1/20台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機控制工程研究所‧電力電子實驗室~鄒應嶼 教授

Introduction to Digital Power Control

數位電源控制簡介鄒 應 嶼 教 授

2013年1月8日

國立交通大學 電機控制工程研究所

台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機控制工程研究所‧808實驗室電力電子系統晶片、數位電源、DSP控制、馬達與伺服控制

http://pemclab.cn.nctu.edu.tw/Lab-808: Power Electronic Systems & Chips Lab., NCTU, Taiwan

LAB808NCTU

Lab808: 電力電子系統與晶片實驗室Power Electronics Systems & Chips, NCTU, TAIWAN

台灣新竹 • 交通大學 • 電機控制工程研究所

2/20台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機控制工程研究所‧電力電子實驗室~鄒應嶼 教授

What is “Digital Power”?

Power Conversion – Digital control that “closes the loop” in the power converter; e.g. output regulation.Converter Management – Digital control inside the power converter but outside the “loop”; e.g. monitoring and status.Board Management – Digital power control and management of the power converter at the board level; e.g. thermals, sequencing, controlling multiple converters, etc.Rack Management – Digital power management of the system; e.g. rack-level. Facility Management – Digital power management at the facility level; e.g. the interaction of a rectifier front end; UPS and battery management; thermal controls for the room; automatic transfer switch; etc.

REF: Linnea Brush, Digital Control Begins Expansion, August 2006 EDN POWER TECHNOLOGY.

Facilitymanagement

Rackmanagement

Boardmanagement

Convertermanagement

Powermanagement

Five Levels of digital power management and control

3/20台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機控制工程研究所‧電力電子實驗室~鄒應嶼 教授

Why Digital Control for Power Electronics?

1. To achieve higher efficiency2. Fast & Flexible: To achieve fast & programmable response – dynamic

power management & voltage regulation3. To lower the cost (depends on applications & Manufactures)4. To provide universal, robust, and green power adaptability5. To provide efficient portable power management, Monitoring, and

Control6. To reduce design time – time-to-market 7. To realize number of components by using programmable EEPROM

based digital controller 8. To achieve self commissioning digital power supply without external

compensation9. To achieve better & effective system integration 10. To provide system solution for complicated power converting

systems

4/20台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機控制工程研究所‧電力電子實驗室~鄒應嶼 教授

Digital Control of DC-DC Converters

Efficiency

Output Impedance

Static Characteristics

Basic nonisolated DC-DC converters, such as buck, boost, and buck/boost converters, are important both for study and applications of switching power converters.

Major goals of a switching power converter is to provide high efficiency and and low output impedance over the entire load range.

The development PWM control IC for dc-dc converters becomes complicated for easy power applicaion and performance optimization.

5/20台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機控制工程研究所‧電力電子實驗室~鄒應嶼 教授

Realization of a Buck Converter

Define Specifications Selection of Switching Frequency Determination of Filter Inductance and Capacitance Selection of Power MOSFET and Switching Diode Selection of PWM Control IC Need a Gate Driver? Design the Loop Compensation

AnalogPWM

Controller

DigitalPWM

Controller

C2

VO

L1Q1

R3 CR1R1

R2

C1

VI

Controller

FB

6/20台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機控制工程研究所‧電力電子實驗室~鄒應嶼 教授

Case Study: A 12V/5V, 3A DC-DC ConverterRef: Designing with the TL5001 PWM Controller (slva034a)

TL5001

VIN (10~15 V) VOUT (5V, 3A)

R8, 10 k

Compensated Loop Gain

7/20台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機控制工程研究所‧電力電子實驗室~鄒應嶼 教授

Replace the Gate Driver Circuits with a Gate Driver ICREF: TL5001EVM-097 3.3V & 5-V Selectable Output, 2.5-A Buck Converter User's Guide (Rev. B) slvu002b

High-Side Gate Drive

PWM Controller

8/20台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機控制工程研究所‧電力電子實驗室~鄒應嶼 教授

TL5001 PWM Control IC

VI

2

1

3

5

6

74

VCCSCP

DTC

RT

VO

Comp

FB

TL5001/A

VO

TPS1101

8GND

VCC RT DTC OUT

FBComp

SCP

1UVLO

OSC

Referencevoltage

1V1.5V

2.5V1V

SCPcomparator 1

Erroramplifier

SCPcomparator 2

PWM/DTCcomparator

IDT

TL5001/A8

5

3

4

2 7 6 1

Main Features Complete PWM Power Control 3.6-V to 40-V Operation Internal Undervoltage-Lockout Circuit Internal Short-Circuit Protection Oscillator Frequency . . . 20 kHz to 500 kHz

Variable Dead Time Provides Control Over Total Range ±3% Tolerance on Reference Voltage (TL5001A) Available in Q-Temp Automotive

LM5005 High Voltage 2.5 Amp Buck RegulatorMain Features Integrated 75V, 2.5A N-Channel Buck Switch Ultra-wide input voltage range from 7V to 75V Internal high voltage bias regulator Adjustable output voltage from 1.225V Current mode control with emulated inductor current ramp

1.5% feedback reference accuracy Single resistor oscillator frequency setting Oscillator synchronization input Programmable soft-start, Shutdown, Standby input Wide bandwidth error amplifier & Thermal Shutdown

10/20台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機控制工程研究所‧電力電子實驗室~鄒應嶼 教授

Distributed Power Architecture for PC & Servers

2.5V

3.3V

5V

12V VRM

Front-End Power Supply

AC input

DC power bus

.

