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=Ó_‘äÿ^=ïî© OTQ{TRR - OTQ{TRR

=Ô–˙ƒ=m^Ö=m_Âr=≥d=“wkå‹= OMQ{NRM - OMQ{NRM

= O{ORO{QUV - O{ORO{QUV

=Ïÿ_∏dˇ^m_‹^äkÿ= NQ{MSM{PMU UQ{RNU NQ{NQQ{UOS

Ë=ÔÎ’Ÿª^=”È—v=Ïÿ_∏d=ˇ^m_‹^äkÿ== OO{PSM{OSU NQT{RRO OO{RMT{UOM =



۲۲

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= =m_v_òÍ^


ÔÍÉÈ≈åÿ^

=

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=

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˚^€Èì €Èì`==ÔÿË^Ñk‹=4»

m^Ñ≈‹Ë=m˘bË=∆‡_î‹ EÉF NS{RPU{TNV = ONQ{QPM NS{TRP{NQV =≤Õ¿È‹=úËà–=EuF SP{OSO = (V{TMN) RP{RSN

ÔÍáËÑÿ^=Ô‡_Îîÿ^=ŒÎÿ_’j== ONQ{QPM= (ONQ{QPM) - = NS{UNS{QNN = (V{TMN) NS{UMS{TNM

€Èì`==ÔÿË^Ñk‹ „Ëä©= N{NPU{SNV = - N{NPU{SNV =m_≈ÃÉ=Ñ—‹=Òà~`=Ô·ÍÑ‹==ÓÑìá`Ë=�_‹ EÉF TO{SOQ = NUQ{UNM ORT{QPQ =

=Ô–˙ƒ=m^Ö=m_Âr=‚‹=“wkåª^ OOS{OQO = - OOS{OQO =„ÈÍá_°=„È·ÍÑ‹ UNM{NOU = PS{QOO UQS{RRM

=⁄r˚=∆Û^ÉË= RMM{MMM = NMR{MMM SMR{MMM =Ê›’v=Ω=_‹Ë=Ñ—·ÿ^= P{NTM{NNP = (NMR{MMM) P{MSR{NNP

R{VNT{TOS = OON{OPO S{NPU{VRU Ïÿ_∏d=˚^€Èì OO{TPQ{NPT = ONN{RPN OO{VQR{SSU

Ë=ÔÎ’Ÿª^=”È—vˇ^m_‹^äkÿ= ÔÎ’Ÿª^=”È—v

=€_ª^=é`á=«ÈÃÑª^ Q{UMM{MMM= - Q{UMM{MMM==Ïù_Îkv^Ï‹_¡‡= NMN{UNT = - NMN{UNT

`=}_fáÓ_—g‹= N{QOO{QNV = (PS{MRV) N{PUS{PSM =ÔÎ’Ÿª^=”È—v=Ô‘àêÿ^=Ω=≤›‰_å›Ÿÿ=ÓÑÛ_≈ÿ^= S{POQ{OPS = (PS{MRV) S{OUU{NTT

=Óà�Îåª^=4»=ÔÎ’Ÿª^=”È—v O{URP{PMS = TM{PRR O{VOP{SSN =ÔÎ’Ÿª^=”È—v=Ïÿ_∏d= V{NTT{RQO = PQ{OVS V{ONN{UPU

m_‹^äkÿd=ÔÿË^Ñk‹=4» =⁄r˚^=ÊŸÍÈù=úËà– U{UPO{PRM = - U{UPO{PRM =

=Ô≈f_j=Ô‘àè=Ω=à�Îå‹=4»=÷Íàè=‚‹=Ñ‡_å‹=úà– N{MSS{NTO = (UV{QSP) VTS{TMV ◊È’ì= N{OMM{MMM = - N{OMM{MMM =

==ÔŸr¯‹=ÔÎgÍàó=m_fÈŸ�‹ E`F - OMR{TQV OMR{TQV =≤Õ¿È›Ÿÿ=Ô‹Ñ¶^=ÔÍ_Â‡=ÓaÃ_’‹=m_‹^äkÿ^ EiF TT{QRU = QQ{ORO NON{TNM

