ng ca cc my mc bi trn bng m nhn, kh nng bm chuyn m nhn theo

cc ng mm trong bo qun v trong cc ng dn m ti cc b phn cn bi trn cng

nh nh gi s tiu hao m trong cc b phn ma st.

1.6.4.2. Rn c Ca M Nhn

Tiu chun xc nh TCVN-5853-1995, ASTM D217

rn c ca m bi trn c nh gi qua xuyn kim. xuyn kim l lnsu ca chp nn kim kh c khi lng qui nh ri trong 5 giy vo mt khi m th

nghim c nho u, nhit 250C. Mi n v xuyn kim tng ng vi

ln su 0.1mm. Xc nh xuyn kim theo tiu chun TCVN-5853-1995 hoc ASTM-

D217 trong dng c chuyn dng.

xuyn kim nh l biu hin m rn c v ngc li. xuyn kim phn no ty

vo t l v c tnh ca cht lm c, t l cht lm c cng nhiu th xuyn kim nh

v ngc li. Loi m gc x phng ca acid bo c xuyn kim ln hn xuyn kimca m gc x phng acid khng no. xuyn kim cng ph thuc vo tnh cht ca loi

du dng ch bin m, du c nht ln th m c xuyn kim nh v ngc li.

Da vo xuyn kim lm c s chn m dng cho thch hp vi iu kin s

dng c th, nh ni c p lc ln th phi dng m c xuyn kim nh v ngc li.

Ngoi ra cn xc nh xuyn kim ca khi lng m chu 100000 ln chy gi,

ngha l m trng thi gn vi trng thi ca ng c. Ch tiu ny biu hin cho bn

lm vic ca m, ch tiu ny ca m cng thp chng t bn lm vic ca m cng cao

v ngc li. ng nhin xuyn kim nh vy cao hn xuyn kim xc nh theo tiu

chun ASTM D217.

1.6.4.3. Khuynh Hng Ca M Nhn.


Khuynh hng r r o bng khi lng (gam) hao ht i ca m dng bi trn v

lng xe t, trong iu kin th nghim bng thit b chuyn dng, iu kin chuyn

dng.

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Khi lng m hao ht th nghim theo tiu chun ny khng vt qu gii hn cho

php, thng l 2gam.

1.6.4.4. Kh Nng Chu Ti Ca M Nhn.


Tiu chun ny dng phng php 4 vin bi kim nh kh nng chu ti (o bng

kg) ca mt loi m tin hnh thc nghim trong thit b chuyn dng, iu kin xc

nh. Ch tiu xc nh ny cng cao th kh nng chu ti ca m cng tt v ngc li.

Quy nh kh nng chu ti ca mt loi m khng c thp hn gii hn cho php.

- Ct hn hp loi nc vo du.

- Nghin, to bng, mn, ng nht.

- Loi kh.- Lc.

- Bao gi sn phm.

Cc bc tin hnh c bn trn c s dng ch to ton b cc loi m. Trong

nhng quy trnh sn xut nht nh mt vi bc c th thc hin ng thi, trong khi

mt s quy trnh khc chng c phn chia theo th t c th tng bc.

Thit b chnh cho qu trnh sn xut m gm c thng np liu thch hp cho x

phng ha. Thng c thit k c b phn gia nhit v c gn cc b khuy trn. Thngthng cc thng sn xut m c dng m. Tuy nhin khi sn xut mt vi loi m c th

dng thng kn hoc thng chu p y nhanh qu trnh x phng ha hay t c

phn ng theo yu cu.

Sau khi x phng ha m c lm mt cng nh khi chng gia nhit bng

phng tin lm mt l thng 2 lp. Tc lm mt sau khi x phng ha l rt quan trng

cho s hnh thnh cu trc tt ca nhiu loi m. Bi vy i hi vic khng ch nhit

mt cch cht ch.

Nh cp trn cu trc c th b bin i trong qu trnh nghin. Qu trnh

nghin c th vn tin hnh lin tc ng thi vi qu trnh lm mt hoc chng c th

thc hin ring l. Thng thng mc ch ca qu trnh nghin l ha cu trc dng si

hay ci thin phn tn ca x phng vo dung dch bi trn.