.

.Serial

Interface

DC/DC ConverterTotal Output Power = 125WEfficiency > 90% @ Maximum LoadSize: 3.8” 1.9” 0.5”Load regulation < 2%Current Limit: 120%Temperature: -40°C - 80°C

CPU

Intermediate-Stage Power Supply

BuckRegulator

Memory

LDO

Inverter

Buck-Boost

Regulator

Utility

85-260V

50-60 Hz

POL Power Supply

PFC IC PWM IC

LCD

CCFL

PFC IC PWM IC

withPFC

PRE-REGULATORS

11/20台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機控制工程研究所‧電力電子實驗室~鄒應嶼 教授

The Pentium IV Consumes and Dissipates a Lot of Power!

Pentium IV55,000,000 Tz0.13 m 3.2GHz1.7VRated Power: 92WPeak Power: 110W

Voltage Regulation Module (VRM)

Supplying power to Pentium IV, we need:A very large and high quality heat sinkWe even need a fan for force coolingWe also need a VRM to supply high current (70A) at low voltage (1.7V) with high current slew rate (50A/sec)

12/20台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機控制工程研究所‧電力電子實驗室~鄒應嶼 教授

Multi-Phase VRM

i1

i2

i3

io

i4

Vo

CdcVdcS1c

D1c

S2c

D2c

S3c

D3c

S4c

D4c

S1D1

S2D2

S3D3

S4

COIntegratedMagneticCore

Jieli Li, A. Stratakos, A. Schultz, and C. R. Sullivan, "Using coupled inductors to enhance transient performance of multi-phase buck converters," IEEE APEC Conf. Rec., pp. 1289-1293, 2004.

I2C: Power Management Bus

Controller

Synchronous Sampling

Signal Generator

PWM Generator

Signal Conditioning

Capacitor Bank

13/20台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機控制工程研究所‧電力電子實驗室~鄒應嶼 教授

Analog Multiphase Controllers (2009)

14/20台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機控制工程研究所‧電力電子實驗室~鄒應嶼 教授

Digital Multiphase Controllers (2012)

TemperatureMonitoring

Remote Communication

Digital Control

Interface

Fan ControlPower

Sequencing

Internal Control

& Monitoring

PWM PWM1

PWM

PWM2

PWM PWM3

PWM PWM4

EN

F8

ISEN1

ISEN2

ISEN3

ISEN4

VDIFF PO OOD OVP VCC ENLL

ROND

VSEN

OFS

VID4VID3VID2VID1

VIDVID12.5

COMP

FB

TOOMP

X1

OVP

1.24V

E/A

OFF&ET

+200mV

ChannelCurrentbalance

Channeldetect

ChannelCurrentsense

Sample&

hold

Clock and& AWTO OTH

OEN erator

DynamicVIDD/A

T

OC

I_TRIP

I_TOT

GND

SOFT startAnd

FA ULT logic

S R

Q

Power-onRE/ET (POR)

Three-state

CVPlatch

Higher Integration Digital Communication Digital Control

15/20台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機控制工程研究所‧電力電子實驗室~鄒應嶼 教授

CHL8314 Digital Multi-Phase Buck Controller

Intel VR11.x compliant Digital PWM Controller Programmable 1-phase to 4-phase operation Configurable switching frequency from 200 kHz

to 1MHz per phase with accuracy better than 27% Variable Gate Drive Dynamic Phase Control (1-phase or 2-phase PSI

for Light Loads) Adaptive Transient Algorithm minimizes output

bulk capacitors

VID0VID1VID2VID3VID4VID5VID6VID7

VCPU

VRTN

ISEN1IREN1ISEN2IREN2ISEN3IREN3ISEN4IREN4

RCSPRCSM

TSENVINSEN

ENSADDR/

Gamer_OFF

PSISDASCL

PWM1PWM2PWM3PWM4

VAR_GATE

IMON

3.3V

LDOReference

VID decode and DAC

Vref

OVP

Voltage Error ADC

1.8V

V18ARRES

Channel Current Sense

Monitor ADC

OVP

CurrentBalance

TransientController

PID+Controller

PWMGenerator

Digital Processor

SMBusInterface

CurrentMonitor

Oscillator, NVM State

Control, and Monitoring

16/20台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機控制工程研究所‧電力電子實驗室~鄒應嶼 教授

Dedicated Analog PWM Controller Solution

Limiting application and circuit topology reduces applicability, but offers faster response and lower parts cost