NN{NTR{VUM = NSM{RPU NN{PPS{RNU m_‹^äkÿd=ÔÿË^Ñk‹

=⁄r˚^=ÔŸÍÈù=úËà–=‚‹=€Ë^Ñkª^=Úä§^= N{PNU{RQR = - N{PNU{RQR =„ÈÍá_°=„È·Û^É NTO{TVV UQ{TMO ORT{RMN

=Òà~^=Ô·Û^É=ÓÑìá`Ë=m_—wkå‹ POO{UQT = (SU{MMQ) ORQ{UQP =Ó_‘äÿ^=ïî© PTS{TVU = - PTS{TVU =

=Ô–˙ƒ=m^Ö=m_Âr=≥d=“wkå‹= NUV{SOS = (N) NUV{SOR == O{PUM{SNR = NS{SVT O{PVT{PNO

=Ïÿ_∏dˇ^m_‹^äkÿ= NP{RRS{RVR= NTT{OPR NP{TPP{UPM ÔÎ’Ÿª^=”È—v=Ïÿ_∏d=Ë=ˇ^m_‹^äkÿ= OO{TPQ{NPT = ONN{RPN OO{VQR{SSU

=



۲۳

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=m_v_òÍ^

=�_—ÃË=4Í_≈ª=Ôgã_-^=œá_≈kª^=_ÂÎŸƒ=Ω=Ô’Ÿ›ª^=

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=


=

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€Èì˚^= €Èì˚^==4»ÔÿË^Ñkª^= ∆‡_î‹=m^Ñ≈‹Ë=m˘bË EÉF NS{UVU{PMO - NS{UVU{PMO

=≤Õ¿È‹=úËà–=EuF NQP{RRT (PQ{MTS) NMV{QUN =«È›ßÔÿË^Ñkª^=4»=€Èì˚^= NT{MQN{URV (PQ{MTS) NT{MMT{TUP €Èì˚^==ÔÿË^Ñk‹ „Ëä©= VOP{TMO - VOP{TMO m_≈ÃÉ=‹Ñ—‹�_==Òà~`=Ô·ÍÑ‹=ÓÑìá`Ë EÉF TN{RNS ONV{UQP OVN{PRV

ª^=‚‹=“wkå=m_Âr=Ô–˙ƒ=m^Ö OTS{SSP - OTS{SSP =„È·ÍÑ‹„ÈÍá_° RSO{UPN - RSO{UPN

=⁄r˚=∆Û^ÉË= RTS{MMM - RTS{MMM =Ê›’v=Ω=_‹Ë=Ñ—·ÿ^= O{SON{OVU - O{SON{OVU

ÔÿË^Ñkª^=€Èì˚^=«È›ß R{MPO{MNM ONV{UQP R{ORN{URP Ïÿ_∏d=€Èì˚^= OO{MTP{USV NUR{TST OO{ORV{SPS

=ÔÎ’Ÿª^=”È—vm_‹^äkÿˇ^Ë= ÔÎ’Ÿª^=”È—v

=€_ª^=é`á=«ÈÃÑª^ Q{UMM{MMM - Q{UMM{MMM =Ïù_Îkv^Ï‹_¡‡= NQO{RMO (VQU) NQN{RRQ

`=}_fáÓ_—g‹= N{OSS{QVO (RM{NUU) N{ONS{PMQ =ÔÎ’Ÿª^=”È—v=Ô‘àêÿ^=Ω=≤›‰_å›Ÿÿ=ÓÑÛ_≈ÿ^= S{OMU{VVQ FRN{NPSE S{NRT{URU

=Óà�Îåª^=4»=ÔÎ’Ÿª^=”È—v O{UMP{NQS RP{MNP O{URS{NRV =ÔÎ’Ÿª^=”È—v=Ïÿ_∏d= V{MNO{NQM `N{UTT V{MNQ{MNT

m_‹^äkÿd=4»=ÔÿË^Ñk‹ ÿ^=úËà—ÔŸÍÈù==⁄r˚^ U{NSQ{TUR - U{NSQ{TUR

=Ô≈f_j=Ô‘àè=Ω=à�Îå‹=4»=÷Íàè=‚‹=Ñ‡_å‹=úà– N{MSS{NTP (UM{OQO) VUR{VPN ◊È’ì= N{OMM{MMM - N{OMM{MMM

==ÔŸr¯‹=ÔÎgÍàó=m_fÈŸ�‹ E`F - OON{ONS OON{ONS =≤Õ¿È›Ÿÿ=Ô‹Ñ¶^=ÔÍ_Â‡=ÓaÃ_’‹=m_‹^äkÿ^ EiF UP{OOT QO{VNP NOS{NQM

