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mr minkg eccenzd cvik .ef dl`ya l"fg ly mkxc z` ycgn oegal `a df xn`n

meiw agxn dfi` ?`xwna d`nehd ly dzlegz z` eqtz cvik ?zi`xwnd zeihpleeian`d

dagxda dpecp ef dl`y ?miipyd oia avrl eywia qgi dfi`e ?meineid iiga dl ecired

zekld ly onegz' ,oel` dilcb ly opeknd exn`n `ed dxexiaa ifkxn jacpe ,xwgna

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.dpnn zelerd zedinzd z` ycegn oeicl geztl

`xwna d`nehd ly dzlegz .`

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,miigd ly zeigxkd zeelp zertez od sebd ze`neh ixdy ,cala dbbya ,carica3`veike

.daeg `id ezxeawy ,znd z`neh oda4zra odylk zeppebzd ikxc rivn epi` mb aezkd

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.176±148 'nr ,f"iyz aia` lz ,` ,cenlzde

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.ely zigxkd dieel za `id d`nehdy oileg ly miig

dxe`kl micnlnd micbid yi mii`xwnd dxdhd iweg oia .zizilepen dppi` ef dpenz mle`e

iign mb zewgxen zenieqn ze`neh ike ,eiycewle ycwnl xyw `la mb dxq`p d`nehd ik

mzilkzy mipic ly mibeq dyely mi`ven ep` .zycewnd dxtqd on wx `le dcrd ly oilegd¥

itl xy` miweg (`) :ycewd mr rbn `la ,oilegd iign mb dwigxdle d`nehd z` repnl

;dligzkl `nhidl l`xyi lr mixqe` mheyt9lr mixqe`e xdhidl miaiignd miweg (a)

5:e`x zpkcerne dgep dxiwql .mipexg`k mipey`x `xwn iyxtn exirdy itkJonathan Klawans,Impurity and Sin in Ancient Judaism, New York 2000, pp. 24–25lr xzei zncwen zextq .

:e`x .xniidpte` oxd` sq` `xwna dxdhe d`nehAharon Oppenheimer, The ‘Am Ha-aretz –A Study in the Social History of the Jewish People in the Hellenistic-Roman Period,

Leiden 1977, p. 52, n. 99mya elld ze`nehd lelkn z` zepkl rivd hiix 't cieeic .‘toleratedimpurities’:e`x .David P.Wright, ‘The Spectrum of Priestly Impurity’, Priesthood and

Cult in Ancient Israel, eds. Gary M. Anderson & Saul M. Olyan, Sheffield 1991, pp.150–181.152 'nr xwira e`xe ,

6la` ,odn zexdhidd ipte`ae zepey ze`neh ly dxcbda zewqerd ,zekex`d zeyxtd on licadl

.daeg zexdhidde dxeq` d`nehd oday zeaiqpd z` zexidan opi`

7iptne ,mixg` ly `le (mixifpe mipdek) ycewa mizxynd ly dligzkl ze`nhid iptn xidfn aezkd

.odek epi`y in ipta migeztd dyecwd ilbrna mb ,`weec zepaxwd l`e ycwnd l` d`neha daixw

.ci ,ek mixac ;bi±e ,h ;f±e ,e xacna ;f±` ,ak ;ai±` ,`k ;c ,ai ;hi ,i ;`k±hi ,f `xwie :e`x

8,d`nehd ly wifn izlad diite` xaca zi`xwnd dtwyda ze`xl oi` ,ontiew l`wfgi ly ezhiyl

ifkxn wlg m` ik ,miigd ikxevn zraepd zipkh dxcbd ,cala ycewnd megzd l` dxeqi` mevnvae

zeclez ,ontiew l`wfgi :e`x .zcgeind dzxeya ly iehiae dnecwd zil`xyid dpen`d ly dcegiia

ly dvnn xe`izl .j"yz aia` lz±milyexi ,` ,ipy zia seq cr mcw inin zil`xyid dpen`d

'`xwna zibnd dakyd' ly daih lr .408±403 'nr ,my e`x zipbtd d`nehd'nr ,my e`x.477±468

±537 'nra xwira oecip d`nehd byen .588±532 'nr ,my e`x dxezay zipgletd dwegd lrawri .551

ly ipexwrd deeznd z` jiynd ,miax mixn`nae `xwie xtql ilhpnepend eyexita ,mexblin¦

ly zllkeyne ziceqi zepyxt jeze minieqn miiepiya ,ontiew hhxyy 'zihqi`zepend dktdnd'

:e`x .ef gexa `xwie xtq ly ogletd zweg ihxt lkJacob Milgrom, Leviticus: A NewTranslation with Introduction and Commentary (The Anchor Bible), III, IIIa, IIIb, New

York 1991–2001, pp. 42–45, 258–261, 276–278, 310–311, 976–985, 1002–1003zxewial .

.77 dxrd ,168 'nr ,(5 dxrd ,lirl) qpeelw lv` z`aend zextqd e`x ezhiya mipey miaikxn lr

9yxcnn ze`aen :mixac `hef ixtq ,`pdk 'i mgpn :e`x df weqt lr) g ,`i `xwie ± dlap rbn xeqi`

z`nehe micide sebd z`neh' ,wal` jepg :mb e`x .14 dxrd ,202 'nr ,b"qyz milyexi ,ycg i`pz

d`neh zripn ;g ,ci mixac ,(ck 'nr hxtae ,al±ck 'nr ,[c"kyz] e ,dtÎlray dxez ,'milke`

,lirl] dxdh ,oel` :e`x df oiiprl) ai ,eh ;el ,ci ;dl ,bl ,`i `xwie ± e`nhpyn mzxiaye milkn

]3[dxdh zekld ly onegzl aey129

neh ziidyd;bbeya oaxwe cifna zxk dilr miyper s`e ,d`10z` miwigxnd miweg (b) §

.l`xyi dpgnn mi`nhd11

zizc driaz zraezd ,zitelg zi`xwn dtwyd elld miaezkd lkn zxiihvn mpnE`d

cvike ?oilegd iwqrae meineid iiga ,l`xyi dpgna mb dxenb dxdh ly zkl zwigxn

?mixg` zenewna d`nehd itlk dxezd zhwepy iplaeqd qgid mr ef driaz zayiizn

.mipey zepexztn zepexzt i`xwnd zelewd ltkl erivde ef dl`ya ewlgp mixwegd12lkn

.ef zeipy l` minkg ly mqgia `ed eply eppiipr ,mewn

a ,micbn ,'dxeza d`neh xeqi`' ,x`iexa opgei ;109 dxrd ,175 ,3 dxrd ,148 'nr ,[1 dxrd

;46 'nr hxtae ,53±45 'nr ,[f"nyz]Ed P. Sanders, Jewish Law from Jesus to the Mishnah:Five Studies, London–Philadelphia 1990, p. 148`nhl dteqy ,d`neh iptn zillk dxdf` oke ;(

,oldl e`x ,df aezkl l"fg ly myexit jxcl cebipa) `l ,eh `xwie itl ,dneiw mvra ycwnd z`

) 10±5 ,`p ycwnd zlibna yxtzp ok` jkeElisha Qimron, The Temple Scroll: A CriticalEdition with Extensive Reconstructions, Beer Sheva–Jerusalem 1996, p. 75oldl e`x ;(

.146 'nr ,my ,qxcpq :e`x df aezk ly zxg` zepyxtl .xn`nd seqa

10.oldl e`x ,l"fg zhiyk `ly) k ,bi ,hi xacna ± oilegd iiga mb zn z`neh ly didyd xeqi`

:e`x la` .k ,hi xacnal o"anx e`xeAdolf Büchler, Studies in Sin and Atonement in theRabbinic Literature of the First Century, London 1928, p. 265:dnncd ycwn ,ldepw l`xyi ;

,159 'nr ,[5 dxrd ,lirl] hiix ;89 'nr ,b"pyz milyexi ,dxezay zipdekd dxivid icaexa oeir

;dxrda 166 'nreBaruch A. Levine, Numbers: A New Translation with Introduction andCommentary [The Anchor Bible, 4], New York 1993–2000, pp. 457, 469qpeelw ;],lirl

dxrda mixkfpd hkile mexblin ly mzrc oke ,201 'nr ,[9 dxrd ,lirl] `pdk ;25 'nr ,[5 dxrd

:e`x zxg` zepyxtl .48±47 'nr ,[9 dxrd ,lirl] x`iexa ly epeic epiir .d`adEd P. Sanders,Judaism: Practice and Belief, 63 BCE – 66 CE, London–Philadelphia 1992, pp. 218–221;(

dtxhe dlap lke` ;e±d ,b±a ,d `xwie ± xdhp `le ez`neh epnn dnlrpy `nhd lr oaxw aeig

.fh±eh ,fi `xwie ± cifna xdhp `ly

11geliy ;cere ,d ,eh my ;f 'a mikln ;eh±ci ,ai xacna ;g ,b ,ci ;en ,bi `xwie ± mirxevn geliy

.ai±`i ,bk mixac ± dnglnd dpgnn ixw i`nh geliy ;b±a ,d xacna ± ytpl `nhe rxevn ,af

,dpgnd on eglyl dyn deevn d xacnaa .zelew ipy dxeza mirnyp zn `nh ly egeliy oiipra

.dpgna x`yp `edy xexiaa rnzyn hi xacnan z`f znerl .ck ,hi ,`l xacnan mb dler jke

,[`k±`i] ,[i±`] xacna xtq lr yexit ,hkil awri ;277±276 'nr ,(8 dxrd ,lirl) mexblin :e`x

.58 'nr ,d"nyz milyexi ,[el±ak]

12cifna dzdyedy d`neh wxy mixweg dnk eyxit ,d`nehd ziidyda mixingnd miaezkl qgia

.(9 dxrd ,lirl) x`iexa ;269±264 'nr ,(10 dxrd ,lirl) xlkia :e`x .ixqen `hgl zktede zxq`p

'nr ,(5 dxrd ,lirl) hiix :e`x dfl dneca .313±310 ,275 'nr ,my ,mexblin zhiy mb jkl daexw

miaezkd oia divfipenxd zepeiqipl .my zigcpe z`aend oiel zrc e`xe ;2 dxrd ,166±165 ,159

:mb e`x .180±179 ,173 'nr ,a ;58 'nr ,` ,my ,hkil :e`x mipeydTiqva Frymer-Kinsky,‘Pollution, Purification and Purgation in Biblical Israel’, The Word of the Lord Shall GoForth: Essays in Honor of David Noel Freedman in Celebration of His Sixtieth Birthday,eds. Carol L. Meyers & M. O’Connor, Winona Lake, Ind. 1983, pp. 399–410, esp. p.

399'nr ,(1 dxrd ,lirl) dxdh ,oel` :e`x `xwna zenbn izy oia dpigand zizxewia dqitzl .

,dk 'nr ,(9 dxrd ,lirl) wal` .oldl ezhiya oeicd e`xe ;109 dxrde 175 ,3 dxrde 148dxrd

130mrp cxe]4[

xwgnd zenbn ± l"fg zextqae miyextd ibega dxdhd .a

dperhd zixehqiddÎzizkldd dl`ya xiyr giy ginvd zexvpd ziy`xe ipyd ziad ini xwg

ly ozctwd lr zedzl daxd xwgnd .mini mze`a zicedid dxaga dxdhd inegz ly¦

daih lr ,izxagd ieedd lr ef dctwd ly dzrtyd lr ,dxdhd ipiipra zepeyd zezkd

ef zepiiprzd .dl`a `veike ,ziad ini z` mix`znd zexewnd rwxa zcnerd dil`xd ly

dxxere ,dxdhd ipica dbdpy dxzid dxnegde zip`xnewd dkldd ly dielib mr dnvrzd

did df xwgna ixwird ybcd mle`e .ziyextd dxdhd ly daih lr mb ycg mixwgn lb

z` zxge`nd zi`pzd dkldd ztwyn dcin efi`a :zizxagd dixehqidd z` xxal oeiqipd

?ipyd ziad ini ly iyextd ieedd13dxdh zekld lr dxzid dctwdd dniiwzd mpnE`d

on dpey`xe y`xae ,zexewnd zvwnn dler `idy itk ,ipyd ziad inia miyextd axwa

l"fg zhiyl m`zda mlek miaezkd z` yxtl dqpn `ed exn`n seba .oel` lr mrfa wlg ,3

.oilegd iiga zxzen d`nehdy ,zinyxddtwyd oia dpina zcgein zaekxz rivd mexblin

) 'dpedk zxez'a mxewny miaezkd lk mibivn ,ezhiy it lr .zipeivelea`l zihqipenxdPmdae ,(

,oileg zxdh .oileg zxdh `le ycwnd zxdh dcwenay dcig` zg` dyib ,lirl epnpy miaezkd aex

) 'dyecwd zlekq`'a m`veny miaezka wx ezhiyl zxkfp ,diayei lkn ux`d iagx lka zrazpdH(.dzrtydl yygn ,oilegd agxna d`nehd z` mixqe` lirlc miweqtdy laiw mexblin s` ,mewn lkn

okynd on oihelgl miwzepn `i `xwiea dixeqi`e d`nehdy dced mb mexblin .wegxn okynd lr

bivde dpgnd on mi`nh geliyl qgia mii`xwn zelew ipy ly mneiwa xikd ,ok enk .ycewd one

:e`x .zizc zegztzd ly deezn df oiipraJacob Milgrom, ‘The Scriptural Foundations andDeviations in the Laws of Purity of the Temple Scroll’, Archeology and History in the

Dead Sea Scrolls (JSPS, 8), ed. Lawrence H. Schiffman, Sheffield 1990, pp. 83–89l"pd ;

oeeik rivd ,174±173 'nr ,(10 dxrd ,lirl) ldepw .985±976 ,276 ,45±43 'nr ,(8 dxrd ,lirl)

.jetd zegztzd

13:e`x ,oaxegd ixg`y ipaxdÎi`pzd mlerd oiae ziyextd dkldd oia zeikyndd lr xerxrMortonSmith, ‘Palestinian Judaism in the First Century’, Israel: Its Role in Civilization, ed.Moshe Davis, New York 1956, pp. 67–81; idem, ‘The Dead Sea Sect in Relation toAncient Judaism’, New Testament Studies, VII (1960–1961), pp. 347–360; Jacob Neusner,Early Rabbinic Judaism, Leiden 1975, pp. 50–70; idem, Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, II, Leiden1973, pp. 298–307; David Goodblatt, ‘The Place of the Pharisees in First Century Judaism:The State of the Debate’, Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic

and Roman Periods (=JSJ), XX (1989), pp. 12–30awri :lynl e`x svxl zprehd dqitzl .

zvwn" zlibn xe`l mipey`x miicenlz mixedxd ± dcedi xacn zelibne dkldd zeclez xwg' ,onqef

"dxezd iyrn73 ,203 dxrde 64±63 ,71 dxrde 27 'nr cgeinae ,76±11 'nr ,(o"yz) hp ,uiaxz ,'

;238 dxrdeDaniel R. Schwartz, ‘Josephus and Nicolaus on the Pharisees’, JSJ, XIV(1983), pp. 157–171'nr ,(a"qyz) 41 ,zecdid ircn ,'zizzikd dkldde i`ny zia' ,mrp cxe ;

ly ezxiwq mb e`x .67±45Shaye J.D. Cohen, ‘The Significance of Yavneh: Pharisees,Rabbis and the End of Jewish Sectarianism’, Hebrew Union College Annual (=HUCA),

LV (1984), pp. 36–42,hlaceb lv` mb d`aed o`kle o`kl ztwn ditxbeilaia ;18 dxrda zextqde ,

.my

]5[dxdh zekld ly onegzl aey131

eli`ae swid dfi`a ,dcin efi`a ,miyextd axwa mb 'dxdh dvxt' ok` m` ?zi`pzd zextqd

ly dqiqaa micner miripn eli` ?dizeklyd eid dne ,drtezd dgeex miizxag milbrn

zifkxn dnk cr ± ok m`e ,mipdekl zencidl dti`ya dyrnl xaecn m`d ?dxdhd zagxd

?iyextd invrd ienica ef dti`y14

haida zeppeazdd dgpfp miibeleceznd digtqpae zixehqidd dl`ya xrd oeicd jeza

oayen'e d`nehde dxdhd epaed eay ote`ae ,envrlyk i`pzd mlerd ly ihxe`zdÎizebdd

ly mzpad it lr zi`xwnd d`nehd ly dtwid dne daih dn .ely ezxcbd it lr 'miiga

agxnl qgia zeipyd mre ,`xwna d`nehd ly menrd diite` mr eccenzd cvik ?mi`pzd©

lre l`xyi lr dxdh zaeg ligdl diihpd z` ekixrd cvike eyxit cvik ?dxeqi`e dzlegz

zekld ly onegz' oel` dilcb ly exn`n ?mdly mpnfae ipyd ziad inia oilegd agxn

,'dxdh15dnk raw ,df megza xwgna egpedy mipey`xd mikacpd cg` ,xen`k ,did xy`

,zepey`xd o`xnew zelibn ielib iptl xeyrk mqxtzd xn`nd .ely ceqid zenkqdne eipeeikn

dpaez .zezkd zwelgnae ipyd ziad iiga dxdhd inegz ly zeifkxnd lr dpey`xl cinrde

.zip`xnewd dkldd ly dielib mr dxyrzde dzn`zd onf xg`le ,xwgna cqen ceqi dktd ef

:miaeyg zepexwr dnk qqia oel` ly exn`n

14:e`x zezkd ly dl`l miyextd ly dxdhd iweg oia eeydy miivelg mixwgnSaul Lieberman,‘The Discipline in the So-Called Manual of Discipline’, Journal of Biblical Literature

(=JBL), LXXI (1952), pp. 199–206jxqa miaxd zxdhn miaxd dwyn zxneg' ,hkil awri ;

'textd ceakl yben :lbq xtq ,'dcedi xacn zk ly dibyen zkxrna dxdhd ly dnewne ,cgid

;309±300 'nr ,d"kyz milyexi ,xeeil awrie upixb 'n ryedi zkixra ,lbq iav dynChaimRabin, Qumran Studies, London 1957, pp. 1–21,oici l`bi lv` z`aend zextqd mb e`x .

ziyextd dctwdd zcin lr .zexrda ,253±252 'nr ,` ,f"lyz milyexi ,b±` ,ycwnd zlibn

:e`x ,'mixag' gpenl 'miyext' gpend oia qgid lre dxdha oileg zlik`aEllis Rivkin, ‘Definingthe Pharisees: The Tannaitic Sources’, HUCA, XL–XLI (1969–1970), pp. 205–249, esp.

pp. 238–249iwxt ± l"fg ,jaxe` '` mixt` ;134±131 ,119±118 'nr ,(5 dxrd ,lirl) xniidpte` ;

,lirl) qxcpq ly zitxbeilaiad ezxiwq mb e`x .525±521 'nr ,`"lyz milyexi ,zerce zepen`

.254±152 'nr ,my rian envr `edy zwlegd drcde ,5±1 zexrd 350 ,154±152 ,131 'nr ,(9 dxrd

:e`x qxcpq lr zxewialMartin Hengel & Roland Deines, ‘“E.P. Sanders”: “CommonJudaism”, Jesus and the Pharisees’, Journal of Theological Studies, XLVI (1995), pp.