Trong qu trnh sn xut, m c th b sc kh. Nhn chung s sc kh khng lm

gim tnh nng bi trn ca m nhng chng nh hng ti hnh dng bn ngoi. ci

thin cc yu cu ca khch hng mt vi loi m gn y c loi kh.

Cng on cui cng l lc. N c thc hin vi cc b lc dng li hay cc dng

chuyn dng trn th trng.

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Nhng vn nu trn l gii thiu vic sn xut m vi thit b dng n gin.

Rt nhiu loi m vn c ch to theo cch ny. Tuy nhin cc nh sn xut m ngy

nay s dng cc loi thit b mi hn v cc cng thc phc tp hn trong vic ch to

nhiu loi m.

CHNG 2: M HNH THIT B

2.1 M Hnh Thit B

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1

3

4

5

6

7 8

910

11

13

2

12

1 - gia nhit nht2 - bnh phn ng3 - m t4 - van5 - ng h m thi gian6 - ng h nhit u d7 - cng tc b hin th 2 ng h8 - cng tc bnh gia nhit9 - cng tc bnh gia nhit10 - cng tc m t11 - phch cm ngun in vo12 - dy ngun in vo m t13 - u d nhit

2.2 Nguyn Tc Hot ng

2.2.1.Cc Thng S Chnh Khi S Dng Thit b:

Thit b s dng ngun in 220V.

Hot ng vi cng sut 500ml nht thi.

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2.2.2.Hot ng:

Sau khi cho 500ml nht thi vo cc bnh gia nhit ( 300ml vo bnh gia nhit trn v

200ml vo bnh gia nhit di), ta tin hnh cho thit b hot ng.

Cm phch vo ngun in 220V, m cng tc gia nhit trn v di ng thi m

lun cng tc bng hin th. Lc ny ng h o thi gian cng bt u hot ng.

Ta tip tc cho vo bnh gia nhit di ( bnh khuy) cc thnh phn iu ch m nh

acid stearic, NaOH vi khi lng thch hp thc hin qu trnh x phng ha. ng

thi m lun cng tt khuy cho cnh khuy hot ng.

Ta iu chnh nhit trong bnh khuy ( qu trnh x phng ha) khong 1300C.

Bnh gia nhit trn c gi nhit n nh khong 1100-1300 ( gn vi nhit x

phng ha)

Sau khong 1h qu trnh to bt trong x phng ha c hn ch, lc ny ta m van

y bnh gia nhit trn cho ton b lng nht trong bnh chy xung bnh khuy.

ng thi ng cng tc gia nhit trn.

Ta nng nhit trong thng khuy ln 1800 v cho thit b hot ng ch ny

trong thi gian khong 1h.

Sau 1h ta tip tc cho cho vo bnh khuy cc ph gia cn thit nh glyxerol,

glyxerin tng hot tnh cn thit cho m v tip tc gia nhit thm 0.5h.

Thit b hot ng trong ton b thi gian khong 2.5h-3h th ta ngng hot ng dn

dn. u tin ta ng cng tt gia nhit v cho nhit trong bnh khuy gim dn (va

khuy va gim nhit), thc hin qu trnh lm ngui. Sau khi nhit trong bnh khuy

gim n mc thch hp ta ng tc c cc cng tt v tho phch cm in.

M np bnh khuy v ly sn phm.

V sinh thit b.

2.2.3. Mt S Vn Cn Ch Khi Vn Hnh Thit B

Nhit trong bnh gia nhit trn c gi n nh trong khong 1100-1300 bng

cch: dng nhit k xc nh nhit trong bnh, khi nhit trong bnh ln qu cao ta

tt gia nhit trn cn khi nhit gim xung thp ta m li gia nhit ( gia nhit trn).

Mi n v trn ng h o thi gian tng ng vi 6 pht.

Khng c dng sai lch khi lng cc cht tham gia qu nhiu v gia nhit qu

cao trnh hin tng tro bt ln np bnh khuy.

Nhit thch hp khi ly sn phm ra thng th gn vi nhit phng hoc caohn mt cht.

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Dng mung ly sn phm.

Nn v sinh bnh gia nhit trn v bnh khuy bng cc loi giy mm v ra bng

nc khng th sch hon ton.

CHNG 3. BI TH NGHIM

3.1. Ngha M Nhn

-Tc dng bi trn b mt chi tit.

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-Tc dng bo v b b mt chi tit.

-Tc dng lm kn cc mi lp ghp.