=m_‹^äkÿˇ^=«È›ßÔÿË^Ñkª^=4» NM{RNQ{NUR NUP{UUT NM{SVU{MTO m_‹^äkÿˇ^=ÔÿË^Ñk‹

§^=Úäª^=⁄r˚^=ÔŸÍÈù=úËà–=‚‹=€Ë^Ñk= N{PQM{STM - N{PQM{STM

„ÈÍá_°=„È·Û^É RV{OVS PR{TSM VR{MRS =m_—wkå‹Òà~^=Ô·Û^É=ÓÑìá`Ë QTN{PQM (PR{TPT) QPR{SMP

=ïî©ÿ^=Ó_‘ä= PUT{SSU (OM) PUT{SQU

=≥d=“wkå‹=m_Âr=Ô–˙ƒ=m^Ö= OUU{RTM - OUU{RTM

ÔÿË^Ñkª^=m_‹^äkÿˇ^=«È›ß= O{RQT{RQQ P O{RQT{RQT

=Ïÿ_∏d=m_‹^äkÿˇ^= NP{MSN{TOV NUP{UVM NP{OQR{SNV

=Ïÿ_∏dÔÎ’Ÿª^=”È—v=Ë=ˇ^m_‹^äkÿ= OO{MTP{USV NUR{TST OO{ORV{SPS



۲٤

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= =m_v_òÍ^


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m_≈Îg‹= N{SMN{MMP (N)= N{SMN{MMO =Q{VMP{NTS = (N)= Q{VMP{NTR =ÔÕŸ’j==m_≈Îgª^=EiF (N{MQO{SMT) N = (N{MQO{SMS) = (P{PQS{NMS)= N = (P{PQS{NMR)=⁄›ß==yfàÿ^= RRU{PVS - RRU{PVS = N{RRT{MTM = - = N{RRT{MTM =

m_ÃËàî‹==“ÍÈåjË=∆Îf= (VV{TNO) =FNN{ORQE (NNM{VSS) = (OVT{OUV)= (U{RQO)= (PMR{UPN)=m_ÃËàî‹==ÔÍá^ÉdË=ÔÎ‹È›ƒ=EiF =FRO{OUPE T{RMU= =FQQ{TTRE = (NQP{QVO)= (N{RMO)= (NQQ{VVQ)=

yfá==⁄Î…êkÿ^= QMS{QMN= =FP{TQSE QMO{SRR= = N{NNS{OUV = (NM{MQQ)= N{NMS{OQR =ŒÎÿ_’j==⁄ÍÈµ= =FRM{UQQE =FV{NPQE =FRV{VTUE = (NQQ{PVP)= (PM{UMS)= (NTR{NVV)=m^É^àÍd=Òà~`== Q{RRS= Q{QQP= U{VVV= = NN{OON = NO{NNN = OP{PPO =

Ω_ì=yfàÿ^==⁄g–=Ó_‘äÿ^==⁄~Ñÿ^=ÔgÍàóË= PSM{NNP= =FU{QPTE PRN{STS= = VUP{NNT = (OU{TPV)= VRQ{PTU =Ó_‘äÿ^==⁄~Ñÿ^=ÔgÍàóË=E`F =FPV{NTRE =FOO{UMVE =FSN{VUQE = (NMR{RPR)= (SQ{UUP)= (NTM{QNU)=Ω_ì=yfá=Ó3Õÿ^ POM{VPU== =FPN{OQSE OUV{SVO= = UTT{RUO = (VP{SOO)= TUP{VSM =

ÑÛ_≈ÿ^=|ÿ^W= ≤›‰_åª^==Ô‘àêÿ^=Ω NVN{NRR= QRR= NVN{SNM= = ROO{MUT = (N{MPQ)= RON{MRP =

”È—v==Óà�Îåª^=4»=ÔÎ’Ÿª^= NOV{TUP= =FPN{TMNE VU{MUO= = PRR{QVR = (VO{RUU)= OSO{VMT == POM{VPU= =FPN{OQSE OUV{SVO= = UTT{RUO = (VP{SOO)= TUP{VSM =