1–70, esp. pp. 41–51:mb dzr e`xe .Jean Michel Poirier, ‘Purity Beyond the Temple inthe Second Temple Era’, JBL, CXXII (2003), pp. 247–265zibeleiveq zieefn ogap `yepd .

lv`Albert I. Baumgarten, The Flourishing of Jewish Sects in the Maccabean Era: AnInterpretation, Leiden–New York–Köln 1997ly aikxnk dxdha dctwdd z` yxtn `ed .

zibelepexk dxiwql .100±91 ,8±7 'nr ,my xwira e`x .od xy`a zezik ly zpeekn zizxag zelcaid

zeax zervdl oke ,`yepa zpkcern ditxbeilaiale ipyd ziad inia oileg zxdh ly diielib ly

:e`x ,diripnl rbepaEyal Regev, ‘Pure Individualism: the Idea of Non-Priestly Purity inAncient Judaism’, JSJ, XXXI (2000), pp. 176–202

15.(1 dxrd ,lirl) dxdh ,oel`

132mrp cxe]6[

d`nehd ibyen ly mnevnv xaca ,zlaewnde 'zinyxd' zizkldd dcnrd cva (`)

ziad zextqa mitqep mixeft mi`vnn dnre) l"fg zextq dlikn ,cala ycewd l` dxdhde

zizkld dhiy ly dneiw lr zeax zeiecr (xn`nd ly ezaizk zra dpinf dziidy ipyd

zipexwr dyiba zpiit`zn ef dhiy .zinyxd dcnrl ddf dpi`y dhiy ,zexdh ipica daigxn

'mipdek ly mzyecw l`xyil ligpdl' dznbne ,oihelgl dpey16mb ycew zxdh liv`dle

xac lr dxdh zlgd :mihaid dyelyl ef daigxn dnbn oiin oel` .oileg lr,dyecway mi

.llka meineid iiga dxdh zaege d`neh xeqi` zriawe ,oileg zlik` lr dzlgd

zexec ly miyecig opi`e ziad inia xak egeex dl` zertezy jk lr cinrd oel` (a)

.eiptl xlkia mdxa` rivdy itk ,mixge`n mii`pz17

ipira dqtzpy ,dtiwne dagx drtez dziid oilegd iigl dxdhd zagxdy xaq oel` (b)

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dctwdd zbven zexewnd zvwna .ihpleeian` `vnn dcinrnd ,dagx dpenz eze`iwaa

± mzaiaqn dl` mixag zcgiin `ide ,cala 'mixag' mdilr delaiwy 'dlaw'k dxdha

zxdh zbven mixg` zexewna z`f znerl .jka micitwn mpi`y ux`d inre mr iheyt

oel` .lekl ziptend zaiign dkldk ,ycew lye dnexz ly dxdhd zaegl zekinqa oilegd

.dxdha oileg zlik`a exdfpy 'l`xyi lk' lre ,dxar ixaere mr iheyt lr zeiecr mb sq`¥

dyibl daigxnd dyibd oia gzndy ,`id xn`nd ly zeaeygd zepwqnd zg` (c)

.ziad inia zizzkd zwelgnd icwen oia did dxdhd ly znvnvnd

ligdl diihpd mvr .eixg` `ay xwgna egzete eqqazp ,elawzp oel` ly eiielibn dnk

dgkEd ipyd ziad ly zicedid dxaga minieqn mibega oilegd inegz lr ycewd zxdh z`

inegz' ly mzeifkxn z` mb dxi`d zip`xnewd dkldd .o`xnew zextq jezn xerxr `la

zex`eznd 'zexeag'd ly okxc oia d`eeydl jxcd dgztpe ,zezkd oia zwelgna 'dxdhd

.miip`xnewd 'cgi'd iweg oial mii`pzd zexewna18miyextd z` x`zl biltd s` xpfeip awri

Îk mxwirn‘table-fellowship-sect’zeakya oilegd zxdh ly zeihppinecd lr riavde ,

.zi`pzd zextqd ly zencwend19zixehqidd ze`ivnl qgia oel` lr ewlgy in eid mle`e

eziihpa zrbep zegeexd zeprhd zg` .exn`na hwpy dibeleceznl qgia xwirae ,xfgyy

16.174 'nr ,my

17zxdha dctwdy xaq mb xlkia .112±101 'nr ,c"kyz milyexi ,ililbd ux`d mr ,xlkia mdxa`

.mipdekae dnexz zxdha zeizextqd zeiecrd lk z` yxtl yi ok lre ,llk lreta dbdp `l oileg

.ibele`kx`de ip`xnewd `vnnd gekn oihelgl dkxted `ide ef drc dgc oel`

18.zencewd zexrda zextqd e`x

19:lynl e`x .eiazkn miaxa ef dpwqn lr xfg xpfeipJacob Neusner, The Rabbinic Traditionsabout the Pharisees before 70, I–III, Leiden 1971migeexd mi`yepd z` mkqnd wxtd xwira ,

:mb e`x .319±301 ,300±286 'nr ,iyilyd jxka mekiqd wxte ,dnecwd dkldaidem, ‘TheFellowship in the Second Jewish Commonwealth’, Harvard Theological Review, LIII

(1960), pp. 125–142;242±240 ,184±166 'nr ,(9 dxrd ,lirl) qxcpq :e`x xpfeip lr zxewial .

.44±42 'nr ,(14 dxrd ,lirl) qpiice lbpd ;1009±1004 'nr ,(8 dxrd ,lirl) mexblin

]7[dxdh zekld ly onegzl aey133

m` ik ,`weec 'miyext'a mipc mpi`y zexewna ynzydle ,zepey zetewzn zexewn axrl

mpi` iyextd mxfd l` mqgie mtwid ,mzedfy ,dxdh ilke` ly 'zexeag'ae 'mixag'a

.mixexa20yxtzdl zeleki opi` zi`pzd zextqay zehytend zekldd ik exird mixg`

ly exefgy z` swz qxcpq 't c` .ziad ini ly ziyextd ze`ivnd ly ihpze` sewiyk

dgpd cbpk .dxdha mdileg z` elk` ok` miyextd ik xiaq `ly orhe ,il`xd cvd on oel`

z`fk dctwd ik ,zi`pzd zecrd jezn ,ycgn gikedl dywiae oehbpixd 'w dpg d`vi ef

.lreta dniiwzd s`e ,okziz mb okziz meineid iiga21

rivdy xaqdd :ycgd xwgna hrnk lteh `l oel` ly dixe`zd ly cg` haid mle`e

megz z` zeaigxnd zeklddy orh oel` .iyextd mlera zexzeqd zeyibd izy ly oneiwl

d`nehd ibyen z` dnvnvy ,dreawd dkldd zxeqn jezn zegztzd opi` oilegd l` dxdhd

iehia' m` ik ,geex bdep dktde dhytzdy micigi ly dxneg `l s`e ,ycewd l` dxdhde

.'mipey`x minin dl dcbpzdy ,zxg` dhiyl22inine zi`pzd dkldd on ztwypd zeipyd

d`nehd ipica zeipyd ly jynd `l` dpi` ,oel` orh ,dxdhde d`nehd ipiipra ziad

zepzynd ,zewelg zepyxt zehiy izyk dligz oze`xl yi elld zexeqn izy' .dxeza

oi`ye ,dteb dxeza dievnd zeipya dceqi ef zwelgny ozep oicd ,mxa .ze`xwnd yexita

20abxe (192 ,184 'nr ,my) qxcpq .zencewd zexrda z`aend zextqd e`x 'mixag'e 'miyext' lr

zxdh z` aigxdl dxizgd xaca oel` ly exe`iz lr ewlg (188±186 'nr ,14 dxrd seq ,lirl)

zeaxdl dti`yn drap dxdha citwdl dnbndy erivde ,l`xyi llkle oilegl dpedkde ycwnd

diix`et ,mpn` .ycwnd zyecw z` aigxdl e` mipdekl zencidl oevxd on `le dnvrlyk dxdh

iniae `xwna oileg zxdhy orhe icnl daexw dcnr bivd j` ,mdipy z` swz (14 dxrd ,lirl)

dnec oeeika .zlcap zipexwr dtwyd m` ik ycwnd zyecw ly dagxd dppi` cg`k ipyd ziad

,zi`pzd dkldd zecleza wxt :dxdha oileg zlik`e miici zxdh ,bxaphqxet xi`i mb dpexg`l jld

.120±113 'nr xwira ,2005 ,milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`d ly jnqen x`ezd zlawl xnb zcear

qpiice lbpd :mb e`x) oilegl dxdhd zagxd ly drtezl xweg lk rivdy miitelgd miripnd e`x

`weec `id oileg zxdha dctwdd ly dziy`xy ,abx ly ezgpd .(47±45 'nr ,[14 dxrd ,lirl]

itk .zwteqn il zi`xp ,dxeza d`ixwe dlitz oebk ,zeizc zelertl eqgiizdy zexingnd zeyixca

y s` ,`xwna yxey dl yi mipdekÎmpi`yÎl`xyi zxdhe oileg zxdh ,epi`xydxez cenile dlitz

zxdhn mipt dnka lcap dyecwayÎmixacÎmylÎdxdh ly df megz ,cere .dxeza exkfp `l raw ly

d`nehl `weec zqgiizn rny z`ixwle dlitzl dliahy dcaerd zhlea .dcerqae meinei iiga oileg

zelertd x`y lr zlrten dpi` `id ,cere z`f .ze`nehd llk lr dlg dpi`e ixw ilra ly dlwd

,lirl] dxdh ,oel` ly eivn`n) bge zay zyecwe oilitz zgpd oebk ,miycewnd mipnfde zeycewnd

z`nehn `weec leahl dpwzdy xazqn ,jkitl .(mirpkyn mpi` jtdd gikedl ,157±152 'nr ,[1 dxrd

dpnfa mb ile`e ,dtwida ,dxewna zlcapd ,zlaben dpwz `id ,cala rny z`ixwle dlitzle ,ixw

'nr ,my ,bxaphqxet mb ribd ,mixg` miwenipn ,zenec zepwqnl .oilega dheytk dxdh zxinyn

.28±26 ,21

21;254±152 'nr ,my ,qxcpqHannah K. Harrington, ‘Did the Pharisees Eat Ordinary Foodin a State of Ritual Purity’, JSJ, 26 (1995), pp. 42–54ef dl`ya ixwgnd giyd jyndl .

.5 dxrd ,178±177 'nr ,(14 dxrd seq ,lirl) abx lv` z`aend zextqd e`x

22.4 dxrd ,148 'nr ,(1 dxrd ,lirl) dxdh ,oel`

134mrp cxe]8[

.'mipzynd ze`xwna iehia mi`vend ,dhiy iteligl jynd `l` `id23dybcda x`zn oel`

,mvnvnd ceqid :miyextd ly mnlera 'millek zeceqi ipy ly zeybpzd'e 'dklda zenvrzd'

zka mevnvd znbn l` jnqpdceqide ,miigd ikxevl dkldd z` mi`zdl ywane envr ae

dxeza daigxnd dqitzd ly zepyxte jynd `ed s`y ,dyecw zeaxdl ywand ,aigxnd

.dteb24

minkgdÎmiyextd ly mnlera oel` xfgyy ef zwelgn25menrd diite`l xaqd el dyniy

dctwd lr hwily zeiecrd on zeaxy jkl rcen did oel` .zexewna 'daigxnd dqitzd' ly

,mikxc icva ebdpy miltxern miipencw mibdpn ly illk myex zexvei oilegd iiga dxdha26

zeidl eilr lawn'le mihrn miciqgl dxdha dxnegd z` miqgiin mixg` miax zexewne

:dxen`d ziniptd zwelgna xwira uxzn `ed dl` z` .cala 'xag

,dligzkln dziid znrnern ,oileg zlik`l dxdh zwwefd ,dkldd ly dnvr lky `l`

itlmixg`y[daigxnd] dkldd dlki `l jkitle ...miycwe ycwnl `l` d`neh oi`y exed

`l` rawidl dzkf `le 'zeyixt zevn' miax lv` dxiizype ,xac lkle raw zeyridl

;minieqn mixaca27

erpnp `l minkg ly mdininy itlmixg``l` oicd on dxdh zwif oi`y zexedle yexcl

.dielz dkldd dziide ,dnexzle ycewl28

,oel` ly eixwan cvn dcd`l dkf dxdhd zlegz lr ziyext zwelgn ly df xe`iz `weec29

d`nehd zlegz l` iyextd qgid z` zx`zne day f`n zazkpd zixwgnd zextqde

zecewpn zg` idef ,oldl d`xpy itk ,mle`e .mitirqd izy lr dgiqtk e` zeipyk ,zwelgnk

zekld ly icegii oiit`n ly dvngd meyn da yie ,oel` ly dfza zeifkxnd dtxezd

.minkg ly mnlera dxdhd

23.175 'nr ,my

24.176 'nr ,my

25zipe`bd elit` minrtle ,zi`xen`d ,zi`pzd zextqde ,xn`na zyhyehn dl` ipy oia dpga`d

nd xefgyl eil`n oaen xewn zeynyn.ziad inia av

26mxewne mpnfy ,dcipc `ziixaa mixkfpd mibdpnd lr ,25 dxrde 153 'nr ,my ,oel` :lynl e`x

oencwd bdpnd e` ;ziad inia iyext ifkxn mxf ly mibviinl aygidl miieyr mpi` i`ceeae miwteqn

oiiprl `iady di`xd .ynn dkldk qtzp `l mlerny ,(157 'nr) lbxe zay z`xwl zexdhid ly

.el oeekzpy dnn jtdd z` dgiken (154 'nr) mizn i`nh lv` rny z`ixwe dlitz

27.169 'nr ,my ,oel`

28.ily zeybcdd ;159 'nr ,my

29,my) mixg` mihaid dnke dnka oel` lr wlgy s` ,55±52 'nr ,(5 dxrd ,lirl) xniidpte` :lynl

abx ;163±162 'nr ,(9 dxrd ,lirl) qxcpq ;89±86 'nr ,(12 dxrd ,lirl) mexblin ;(134±131 'nr

.190 'nr ,(14 dxrd seq ,lirl)

]9[dxdh zekld ly onegzl aey135

d`nehd iaigxn miaezkl l"fg ly mzepyxt .b

zecr mey zelrdl oi` mii`pzd zexewnd on :driztn drtez lr riavdl yi ef dqitz cbpk

jtdd .epinkg ly zipexwrd dxdhd zqitza zeybpzdl e` 'zenvrzd'l ,zinipt zwelgnl

.jk lk zirnyn cge zhlgen eiabl zxdvend dcnrdy `yep jl oi` hrnk .oekpd `ed

zihxe`zd mzhiy30`id l"fg ly zvxgpde ziawrdlr yper o i`e xeqi` o i`yd`neh

oilegd i igam` ik ,ycewd mr rbnaze`xwna mi`pzd eyr dn ,jk m` .cala©

?l`xyi dpgnae meineid iiga mb daeg dxdhde dxeq` d`nehdy ,mheyt itl ,micnlnd31

mcinrdle mheyt icin dl` ze`xwn `ivedl dkldd ly dziihp lr xird oel` dilcb

,dxrda zexetq ze`nbecae uxnp xeviwa exn`n gzta zx`ezn ef diihp .mipdekae ycwna

.daigxnd ,dketdd dnbnd ly dxe`izl dncwdk32dl` ze`nbeca hxetnd oeird mle`e

d`nehd xeqi` z` znvnvnd zi`pzd dnbnd `id zhlgen dnk cr cnln zexg` zeaxae

zepyxtd .oilegd agxna dzernynn d`nehd z` zpwexne ,ycewd l` dxdhd zaeg z`e

lr dtek zi`pzdlkzwgecd dtiwz zepyxc ,llkd on `vei `ll ynn ,'miaigxn'd miweqtd

zeppeazdd .eiycewle ycwnl qgia `l` d`neh xeqi` oi`y rinydl ,mheytl cebipa ,mze`

lre z`fd mevnvd znbn ly zeihnxdd lre zeihlgdd lr epze` cinrz dl` zeyxca

.znd z`neha gztp .dlrt oday mikxcd

nhi xW` Wi`e' :k ,hi xacna (`)z` iM ldTd KFYn `edd WtPd dzxkpe `Hgzi `le ` §¦£¤¦§¨§Ÿ¦§©¨§¦§§¨©¤¤©¦¦©¨¨¦¤

zn `nh lk ik wiqdl xyt` df weqtn .'`Ed `nh eilr wxf `l dCp in `Oh 'd WCwn¦§©¦¥¥¦¨ŸŸ©¨¨¨¥

aiigzne ,dkeza ezegkep mvra dcrd jeza okeyd 'd ycwn z` `nhn xdhidln rpnpd

.zxk33:yxcnd oreh ef zipyxt zexyt` cbpk

`hgzi `le `nhi xy` yi`e' :[xn]e` `edy itl ?[xn]`p dnl ± (ai weqt) '`hgzi `l m`e'

z`neh lr ,[xn]e` dz` .zxk ypr [ae]zkd ycwn z`neh lr ,(k weqt) '`idd 'tpd 'xkpe

,(ai weqt) '`hgzi `l m`e' :l"z ?diifd lr `l` ypr `l e` ,zxk ypr [ae]zkd ycwnd

.zxk eyper oi` ,(my) 'xdhi `l' :eyper34

30.jynda oeicd e`x 'zihxe`z' weicd lr

31miwegd z` yxtl oeiqip lk' ik ,190 'nr ,(14 dxrd seq ,lirl) abx ly ezrc seql izcxi `l

.(ily mebxz) 'dxryd `l` epi` oileg zxdhl mifnexk dxeza

32dxrde 202±201 'nr ,(9 dxrd ,lirl) `pdk :mb e`x ;3 dxrde 148 'nr ,(1 dxrd ,lirl) oel` :e`x

.10ze`xwnd lk oial l"fg ly znvnvnd dyibd oia dn`zd bivdl dqip (12 dxrd ,lirl) mexblin

,mheytk miweqtdy il d`xp ,mle`e .dcig` zihqilnipin dyib ,ezrcl ,md mb mitwynd ,lirl epnpy

.z`fk zepyxt mixyt`n mpi` ,oldl mi`aend dkldd iyxcn ly lilra ule`nd miite` mb enk

33,lirl e`x eheytk df weqt lr.10 dxrd

34,f"rxz bivtiil ,`hef ixtqe xacna xtq lr ixtq ,uiaexed y"g zxecdn e`x ,dkw xacna ixtq

xacna ixtq dax `xwie yxcn) 32 owihe i"k it lr oldle o`k xacna ixtqn mihehivd .160 'nr

owihe ci azk :mixaceVAT.EBR. 32mixeviwd zvwn znlyda ,(133±132 'nr ,a"lyz milyexi ,

eizexrde ezwzrd z` izeyxl cinrd ezeaicpay `pdk mgpn 'textl dcen ip` .weqit ipniq ztqezae