Limitations on application mean lower shipment volume, possibly impacting scale merit

Push-pull Half-bridgeBuck Flyback

Control IC

Low General Applicability

Supports OneAC-DC Converter

DC-AC Converter

DC-DC Converter

POL Converter (VRM)

Power Converter Types

Power Converter Topology

Supports One

17/20台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機控制工程研究所‧電力電子實驗室~鄒應嶼 教授

Flexible Digital PWM Controller Solution

Can be configured to handle a wide range of applications, circuit topologies and other points, but may face larger chip area and higher parts cost

Wide range of applications means higher shipment volume per design, making scale merit likely

Push-pull Half-bridgeBuck Flyback

Control IC

High General Applicability

Supports allAC-DC Converter

DC-AC Converter

DC-DC Converter

POL Converter (VRM)

Power Converter Types

Power Converter Topology

Supports all

18/20台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機控制工程研究所‧電力電子實驗室~鄒應嶼 教授

Reading Assignment (Feb. 24, 2012)

S. B. Leeb, "Putting profit into power electronic products with digital control," IEEE APEC Conf. Rec., pp. 35 - 44, 2004.

Design and Realization of Digital Controller

Vref(t)K H(s)

Vcout(t)

Vin

Vin

Vin

Vin Load

UnregulatedCell

UnregulatedCell

UnregulatedCell

RegulatingCell

ON/OFF

Control

RegulationControl

Vref[n]K DAC H(s) ADC

Vdout[n]

P(z) For positive increasing K

unit disk Im(z)z-plane

Re(z)z

Re(s)

s-plane

Im(s)For positive increasing K

1

s1

s

19/20台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機控制工程研究所‧電力電子實驗室~鄒應嶼 教授

References: Digital Power Control

Digital Control in Power Electronics [1] 鄒應嶼, 數位控制在電力電子應用的未來展望, 2005第四屆台灣電力電子研討會, Sept. 9, 2005. [2] S. B. Leeb, "Foreword special issue on digital control in power electronics," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 18,

no. 1, part 2, pp. 293-293, Jan. 2003.[3] A. Monti, E. Santi, R. A. Dougal, and M. Riva, "Rapid prototyping of digital controls for power electronics," IEEE Transactions

on Power Electronics, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 915- 923, May 2003. [4] D. Maksimovic, R. Zane, and R. Erickson, "Impact of digital control in power electronics," IEEE The 16th International

Symposium on Power Semiconductor Devices and ICs (ISPSD), pp. 13- 22, 24-27 May 2004. [5] Geof Potter, An Introduction to Digital Control of Switching Power Converters, Emerson, April 2004. [6] Bryan Kris, DSCs Ease Migration to Digital Loop Control, Power Electronics Technology, Nov. 2006. [7] P. T. Krein, "Digital Control Generations -- Digital Controls for Power Electronics through the Third Generation," IEEE PEDS

Conf. Proc., 27-30 Nov. 2007. [8] David Morrison, Digital Controllers Maximize Efficiency Over Load Range, David Morrison, Power Electronics Technology,

Feb. 2008.

Text Books for Digital Control[1] P. Katz, Digital Control Using Microprocessors, Prentice Hall, September 1981.

[2] Farzad Nekoogar, Digital Control Using DSP, Prentice Hall, Nov. 1995.[3] Marian P. Kazmierkowski (Editor), Ramu Krishnan (Editor), Frede Blaabjerg, J. D. Irwin (Editor), Control in Power

Electronics: Selected Problems, Academic Press, 1st edition, August 20, 2002.

20/20台灣新竹‧交通大學‧電機控制工程研究所‧電力電子實驗室~鄒應嶼 教授

References: Digital Power Control

Digital Control of DC-DC Converters – An Introduction [1] R. R. Boudreaux, R. M. Nelms, and J. Y. Hung, "Simulation and modeling of a DC-DC converter controlled by an 8-bit

microcontroller," IEEE APEC Conf. Rec., pp. 963 - 969, 23-27 Feb. 1997. [2] Power Supply Seminar SEM-1600 Topic 6: A Practical Introduction to Digital Power Supply Control, by Laszlo Balogh, Texas

Instruments Literature No. SLUP224. [3] F. Sluijs, K. Hart, W. Groeneveld, and S. Haag, "Integrated DC/DC converter with digital controller," IEEE Int. Symposium on

Low Power Electronics and Design, pp. 88-90, Aug. 1998. [4] H. Tsafrin and S. Ben-Yaakov, "Modeling and simulation of new digital control for power conversion systems," IEEE PESC

Conf. Rec., pp. 155-158, 2002. [5] K. De Gusseme, D. M. Van de Sype, and J. A. A. Melkebeek, "Design issues for digital control of boost power factor

correction converters," IEEE ISIE Conf. Rec., pp. 731-736, 2002. [6] V. Arikatla and J. A. Abu Qahouq, "An Adaptive Digital PID controller scheme for power converters," IEEE Energy Conversion

Congress and Exposition (ECCE), pp. 223-227, 2010.