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eBus project
Lasse Tiikkaja, Veolia Transport Finland Oy (Transdev),
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Veolia Transport Finland has a strong vision towards e-mobility and zero emissions
Veolia Transport Finland has been actively testing technical innovations together with national research institute VTT and now it was time to go for e-mobility
Veolia Transdev Finland:
Turnover 74M€ Staff 800 people 350 buses Mainly operating in
Capital Area (Helsinki) Strong history in
R&D and PPP projects
Picture: Aleshina Ekaterina and Kamyshev Vitaly (Biway)
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Veolia Transport Finland eBUS project targets in brief from 2011 to 2016
Field and laboratory testing and demonstration platform for up to 6 BEV buses in real traffic at Nordic climate Battery life time estimations
Charging effects to the batteries
Operational reliability
Energy management – Power demand
Ultra-fast and fast charging comparisons
Cold climate effect&demand to battery pack
Designing of micro smart grid to the depot to control energy demand and usage of e-bus chargers – energy cost variation
New traffic planning methodologies to optimize the use of EV buses together with local PTA (HSL) and Aalto university
Pic: Qualcomm
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(big electric company)
(Technical Research Center)
Picture: Nils-Olof Nylund ,VTT
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eBUS stakeholders and Steering Committee
Ministry of Transport and Communication
Ministry of Economics and Employment
Espoo city (capital regional city)
HSL (Helsinki Region Transport Authority)
VTT (Technical Research Centre of Finland)
TraFi (Traffic Safety Administration)
TEKES (the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation)
Veolia Transport Finland
Vacon
Universities (Aalto University and Metropolia Polytechnics)
Fortum – utility company
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eBUS project fleet
Project funding is granted for 4-6 EV buses from 2011-2016
Selected partners today: Caetano 2500 EL delivered on 9/2012 but again back in the
factory for upgrade and repairs
Ebusco delivered on 12/2013
BYD delivered 6/2014
VDL delivered 6/2014
Others tested: PVI Oreos 2X for one week 2012
Siemens-Rampini in summer 2013 for 4 weeks
Prototype of Finnish ebus (eMUULI) test in 5/2014
To be ordered (not confirmed) 1-2 opportunity charging (250kW) ebuses
with LTO batteries
Pictures: Alex Hallberg, Pekka Paloranta
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Test platform in capital area (Espoo) – securing the future
This the road map for the 2014 onwards for the eBUS project. One of the big goals is to test now e-buses in Espoo line 11/13 that will simulate the possible new traffic after the new metro line and train line is opened. This project connects all the stakeholders of the future to launch e-mobility in Greater Helsinki region (where Espoo belongs)
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Test line 11 (simulating the metro/train feeder traffic)
All electric buses will run in the city of Espoo on Line 11. This relatively short line mimics future feeder-type bus service that could be provided by battery electric buses
Line 11 has 24 bus stops in 9,1km or 26 bus stops in 10,1km depending on the direction
First bus starts at 5:42 and last departure is 23:47.Travel time is about 25 minutes, so the commercial speed is around 20-25km/h depending on traffic
Fleet mileage per day (due to internal planning): - BYD ~180km, VDL ~105km, Ebusco ~160km, Caetano ~120km
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Driven mileage per bus
Ebusco 1.0 22.000 km since December 2013
Caetano 11.000 km since September 2012
BYD 13.000 km since summer 2014
VDL 4.000 km since summer 2014
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The role of VTT (Finnish National Research Institute) in eBUS project
Project coordination and supporting function:
Data capturing and analysis: EV field test busses will be equipped with data logging and measurement devices that collects the data e.g.− operational profiles and working conditions of batteries, engine, heating
components and auxiliary components in the EV bus
− Effect of driving style in to the energy consumption
Data base for evaluating different components inside EV bus and supports product development (as well as a test mule)
Emission calculations
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Open items: the charging options…
…from opportunity charging: (no flexibility) inductive, pantograph or cable or long autonomy with flexibility
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Charging consepts for electric buses
Data capture from Veikko Karvonen, VTT
Chargingconcept
Infrastructure costs
Vehicle costs
Operation costs Concept feasibility
1. Overnight charging in the depot
Low, Chargers only in the depot
High, Expensive
battery
High, low battery lifetime, high
energy consumption
Possible in demonstrational
phase
2. Overnightcharging +
fast charging
during the day
Moderate,Chargers both in the depot
and terminalsAdditional costs for
parking while charging?
Moderate, slightlysmaller
batteries
Moderate–high, slightly longer
battery lifetime, additional costs if extra buses and drivers needed
Possible indemonstrational
phase, parking space in bus terminals limits
in wider scale use
3. Opportunity charging
(automatic high-powercharging)
High, expensivecharging
systems in terminals
Moderate,small
battery, expensive technologydepending on system
Low, no changes into normal bus
operations
Feasible only as a large system where there are enough vehicles to take
advantage of the investment
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Opportunity charging graph
Data capture from Veikko Karvonen, VTT
• Charging in bus terminals and some times during the line
• Battery is always used in the middle area of state of charge
• Extended battery lifetime
• Extra capacity always available in case that one
charging would fail
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Battery price estimations is another key issue
The price of the batteries have been one obstacle but it seems that the price has gone down now to even as low as 300€/kWh (OEM price) – TODAY IT SEEMS THAT LTO BATTERIES ARE THE SAFEST CHOICE FOR E-BUSES WITH MORE THAN 8000 CYCLES AND RESISTANCE TO -40 TO +50 DEGREES!
50% price drop already in less than 3 years
Veolia Transport Finland
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Performance of
LTO battery
Cycle life analysis —the structure of nano materials
R&D—LTO
The space between layers of LTO changed much less during charge/discharge, so it has better cycle life performance
graphite
Performance of
graphite Li battery
Excellent safety performance; not easy to explode
Fast charging: 6 min
Long cycle life（over 25,000 times）
Wider operating temperature range
（-40℃-60℃）
Excellent consistency
Five advantages
of LTO batteries
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…but also battery lifetime expectations has an effect on cost and reliability!
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Source: Nils-Olof Nylund, VTT
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Courtesy of VTT Kimmo Erkkilä and Nils-Olof Nylund
Test mule energy consumption
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Courtesy of VTT Kimmo Erkkilä and Nils-Olof Nylund
Test mule energy consumption
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eBUS today and open issues Risks in general:
- Chinese suppliers does not understand Europeandemand for maintenance&spare parts!
- Lot of activity but no standards
- Bad design – insulation in cold
- HVAC energy consumption – webasto must?
- Battery technology LTO or LFP Thermal management and BMS
- Local education and knowledge of e-buses
- Operational issues: All sort of problems in the beginning (2012) but now all
project members have learnt to deal with the cold
Driver education crucial – driver effect can be 35% on range
During January 2014 in -20°C Ebusco was more reliable than diesel buses
Also Caetano has been performing well during winter 2013-2014
- Accidents (specially for battery location) will be an issue
- TCO model – is it solid or too many “IF” factors calculations indicate that e-buses pay pack time is less than 10y without
subsidy depending on infrastructure investments
Energy cost is ¼ of the diesel bus energy cost
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THE END
Contact information to eBUS projects related issues:
Lasse Tiikkaja
eBus project manager/workshop manager
Veolia Transport Finland Oy
Tel: +358 44 796 1844