136mrp cxe]10[

xdhi iriaXd mFIaE iWilXd mFIA Fa `Hgzi `Ed' :ai weqta `id yxcnd ly `vend zcewp¦§©¨©©§¦¦©©§¦¦¦§¨

geqipa jxevd lr dywn yxcnd .'xdhi `l iriaXd mFIaE iWilXd mFIA `Hgzi `l m`e§¦Ÿ¦§©¨©©§¦¦©©§¦¦Ÿ¦§¨

xaky xg`l ,'xdhi `l iriaXd mFIaE iWilXd mFIA `Hgzi `l m`e' ,weqtd seqa ilily§¦Ÿ¦§©¨©©§¦¦©©§¦¦Ÿ¦§¨

dpet o`kn .weqtd y`xa 'xdhi iriaXd mFIaE iWilXd mFIA Fa `Hgzi `Ed' ik eprny¦§©¨©©§¦¦©©§¦¦¦§¨

mvra ,`nhn xdhidln rpnpd `nh lk ik dxe`kl rnzyn epnny ,k weqt l` yxcnd

:weqtd ly ezepyxta wiicl fxcfn oyxcd .zxk aiigzne ycwnd z` ,dcrd jeza ezegkep

zex`zn opi` '`nh 'd ycwn z` ik' milnd :xen`l .'!zxk ypr aezkd ycwn z`neh lr'

z`d`vezdz` m` ik ,'`hgzi `le `nhi xy` yi`' ly e`hg gekn znxbpdjynd

ezlertoeyl .ycwnd z` `nihe ycewd l` qpkp xy`k ,xdh `ly xg`l df mc` ly

dzr .df avna ycewd l` dqipka m` ik d`nehd ly avnd mvra epi` zxkd xeqi` ,xg`

zxk yeprl oeekzp weqtdy xn`z `ny ± '?diifd lr `l` ypr `l e`' :zipy oyxcd ddez

in lk z`df id `ly[eyper] `hgzi `l m`e" :l"z' ?dxt ina epnfa xdhp `ly xnelk ,

dgec xdhp `ly inl zxk yper xaca dxaqd z` .zxk eyper oi` ,'(ai weqt) "xdhi `l

eyper ,xen`l .(my) 'xdhi `l ...`hgzi `l m`e' :ea gzty weqtd jezn ycgn yxcnd

oyxcdy xyt` .zxk aezkd ypr jk lr `le ,(!) xedh epi`y `ed xdhp `ly in ly cigid

:xg` aezkl epeinc meyn `weec ef jxc lr '...`hgzi `l m`e' weqtd z` yexcl oekpl `vn

,fi `xwie) 'epeer `ype ugxi `l exyae qaki `l m`e'eheyt itl rinyn df weqt mb .(fh

,liawn weqt ecbpk miwn epyxcne ,`heg `ed xdhidln rpnpdy ,o`k zigcpd dxaqd z`

uig miwn epyxcn .'epeer `ype' :zixqen dxdvd mewna ,'xdhi `l' :il`ehix avna eteqy

z` `nhnd lr `l` lg epi` zxk aeig oky ,legd agxnl ycewd agxn oia (`) :letk

.zil`ehix d`nehl zixqen d`neh oia (a) ;zxzen ez`neh oilegd agxnae ,lreta ycwnd

xtd jkae ,ycwnd z` `nih ok m` `l` zxk aiig epi`e `heg epi` xdhp `ly `nhd

zipyxtd dyibd .`hegl eze` jtedd `ed ,envrlyk d`nehd avn `le ,xeqi`d .xeqi`

`le `nhi xy` yi`e') zxka `nhd z` yperd weqtd l` (`) :dletk `id s` o`k dhwppy

...`hgzi `l m`e') xg` weqt (a) ;ycwnl dqipk ly zernyn dagzp ('...dzxkpe `hgzi

,dcip in z`fda dxdhd z` zepzdl ezpeek lke ,cala il`ehixd xeyina ocd ,('xdhi `l

on lley `ed xnelk ,'zxk eyper oi`e xdhi `l (!) eyper' :ixqend xywdd l` xared

.ixqen orhn lk yxetna d`nehd

,(g ,`i `xwie) 'mkl md mi`nh ErBz `l mzlapaE Elk`z `l mxUAn' :weqtd lr (a)¦§¨¨ŸŸ¥§¦§¨¨Ÿ¦¨§¥¦¥¨¤

:yxcnd xne` ,dlap z`neh ly illk xeqi` l`xyi lr xqe`d

oxd` ipa mipdkd l`' xn`py ?zeliap rbn lr oiaiig l`xyi `edi leki ,erbz `l mzlapae

,mizinl oinhin opi` mipdkd ,[(` ,`k `xwie) 'einra `nhi `l ytpl mdil`'] 'be 'zxn`e

,k weqt lr mb xacna ixtqa zltkp dyxcd .izwqr oday zeyxta xacna ixtql inex i"kl

xywda oecp `l j` ,jk yxtzdl `ed s` ieyrd ,df wxta bi weqt mb e`x .167 'nr ,hkw dyxt

a"ivpd wnr ,oilxa dcedi iav ilztp 'x) k weqtl bi weqt oia a"ivpd ly ezpga` e`xe .yxcna df

.(eqw 'nr ,j"yz milyexi ,a ,ixtqd lr

]11[dxdh zekld ly onegzl aey137

zeliapl enhii `l ,oixengd mizinl md oinhin m` ,xnege lew .mizinl l`xyi od oinhin

`n `d ?zelwd35:{oixne` mixg` !lbxa ?'erbz `l mzlapae'} miiwn ip`36`l mzlaipae'

.(ck weqt ,oldl) 'e`nhz dl`le' :'el 'lz ?mirax` dwli dliapa mc` rbp m` leki 'erbz

`l mzlapae' :'el 'lz ?dl `nhie jli dliapd z` mc` d`x m` leki ,'e`nhz dl`le' e`

.zeyx :'e` ied ,cvik `d ,'erbz37

nz`nehy oeeikd`neha exq`p `l l`xyiy yxcnd wiqn ,mipdek lr `weec dxq`p mizn

.zelw ze`neha exq`p `ly xnege lwne ,ef38weqtd ly exeqi` z` cinrn `ed jkitl

,lbxa ,zycewnd dxtqa39ycwna xacnaa weqtd z` dcinrd zncewd dyxcdy itk ynn ¥

mr rbna miievne lbxl miler md ixdy ,`nhil l`xyi mixeq` df ycewn onfa .eiycewae

,dlap rbn lr xeqi` oi`y myky cnln ('mixne` mixg`') yxcnd jynd .eiycewe ycwnd

`ed oi` mrtd ?weqtay xeqi`d z` yxcnd ly df wlg wgen cvik .yper dilr oi` mb jk

epweqtay xeqi`d cbpk cinrn `ed :zxg` jxca lret `l` ,('lbxa') ycewd lr eze` lign

zniyxl zxzek `l` dpi` ef oeyl .'e`nhz dl`le' :wxtd jynda ck weqt ly epeyl z`

e` iaeig ieeivk dze` yxtne dheytn dze` `iven yxcnd la` ,mi`nhnd miigd ilra

ipta oyxcd cner oiicre .epweqtay xeqi`d z` wlqn jkae ,(!) d`nehd ly sxeb xzidk

ly egekn dze` mb uxzn `ede ?zernyn el oi` m` epweqtay xeqi`a jxev dn ,dl`yd

,`nhidl ± ievx zegtl e` ± daegy dxe`kl dler 'e`nhz dl`le' oeyld on .ck weqt

,daeg `le o`k xeqi` `ly oyxcd cnel o`kn .`nhidl xeq`y dxe`kl dler epweqtn eli`e

ly zwwefn zivnz `id ,dyxcay ueli`d lk mr ,ef oeyl .'zeyx' m` ikly dcnrn

l"fg zcnr itl oilegd i iga d`nehdiiga dligzkl ievx epi` ile` d`nehd avn :

dnk e`x !'zeyx' :yper `le `hg `l ea oi`e ,ilnxepe ilxhip ,xicz `ed la` ,oilegd

:zeil`ehixd ze`nehl xwgna rvedy ipxcend gepind l` dkldd yxcn ly ezpwqn daexw

‘tolerated impurities’.40

35.cid azka jk

36.cid azk oeiliba xteqd cia mlyede zenecd zngn hnyp xbqend

37hn ,1862 dpie ,qiiee yxid wfii` zxecdn ,ax iac `xtq e`x ,i±g ,c wxt ,a dyxt ,ipiny ,`xtq

cwepn inex ci azk it lr mipdk zxez ,oihylwpit '` xfril`) 66 owihe i"k it lr hehivd .`"r

,(9 dxrd ,lirl) `pdk :mb e`x ef dyxc lr .(hx±gx 'nr ,f"iyz wxei eip ,[66 xtqn ip`nqq`]

l"fg ly ef zepyxta ze`xl ,84±83 'nr ,(12 dxrd ,lirl) mexblin ly epeiqip .202±201 'nr

.rpkyln wegx weqtd hyt ly xiyi jynd

38dx`ezy zi`xwnd zeipyd z` ahid hilan `ede ,hytd caexa lwyn cak lewiy ok` `ed df cenil

`l` ,dxq`p dlap eli`e ,eceak meyn znl `nhidl l`xyil xzeny uxzl did ozip ,oaenk .lirl

.xeqi`l `le xzidl dxizqd aeyiia oiipern epyxcny

39,lirl) dxdh ,oel` :e`x .ycwnl dwif `la mb lbxa dxdh ly wizr bdpn miiwzd ,oel` zprhl

.157±156 'nr ,(1 dxrd

40.xn`nd y`xa lirl e`x ;(5 dxrd ,lirl) hiix zrvdk

138mrp cxe]12[

,'ErBz `l mzlapaE Elk`z `l mxUAn...' :g ,ci mixaca df weqtl liawnd weqtd (b)¦§¨¨ŸŸ¥§¦§¨¨Ÿ¦¨

dnbnl ztqep dnbec dpexg`l dzlbzp mixac `hef ixtqa .ef jxc lr `ed s` yxcp

lre mield lre mipdkd lr xidfdl ± erbz `l mzlapae' :o`k zxiihvnd zywird zipyxcd

milecbd mipdkd ,mdizexnyn zrya mielde mipdkd ,milbxd zrya l`xyi lr :l`xyi

.'odly minly igaf oiaixwn ody drya l`xyie ,zexawa `nhidln oixifpde41o`k s`

zaxwd zryae lbxd zrya l`xyi ± eiycewe ycwnd mr rbn zrya wx xeqi`d cnred

.mzxnyn zra wx miiele mipdek elit`e ,minly42

.`xtqa xg` mewna mi`ven ep` `xwiea dlapa rbnd xeqi` z` ayiil ztqep jxc (c)

'dilr `hg xW` dCezde dN`n zg`l mW`i ik dide' weqtd `id dyxcd ly `vend zcewp§¨¨¦¤§©§©©¥¥¤§¦§©¨£¤¨¨¨¤¨

:'cxeie dler' oaxwa `hegd aiigzn mday mixwnd z` mkqnd ,(d ,d `xwie)

mzlapae' :'py jeza .xeht dl`n yie aiig dl`n yi ± (d ,d `xwie) 'dl`n' :xne` daiwr 'x

:'el 'lz ?zeliap rbn lr oiaiig l`xyi `edi leki ,(g ,`i `xwie :e`x) 'erbz [`l] (l`)

dl`n yie aiig dl`n yi .'dl`n'd`nehd zea` lr oixdfen opi`y l`xyi z` `ive` .xeht

:'py ,dpyd zeni lk d`nehd zea` lr oixdfen ody mipdkd z` `ive` `le dpyd zeni lk

:'el 'lz ,(` ,ak `xwie) 'einra `nhi `l ytpl mdl` zxn`e oxd` ipa mipdkd l` xen`'

.xeht dl`n yie aiig dl`n yi ,'dl`n'43

mzlapae' :dxeq` dnvrlyk d`nehdy dxe`kl cnlnd cg` .ze`xwn ipy o`k yibtn yxcnd

lkA rBY xW` Wtp F`' :oaxw zaiign dnvrlyk dbbya d`nehy rinynd cg`e ,'erbz `l¤¤£¤¦©§¨

,a ,d `xwie) '...FnW` z` `iade ...d`nh dndA zlapA F` d`nh dIg zlapa F` `nh xaC̈¨¨¥§¦§©©¨§¥¨§¦§©§¥¨§¥¨§¥¦¤£¨

.(e44s`e oaxwn hrnl yiy ,herine ieaixa `aiwr 'x zhiyk ,cnlp 'dl`n' herind oeyln

lbxa df weqt dcinrnd dyxcdy xyt` ik xird `pdk 'i mgpn .dlapa rbepd z` xeqi`n

zea` lr mixdfen mpi` l`xyiy dybcdd jezn ,df xewnn mb ztwyp (b±a ze`nbec ,lirl)

.(mixdfen ± lbxa la`) 'dpyd zeni lk' d`nehd45

rnzyn ,d`nehd lr `ad 'cxeie dler oaxw'a .envrlyk oaxwd aeig l` dzr dptp (d)

rbn lr `le (mlrd lya dzdyed d`xpky) d`nehd mvr lr `ed aeigd ik aezkd hytn

rBY xW` Wtp F`' :eiycewe ycwnd lr miweqta xn`p `l xac oky ,d`neha ycewd mr¤¤£¤¦©

mlrpe `nh uxW zlapA F` d`nh dndA zlapA F` d`nh dIg zlapa F` `nh xaC lkA§¨¨¨¨¥§¦§©©¨§¥¨§¦§©§¥¨§¥¨§¦§©¤¤¨¥§¤§©

41yxcp mye ,202±201 'nr ,my ,xicdnd ly eipeive epeic e`x .199±198 'nr ,(9 dxrd ,lirl) `pdk

.o`k mi`aend zexewnd on dnkl

42lr oke ,dyxcd zxzeka exkfp `ly ,mixifpd ztqezae ,df xywda zexawd zxkfda iyewd lr

.my ,`pdk ly epeic e`x ,dyxca zelitkd

43,oihylwpit '` xfril` zxecdn ,ax iac `xtq :jezn hehivd .b±` ,fi wxt ,h dyxt ,daeg ,`xtq

.184 'nr ,b"nyz wxei eip ,a

44.`ad sirqa e`x

45y`x ilaaa oiivy dliawnd ,202 'nr ,my mb e`x .13 dxrd ,201 'nr ,(9 dxrd ,lirl) `pdk

.a"r fh dpyd

]13[dxdh zekld ly onegzl aey139

`Ede EPOn mlrpe DA `nhi xW` Fz`nh lkl mc` z`nhA rBi ik F` .mW`e `nh `Ede EPOn¦¤§¨¥§¨¥¦¦©§ª§©¨¨§Ÿª§¨£¤¦§¨¨§¤§©¦¤§

.(e ,b±a ,d `xwie) '...`hg xW` Fz`Hg lr 'dl FnW` z` `iade .mW`e rci46o`k mb ¨©§¨¥§¥¦¤£¨©©¨£¤¨¨

d`neh ici lr ypre xidfd ?eiycwe ycwn z`nha `li` xacn epi`y oipne' :yxcnd epricen

dn .d`neh ici lr oaxw aiigeycwn z`neha d`neh ici lr oldl oixen` dxdf`e ypr

.'eiycwe ycwn [z`neha d`neh] (z`neh) ici lr ok aiigy oaxw s` ,eiycwe47zecnlp o`k

zcewpn `vei yxcnd .cifna d`neh ly xeqi`d zeaiqpn dbbya d`neh lr oaxwd zeaiqp

z`nehl qgia mlek mixen` cifna d`neh lr zexdf`de miyperdy ,di`x dkixv dpi`y dgpd

`c .dbbya d`neh lr oaxwd ly epic mb edf jkitle ,d`neha diidyd mvra `le ycwnd

lr wx `ed dligzkl xeqi`dy gken mkezny md ze`xwn eli` hxit `l oyxcdy `wr

.eiycewe ycwn z`neh48

.xeqi`d zeaiqpn (b±a ,d `xwiea oaxwd) dbbyd zeaiqp z` cnel yxcndy epi`x (e)

zeaiqpa xeqi`d zeaiqp z` dlezd ,zihtil` dyxcn xg` mewna rzxp eppi` `ed mle`e

ycwnd mr xyw `la ,dligzkl xeqi` rinynd aezk lr zyxcp z`fk dyxc .dbbyd

cr `nhe miOA ugxe eicbA qAke xBaE gxf`A dtxhE dlap lk`Y xW` Wtp lke' :eiycewe§¨¤¤£¤Ÿ©§¥¨§¥¨¨¤§¨©¥§¦¤§¨¨§¨©©©¦§¨¥©

dl` miweqt .(fh±eh ,fi `xwie) 'FpFr `Upe ugxi `l FxUaE qAki `l m`e .xdhe axrd̈¤¤§¨¥§¦Ÿ§©¥§¨Ÿ¦§¨§¨¨£

eli`e .oeer `yep meineid iiga mb dlap ly ef dlw d`nehn xdhp epi`y in ik micnln

d`neh ici lr ypre xidfd ,eiycwe ycwn z`neha `li` xacn epi`y 'pn' :yxtn yxcnd

46epnn dnlrpy ± `nh `ede epnn mlrpe' :aezkd hyta l"fg yexit z` zelzl dqpn o`k o"anxd

dyxtd la` ...i"yx oeyl .ycwn z`ia e` miycw zlik`a ± my`e d`nehd,oaend xaca xvwz efd

aezkd aiigiy xyt` i` ,mipdkd elit` dpnn exdfed `le ,`hg uxye dlap zribpa oi`y iptn ik

epnn mlrpe rayi xy`k e` ,d`nehd epnn mlrpe mc`d `nhi xy`k ik ,xn` la` .oaxw mzribpa

`hg d`nehd znlrda oi`y reciae .oaxw `iadl aiigzi dl`n zg` ly dnlrda ,`hgie dreayd

aeyi dfe .dilr xeariy izlef `hg dreayd znlrda oi`e ,ycwnl `ai e` miycw lk`iy izlef

,a ,d `xwiel o"anx) 'dfd oiprd wfgl miyxcn cer da epizeaxle ,ef dyxta ze`xwn ly oheyt

.(ck 'nr ,j"yz milyexi ,lreery ac miig zxecdn

47,lirl) qpeelw .177±176 'nr ,(43 dxrd ,lirl) oihylwpit ,i ,ai wxt ,g dyxt daegc `xeac ,`xtq

.`hgl d`neh oia oigadl mi`pzd ly mznbnl iehia ef dyxca d`x ,97 'nr ,(5 dxrd

48ycwnd lr ± xeqi` ly miaezk ipy rivn ef dyxc ly zicenlzd dzliawnl eyexita i"yxlre

z` e`nhi `l" :xn`py' :miycewd lre ycwnd lr ± yperd z` mihxtnd miaezk ipye ,miycewd

one' :ai ,`k `xwiel i"yx zpeeky xyt`e ,ep`vn `l dfk weqt) ycwn zxdf` df ixd ± "iycwn

`l miycwa" .(zn z`neh iptn zxyn odek xidfnd ,'eidl` ycwn z` llgi `le `vi `l ycwnd

'd ycwn z` ik" .(f±b ,ak `xwie :e`x) ycw zxdf` ixd ± (c ,ak `xwie) "xdhi xy` cr lk`i

`ly znd `nh z` zxk yperd weqta xaecn) ycwn yper ixd ± (k ,hi xacna) "dzxkpe `nh

lk`z xy` ytpde" .(lirl e`x ,ycwn z`neha `weec yxtzn epi` eheyt itl `ed s`e ,`hgzd

,ilaa ,i"yx) 'ycw yper ixd ± (k ,f `xwie) [...dzxkpe eilr ez`nhe 'dl xy`] minlyd gafn xyaª

,(40 dxey) my ,`xtq ,oihylwpit .('d`neh oecfd lr ypre xidfde li`ed' d"c ,a"r e zereay