ÉÈ·f=⁄~Ñÿ^=⁄‹_êÿ^=à~˝^W ÉÈ·f==Ω_ì=‚›ó=_—v˘=_ÂÕÎ·îj=ÓÉ_ƒd=fikÍ=‚ÿyfá=WÓ3Õÿ^=EÓá_å~F EiF J J J J J J

⁄~Ñÿ^==Ó3ÕŸÿ=⁄‹_êÿ^ POM{VPU= =FPN{OQSE OUV{SVO= = UTT{RUO = (VP{SOO)= TUP{VSM =

ÑÛ_≈ÿ^=€W= ≤›‰_åª^==Ô‘àêÿ^=Ω NVN{NRR= QRR= NVN{SNM= = ROO{MUT = (N{MPQ)= RON{MRP =

”È—v==Óà�Îåª^=4»=ÔÎ’Ÿª^= NOV{TUP= =FPN{TMNE VU{MUO= = PRR{QVR = (VO{RUU)= OSO{VMT == POM{VPU= =FPN{OQSE OUV{SVO= = UTT{RUO = (VP{SOO)= TUP{VSM =

ÔÎüá=fiÂåÿ^==€_Íàÿ_fFÌÉÈ≈åÿÊ= ÔÎüá==Ω_îÿ=ÔòÕÄª^Ë=ÔÎã_ã˚^=fiÂåÿ^yfá==Ω=≤›‰_å›Ÿÿ=Ó3Õÿ^

=Ô‘àêÿ^=

M{PV

M{MMMV

M{QM =

N{MV= =FM{MMOE N{MV=



۲٥

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= =m_v_òÍ^

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Ïÿ_ª^ =

m_≈Îg‹= S{MSS{RMR - S{MSS{RMR =ÔÕŸ’jª^=m_≈Îg=EiF (Q{QSV{MSS) NN{RRQ (Q{QRT{RNO)

=yfàÿ^=⁄›ß= N{RVT{QPV NN{RRQ N{SMU{VVP =“ÍÈåjË=∆Îf=m_ÃËàî‹= (PUN{MNV) P{PTR (PTT{SQQ)

=ÔÍá^ÉdË=ÔÎ‹È›ƒ=m_ÃËàî‹=EiF (ONO{NRR) (P{PTR) (ONR{RPM) =⁄Î…êkÿ^=yfá= N{MMQ{OSR NN{RRQ N{MNR{UNV

=Òà~`=m^É^àÍd= NT{MSS O{RSO NV{SOU =⁄ÍÈµ=ŒÎÿ_’j= (NVO{TSS) (SR{MSM) (ORT{UOS)

=yfàÿ^⁄g–=Ó_‘äÿ^==⁄~Ñÿ^=ÔgÍàóË= UOU{RSR (RM{VQQ) TTT{SON Ó_‘äÿ^==⁄~Ñÿ^=ÔgÍàóË=E`F (NNS{PUR) (SQ{PQR) (NUM{TPM) =Ω_ì=yfá=Ô·åÿ^= TNO{NUM (NNR{OUV) RVS{UVN

|ÿ=ÑÛ_≈ÿ^W= Ô‘àêÿ^=Ω=≤›‰_åª^= QMS{UQR (V{QTP) PVT{PTO

Óà�Îåª^=4»=ÔÎ’Ÿª^=”È—v== PMR{PPR FNMR{UNSE NVV{RNV = TNO{NUM (NNR{OUV) RVS{UVN = =

˝^=⁄‹_êÿ^=⁄~Ñÿ^=ÉÈ·fà~W ÉÈ·f==‚›ó=_—v˘=_ÂÕÎ·îj=ÓÉ_ƒd=fikÍ=‚ÿÔ·åÿ^=yfáW - - -

=ÓÉ_ƒdÿ^=é_Î—=ÔÍá^Èk‘˘^fl^äkÿˇ==m_Ã_’‹ÔÍ_Â‡=Ô‹Ñ¶^=≤Õ¿È›Ÿÿ=

EiF

-

(NM{ONQ)

(NM{ONQ)

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= TNO{NUM (NOR,RMP) RUS,STT =fiÂåÿ^=ÔÎüáEÌÉÈ≈åÿ^=€_Íàÿ_fF=

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=FRJPE=m_ÍÈåj=Ÿƒ=Ô›Û_–=m_—ÃÑkÿ^=ÔÍÑ—·ÿ^=

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۲٦

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