3.2. Dng C Th Nghim

-Thit b sn xut m nhn t nht thi.

-a thy tinh, mung ly sn phm

-Becher : 500ml,100ml

-Nhit k 300oC.

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-Giy thm.

3.3. Quy Trnh

Tin hnh th nghim:

Chun b ha cht v cc cht ph gia gm 500 ml nht:

+ 70 g axit steric

+ 25 g NaOH 95%

+ ml Glycol

+ ml Glyxerin

+ ml Cylycol

+ ml SiO2 pha sn vi 10(g) SiO2 vi 10 ml nc ct .

+ 25 g NaOH pha thm 5 ml nc ct cho ha tan xt hon ton.

Tin hnh th nghim:

Ly 500 ml nht chia lm hai phn:

Phn 1: 300 ml c cho vo bnh gia nhit pha trn.

Phn 2: 200 ml c cho vo bnh gia nhit ln pha di ri ta bt u gia

nhit cho bnh di vi nhit khong 100oC .

Khi nhit tng ln n 100oC th ta cho axit steric vo bnh ln di v tip tc gia

nhit 100oC bnh ln di trong thi gian 5 pht cho axit ha tan hon ton. Tip

cho xt t t vo v tnh thi gian t lc cho xt xong sao khong 10 pht th gia nhit

bnh nh trong thi gain 5 pht ,ri tho cho nht t bnh nh xung bnh ln. Sau khi nht

t bnh nh ht tip tc gia nhit 100oC trong thi gian 30 Pht cho x phng ha

hon ton v phn tn u vi nht. Sau 30 pht tng nhit ln . Gia nhit trong thi

gian 30 pht t 110oC 120oC 20 pht sau 130oC v sau 20 na ln 140oC ,sau 15 pht ln

150

o

C. Khi tng nhit ln 150

o

C th cho SiO2 vo v tip tc gia nhit t 150

o

C 108

o

C.

Khi nhit ln n 180oC th bt u cho Glycol,Glyxerin,cylycol vo cho cylycol

cui cng v cylycol t u to bt nhng sau n li lm cho mt s si bt.

Lu khi cho cc cht ph gia vo th gim nhit t 180oC xung 105oC

Khi cho xong ri th li tng nhit ln 220oC.

Gia nhit 220oC 20 pht ri ngh.

Thi gian lm ngui vn cho khuy m cho u to s do ca m v h nhit t t trong thi gian 30 pht ti 45 pht.

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Nguyn liu v cc cht ph gia trong quy trnh sn xut m tin hnh trn 100 ml

nht:

Gm c.

-Dung dch NaOH 25 %

Glyxerin,Glycol,Cylycol,SiO2 pha vi nuc ct vi t l 1:3 vi 5 (g) SiO2 v 15(g)

nc.

Stt NaOH Axitstearic Nht(ml)

Glyxerin(ml)

Cylycol(ml)

SiO2(ml)

Glycol

Ch tiu imnh git(oC)

1 10 8 100 Khng kim trac

2 12 8 100 2 Khng kim trac

3 10 10 100 2 Khng kim trac4 10 12 100 3 Khng kim tra

c5 15 12 100 1 1 Khng kim tra

c6 17 12 100 1 1 1 Khng kim tra

c7 18 13 100 1 1 1 1 Khng kim tra

c

8 20 20 100 1 1 1 1509 20 15 100 1 1 2 1 >190oC

10 20 14 100 1 1 2 1 >180oC

11 20 13 100 1 1 2 1 Khng kim trac

Bng3.4 s liu cht ph gia:

i vi cc mu t 14 un ti nhit cao cho axit Stearic vo ri tip tc cho xt

vo thy xn bt v rt nhiu sn phm to thnh vn cc,m to ra c s sn ct ,khngbng mn.

Mu 5 cng gia nhit v cho Axit Stearic vo nht nhit cao v cho st vo th

sn bt rt nhiu v sn phm c mu en, bng khng c, ng c km.

Mu 6 thay i khng cho axit vo m nhit cao m cho vo nhit thp

100oC, ri cho NaOH vo gia nhit nhit tng nhanh dn n sn bt nhiu ,sn phm

to thnh c ng c km,mu m ti hn sn phm 5. bng tt hn sn phm

5 do c ph gia Glyol,Cylycol.