,k ,hi ;b ,d xacna z`e ,d`neha ycew xya zlik` xeqi`l ,c ,ai ;jli`e b ,ak `xwie z` rivd

hytd on dler oi` mipexg`d miaezkd ipyl rbepd lkay epi`x xak ,mle`e .ycwnl qpkpl qgia

.yxcnae zxeqna dielz `id `l` ,`weec ycewa xeqi`d zlegz

140mrp cxe]14[

,eiycwe ycwn z`neha d`neh ici lr oldl aiigy oaxew dn ,d`neh ici lr oaxew aiige

.'eiycwe ycwn z`neha d`neh ici lr ok oixen`d dxdf`e yper s`49oeerde xeqi`d mevnv ¨

zaiignd d`neh zbbyl xy`a zedf zeaiqp lr jnqp d`neh oecfa eiycewe ycwnd inegzl

yperde xeqi`d on ecnlp onvr dl` zeaiqpy lirl epi`x xak mle`e .d `xwiea oaxw

"eper `ype" "eper `ype" :oixne` oixg`' :sqep cenil mb rivn yxcnd !mixg` zenewna

.'zxk ok s` ,zxk oldl xen` oer z`iyp dn .deey dxifbl50zcnel 'mixne` mixg`' zyxc ¨

' :weqtd on deey dxfba eiycewe ycwn z`neha xaecnyzg` dzUre `hgz iM Wtp m`e§¦¤¤¦¤¡¨§¨§¨©©

yxtzn df weqt .(fi ,d `xwie) 'FpFr `Upe mW`e rci `le dpiUrz `l xW` 'd zFvn lMn¦¨¦§£¤Ÿ¥¨¤¨§Ÿ¨©§¨¥§¨¨£

dpecfy dxara xaecn epweqta mby yxcnd cnel o`kn .zxk opecfy zexara l"fg zxeqna¥¥

zaiign dpi` dnvrlyk dlap z`nehy zilbrnd ceqid zgpd lr ,aey ,oryp yxcnd .zxk

.o`k mb xaecn jkay xxazne ,cala d`neha ycwnl dqipka `l` ,zxk

z` zF`xl odMd `ai mxhA ziAd z` EPtE odMd dEve' :weqtd lr xird oel` dilcb (f)§¦¨©Ÿ¥¦¤©©¦§¤¤¨Ÿ©Ÿ¥¦§¤

epeyl'y ,(el ,ci `xwie) 'ziAd z` zF`xl odMd `ai oM xg`e ziAA xW` lM `nhi `le rbPd©¤©§Ÿ¦§¨¨£¤©¨¦§©©¥¨Ÿ©Ÿ¥¦§¤©¨¦

.'d`neh icin milkd z` livdl daegy giken51e`x `ly mi`pz ly mdiyexitl dptd `ed¦

lr dxezd dqg dn lre' :l`xyi ly mpenn lr dqg dxezdy jezn ,dvr `l` daeg ea

.'...aiagd epenn lr xnege lew iefad epenn lr dxezd dqg jk m` ...ekt lr eqxg ilk52

:xedihl mipzip mpi`e uxya e`nhpy milk ly dvizp lr aezkd deevn dfa `veik (g)

lRi xW` lke ...ExAWz Fz`e `nhi FkFzA xW` lM FkFY l` mdn lRi xW` Uxg ilM lke'§¨§¦¤¤£¤¦Ÿ¥¤¤Ÿ£¤§¦§¨§Ÿ¦§Ÿ§Ÿ£¤¦Ÿ

.(dl ,bl ,`i `xwie) 'mkl Eidi mi`nhE md mi`nh uYi mixike xEPY `nhi eilr mzlaPn¦¦§¨¨¨¨¦§¨©§¦©¦ª¨§¥¦¥§¥¦¦§¨¤

:ltehn izla dfd cbidd z` mb xi`yn epi` yxcnd

.'xayi afd ea rbi xy` qxg ilke' :afa 'e` `ed ixde ?iicee epxayi leki ± 'exeayz eze`'

{d}z` eze` .'exeayz eze`' :'el 'lz ?iicee epxayi leki53eqxg ilk xaey {d}z` oi` xaey

.aflyoic epi` lwd uxya rbepd ,dxiay oerh epi` xngd afa rbepd m` dn :xnege lew

.dxiay `li` dxdh el oi`y cnln ?'exeayz eze`' '`p dnl ok m` ?dxiay orhi `ly54

`nhpy ilka 'exeayz eze`' cegiid oeyln .ynn dnidcn ef dyxc ly zfrepd zeihtil`d

ilka mby s`) afd ea rbpy qxgd ilk `le ,dxiay oerh `ed wxy yxcnd cnel uxya

49owihe i"k it lr hehivd .b"r dt ,(37 dxrd ,lirl) qiiee ,ci ,ai wxt ,g dyxt ,zen ixg` ,`xtq

ycwnl qpki e` ycw lk`i m` ± eper `ype' :df weqtl i"yx e`x .gqy 'nr ,(37 dxrd ,lirl) 66

.'ze`neh x`y lkk ef d`neh lr aiig

50.(e"i :cid azka) fh ,my ,my

51.46 'nr ,(9 dxrd ,lirl) x`iexa :mb e`x .3 dxrd ,148 'nr ,(1 dxrd ,lirl) dxdh ,oel`

5266 owihe i"k jezn hehivd .`"r br ,(37 dxrd ,lirl) qiiee ,ai ,b wxt ,d dyxt ,rxevn ,`xtq

xzei agx dligzkl did cid azka gqepdy d`xpe rxwp my cenrd) by±ay 'nr ,(37 dxrd ,lirl)

.84 'nr ,(12 dxrd ,lirl) mexblink `le ,d ,ai mirbp ,dpyn :eeyd .(miqetca xy`n

53.oihyd oia `"dd dtqep jenqae o`k

54owihe i"k jezn hhev .a"r±`"r cp ,my ,qiiee ,bi ,g wxt ,f dyxt ,ipiny ,`xtq'nr ,my ,66

.fkx±ekx

]15[dxdh zekld ly onegzl aey141

d`neha `nhpy ilk m` :xnege lwl jxcd zgztp o`kn .(!exayl yiy yexita xn`p afd

.dxiay oerh epi` (uxy) dlw d`neha `nhpy ilky i`ce ,dxiay oerh epi` (af) dxeng

dzeeiv mday mixywd ipya milk ly dxiayd zaeg z` ci igna wgen yxcndy `vnp

ipyd zwigne ,ipyd wgnp oey`xd ieeivd ly ecegiie etwez gekn .yexita dxezd dilr

dliaedoeeb mey `la 'exeayz eze`' digpdd zyxtzn dzrn !oey`xd ly ezwignl mb

ezenlya ilkd zx`yda mbt lk oi` la` ,edexay ,exdhl evxz m` :xnel dvex ,daeg ly

.ez`nehae

lr yexita zxn`p ,mvzpl gxkd lk oi`e mi`nh milk miiwl xzeny ,ef dpwqn (h)

' :dyxtd dze`a 'uzi mixike xepz' weqtdmi`nh" :'el 'lz ?iice mvzi leki ± "uzei"

dz` oiniiwn ± "eidi55.'oz`neha56,'e`nhz dl`le' oeyld z` dyxcy ,lirl a dyxcl dneca

.d`nehd z` miiwl sxeb xzidk ,weqtd hytl xenb cebipa 'eidi mi`nh' milind o`k eyxcp

z` z`nhn d`nehd ly dzegkep mvr ik aezkd hytn rnzyn mizrl ik epi`x (i)

.`hgd z`nehl dneca ,(lirl ` dnbec e`x) wegxn okynd57:weqta dhlada raen df oiipr

`xwie) 'mkFzA xW` ipMWn z` m`OhA mz`nhA Ezni `le mz`nHn l`xUi ipA z` mYxGde'§¦©§¤¤§¥¦§¨¥¦ª§¨¨§Ÿ¨ª§ª§¨¨§©§¨¤¦§¨¦£¤§¨

mi`pzd .okynd z` `nhn dpgna dneiw mvry ,d`nehd iptn zillk dxdf` ef .(`l ,eh©

.okynd z` `nhl dgekay d`nehd ly dnewn lr dxcbd weqta oi`y dcaerl mircen eid

dclie rixfz iM dX` xn`l l`xUi ipA l` xAC' :weqtd on `vei ef dvxt owznd yxcnd©¥¤§¥¦§¨¥¥Ÿ¦¨¦©§¦©§¨§¨

:(a ,ai `xwie) 'xkf̈¨

oia ip` rney ,(`l ,eh `xwie) 'be 'mz`nhn l`xyi ipa z` mzxfde' :'py itl ,l'z dn

,eixg`n oia ekeznzclei leki .(c ,ai `xwie) '`eaz `l ycwnd l`e' :zcleia 'el 'lz

ipa' :xnel 'lz ,eixg`n oia ekezn oia oi`nhd lk x`ye ekezn eze` dnhn `dz dlwd

`l olek s` ,ekezn `li` eze` `nhn dpi` zclei dn ;zcleik l`xyi ipa ixd .'l`xyi

{eze`} enhi58.ekezn `li`59

z`nhn dpi` zcleidy myk ik 'rixfz ik dy`'l 'l`xyi ipa' oia ywidd on cnel yxcnd

dxdh ipica ievn weic `l` o`k oi` dxe`kl .mi`nhd lk x`y jk ,ekezn `l` okynd z`

,'eixeg`' ly d`nehl 'ekez' ly d`neh oia60yi ,eteb okyna xaecnyk ,df dxwna la`

55milkd z` miiwn dz` ,xnelk ,'oz`neha dz` oniiwn' :l"v ile`e .mze` :miqetca .cid azka jk¨

.mz`neha

56.alx 'nr ,my ,66 owihe i"k jezn hehivd .c"r dp ,my ,qiiee ,i wxt ,g dyxt ,ipiny ,`xtq

57.edyrn mvra ycwnd z` `nhn jlenl erxfn ozepd .b ,k `xwie lynl e`x

58.oihyd oia cid azka mlyed

5966 owihe i"k jezn hehivd .b"r fp ,(37 dxrd ,lirl) qiiee ,a±` ,ai wxt ,` dyxt ,rixfz ,`xtq

.`nx 'nr ,(37 dxrd ,lirl)

60,`xtq ;a ,e `nw `aa milk ,`ztqez ;c ,bi mirbp ;a ,f zeld` ;g ,dk milk ,dpyn :lynl e`x

ycwnd oic oi` ixdy ,denz dfd oeicd lk dxe`kl .b"r bp ,my ,qiiee ,e±c ,g wxt ,f dyxt ,ipiny

rbna `nhidl leki epi` oa` iepad ycwnd .eixeg`n e` ekezn `nhidl ieyrd ilk oick okynde

142mrp cxe]16[

uegan dribpa okynd lr ritydl dlekid d`neh oi` :zkl zwigxn zernyn jkl

zclei ly dz`neh xeqi` z` liabnd yxetnd weqtd .wegxn oky lk `l ,('eixeg`n')

('`az `l ycwnd l`e') ycwnd jez l` `weecze`nehd lk lr lged.

xacna) 'ytpl `nh lke af lke rexv lk dpgnd on eglyie l`xyi ipa z` ev' weqtd (`i)

on geliyk l"fg ita mewn lka yxtzp ,oilegd agxnn mb zexeng ze`neh wlqnd ,(a ,d

:cala ycewd61ycwnl eqpki `ly mi`nhl dxdf` ef ixd ,'be eglyie 'yi ipa z` ev...'

.'d`neha62.'lbxl mcew e`xiy oi`nhind lk x`y zeaxl ± `nh lke' :`hef ixtqa oke63

.lbxd iptl m` mb ,ycwnl milera xnelk ,'e`xi'y mi`nha weqtd yxtzn o`k s`

dpgnl uegn gleynd ,rxevnd ixdy ,dirad z` zxzet dppi` oiicr ef zepyxt (ai)

lr .ytpl `nhd mr `zgn `cga weqta dpnp ,elek `xwna miax miaezk it lr l`xyi

:yxece ixtqa yxcnd jiynn ok

,(ytpl `nh lke af lke rexv lk dpgnd on eglyie=) 'pl 'nh 'ke af 'ke 'xv lk 'gnd on 'yie

cca' :rxevna 'el 'lz ?cg` mewna ozyly iprneyrxevna .(en ,bi `xwie) 'ayi64,llka did

,exiag geliyn egeliy xenge ez`neh dxngedy rxevn :llkd lr cnile llkd on `ven `vi

.ex[i]ag geliyn egeliy xenge ez`neh dxngedy lk s`65.zevignl 'nkg epn okin66

ncebipa ,diieele dpiky dpgnl uegn l` wx mi`vei afde `nhdy y`xn gipn yxcndy oeeik

oi`y ,l`xyi dpgnl uegn l` `veid ,rxevnd ly epicn cnl `ed ixd ,weqtd hytl

yi ea `veike ,znd `nh ly egeliyn xeng rxevnd ly egeliy .'cg` mewna ozyly'

.mixg`d mi`nhd ipy ly mdigeliy oia wlgl

La didi iM' :dnglnd dpgnn ixw i`nh geliy lr deevn ai±`i ,bk mixaca aezkd (bi)¦¦§¤§

dide .dpgOd KFY l` `ai `l dpgOl uEgn l` `vie dlil dxTn xFdh didi `l xW` Wi ¦̀£¤Ÿ¦§¤¨¦§¥¨§¨§¨¨¤¦©©£¤Ÿ¨Ÿ¤©©£¤§¨¨

:xidan yxcnd .(ai±i ,bk mixac) 'dpgOd KFY l` `ai WnXd `akE miOA ugxi axr zFptl¦§¤¤¦§©©¨¦§Ÿ©¤¤¨Ÿ¤©©£¤

[xne`] 'ny 'x'67.'dpiky dpgn ef ,dpgnd jez l` `ai `l ,diel dpgn ef 'gnl uegn l` `vie68

zerixik uegan `nhidl zeleki okynd lde` ly eizerixi m` mb ,rwxwl xaegnd dpan lkk ,llk

`l` ,ycwna uegan rbn ly zipkhd dkldd dppi` yxcnd z` dwiqrnd dibeqdy d`xp .lde` lk

.miweqtd hytn dler `idy itk rbn `la ycewl d`neh znixb ly zipyxtd dirad

61.3 dxrd ,148 'nr ,(1 dxrd ,lirl) dxdh ,oel` :e`x

62.78 'nr ,(34 dxrd ,lirl) 32 owihe i"k it lr hehivd .1 'nr ,` ,(34 dxrd ,lirl) xacna ixtq :e`x

63.229 'nr ,a ,d `yp ,(34 dxrd ,lirl) xacna `hef ixtq

64.rxevn :l"vy d`xpe ,cid azka jk

65.oihyd oia cid azka dazkp c"eid

66'nr ,(34 dxrd ,lirl) 32 owihe i"k it lr hehivd .2 'nr ,` ,(34 dxrd ,lirl) xacna ixtq :e`x

.228 'nr ,a ,d ,(34 dxrd ,lirl) `hef ixtq :eeyd .78

67.cid azka xqg

68it lr hehivd .281 'nr ,h"kyz wxei eip ,oihylwpit '` xfril` zxecdn ,dpx ,mixac ixtq :e`x

v"c zxecdn ,mixacl mi`pz yxcn :eeyd .(217 'nr ,[34 dxrd ,lirl] 32 owihe i"k) 32 inex i"k

.147 'nr ,`i ,bk ,h"qxz±g"qxz oilxa ,onted

]17[dxdh zekld ly onegzl aey143

epnp xy` agxend i`xwnd d`nehd xeqi` ly mihaidd lka .ef dxiwqn dlerd z` mkqp

minvnvn ,envrl weqte weqt lka ,(mi`nhd geliye dxdh zaeg ,dligzkl d`neh xeqi`) lirl

ote`a z`f miyer md .cala ycewd l` d`nehd xeqi` z`e dxdhd zaeg z` dkldd iyxcn

od dn wecap .xkip ueli`a eheytn aezkd z`ved jez mizrl ,iawre ipctw ,irnyn cg

:jk lk miax zenewna aezkd hyt z` wizydl ick yxcnd hwepy zeipyxtd zeibhxhq`d

lr zxk/oaxw xfeb e` ,d`neh lr illk xeqi` weqtd xqe` eay mewne mewn lka (`)

l` aegzl yxcnd fxcfn ,oilegd agxnn dzwgxd lr deevn `ed xy`k oke ,dziidyd

mlerl miaqen oaxwd zxtke yperd ,xeqi`d .ycewnd xywdd z` yperd l` e` xeqi`d

`weec minly zaxwd e` lbxd zry lr milgEn e` ,(e ,d ,`) 'eiycwe ycwn z`neh' lr¨

.(bi ,ai ,`i) dpiky dpgnn e` ycwnd on cinz `ed dpgnd on mi`nhd geliy .(b ,a)

ici lr `l` ,ycewa xeqi`d ly eizeaiqp zriaw ici lr `l oyxcd lret mizrl (a)

dlap z`neh ly dxeqi`n l`xyi z` zhrnn 'dl`n' herind oeyl .etweza zillk dribt

.(f) daeh dvr `l` epi` d`nehn milk zlvd lr ieeivde ,(c)

)ynn minrtl ,d`nehd z` mixiznd miiaeig micbid mb yxcnd ywan ,dl`l sqep (b

'e`nhz dl`le' milind zeyxcp jk .yxetna dze` xqe` eheyt itly weqt eze` jeza

`l ± `hgzi `l m`' ik cnlnd weqtde ,(h ,a) d`nehd ly sxeb xzidk 'eidi mi`nh'e

d`vezd on cal ,xdhp `ly in lr yper mey oi` ik eprinydl `a eli`k yxtzn 'xdhi

.(`) xedh `ed oi`y zirahd

ez` xiyi rbn `la mb ycwna zrbet zil`ehixd d`nehd ik mdn dlery miweqtd (c)

,`) ynn ekezn `l` `nhp ycewd oi`y xidan yxcnde ,ycewd l` ziynn dqipkk miyxtzn

.(i

deey dxfb oebk ,oda zyxcp dxezdy zecin ly oeebn zelirtn zepeyd zeyxcd (d)

.(i) ywide (c) herin ,(ilbrnd diite` lr my e`xe ,e ,d)

?znkqen 'dletk dibhxhq`' e` zwelgn ± dxdhd zagxd .c

lk zecgiind dyxcd zehiy lr ,l`rnyi 'x iac od `aiwr 'x iac od ,mlek miyxcnd

zcbepn dyxc ly e` zwelgn ly dxkf oi`e ,cg` lewa mixacn ,zelekq`d on zg`e zg`

rnypzeipyxtd zeibhxhq`d lr ,cg`k zeyxcd lk ,ok` .edylk weqt ly ezepyxta

d`nehd lr xeqi` oi` :zexdh ipica iceqi cg` xwir eprinydl ze`a ,odly zepeebnd

`l` ,ez`nehn xdhp `le `nhpy in lr yper oi`e dnvrlyklbrnd l` qpkp m`

ycwnd megz ly labendmb jkae ,d`nehd xeqi` z` zwgec ef dyib .ea jexkd lke

oileg ly agxn dcrde cigid iiga zgzete ,cala ycewd inegz l` ,ezxcbde ezernyn z`

,zg` zhyten drc e` ,zg` zwleg dyxc elit` ep`vn `l .ea zgkepe ea zxzen d`nehdy

ziad inia ,ok` .l`xyi lre oilegd lr ,dxezd on ,exwirn d`nehd xeqi` z` dlignd

s` .`dz xy` mzedf `dz ,'mixag'd ibeg da ebdpe 'l`xyia dxdh dvxt' eixg`e ipyd

mb dtiwnd ,zaiigne zinzq dkldk zexewna daigxnd dkldd zbven miax mixwnay oekp

144mrp cxe]18[

zelzl edylk oeiqip dyrp `l mlern elld mixwnd lka mle`e .mitqep miizxag milbrn

.ef jxca mikledd dxezd iweqta zipexwrd dxnegd z`69

dxdha oileg lek`l daegd z` gikedl dqpnd cbid ep`vn `l mlern zi`pzd zextqa

zxiny z`e ,'erbz `l mzlapae' e` 'mz`nhn l`xyi ipa z` mzxfde' oebk miweqt jezn

wlgy in ep`vn `ly myk ,'uzi mixike xepz' e` 'exayz eze`e' jezn milkd ly dxdhd

.daehd dvrd l` e` ycewd l` ,lbxd l` mdinece dl` miweqt ly mherine mnevnv lr70

lr mrt i` ewlg lirl epnpy minvnvnd miyxcnd lk ly mdilray eprny `l ,z`f mr

zipexwre dtiwn zwelgn l"fg zextqa xewn meya oi` ,dyrnl .dxdha oileg lek`l bdepd

.llka oilegd iiga dxdh zxiny lr71dnevnv (`) :dletk dpenz o`k zlawzn ,xg` oeyl

69dxdh ,oel` :e`x .oelite qetqei md oilegd iiga zenieqn zexdhl dxezd on xewnl eprhy micigid

zeevnl minkg zepwz oia dpgadd ixnbl zxcrp mdipy lv` mle`e .172±170 'nr ,(1 dxrd ,lirl)

`xewd ipta miicedid miigd zegxe` lelkn z` ,mkxck ,mirivn mdipy .dxezd on mixeqi`le

jka oi`e ,dyn zxezl ce`n illk ote`a mze` miqgiinedxewn z` mzpad lr wdaena cnll ick

,qxcpq :e`x mitqep mihaidn oelite sqei ly mzecra yeniya zeiziirad lr .dxdha dctwdd ly

:dpexg`l e`x edizzn oa sqei ly dkldd lr .271±264 ,164 ,161 ,157 'nr ,(9 dxrd ,lirl) dkld

ly diteqelitl xehwec x`ezd zlaw myl xeaig ,edizzn oa sqei iazka dkldd ,ongp cec

abx .254±170 'nr ,my :e`x dxdh zeklda qetqei ly ekxc lr .c"qyz ,oli` xa zhiqxaipe`

on `id oileg zxdh m` dl`ya zwelgn c ,`i dxt zpyna `ven ,190 'nr ,(14 dxrd seq ,lirl)

.my epiir ,llk jka zwqer dpi` ef dpyn mle`e .dxezd

70mbceiy itk ,aezkd l` mizrl eknqed `xwna ceqi lk odl oi`y dxdh ipica zeihxt zexneg ,mpn`

l` dxdha dctwdd zknqd ly sqep dxwn .dl`k zekld ly ocegii lr mb my e`xe .`ad sirqa

ite` ze`yep df oiipra zeyxcd mle`e .ixw ilra lr dyecway mixac xeqi` oiipra `ed aezkd

d`neha miwqerd mii`xwnd miwegd lr `le dxez ozn iweqt lr zeknqpe `zknq` ly wdaen

mpn`e .(my oeicde ,152±149 'nr ,[1 dxrd ,lirl] dxdh ,oel` lv` mixkfpd zexewnd e`x) dtebl

ztewzl dlerd zxeqnn e` ,dxezl dxiyi zepyxtn zraepd dxneg epiptl oi` i`ce df dxwna

ly dnlera llk zniiw dpi` zereaw zelitze rny z`ixw ,dxez cenil ly ze`ivn ixdy ,`xwnd

,my e`x) miixqen miwenipae `xfr zpwza ef dkld zilzp zexewnd aexa ,ok enk .azkay dxez

ef dkld ,cere z`f .i`pzd mlera miwleg dilr yi s`e ,dxez xeqi`k zbven dpi`e (153 ,150 'nr

x`ya `le ixw znbec dlw d`neha `weec xaecn ,ziy`x :dxdha zectwdd x`yl qgia dbixg

ze`neh x`y zwif' gikedl oel` ly epeiqip ;154±152 'nr ,my e`x) oday zexeng elit`e ,ze`nehd

dyecway mixac lr `weec d`nehd ixeqi` ly dlgdd mvr ,zipy .(rpkyn eppi` 'dxez ixacl

envr oel` xirdy itk ,oilegd l` d`nehd xeqi` z` aigxdl diihpd z` wdaena zbviin dppi`

mixacl dwif `la ,llka ixw ilra zliaha '`xfr zpwz' z` cinrnd ,oel` ly ezhiyl .(174 'nr)

yecigk oaed oilegl ixw z`neh xeqi` ly zillkd dagxddy `vnp ,(152±149 'nr) dyecway

dlzpy df ecal `ed dxez ixacl dwifa d`neh xeqi` ly bviin izlad hxtd eli`e ,minkg eycigy

.`weec miweqta

71yxetna mdilr xn`py cala minkg ipy lr riavd ,48 dxrd ,191 'nr ,(14 dxrd seq ,lirl) abx

zxecdn ,i ,b dxf dcear ,`ztqez) odkd l`pzp oa oerny ,cg`d lr .oileg zxdha ebdp `ly

xyt` s`e ,da xtky xn`p `l la` ,envra da citwd `ly `l` eprny `l ,(464 'nr ,lcpnxwev

,mipey`x ztqez) onxail le`y rivdy itk ,ycew zxdh `l la` dnexz zxdh ly dbxca citwdy

h"pyz milyexie wxei eip ,a2dctwd zebxc ly agx mexhwtq ly eneiw mvr .(191±190 'nr ,

]19[dxdh zekld ly onegzl aey145

d`nehde dxdhd zxcbd lydxeza;xerxr `la zlaewne zgeex dziid ycewd l`

epiptl .dyrnd iiga ,lreta oilegl dxdhd zagxd ly dnbnd lr xdvena wleg oi` mb (a)

zeyibd oi` mlerl ,efn dxzi .wleg oi`a liawna zeniiwznd dxe`klÎzexzeq zeyib izy

ly znvnvnd zepyxtd oia yxetn zenir xveid xken xewn oi` ± ef mr ef zeznern elld

mnlera 'dklday zenvrzd' dniiwzd mpn` m` .dyrnd iiga dxdhd zagxd oial miweqtd

,oel` zprhk ,ef dl`ya minkg ly72' mpn` m`emixg`ycwnl `l` d`neh oi`y exed

,'miycwe73,'dpeilrd lr dziid minvnvnd zhiy ly dci'e74zexreqd zewelgnd enlrp o`l

zxeqna epl oi`y dnn di`x oi`' ,oel` ly evexiz ?dinvnvnl dxdhd iaigxn oia elld

dkld meya zwelgn meydkldd ici lr egkzype erwzyp zepey`x zekld daxdy ...(!)

'dpexg`d75oilegd iigl dxdhd ly dzagxd ixd .df dxwna xazqn eppi` df uexiz ±

yxetna zgqepn `id miiyrnd diieliba ,jtdl .llk zwzyene diegc dkld dppi` dnvrlyk

`weec oeekn zpeeka dwgnpy gipdl dywe ,mii`pz zexewn x`yae dpyna zeax minrt

zezknq`e migeqip mrt i` dl eid eli` ,miaezkd on dly zezknq`ae miiqenletd digeqipa

.dl`k

cva ef eniiwzd ,iyextd mlera xak d`xpke ,i`pzd mleray `id zrpnp izlad dpwqnd

,mnvr minkg mze` ly mzrceza ,ef76ziawre zipywr zihxe`z dqitz :milcap micax ipy

ipic ly ziyrn dagxd cva ,cala ycewa dxezd it lr d`nehd ly dzelg xaca ixnbl

dkldd inegzn megz lka .xzeia dbixg drtez epiptl .meineid iiga oilegd l` dxdhd

dpyna hytena zexqnp onvr zekld oze` .dletk dxiqna mi`pzd zxez zpiit`zn

z` `evnl miaxn ep` zwelgn ixwna mb .dkldd iyxcna miaezkd on zeyxcpe `ztqezae

zexge`n zepwz elit` .aezkd on miweica zewnepn odyk od onvrlyk od ,miwlegd zerc

yi cvik .`zknq` ly jxca aezkd l` ,zexewnd zvwna ,llk jxca zexywp wdaena

zerpnid jez ,ecal hytend caexa zniiwznd dkld ly driztnd ze`ivnd z` `et` yxtl

miweqt ly lecb xtqn rivn envr aezkd xy`k `weece ,azkay dxez mr rbn lkn zipctw

lilk znlrznd ziznbn zi`xwn zepyxt oaez ji`e ?mheyt itl ynn ef dkld mirinynd

zedf xicbne zeizxag zeklyd oerh ,geex izkld bdepn mb `l` ze`xwnd hytn wx `l

jk) cpd oa xfril` ,xg`d mkgd .my onxail ixac e`x ,yecig meyn ea oi` minkgd oia dxdha

,(192 'nr ,[20 dxrd ,lirl] bxaphqxet lv` gqepd itelig e`x ;epewiz mxh ontiew i"k it lr

miicil dxdh zaeg ly ihxtd oicd lr wlgy xyt` .(e ,d zeiecr ,dpyn) 'miici zxdha wtwit'

r wlgy okzii mb la` ,(164 'nr ,my ,bxaphqxet :e`x)daiigy dqitz jezn ,`weec dxnegl eil

ly zipexwr diigc ,mewn lkn .(211 dxrd ,66 'nr ,[13 dxrd ,lirl] onqef :e`x) elek sebd zliah

.elld mixwnd ipya epiptl oi` i`ceea oileg zxdh

72.cere ,176 'nr ,(1 dxrd ,lirl) dxdh ,oel`

73.169 'nr ,my

74.176 'nr ,my

75.ily dybcd ;175 'nr ,my

76.oel` ixacn hehivd e`x ,'mixg`' `le

146mrp cxe]20[

zizkldd zxeqnd m` ,'yexc`y cr wezy' aezkl mixne`d ,mipyxcd ly ripnd edn ?zizc

jenqln dn meyn mi`pzd erpnp m`e ?miax mixwna aezkd hyt z` zn`ez mcia dhewpd

recn ,jetd oeeika dl` miweqt yexcl exkiae ,miywaznd miweqtd l` `weec mzkld z`

caexa zeniiwznd zewelgd zeipexwrd zetwydd oia ± dielb zwelgnk z`f egqip `l

?dfn zi`xwnd zepyxtd caexl dfn zhytend dkldd

znvnvnd zi`xwnd zepyxtd ± dipt ipya .dly zeilhehd cvn mb dbixg ef dletk dyib

drxkda xaecny `et` xazqn .cg` wleg s` dilr ep`vn `l ± aigxnd iyrnd bdepde

.dxnzyp dkezay mi`pzd zextql dncwy drxkd ,dneiqw`k dlawzpy zipencw zipexwr77

77,lirl) qpiice lbpd ;(13 dxrd ,lirl) onqef :lynl e`x onvrlyk dxdh zekld ly ozencw lr

,df xn`na zraend dprhd mle`e .(14 dxrd seq ,lirl) abx ;51±47 'nr ,(14 dxrdzerpniddy

ef dprh .xzei iceqi xexia zyxec ,dnecw drxkd `id s` dxezd iweqt l` dl` zekld jenqln

'dnecwd dtewz'a mixg` dkld inegza bdpe xked envrlyk dkldd yxcny dtwydd lr zqqean

zel`yl mi`a ep` o`k .yexcln ribtna mipyxcd mnvr erpn oileg zxdh oiipra wxe ,dpecpd

zxeqn oia qgide dnecwd dkldd ly dxiqnd ikxc ,dkldd yxcn ly epnfe exewn xaca zecakp

sl`k df ,xwgn ilrae dxez iytez ,mipexg`e mipey`x ita zepecpe zeay dl` zel`y .yxcnl

e`x) dixg`nl dyxcd inicwn oia ixwgnd wa`na oiipr zeax zeiptz elg dpexg`d d`na .mipy

lv` xwgnd zexiwqe miazekd zetwyd lynlmilyexi ,mi`pzd zextql ze`ean ,oiihyt` megp awri

;62±40 'nr ,h"iyz aia` lz±milyexi ,dpynl `ean ,wal` jepg ;515±501 'nr ,f"iyzDavidWeiss Halivni, Midrash, Mishnah, and Gemara, Cambridge, Mass.–London 1986, pp.

18–37mixt` :e`x) 'dpyn'd jxcl yxcnd jxc z` mixg`nd ly mpeeikl zrk dhep skdy dncpe ,(

,l"pd =] 182±166 'nr ,[g"iyz] fk ,uiaxz ,'mixteqd zirae dkldd ceqik dyxcd' ,jaxe` jlnil`

ly dzxiqn zlylyay svxd' ,xd cec dyn ;[66±50 'nr ,a"qyz milyexi ,minkg ly mnlern

;54±53 'nr xwirae ,56±43 'nr ,[h"lyz] cn ,oeiv ,'dxezdAdiel Schremer, ‘“[T]he[y] DidNot Read in the Sealed Book”: Qumran Halakhic Revolution and the Emergence ofTorah Study in Second Temple Judaism’, Historical Perspectives: From the Hasmoneansto Bar Kokhba in Light of the Dead Sea Scrolls [STDJ, 37], eds. D. Goodblatt et al.,

Leiden 2001, pp. 105–126;dkldd iyxcna mi`exd ,(ef dhiy lr ,my ,ipald ly ezxewia e`xe

iyxcn z` mixg`nd aex ly mzhiyl mb ,df mr .ipyd ziad ini seqa myxeyy dktdne yecig

dirny ly mxeca ,okl mcew s` ile`e ,lld inia lgd minkgd ibega heapl ef dxivi dlgd ,dkldd

dtewz .(63 dxrde 126 'nr ,my ,xnxy) oeilha`exzeia mcwend hlead i`pzd caexd z` ztteg ef

± dzkixrl i`ceeae ± dpiipae dpiipn aexl mcwy caex ,i`ny ziae lld zia ly mpnf ± epciay

ly dneiw zcaer lr miwleg mpi` dkldd yxcn ly eixg`n mb ,cere z`f .zi`pzd zextqd ly

zextq ly dihiy oian zcdcdnd ,diite`a ce`n dheyte zipey`x ,xzei cer dnecw yxcn zaky

dlwyna hirndl mihep mdy `l`) l"fg zextqa my xirf my xirf exnzyp dicixyy ,o`xnew

mixkfpd mdixwgna lynl e`x l"fg lv` df beqn minecw miyxcnl .('yxcn' x`ezl dzekfa mixteke

oiihypxa dyn ,xhqiw mgpn ly mdixwgn e`x miip`xnewd miyxcnd lr .ipalde wal` ,oiihyt` ly

,yny oxd` ly aeygd exn`n dpexg`le ;44±41 zexrd ,118 'nr ,my ,xnxy lv` mipnpd mixg`e

dlibn'4Q251"mihtyn yxcn" ±mixwgnde zexewnd mb e`x .49±25 'nr ,(c"qyz) br ,uiaxz ,'

dyn zkixra ,a ,cenlz ixwgn ,'dyrne dkld :ipiqn dxeze dt lry dxez' ,lhpfex mdxa` sq`y

mpnf `di .13 dxrd ,452±451 'nr hxtae ,489±448 'nr ,b"pyz milyexi ,lhpfex cece xy`Îxa

zxreynd mziy`xy ,miwizr dkld iteb mby icdq op` ,`di xy` mipey`xd dkldd iyxcn ly

]21[dxdh zekld ly onegzl aey147

iteb dnka drahy mzegd z` xewqp ,drtezd ly dnrhe dyxey z` ygpl dqppy mcew

.dkld

miwyn z`nehae mizn zxeawa 'dletkd dibhxhq`d' .d

micnlnd `xwnd iweqt l` dzellka oilegd zxdh z` jenqln erpnp l"fg ik lirl epi`x

zexdh ipiipra dkld ihxtl rbepd lka zvwna dpey dpenzd .mheyt itl yxetna dze`

.llk azkay dxeza ceqi mdl oi`y

zecgiizn elld zeyxcd mle`e .aezkd ly zvle`n dyxca minrtl zelzp dl` zexneg

milkl dxdhd ly zipexwrd dagxda `le miccea dkld ihxta xaecn (`) :mihaid dyelya

miwega yeniy zeyer opi` mlerl elld zeyxcd (a) ;llka meinei iigle oileg ly milke`le

on zeax (b) ;mixg` miweqta `weec m` ik ,mheyt itl d`nehd z` miaigxnd mii`xwnd

,gayl e` i`pbl dtixg daebz zexxernd 'zeperh' zeyxc od elld zeyxcd78ody e`

hala zekexkznvnvnd zipiipz dnbn zipey`xd dyxcd lr dakxed mizrl .zwelgnae mi

.miwyn z`nehe miigd ayenn dxeawd zwgxd ± ze`nbec izy o`k bivp .dzelg z`

dxeawd zwgxd .1

cg` dxeaw mewn cgiil zraeze ,mixrd inegzae mizaa dxeaw lr zxqe` ycwnd zlibn

dnkvx` z` e`nhz `ele' :mixr rax` lk oialeka miyer miiebd xy`k eyrz `ele

jeza elicaz zenewn m` ik mixaew dnd dndiza jeza mbe dndizn z` mixaew dnd mewn

.'dnda xeawl mewn epzz mixr rax` oia dnda dnkizn z` mixaew eidz xy` dnkvx`79

jkitle ,aeyii zenewna dxeaw lr xeqi` oi` zi`pzdÎziyextd dkldd itly orh oici

xeawl ebdp zeixad ik ,xexiaa dler' ,ezhiyl .'xexa iqenlet ite` odl yi' dlibnd zekld

miknzp mdyk ,dkexrd mi`pzd zextqa ,xac ly eteqa epil` eribd ,zwnepn izla 'zea` zxeqn'a

,dkldd iyxcn ly x`etnd iqcpdd lrtnd ik `id izprh .aezka miverpe mifeg`e dkld iyxcna

zpeekn dgiqty il d`xp .oilegd zxdh lr oeekna gqt ,zxeqnl `xwnd oiay xrtd lr xyib xy`

oaxegd iptl dpy d`nk xnelk ,gzetndÎdklddÎyxcn zbeq ly dzxivi ziy`xa xak dclep ef

ipvip ly mpnf ,xzei minecw mipnfl dxen`d drxkdd z` micwdl yiy okzii s` .xge`nd lkl

.xn`nd seqa cer e`xe .p"dq iptl 'ad d`na my i` ,miipey`xd dyxcd

78epnf ipa ipira zqtzpd ,a ,d dheq ,dpyna ,iyily xkk oiipra `aiwr 'x zyxc z` lynl e`x

' ,iavÎofex iyi dagxda ef dpyna oc dpexg`l .zelrtzd xxerne ipktdn yecigkxtr dlbi in"