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Mu 7 lng axit v xt tip tc thay i dn v gia nhit ti 100oC ri cho xt vo

axit ha tan hon ton th cho st vo thc hin x phng ha nhit thp ta thy

lung bt gim i nhiu m to thnh c bng km, ng c tt hn sn phm 6,do

c ph gia Glycol,Cylycol,lm bng v sng m .

Mu 8 Tin hnh TN tung t sn phm to thnh c bng ,ng c tt hnsn phm 7 nhng im nh li thp cho ph gia nh mu 7 v khng cho SiO2.

Mu 9 Tip tc tng cht lm ng c vi 15(g) Axit v 20 ml NaOH 25 % tin

hnh th nghim nh mu 7 sn phm to thnh c ng c tt, bng sng tt, im

nh git cao >190oC Cho ph gia nh mu 8 nhng them SiO2

Mu 10 ta gim lung Axit cn 14(g) v xt vn d nguyn 20 ml xt .Tin hnh

th nghim nh mu 7 v ph gia cho nh mu 9 nhng gia nhit tc hin qu trnh bay

hn thi gian nhiu hn mu 8 sn phm to thnh t , bng t do tt , ngc tt ,im nh git nhit d l >180oC.

Mu 11 gim axit dn n ng c khng t m to ra c sng nhng

ng c km .

3.4. Bo Co Kt Qu

3.4.1 Nhn Xt

- m thnh phm c mu vng sng, bng, t mn cn thit, m khng qu mn

v qu cng.

Sau khi m c vt ra, nhit h xung nhit phng tin hnh ly mu em

i o cht lng:

- qu trnh kim tra cht lng da vo 2 thng s l ch yu

+ im nh git

+ xuyn kim o im nh git ca m theo tiu chun ASTM D566. m trong bi thi nghim o

c nhit khong 2000C.

Xc nh nhit nh git (ASTM D 566)

Thit b o nhit nh git c m t trn hnh 2.2.

Trnh t xc nh:

Nhi y m vo cc, gt bng ming, ch khng to bt kh.

Ly que kim loi lun vo cc t di ln sao cho lp m ch dnh vo thnh cc.

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t cc v nhit k vo ng th, t ng th vo cc gia nhit. Nhit k c t

sao cho u nhit k chm 1/3 vo cc m.

Khuy bnh v gia nhit vi tc 4 7 oC/ pht. Khi t ti nhit thp hn

nhit nh git d on khong 17 oC th tc gia nhit khong 1 1,5 oC/pht. Nhit

gia nhit k trong v ngoi ng th chnh nhau khng qu 1,5 oC.

Nhit nh git c xc nh bng trung bnh cng s ch nhit ca hai

nhit k khi git m u tin nh xung.

Thit b xc nh nhit nh git

o xuyn kim ca m theo tiu chun ASTM D217

hoc theo tiu chun TCVN-5853-1995Trnh t xc nh:

a m vo bung iu nhit nhit 25 0,5 oC.

Cho m vo ci gi m ri gi 60 ln (bng tay hoc

bng my).

Sau khi gi, nhi m vo cc m dng o

xuyn kim. ui ht khng kh khi cc bng cch p cc

xung nhiu ln. Dng dao gt bng mt cc m sao cho khng

c bt kh.

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t cc m sao cho chp nn chnh gia v st b mt cc.

Th chp nn ri t do trong 5 0,1 s.

c ln kim trn bng ch s.

3.4.2 Hiu Xut Ca Qu Trnh

Mlt

MttH=

Mtt: khi lng thc t

Mlt: khi lng l thuyt

Mlt= Mnht+Mxt+Macid+Mph gia

Mtt= khi lng m thnh phm

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TI LIU THAM KHO

1. inh Th Ng. Ha hc du m. NXB Khoa hc k thut H Ni 2000.

2. Phan minh Tn. Tng hp hu c ha du tp 1,tp 2. NXB i hc quc gia

TP.HCM 2002.

3. Kiu nh Kim. Cc sn phm du m v ha du NXB Khoa Hc V K Thut

H Ni 2000.

4. Trn Vn Triu, Nguyn i L. Gio trnh nhin liu du m - NXB H Ni 2005.

5. V Tam Hu, Nguyn Phng Tng. Hng dn s dng nhin liu du m - NXB

Khoa Hc V K Thut 2000.

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