`ed my .100±99 'nr ,(e"qyz) dr ,uiaxz ,'daiwr 'x ly eyxcne d wxt dheq zpyn :"jipirn

d`neh zxard ly zei`xwn `ld zekldl dinipehn oirn o`k ynyn iyily xkik ik ...d`xp' :wiqn

oial ef zi`xwnÎueg j` dnecw zxeqn oia ...xytnd oey`xd mkgk o`k riten daiwr 'x .llka

,ef dkldl zknez dyxc ytgl llk ayg `l i`kf oa opgei 'x ik ,my ,ezgpd mb e`x .'...miaezkd

.dneiwl dxezd on xewn xcrid lr xird wx `l`

79.70 'nr ,(10 dxrd ,lirl) oexniw :e`x ;14±10 :gn ,ycwnd zlibn

148mrp cxe]22[

dxeawd lr dlibnd lra ly etvw `vei cgeina .aeyiid iza jeza elit`e ,mewn lka

.'mizaa80mixra dxeaw zxqe` zi`pzd dklddy dcaerd on df xzidl di`x `ian oici

wx dxeq` dxeawd ,dpynd it lr .mixrd x`ya `le ,`weec miield ixrae dneg zetwen

:milk zpyn ixack ,'(llka l`xyi ux`n=) dpnn zeycewn' ody dneg zetwen mixra

zn okezl oiaaqne mirxevnd z` okezn miglyny dpnn zeycewn dneg zetwend zexiir'

.evxiy cr81.'eze` oixifgn oi` ,`vi82oi`e znd z` da oipilen oi`' :epipy milyexi lr

dcleg xawe cec zia ixawn ueg zexaw da oiniwn oi`e ...mc` zenvr dkeza oicinrn

.'mipey`xd mi`iapd zenin my eidy d`iapd83

80dxaga mizad jeza dxeaw ly lreta dneiwl `zknq` oink .250 'nr ,` ,(14 dxrd ,lirl) oici

zrc z` laiw ontiy mb .oldl e`x ,(!) `"nxd ly ezwiqt z` sxvn `ed ziad ini ly zicedid

:e`x .zi`pzd dkldl xy`a oiciLawrence H. Schiffman, ‘The Impurity of the Dead in theTemple Scroll’, Archeology and History in the Dead Sea Scrolls (JSPS, 8), ed. Lawrence

H. Schiffman, Sheffield 1990, pp. 135–156, esp. pp. 137–13881iyp` ly mpevxa dpzend) dxeaw xzidk m"anxd yxit 'evxiy cr zn okezl oiaaqn' htynd z`

dxigad zia zeklda mb e`xe ;xz` lr dpynl m"anxd yexit e`x .ctqde dieel xzidk `le (xird

,oel` edilcb :dpyna m"anxd zqxbl qgia oel` ly ezrvd mb e`xe .my dpyn sqke c"a`xde ,bi ,f

'nr ,g"iyz aia` lz ,a ,cenlzde dpynd ztewzae ipy zia inia l`xyi zecleza mixwgn ,'dakyd'

,zexdh xcq ,dpyn ixcq dyy ,wal` jepg :e`x dpyna ef dwqta xg` yexitl .109±108lz±milyexi

.(190 'nr ,b ,[71 dxrd ,lirl] onxail :mb e`x) dpynd hytk d`xp epi`e ,508 'nr ,h"iyz aia`

82,(34 dxrd ,lirl) `hef ixtq :eeyde ;ci ,` `nw `aa milk ,`ztqez :mb e`x .f ,` milk ,dpyn

ezpeek oi`y i`kx` gpen `ed l"fg ita 'dneg zetwend zexiir'y mixeaqd yi .228 'nr ,a ,d `yp

.oldl e`xe ,93 'nr ,c"txz dpie±oilxa ,` ,` ,cenlzd zeipencw ,qiexw l`eny :e`x .milyexil `l`

83lre milyexia znd zpld xeqi`a dctwdd lr .625 'nr ,lcpnxwev zxecdn ,a ,e mirbp ,`ztqez

d`nd ziy`xa .191±190 'nr ,b ,(71 dxrd ,lirl) onxail :e`x zenvr zcnrd lr xeqi`d xyt

mirbp ,`ztqez :e`x) milyexi ly zecgeind dizelrn zniyxl qgia xlkiae qiexw ewlgp mixyrd

dpie ,xhky 'f xe`ipy zxecdn ,dl ,` gqep ,ozp iaxc zea` ;a"r at `nw `aa ,ilaa ;my ,a±` ,e

ewlgp md .ezxeawe znd zpld xeqi` mb da xkfpy ,(107 'nr ,hl ,a gqep ,my ;104 'nr ,f"nxz

dxdhe d`neh zeklda eceqi m`e ,(xlkia) lreta bdp e` (qiexw) cala dkldl xn`p xeqi`d m`

,lirl) qiexw :e`x .(qiexw) 'eaeyiie mlerd zpwz'ae dpiibida opiipry zeipexir zepwza e` (xlkia)

;113±92 'nr ,(82 dxrdAdolf Büchler, ‘La pureté lévitique de Jerusalem et les tombeauxdes prophètes’, Revue des études juives, LXII (1911), pp. 201–215; ibid., LXIII (1912),

pp. 30–50axd xeaivd zpwzl ,lecbd cxnd inia eycgzp `ziixaa zeklddy xriy oihylwpit .

ghya jxeve d`neh yyg lya ,cxnd onfa lreta ygxzd mixawd iepit ,ezhiyl .xira sq`zdy

xcpqkl` ceakl laeid xtq ,'milyexia exn`py zekldd' ,oihylwpit '` xfril` :e`x .cgi mb iept

miyiyd zepya df `yepa oc onheb xcpqkl` .hqy±`py 'nr ,i"yz wxei eip ,ixar wlg ,qkx`n

zeiaihwit ozvwy zepwz ly dniyxa xaecny gipd `ed s` .(el dncwy zextqd z` xikdy `la)

zxeaw lr mixeqi`d mb ik xriy df llka .mlern eniiwzp `l oaex ike ,ziad inil zexge`n ozvwe

:e`x .ziad ini ly milyexia lreta ebdp `l mixaw iepite zndAlexander Guttmann, ‘Jerusalemin Tannaitic Law’, HUCA, XL–XLI (1969–1970), pp. 251–275`ziixad zpadl' ,`pdk diaeh .

gipde dl` zekld ly ozencwl orh ,192±182 'nr ,(f"lyz) `k ,`xwn zia ,'mlyexi zekld ly

.dyrnl ebdpy

]23[dxdh zekld ly onegzl aey149

xacnaa miield ixr iweqtn cneld ,eda` 'x zyxc d`aed micenlzd ipya ,cere z`f

'x ,mield ixr megza oixaew eid `ly oiipne' :'miield ixr megza oixaew eid `l'y d"l

,epzip miigl ± "mziig lkle << >> mzndal eidi mdiyxbne" dpipg oa dqei 'x mya eda`

.'zexawl epzip `l84zetwen mixra wx dxeawd dxq`p l"fg zhiyl ik oici wiqd o`kn

mixrd x`ya ik ezprhl zcnlnd ,`ztqezd z` hhvne siqen `ed .miield ixrae dneg

:'cala mihren mibiiq jez xird inegza mixaw meiw ,dyrnl ,dkldd dxizd'85

xawxzi ef cbpk ef zegex izyn oia zegex ylyn oia zegex rax`n oia xird eztiwdy

zexawd lk .eze` oiptn okin zegt ,eze` oiptn oi` o`kl dn` miyngne okl dn` miyngn

.oiptzn `iapd xawe jlnd xaw s` 'ne` `aiwr 'x `iapd xawne jlnd xawn ueg oiptzn

?mlern mc` oda rbp `le mlyexia eid d`iapd dcleg xawe cec zia ixaw `lde ,el exn`

.oexcw lgpl d`neh d`iven dziide my dziid dlign ,di`x myn ,odl 'n`86

dnecz` o`k dzrhd oilegd iign d`nehd zwgxda l"fg ebdpy zpeeknd zeihpleeian`dy

ok` ,aezkd on micnlpd dl`a xwirae ,miyxetn mixeqi`a mixen` mixacdy lkk .oici

zgeexd dkldd mle`e .oilegd agxna znd z`neh z` miiwl agxp xzid ly myexd lawzn

oici `iady `ztqezd zklda oeir .aeyiid on miznd zwgxda dxzi dxneg dbdp dyrnl

.ezpwqna jenzln dwegx `idy cnln di`xl87,jtdd dpnn dlerdligzkl exaw `ly

xird jezaxird on iwqxead z`e zexawd z`e zelapd z` miwigxn' :dpynd oick ,

,'dn` miyng88.zexawd on dligzkl ewigxd zipapd xird z` s`e89dziid xird ,z`f mr

84oici ;`"r ai zekn ,ilaa :e`xe ;(`"r al ,e a zekn ,inlyexi=) c"r ak ,a d oiaexir ,inlyexi

.250 'nr ,` ,(14 dxrd ,lirl)

85.my ,oici

86'x zhiya odn ,zeiwlge ze`ln zeliawnl .131 'nr ,onxail zxecdn ,`i ,` `xza `aa ,`ztqez

,i ;g"nyz±e"hyz wx`iep ,i±` ,dheytk `ztqez ,onxail le`y :e`x ,minkg zrck odn `aiwr

"difer oeiv" ly epnf' ,`ixel oeiv oa ;339±338 'nr,iyexa obn ;5±4 'nr ,(g"kyz) bi ,`xwn zia ,'

' ,oeqaib oernye i`wxa l`ixabcil oey`xÎzia inin dxeawÎzexrn izy ± "oiptzn zexawd lk"

.27 dxrd ,31 'nr ,(b"nyz) fk ,dxczw ,'ipyÎzia inia oxedihe milyexi ly ziaxrnd dnegd

biqz `l' xeqi`d z` zyxtn ef dyxc .mixac `zlikna dxewny daeyg dkld mzniyxa dxqg

minkg zhiyk ,`iape jln ly mxaw mewn dpyna (ci ,hi mixac) '...mipy`x elab xy` jrx leab©¤

,uiaxz ,'edifer oeivl' ,oiihyt` megp awri ;'mi`pz yxcnae' d"c ,339 'nr ,my ,onxail :e`x .o`k

.9 'nr ,my ,`ixel ;294±293 'nr ,(`"vxz) a

87zeixad ik' mipt meya zcnln dpi` '...zia dpae dkeza xaw ca`y dcy' xaca dkldl eziiptd

.'mewn lka xeawl ebdp

88epeic e`x ,il`ehix `le ipiibid `ed ef dpyna xeqi`d ly exywd ,ok` .h ,a `xza `aa ,dpyn

oia lcadd z` xiaqdl ick ef dcaera fg`p oel` dilcb .95±94 'nr ,(82 dxrd ,lirl) qiexw ly

dxeawe mixaw ,xpelw qenr :e`xe .oldl e`x ,mixr mzqa xeqi`l dneg ztwen xira dxeaw xeqi`

zixard dhiqxaipe`d ly diteqelitl xehwec x`ezd zlaw myl xeaig ,ipy zia inia milyexia

milyexi ly mixawd xir ,eqif freae xpelw qenr :mb e`xe .112 dxrd ,284 'nr ,m"yz ,milyexia

.5±4 'nr ,b"qyz milyexi ,ipyd ziad inia

150mrp cxe]24[

xirl jenq xawd `vnpyk ,dfk dxwna elit`e .xawd z` seqal 'dtiwn'e zhytzne dlcb

.icn daxwzd xirdyk ezeptl exizde znd ceak lr eqg `l ,dligzkl `le caric90lka

lk' :lekd lr lg df oic ,cere .dneg ixra `weec e`le ,mzq mixra xaecn dl`d zexewnd

xzed xird jeza xaw ly eneiw .cec zia ixaw elit` `aiwr 'x zhiyle ,'miptzn mixawd

dn` miyngn xzei wegx') xird iza oiae epia wgxn xnypyk wx ± f` mbe ,caric wx

uegn mexawy ,miltpa elit` `l` ,exdfp cala mizna `le .('o`kl dn` miyngne o`kl

,jxcd cvae xirl91mixaew elldy yygn mizek ly ze`vgxne miieb ixebn lr d`neh exfbe

.mze` mikilyn e` mizaa mdiltp z`92

micedidy cirn edizzn oa sqei .ipyd ziad inia mb zcrezn mixawd on zewgxzdd

zea`d bdpnk `lye wegk `ly `ed aeyiid...' ixdy ,dznwd mr dixaha ayiizdln erzxp

.'mixaw iab lr dzyrp dixah ly dziipay iptn ,micedid ly93z`aen ef drtez ,ok`e

.dxdh zekld ly onegz zagxdl zei`xd zg`k oel` lv`94s` cnln ibele`kx`d `vnnd

`edzk ly diegc dkld ef dziid `l ike ,mixaw iepita lreta ebdp ipyd ziad iniay

wegx ,'aeyiid iza jeza elit`e ,mewn lka xeawl ebdp zeixad'y ,oici ly exe`iz .zyxet

inia milyexia dxeawd zxiwqn xpelw qenr wiqdy itk ,zixehqidd ze`ivnd on i`ceea

xeawl exizdy dgpdd z` irnynÎcg gxe`a jixtn' ,xpelw ixacl ,`vnnd .ipyd ziad

mda ,ipy zia inin mbe oey`x zia inin mb ,mixaw epet ik d`xp ok lr xzi .xird ghya

.'xird zeagxzd jldna elwzp95izy ex`iz oeqaib oernye i`wxa l`ixab ,iyexa obn

zxbqna mi`penygd inia ozlekzn oeekna epety milyexia oey`xd ziad inin dxeaw zexrn

.'mixawn xird xedih ± miizc eiripny dyrn'96,mixaw iepit lr drici epciay xyt`

89,my ,(86 dxrd ,lirl) dheytk `ztqeze ;131 'nr ,onxail zxecdn ,i ,` `xza `aa ,`ztqez :e`x

.37 dxey

90gqepdy `l` ,176 'nr ,gtw ,(68 dxrd ,lirl) mixac ixtq :e`x xaw zxiwra xeqi`d mvr lr

.1338±1337 'nr ,d ,my ,dheytk `ztqez :e`x .miyw yexitde

91.613 'nr ,lcpnxwev zxecdn ,` ,fh zeld` ,`ztqez

92eyrz `ele' :ycwnd zlibn ly dny`dl eeyd .eh ,e dcip ,`ztqez ;c ,f dcip ;f ,gi zeld` ,dpyn

e`x) 'mixaew dnd dndiza jeza mbe ,dndizn z` mixaew dnd mewn leka :miyer miiebd xy`k

.(79 dxrd ,lirl

93.284 'nr ,b ,b"kyz aia` lze milyexi ,hily mdxa` zxecdn ,38 ,gi zeipencw

94bvn' z` xikfd `l oel` mle`e .173±172 'nr ,(1 dxrd ,lirl) dxdh ,oel`zexewnd mihwepy 'mevnvd

.mixg`d

95dxeaw zekxrn lr mb eriavd xpelwe eqif .284 'nr mb e`xe ,150 'nr ,(88 dxrd ,lirl) xpelw

,xpelw qenre eqif frea :e`x .milyexi zagxd mr epety mixaw ly mzlekz oeqg`l d`xpk eyniyy

zepky dxeaw zekxrn izy ly odizexewl ± "dphwd oixcdpqd" zxrne "wicvd oerny" zxrn'

mb jixtn df `vnn .111±95 'nr ,(q"yz) h ,oexneye dcedi ixwgn ,'milyexia ipyd ziad inin

z` s`e ;2 dxrd ,113 'nr xwirae ,113±107 'nr ,(82 dxrd ,lirl) qiexw ly zepyid eizegpd z`

.milyexin mixaw ly ipend iepit did `l mlern ik ,260 'nr ,(83 dxrd ,lirl) onheb ly ezxryd

96ziyilyd j` ,zexrn yely my elbzp ,dyrnl .29 'nr ,(86 dxrd ,lirl) oeqaibe i`wxa ,iyexa

.dxitgl dpzip `le dnezq d`vnp

]25[dxdh zekld ly onegzl aey151

dcedi jln difer zaezk .mi`pzd inia ile` ,xzei zxge`n dtewza mb ,'jlnd xaw' `weece

mrhd on rap df iepit s`y okzii .xg` mewnl ixewnd onewnn eizenvr zxard lr zcnln

`iapd xawe jlnd xaw s`' :`aiwr 'x minil gqipy dhiyk ,xird on d`nehd zwgxd ly

difer ixd ,'mlern mc` oda rbp `l' cec zia ixaway dced `aiwr 'x mby s` .'oiptzn

.cec zia ixawa xawp `l97

mizn z`nehn xedih zlert lr zxtqn zepey ze`qxba l"fg zextqa dcxyy zxeqn

xetiq it lr zegtl .igei xa oerny 'x icia mi`pzd ztewz ly d`iya dixaha dzyrpy

ztewz ly dteql jenq ,`aiwr 'x icinlz ly mxec cr miznd zwgxda dctwdd dgeex ,df

.dpynd98

inlyexid ziibeqa dhhev ,lirl dpecpy ,(`i ,` `xza `aa) `ztqezay efl dnec dkld

mi`xen`d mby dler ef dibeqne ,miigd ikxev oial mizn ixaw oia zeieybpzda zwqerd

swen xawdyk ik dibeqd zcnln cer .caric dzeptl ebdp s`e ,xird jeza dxeaw exq`

dieyr xirdyke ,ezeptl ick miixiye dn` miray ly lecbd wgxna ic ,zegex ipyn xira

.xawd z` miptn dfn lecb wgxna elit` ,`nb zipeeid ze`d zxevk99

bdepd oial dneg zetwen mixra `weec mixaew oi`y driawd oia xrtd z` yxtp cvik

wiqd oel` dilcb mb ?caric mzeptl elit`e ,xire xir lkn mixawd z` wigxdl geexd

.dneg zetwend dl`a wx `le ,mixrd lka mizn xeawln erpnpy 'mi`pz ly zexewn dnk'n

97xfril` ;570 'nr ,lcpnxwev zxecdn ,ci ,` `nw `aa milk ,`ztqez ;bk ,ek 'a minid ixac :e`x

oiihyt` .291 'nr xwirae ,292±288 'nr ,(`"vxz) a ,uiaxz ,'dcedi jln edifer oeiv' ,wipweq 'l

,minkge `aiwr 'x zwelgn z` ciledy `ed lreta edifer zenvr iepity rivd (86 dxrd ,lirl)

daebza d`a `id s` `iape jln ly mxaw mewn iepiy lr (my e`x) mixacl `zliknay dxdf`de

onfd ,xared eil`y mewnd ,xawd ly ixewnd enewn oky ,zrxkn zegt ef zecr mle`e .df dyrnl

;(86 dxrd ,lirl) `ixel ;my ,oiihyt` ;my ,wipweq :e`x .minelr dl` lk ± dxardd zeaiqpe

xrd ,lirl) onheb'nr ,i ,(86 dxrd ,lirl) dheytk `ztqez ,onxail ;15 dxrde 260 'nr ,(83 d

jx`z wipweq .d`neh inrhn mixaw iepit oiiprl ef zaezkn di`x yi ik exaqy ,52 dxrd ,339

.qepwxed opgei ly epnfl zenvrd zxard z` qgii `ixele mi`penygd ztewz seql zaezkd z`

xge`nd itxbe`iltd jex`zd z` elaiw (32 'nr ,86 dxrd ,lirl) oeqaibe i`wxa ,iyexa mznerl¦

ly miepit onfl xge`n difer xaw ly ezxard onfy egipde (35 dxrd ,my e`x) cbia` ly xzei¨

:mb e`x .mipey eiripn s` ok lre ,mixg`d mixawdGabriel Barkay & Amos Kloner, ‘JerusalemTombs from the Days of the First Temple’, Biblical Archaeology Review, XII, 2 (1986),

pp. 22–39'`d d`nd `ed zaezkd ly dpnf mpn` m` mb .ef dpexg` dpwqna gxkd oi` ,inrhl .

iepitl `weec zecr epiptly xazqn ,oeqaibe i`wxa ,iyexa eizeawrae cbia` rivdy itk ,p"dql

mii`pzd zexewnd mr cg` dpwa dler ef zexyt` .mi`pzd ztewza cere ,d`nehd zngn mixaw

cre mi`penygd ini onl xkedy ,wizre geex bdep `ed mixrd on mixawd iepity o`kn .epxwqy

epi`xy itk ,l`xyi ux` i`xen` ly mdinia miiwzp oiicr d`xpke ,eixage `aiwr 'x ly mdinil

.lirl

98xa oerny 'x' ,oiel 'l l`xyi :e`x ixehqidd dpirxbe dpnf xaca dxrydle ef zxeqn ly digqepl

.42±9 'nr ,(a"nyz) 22 ,dxczw ,'zxeqne dixehqid ± dixah ly dxedihe mizn zenvr ,i`gei

99.c"r fp ,b h xifp ,inlyexi

152mrp cxe]26[

,dwihzq`e d`exaz ly minrhn xnelk ,'aeyiid iptn' mixrd lka dxeawd dxq`p ,ezhiyl

.d`nehd iptn dxq`p zetwend mixra eli`e100

inegzl qgia minkg ly mnlera dbdpy zeipyl ztqep dnbec epiptly xzei d`xp mle`e

l"fgy ,geexd bdpnd la` ,dxdh zekld ly ozelg z` dnvnv 'zinyxd dkldd' .dxdhd

zpyn .oze` aigxde oda xingd ,`xwnd l` ekneql `lye dkld xwirk ebivdl `ly ecitwd

minegzne dneg ixrn `l` znd z` dwigxn dpi` ,dxdhd mleq zeceqi z` dpend ,milk

lreta mle`e .cala miiel ixrl zenvnhvn df oiipra dkldd zeyxc mb .odn miycewn

.miaeyiid lkn dxeawd zwgxd lr dxzi dctwd xeaivd citwd

dnecwd daegd on zilnxetd dkldd z` mvnvy jildzd z` xfgyl epicia yiy okzii

'miiel ixr'n mwigxdl (!zihxe`z) labend ieeivd l` aeyiid zenewn lkn mizn wigxdl

`le' :weqtd on zraep 'dnkvx` z` e`nhz `ele' :ycwnd zlibn oeyly oiiv oici .cala§Ÿ

okW 'd ip` iM DkFzA okW ip` xW` DA miaWi mY` xW` ux`d z` `OhzipA KFzA §©¥¤¨¨¤£¤©¤Ÿ§¦¨£¤£¦Ÿ¥§¨¦£¦Ÿ¥§§¥

,cifna gvex ly ezyipr zaeg `ed df weqt ly ixewnd exywd .(cl ,dl xacna) 'l`xUi¦§¨¥

DA mY` xW` ux`d z` Etipgz `le' :dbbya gvexd ly hlwn ixr zyxt meiqa zxkfpd§Ÿ©£¦¤¨¨¤£¤©¤¨

`le .FktW mcA m` iM DA KRW xW` mCl xRki `l ux`le ux`d z` sipgi `Ed mCd iM¦©¨©£¦¤¨¨¤§¨¨¤Ÿ§ª©©¨£¤ª©¨¦¦§©Ÿ§§Ÿ

ynyn d"l xacnaa oecpd hlwn ixr oiipr ik xriy oici .(cl±bl my) '...ux`d z` `Ohz§©¥¤¨¨¤

:oeyla zgqepn dxeaw zenewn ly d`vwdd zaeg oky ,jynda mb dlibnd lral d`xyd

xird oici .'jl licaz mixr yely' :a ,hi mixac zeawra ,'dnkvx` jeza elicaz zenewn'

micdcdn xen`ky ,ycwnd zlibna od miield ixr zyxtl xywp mixra dxeawd xeqi` ik

megza oixaew eid `ly oiipne' :lirl zhhevnd eda` 'x zyxca od ,ef dyxt ly diweqt da

miigl ± "mziig lkle mzndal eidi mdiyxbne" dpipg oa dqei 'x mya eda` 'x ,mield ixr

.'zexawl epzip `l ,epzip101

dyxcdy cnln `ed ,ziy`x .dkldd ly dileblb xefgya epriiql ick ea yi df oeinc

zlibna ,zipy .oaxegl mcew mipy ze`n diyxeye daxda el dncw eda` 'x ita zxqnpd

ly erwxa hlwnd ixr e` miield ixr zyxt zcner ycwndllek xeqi`dxeaw lr

ly ezyxc qiqaa xfgyl yiy d`xp ,jkitl .miield ixr megza wx `le ,aeyii zenewna

lk ly dnegza dxeaw lr illk xeqi` miield ixrn dcnly ,xzei dnecw dyxc eda` 'x

icia dnvnev ef dyxc .ycwnd zlibna geqipd rwxa zcner ef dnecw dyxc .xire xir

dziid `l mdinia oky ,dpkezn dyrnl dpwexzp jka .cala 'miield ixr' lr daqede l"fg

mixrd lka ,zilnxet ,dxeawd dxzed jka .ziyrn zernyn dfd i`xwnd mi`txd gpenl

100dkldd on mb dler xire xir lka dxeaw xeqi` mle`e .20 dxrd ,109 'nr ,(81 dxrd ,lirl) oel`

d`iven dzide my dzid dlign') `tiqd it lr ,dpiipry ,(`i ,` `xza `aa) lirl dpecpy `ztqeza

zwgxda xeywd yxyene wizr bdepa xaecnyk ,cere .`weec dxdhae d`neha ,('oexcw lgpl d`neh

e` miihqin ,miipiibid minrh oia oigadle ,ltxra dheld ,eziy`x z` wnpl ce`n dyw ,miznd

oinegz yehyh lr .173 'nr ,(1 dxrd ,lirl) dxdh ,oel` ixac mb e`x .jk lr eritydy miizkld

.79±56 'nr ,(20 dxrd ,lirl) bxaphqxet :e`x miici z`nehl xywa izkldde iqwhd ,ipiibidd oia

101.250±249 'nr ,` ,(14 dxrd ,lirl) oici

]27[dxdh zekld ly onegzl aey153

dklda eyniy miield ixry dcaerd on epzxrydl di`x .milyexi ile` hrnl ,miaeyiide

zay megz odn cnlp ,lyn jxc ,jk .mitqep miizkld minegza a` oiipa dwizrdlka

l`xyi ixrdf oic eliabiy ep`vn `l mlerne ,l"fg ly mnlera od zizzkd dklda od ,

.cala 'miiel ixr'l102l`xyi ixr llkn dnecw dyxc ly mevnv o`k miiwzd mpn` m`

lk z` mvnvl zillkd dnbnd ly sqep iehia ea ze`xl yi f` ik ,cala miiel ixr l`

,lretay s` ,ihxe`zd xeyina cala dpedkde ycwnd l` dxezay d`nehd zwgxd iieeiv

.dnecwd dxnega wifgdl etiqed ,iyrnd xeyina

miwyn z`neh .2

dbiltn dagxd oial miaezkd zepyxta znvnvnd dnbn oia hlead cebipl ztqep dnbec

zxken lfep ly d`nehd znvr .miwyn z`neh ly dkeaqd dyxtd `id ,izkldd qiqwxta

.cg`k zi`pzde zizzikd dkldd on103rbna xeq` cgid zk l` sxhvnd ,cgid jxq it lr

zipy dpy el z`len cr miaxd dwyna' zrbl eilr xq`pe ,dpy jyna 'miaxd zxdha'

.'cgid iyp` jeza104'zle`bz' ly diewip lr deevn ycwnd zlibnoii ,ony ± milfep

.znd zian ± mine105.wync zixa ly rhwa mb ievn ,dnec gepina ,ddf oic106rhwe

milind cva l"`b yxeyd z`e ony ly ezxkfd z` llek ,hrn ea xiizypy ,sqep ip`xnew

.'[d]wyn'e 'mz`nh'107ze`nehd zxyxya dwyn alzyn xy`k ,zi`pzd dkldd itl

102dkild ,dkld ,ontiy dcedi ly epeic e`xe .b ,d dheq ,dpyn ;6±5 :`i ;21 :i wync zixa :e`x

,(78 dxrd ,lirl) iavÎofex :dpexg`le ;104±99 'nr ,1993 milyexi ,dcedi xacn zka zeigiyne

ixr megzn `l zay megzl ecnl melk' :c"r ak ,b d oiaexr ,inlyexi :mb e`x .104±101 'nr

.'?mield

103,g"kyz milyexi ,dkldd zecleza dnewne qepwxed oa xfril` 'x ly ezpyn ,zlib 'c wgvi :e`x

dxrd ,66 'nr ,77±76 zexrd ,29 'nr ,(13 dxrd ,lirl) onqef ;(14 dxrd ,lirl) onxail ;62 'nr

;216Joseph M. Baumgarten, ‘The Essene Avoidance of Oil and the Laws of Purity’,Revue de Qumran, VI (1967), pp. 183–192; idem, ‘Liquids and Susceptibility toDefilement in New 4Q Texts’, Jewish Quarterly Review, LXXXV (1994–1995), pp.

91–100.d`ad dxrda e`xe ;

104milyexi ,dcedi xacn zelibnn mikxqd zlibn ,hkil awri zxecdn ;21±20 ,17 :6 cgid jxq :e`x

.(14 dxrd ,lirl) hkil :mb e`xe ;303±294 ,148±147 'nr ,my ,hkil ly epeice ;150±149 'nr ,d"kyz

105'nr ,a ,(14 dxrd ,lirl) oici ;71 'nr ,(10 dxrd ,lirl) oexniw :e`x ;13±11 :hn ycwnd zlibn

.(254±253 'nr ,` ,my ,oici :mb e`x) 152±151

106:e`x ,17±15 :ai wync zixaMagen Broshi (ed.), The Damascus Document Reconsidered,Jerusalem 1992, p. 33

1074Q513 13:e`x ,6±3 zexey ,M. Baillet, ‘513. Ordonnances’, Qumran grotte 4, III (DJD,7), Oxford 1982, p. 292,(103 dxrd ,lirl) ony ,ohxbne`a :e`x ony ly zcgeind ez`neh lr .

:e`x onyd z`neh ly dcegiiae mixkfpd zexewnd lka oeicl .192±183 'nrHanan Eshel, ‘CD12:15–17 and the Stone Vessels Found at Qumran’, The Damascus Document: ACentennial of Discovery: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium of the Orion

154mrp cxe]28[

litkn' oirnl df dwyn jted ,zklede zzget dxnega ,jli`e a`d on d`nehd z` dxiarnd

xfeg `ed oky ,xzei s`e d`nehl oey`x lyk d`neh znvr ycgn lirtn `ed .'d`neh

miwyne milk`n oke (cala d`nehd a` z` mixg` mixwna zpiit`nd dpekz) milk `nhne

.oileg ly108,exag exage ,exag `nhn .mlerl dlgz df ixd ...`nhpy dwyn' ,cere z`f

,'d`n od elit`109oey`x zeidl xfeg ,seq oi` cr ,zxyxya miwynd on cg` lk xnelk

mlerl dlgz oiwyndy ,oiwyna xneg' :miwynd zxneg z` `ztqezd znkqn jke .d`nehl

[a` miyrpy odn yie] ody lk[a] oi`nhne110`nhle micba `nhle mc` `nhl d`nehd

.'oilke`a ok oi`y dn exie`n qxg ilke eixeg`n shy ilke oiwyne oilke`111

miweqta ynn ly qiqa `la zi`pzd zextqa mvred mixg` `nhl miwyn ly mgek

xnege lw ,dpan `nhl mgeka oi` ,miip`xnewd zexewna x`eznl cebipa ,df mr .(oldl e`x)

lcadn dryl mlrzp m` .l"fg zhiy itl llk d`neh milawn mpi` dl` ixdy ,oa` dpan

ezepiqg zl`yl xyw `la ,mnvrlyk miwynd ly `nhnd mgek zl`ya cwnzpe df iceqi

zxeza zexiwle rwxwl miwynd minxeby d`nehd z` liawdl ozip ,d`neh iptn dpan ly

minxeb zi`pzd dkldd it lr mb oky ,l"fg ixaca milkl minxeb mdy d`nehl zkd

.ef dhiy ly dizeleaba d`neh lawl el xyt`y dn lkl d`neh miwynd

z`nehy xazqn ?dxewn z`e milkl miwynd mixiarny d`nehd z` mi`pzd epiad cvik

ly mdini onl ,minkg ly mnlera crpn zagx zwelgn dxxer dcnrne dtwid ,miwyn¦¨

iqei ly enya epl exqnpy zeccead zekldd zg` .mi`xen`d ztewzl cre minkgd ipey`x

`id ,miawnd cxn inia lrty ,mnya epl mirecid xzeia mincwend minkgd on ,xfrei oa

.'oiikc diigahn zia dwyn lr' zecrd112dxyta mi`xen`d ewlgp cenlzd ztewza xak

.ef driaw ly wiecnd113mcd ly dxdhl rbepa lwdl `id dpeekdy wtq oi` ,mewn lkn

dfd mkgd dpek miihray dyelyd oia dpnp df lwn wqt .dxfra miigahnd ziaay minde

.mpiipra llegzdy oencw gekie rwx lr d`xpd lkk ,'`iixy dqei' i`pbd x`eza114

Center for the Study of the Dead Sea Scrolls and Associated Literature, 4–8 February1998 (STDJ, 34), eds. Joseph M. Baumgarten et al., Leiden 2000, pp. 45–52

108.c ,g milk ;f±d ,g dxt ,dpyn :lynl e`x

109.684 'nr ,lcpnxwev zxecdn ,b ,` mei leah ,`ztqez

110'nr ,c ,(71 dxrd ,lirl) onxail ly epeic it lr zedbdd .miyeaiy dnk o`k eltp `ztqezd icra

.162

111.684 'nr ,lcpnxwev zxecdn ,e ,` mei leah ,`ztqez

112.e ,eh milk :mb e`x .c ,g zeiecr ,dpyn

113ly ef zecra zegt wqr xwgnd .a"r fl dxf dcear ;`"r k ,a"r fi±`"r fh migqt ,ilaa :e`x

z`aend zextqd e`x .my zeiecr zpyna 'a`qn `zina axwice' dnezqd zecra xzeie xfrei oa iqei

,lirl) wal` ly ef dpynl eizenlyda,(77 dxrd ,lirl) lhpfex ;485 'nr ,oiwifp xcq ,(81 dxrd

,18 dxrd ,99±98 'nr ,(78 dxrd ,lirl) iavÎofex sq`y zextqd mb e`x .13 dxrd ,452±451 'nr

.d`ad dxrda ,oldl e`xe

114:ycwnd zlibna dxnegl dwelg dkld rwx lr df gekie xfgyl abx lii` ly ezrvd e`xEyalRegev, ‘Yose ben Yoezer and the Qumran Sectarians on Purity Laws: Agreement and

]29[dxdh zekld ly onegzl aey155

,milk `nhl mzleki `id miwynd ly xzeia zkld zwigxne driztnd dpekzd ,xen`k

a` ici lr `l` mi`nhp mpi` milke mc` eli`e ,milke` `l` mi`nhn mpi` milke` ixdy

ehdcle lk' :ilkd z` mi`nhne miay ,d`neh cle `l` mpi`y s` ,miwyn dpde .ynn d`n

.'dwyn `l` milk `nhn epi` ze`nehd115`nhl miwynd ly mgek elit` ,xac ly ezn`l

dzyi xy` dwynd lke' `l` xn`p `l aezka ixdy ,eil`n oaen eppi` xg` dwyne lke`

xn`p `l la` ,envra `nh uxya `nhpy dwynd ,weqtd ly eheyt itl .'`nhi ilk lka

.mixg` `nhl ezleki lr xac o`k116'x ly eicinlz xeca mi`pzdy mi`ven ep` ,dpde

zinvrd mz`neh :miwynd z`neh ly elld mihaidd lk ly izkldd mcnrna ewlgp `aiwr

:milk `nhl mgeke xg` dwyne lk`n `nhl mgek ,miwynd ly117

,dcedi 'x ixac milkd z` oinhn oiwyndy cnln ± '`nhi ilk lka dzyi xy` dwyn lke'

ryedi 'x xn` ,mixteq ixaicin `li` dxezd on milikl oiwyn z`neh oi` 'e` dqei iax

oi`y xn`y iaxia dqei iax ixac z` oi`ex ep` oi` dn iptn dcedil el izxn` dgxw oa

miwyn z`neh oi`y rcz ,'e` iax ...oixteq ixacn `l` dxezd on milikl oiwyn z`neh

cnln ?'`nhi ilk lka dwyn' '`p dnl ok m` ...oixteq ixacn `li` dxezd on milikl

xfrl` 'x .oiwynd z` oinhn milikdy118`idy jl rciz .xwir lk oiwynl d`neh oi` ,'e`

...oiikc oepi`c diigahn za dwyn lr dcixv yi` xfrei oa dqei cirid ixdy ,ok119

dwyn lke' :aezkd on z`f cnel `ede ,dxezd on milkd z` mi`nhn miwyn dcedi 'xl

miwyny iaxe dgxw oa ryedi 'x ,iqei 'x mixaeq eznerl .'`nhi ilk lka dzyi xy`

hi ilk lka' milind z`e ,opaxcn `l` dxezd on milk mi`nhn mpi`oeeika miyxtn md '`n

oa iqei ly dwizrd ezriawn cnel xfrl` 'x eli`e .miwynd z` mi`nhn milkd ± jetd

.xwir lk (dxezd on=) miwynl d`neh oi` ik xfrei

ixac ,xedh ± mixg` `nhl ,`nh ± `nhil oiwyn wtq' :`ziixad z`aen ilaad cenlza

iaxe iqei iax .`nh lkl :xne` dcedi iax .eixack xne` xfrl` iax did oke ;xi`n iax

Controversy’, The Damascus Document: A Centennial of Discovery (above, n. 107), pp.99–100

115.d ,g dxt ,dpyn

116' :milke` oiiprl cenlza z`aend dyxcd eeydmigqt ,'ea `veik dyer oi`e `nh `ed ± "`ed `nh"

.a"r gi ,`"r ci

117dpyn ,zexdh xcq yexitl m"anxd zncwda e`x oiwyn z`neha mi`pzd zehiy ly xvw mekiq

,dpynl eiyexite ;ck±bk 'nr ,h"kyz milyexi ,gt`w 'i zxecdn ,oenin oa dyn epiax yexit mr

.ewz 'nr ,i ,c zexdh

118,ilaaa ef `ziixan hehiva .'xfrl`' (37 dxrd ,lirl) 66 owihe i"ka la` ,'xfril`' miqetca

xfrl`' oia ze`qxbd zewelg ,(oldl oecize) my dibeqa z`aend ztqep `ziixaae:e`x .'xfril`'l '

ipniz i"ka ,dfipb irhw ipy ly mgqepa mb 'xfrl`' .'opiqxb xfrl` 'x' :`"r fh migqt ,i"yx

.'xfrl`' qexb` oldl .6 okpin i"kae

119owihe i"k jezn hhev .a"r±`"r dp ,(37 dxrd ,lirl) qiiee :e`x ;d ,h wxt ,g dyxt ,ipiny ,`xtq

.lx±hkx 'nr ,(37 dxrd ,lirl) 66

156mrp cxe]30[

.'oixedh ± milkl ,oi`nh ± oilke`l :mixne` oerny120z`neh xi`n 'xl ik wiqn cenlzd

.`ziixe`c ± iqei 'xle (xedh dwtq okle) opaxc mixg` `nhl miwyn121`ax cnel jenqa

.'`ziixe`c mixg` `nhl oiwyn z`neh `aiwr 'x xaqw' ik122yxetna xicbn epi` cenlzd

xi`n 'xy dler `ziixad on mle`e .mda ewlgpye mi`nhn miwyndy 'mixg`' mze` md dn

xnelk ± mixg` `nhl mgek lke ,dxezd on `id miwynd ly zinvrd mz`neh wx ik xaq

z`neh `weec (oerny 'xe) iqei 'x zrcl eli`e .opaxc ± cg`k milke milk`nmilke`

rbepd lkae .miwyne milke` `nhl miwyn ly mgek lr `id zwelgndy o`kn .`ziixe`cn

od ,dxeza xewn el oi`e minkg zxfb i`ce `ed df gek ,milk `nhl miwyn ly mgekl

iaxe dgxw oa ryedi 'x ,iqei 'x zrcl od ,`ziixaa oerny 'xe iqei 'x ,xi`n 'x zrcl

.`xtqa123

zeklydd zxizre dxengd dkldd .dicebipa driztn ,zihpleeian` dpenz aey epiptl

,zebiizqd `la mii`pzd zexewna zipyp milk elit`e milk`n `nhl miwynd ly mgek xaca

zaexn zwelgn zpnzqn dkldd ly dxewnl rbepd lka mle`e .wetwt `lae zwelgn `la

z` jenql mipiipern mpi` ,mlekk maex ,mi`pzd .dtixg mevnv znbn mb zxkipe ,mipeeb

ile` ,cala milke`d z`neh z` aezka milez mzvw .`xwnd l` milk z`neh ly dxnegd

xicbdl miticrn mixg` .dxeza yxtzn ok` min ici lr d`nehl milke` xykdy meyn

inlyexiae ilaaa ,cenlzd mzqa mb xacd qtzp jk .(xi`n 'x) minkg zxfbk ef dxneg mb¥

'xac xyr dpeny' ly miedifl xy`a micenlzd ipya zewelgd zexeqnd jaq jeza .cg`k¨

,lld zia lr i`ny zia eaxy zra ,diwfg oa dippg ly eziilra minkg exfby124zipnp

milkde milke`d' mdae ,ai ,d miaf zpynay 'dnexzd z` milqetd' mixacd ly dniyxd mb

.'miwyna e`nhpy125.opaxc dxfb `id dwyn ici lr mi`nhpd milke` mby ixd

oi`' :xfrl` 'x ly driztnd ezrc `ed znvnvnd dnbnd ly xzeia ipeviwd ielibd

:dybcdae zexidaa dxeza zyxetn miwynd ly zinvrd mz`neh .'xwir lk miwynl d`neh

iigay s` ,df yxetn cbidl ygkzn xfrl` 'x dpde .'`nhi ilk lka dzyi xy` dwyn lke'

xarn daxd ,miwyn z`neha dbiltn dxneg ebdp md ,enr minkgd x`y lye ,ely meineid

!weqta xn`pl

miwynd ly d`nehd swid lk z` aezkd l` jenql zywand dcigid dbixgd drcd

`ziixaa jke `xtqa jk .`ziixe`c milkd z` mi`nhn miwyny ,dcedi 'x ly ezrc `id

mizrl ,zebixge zewizr zeizkld zexeqn ly oxqen ,dcedi 'xy zpzep zrcd .cenlzay

inid zeaxay dnecw zxeqn o`k xnyn ,qepwxed oa xfril` 'x ly ezpynndzgcp m

120.i ,h zexdh ,dpyn :eeyd .`"r fh migqt ,ilaa

121.a"r eh my ,ilaa

122.a"r ci my

123.`"r fh ,my dibeqa oeicd e`x `xtql `ziixad oia xfrl` 'x zrca dxizqd lr

124.c ,` zay ,dpyn

125.b"r b ,c ` zay ,inlyexi ;a"r bi zay ,ilaa

]31[dxdh zekld ly onegzl aey157

.dnlrpe126ryedi 'x ,`xtqd it lry dcaerd on mb zgken dcedi 'x zrc ly zebixgd

ea xefgi ,iqei 'x ly eixac z` 'd`xi' dcedi 'x mby ick zcgein dgxh gxeh dgxw oa

,ea xfg dcedi 'xy ewiqd laa i`xen` ,mpn`e .mlawie127:xg` mewna raew cenlzd mzqe

meyn dxfb xefbc `ed opaxe ,ilk `nhn dwyn oi`e ,ilk `nhn lke` oi` `ziixe`cnc'

lawl oilelr oi`c oilke` ,opax eda exfb ± d`neh lawl oilelrc oiwyn ;dafe afc oiwyn

.'opax eda exfb `l ± d`neh128a`k milk `nhl miwyn ly cgeind mgek ,df xaqd itl

afd ly sebd ilfep ly mzxneg `ed o`k `aend wenipd .minkg exfby dxfb `ed d`nehd

,d`nehd zea` mdy mdilbx inine mwex :dafde129,cere .miwynd lk lr exfb mzngne

,miyai milke`l cebipa ,xnelk ,'d`neh lawl milelr' mdy iptn xzei mixeng miwynd

.`nhidl icka lfepn d`neh xykdl miwewf md oi`

ly ihxtd oicd on zraep ok` llka miwyna ztreqnde dnevrd dxnegdy lawl dyw

lealal zn`a edyin yyg mpnE`d .ce`n zhren ze`ivna mzexwidy ,afd ly sebd ilfep

mgek xaca dxfbdy dprhd z` dheytk lawl dyw s` ?af ly ewex oial oiie yac oia

zxneg ixdy ,micenlzd ipy ixack ,i`ny zia inia dycgzp mixg` `nhl miwyn ly

recne izn ,ok m` .xfrei oa iqei ly epnfae ycwnd zlibn ly dnlera dbdp xak miwyn

miwyn xykdl miwyn z`neh oia daxwd on dclep miwyn zxnegy okzii ?ef dxneg dxvep¦

zlawl mixg` oikdl gek miwyna yi m`' :oirn dxaq dciled ile` ef daxw .aezka xkfpd¦

ilaaa geqipd dfl dnec .'!`nhle `nhidl mdly mgek lecb dnke dnk zg` lr ,d`neh

md md ixdy ,d`neh xykdl miwewf mpi`y=) d`neh lawl oilelrc oiwyn' :lirl oecpy

`le hwpihqpi`a ef dxneg ly dziy`xy okzii s` .'opax eda exfb ± (mixg` mixiyknd

ly ,ritynd ,hytznd miite`y xyt` .rahl miyegd oia heytd ybtnd jezn ,zepyxta

,jk oiae jk oia .mdil` qgia xzei dwenr d`neh zrcez lleg miwvenl d`eeyda milfepd

cxn onfa xak miagx miicedi mibeg da ecitwdy dwizr dxneg dziid miwyn z`neh

zlibnn zexidaa dler ef d`neha dctwdd .okl mcew ile`e (xfrei oa iqei) mi`penygd

ini ly mnevira cer wleg oi`a zniiwe dxixy `ide ,cgid jxqne wync zixan ,ycwnd

dwzpl ,ihxe`zd dcnrna hirndl elczyd mipey minkgy ze`exd epipir ,mle`e .mi`pzd

,aezka xewn dl oi`y zizek`ln minkg zxfbk ,zepeyd dizebxcl ,dbivdle miweqtd on

126oeincd lr .107±106 'nr ,(77 dxrd ,lirl) oiihyt` :e`x dcedi 'x ly eizexeqn ly df ite` lr

:e`x zizzikd dkldl xfril` 'x zkld oiaVered Noam, ‘Traces of Sectarian Halakhah inthe Rabbinic World’, Rabbinic Perspectives: Rabbinic Literature and the Dead Sea

Scrolls, eds. Steven D. Fraade et al., Leiden 2006, pp. 67–85127.a"r fi migqt ,ilaa

128.`"r gl zexeka ,a"r ci zay :mb e`x .a"r f dcp ,ilaa

129minkg la` ,ea rbt afd ly ewexy mc`d wx `nhp ,df weqt ly ehyt itl .g ,eh `xwie :e`x

zeipynd yexit ;a"r ci zay ,ilaa :e`x .oiwyne oilke` ,milk z`neh mb o`k zfnxpy eyxit

.htxz 'nr ,ai ,d miaf ,(117 dxrd ,lirl) m"anxl

158mrp cxe]32[

jenql ccead oeiqipd .miwynd ly zinvrd mz`neh ly dxezd on dxiwr ick cr elit`

.xzei mixge`n zexec cia yhyehe dtixg zecbpzd xxer weqtd l` d`elna ef dxneg

zepwqne mekiq . e

zqtzp oilegd iign d`nehd zwgxda eixg`e ipyd ziad inia dgeexy ziyrnd dctwdd

mixag bdpna ,dnecw dpwza dceqiy ± zaiign mizrl ± daigxn zxeqnk zi`pzd zextqa

a oeird .azkay dxeza `l la` ,dl`a `veike.'dletk dibhxhq`' dlrn mii`pzd zexewn

iiga zeaiignd zexnegd ly odihxt z` dnez itl zhhxyn zi`pzd dkldd ,`qib cgn

,xedhde `nhd ,xeq`de xzend z` dligzkl xicbdl d`a `id xy`k ,`qib jci`n .meineid

miizkld x`zn ieew dbivne elld zexnegl lekiak zygkzn `id ,aezkd z` yxtl e`

iyrnd bdepde znvnvnd zipyxtd dqitzd ± elld zertezd izy lr .mzepizna miriztn

od oi` mb okl .ef mr ef mlern ezner `l mb ode ,ynn ly mixxer enw `l ± aigxnd

okzii .el mcwy iyextd mlera `l mb d`xpke ,mi`pzd ly mnlera zwelgn lk zebviin

cr miler dxingnd dqitzd ly diyxey zixehqid dpigany ,ezprha wcv oel`y ce`n

.envr aezkay miaigxnd mixeqi`d ly mpnfl130dnwed dielbd zi`pzd drceza ,z`f mr

zipctw dvivgoial ,ycewd l` zepywra mvnevy ,i`xwndÎihxe`zd d`nehd byen oia

,`xwnd l` zexiyi jnqed `l mlern df bdpn .mdly mcia hewp didy aigxnd bdpnd

jnez ze`xwnd hyty mewna mb ,efn dxzi .'df l` df axw `l' zpiga ,enr zner `l mbe

dxdhd ikxcl zgzn qiqad z` henyle jetd oeeika eyxtl epinkg elnr ,oilegd zxdha

dqitza mitixg miwelig eniiwzd ok` ziad inia zepeyd zezkd oia m` .mnvr md exedy

d`ln dnkqd dxxy xzei xge`nd i`pzd mlerd jeza ixd ,dxdhd ipic ly zipexwrd

cnnd :mipey micnn ipya ef cva ef zeniiwznd ,d`nehd zlegz ly zelcap zexcbd xaca

ef drtez .dwizr zxeqnn lylzynd ,iyrnd cnnde ,aezka eceqiy ,ipyxtdÎipexwrd

.dtixg zinipt zwelgn e` 'mitirqd izy lr dgiqt' ,'zeipy'k menr ote`a xwgna dx`ez

dcig` ,zpeekn divletipn `l` ,o`k zwelgn `le zeipy `l ik oerhl epywia df xn`na

epywia ,ok enk .iyextd dkldd yxcn ly eziy`x inecnca d`xpk dzcily ,zaiigne

:drtezd ly otecd i`vei dihaid ipy lr zexidaa cinrdl

(`)zaeg ly ipyxtd mevnvl qgia od zhlea ef zeilheh .zwelgnd xcride zeilhehd

.zizkldd dyiba oilegl dxdhd zagxdl qgia od ,zi`xwnd dxdhd

(a)zxez ly dzxizg rwx lr ezebixge geexd bdepl `xwnd zepyxt oia dhead wezipd

dizekld z` jenqle dkldl `xwn oia xybl ,mixg`d dkldd inegz lka ,mi`pzd

.aezkd l`

mipezpdy iptn ,z`fd dbixgd drtezl mrh dk cr drivd `l xwgnd zextqy dncp

130miiepiyae .208±207 'nr ,(10 dxrd ,lirl) ldepw ;226 dxrd ,69 'nr ,(13 dxrd ,lirl) onqef :e`x

.(12 dxrd ,lirl) mexblin minieqn

]33[dxdh zekld ly onegzl aey159

zl`yl zlaben dppi` o`k zxxerznd ddinzd mle`e .ebved mxh mlwyn caek `elna

ly dzginv iyxey xaca zexiak ceqi zel`y lr zeklyd dl yi .cala dxdhde d`nehd

.llka zxeqnl yxcn oiae dkldl `xwn oia qgid lr s`e ,dkldd

zlabdy dxrydd zywazn ,dxe`kl .zexryd `l` epl oi` drtezd ly diyxeyl xy`

.xdhidl zexyt`d minkgd on dlhipyn ,oaxegd xg`l dclep ycwnle ycewl d`nehd131

dler aezkd on oilegd zxdh ly ilhehde yxyend wezipd on ,lirl epybcdy itk ,mle`e

,ef zxeqn ly diyxey .zeaiqp zielz dpi`y zipexwre zipencw zxeqn epiptly myexd

.dt lray dxez ly zencwen zeakya ,llka dxdhd inegza mii`pzd dkldd iteb enk

wync zixaae ycwnd zlibna aezkd l` oilegd zxdh z` zexyewd zeyxc ep`vn m`

mby zpzep zrcd ,(oldl e`x)zerpnidd.ef dtewzl dler dl`k zeyxcn

x`al yi cvik ,mi`penygd ztewza xzei e` zegt dxewny drxkda xaecny gipp m`

dxdhd zeriaz ly ozxneg lr opebl mipencw minkg ly oeiqip `l` o`k oi` m`d ?dze`

dpexg`d z` ewigxd jk meyne ,oilegd zxdh oial opia zipctw dpgad oigadle ycewl qgia

?iyextd cegiid z` ccgl oevx jezn `xwnd on wezipd znbn drap `ny e` ?eteb `xwnd on

rwx lre miwleg minxf da ebdpy dxdha dxzid dxnegd rwx lr x`azn df cegii

d`nehd ipic z` znkqn ,lynl ,wync zixa .aezka mdizexneg z` uerpl elld ly mziihp

deevnd weqta ,znd zia ly eizeczie eixnqne eipa`e eivr z`neh mdae ,dly dxdhde

xedhl `nh oia dlcad lr illk ote`aixr ayen jxq' :(fn ,`i `xwie) legl ycew oiae

.'legl ycewd oia ricedle xedhl `nhd oia licadl dl`d mihtynd lr l`xyi132eli`e

l`xyi ipa z` dnzxdfde' :zibibgd dfxkda zexdhd zyxt lk zniizqn ycwnd zlibna

`(e)nhd leknee`nhi `ele dfd xda dkl cibn ip` xy` dnda e`nhi `ele z'd ip` ik

izlcad xy` leka dnzeytp z` evwyi `ele miyecw eide dnzycwe l`xyi ipa jeza okey

.'miyecw eide d`nhl dndl133lr mixqe`d 'miaigxn miaezk' dnk ly on` cia sexiv edf

.ycewd l` dwif `la ,illk ote`a d`nehd z` l`xyi134mvnvl dlnr zi`pzd dyxcd m`

,cala ycwnd l` 'mz`nehn l`xyi ipa z` mzxfde' ieeivd z`135z` dlez dlibndy ixd

,eixagae df aezka ,zebiltnd zei`xwn uegd odizexneg lr ,ok iptl dhxity zexdhd lk

on oilegd zxdh ly wezipd znbny xyt` ,z`f mr .ipiq xda oxewn z` dyibcn s`e

cg`l dnbn jezn ,jtdl m` ik mixg` minxfn lcaidl oevx jezn dclep `l `xwnd

.likdle136`idy zevivgle oilegd zxdh ly xengd izxagd dxignl zercendy okzii

131.87 'nr ,(12 dxrd ,lirl) mexblin rivd daexw dxryd

132.33 'nr ,(106 dxrd ,lirl) iyexa zxecdn ,20±19 :ai wync zixa

133.160 'nr ,` ,(14 dxrd ,lirl) oici ;75 'nr ,(10 dxrd ,lirl) oexniw ,10±5 :`p ycwnd zlibn

134.263 'nr ,a ,my ,oici :e`x mtexiv ote`le miaezkd lk ly mxewnl

135.'i 'qn ,b sirq ,lirl e`x

136ly mgek xaca ,71±70 'nr ,(13 dxrd ,lirl) onqef ly miibibgd mekiqd ixac z` ,lynl ,e`x

,diblt z` cg`l...' mzlekie ,'mipendd ly meiÎmeid iigl dyecwe zc ,dpen` xicgdl' miyextd

.ellka xn`na zbvend dprhde ,'...zeewz ea gitdle ,zizc zeixg` mrd lr lihdl

160mrp cxe]34[

dperhd dxnegd ly dvgnl ixhpeleed diite` z` yibcdl miyextd inkg z` d`iad zxviin

.zizc zedf ly dxicbnk dznvrn zigtdle z`fd137dnbnd ly diripn eidi xy` eidi

,znkqen drxkd :dtebl dx`zl `l` iz`a `l ,dxdhd zekld z` zpiit`nd zipexwrd

.i`xwnd dyxeyn oilegd zxdha dctwdd z` ci wfega xewrl zvxgpe zipktdn

137,lirl) xniidpte` :lynl e`x ux`d inr oial mpia cexit repnl mixage miyext ly mdivn`n lr

'nr ,(14 dxrd ,lirl) qpiice lbpd ;521±520 'nr ,(14 dxrd ,lirl) jaxe` ;169±159 'nr ,(5 dxrd

zeawra ,miyextd z` xicbd ,cere 100±96 ,15±13 'nr ,(14 dxrd ,lirl) ohxbne`a mb .45±43

) 'zihqinxetx' zk ,oeqlie ly ibeleiveqd gepindreformist`le ,dxagd llk ly iepiyl dipty ,(

) 'znpten' zkintroversionistzxdh ly zeiaiqelwqw`d oia iyrnd lcadd lr .zelcaidl dipty ,(

oia licand' ,yny oxd` :e`x ,minkgd ibega 'zexeag'd ly zeiaiqelwpi`d oial zizzikd oilegd

ceakl zipaxde zicenlzd zextqa mixwgn ± miigl dxhr ,'minrl l`xyi oia jyeg ipal xe` ipa

.218±214 'nr ,q"yz milyexi ,mixg`e oix`iea l`ipc zkixra ,iwqaexhinic onlf miig xeqtext