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Economics 2: Spring 2014 J. Bradford DeLong <[email protected]>; Maria Constanza Ballesteros <[email protected]>; Connie Min <[email protected]> hBp://delong.typepad.com/sdj/econ2spring2014/

Economics2:Spring2014 · 27/01/2012  · • Dharmateaches#yoga • Dharma:#2.5#yogaand#1#cup#of#coffee— and#doesn’twantto#teach#more#or#less# • Greg#consumes#2.5#yogaand#9#cups#of#

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Page 1: Economics2:Spring2014 · 27/01/2012  · • Dharmateaches#yoga • Dharma:#2.5#yogaand#1#cup#of#coffee— and#doesn’twantto#teach#more#or#less# • Greg#consumes#2.5#yogaand#9#cups#of#

Economics  2:  Spring  2014  

J.  Bradford  DeLong  <[email protected]>;  Maria  Constanza  Ballesteros  <[email protected]>;  

Connie  Min  <[email protected]>  

hBp://delong.typepad.com/sdj/econ-­‐2-­‐spring-­‐2014/  

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Economics  2:  Spring  2014:  iClicker  

hBp://delong.typepad.com/sdj/econ-­‐1-­‐spring-­‐2012/  

January  27,  2014,  4-­‐5:30  101  Barker,  U.C.  Berkeley  

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•  Power  light  shows  when  you  turn  it  on  

•  QuesSon:    Have  you  registered  your  iClicker  at  iclicker.com?  – A.  Yes  – B.  Not  yet  – C.  I  don’t  have  an  iClicker  

iClicker  

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Examples…  

•  Star  Trek,  Star  Wars,  Buffy  the  Vampire  Slayer,  Dharma  and  Greg,  Sopranos  are  out…  

•  Who  is  in?  

•  Let  me  offer  you  five  possibiliSes:  – A.  Top  100  iTunes  performers  – B.  Avengers/Shield/True  DetecSve  characters  – C.  Game  of  Thrones/Girls  characters  – D.  California  poliScians  of  the  present  and  past  – E.  Lego  movie  characters…  

4  

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Scarcity  and  Choice  in  a  MulS-­‐Person  Economy  

•  Dharma  and  Greg  – Greg  is  good  at  making  coffee—can  make,  say,  10  cups  a  day  •  But  inept  at  yoga—one  lesson  a  day  max  

– Dharma  is  good  at  doing  (and  teaching)  yoga—can  teach  5  lessons  a  day  •  But  can  only  make  two  cups  of  coffee  

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Greg  and  Dharma  in  Autarky  

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There  Is  Something  Wrong…  

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A  Market  with  cu2  Yoga  Lessons!  

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What  the  Market  System  Gets  Us  •  They  have  specialized  in  what  they  

are  most  producSve  doing  

•  They  have  traded  via  this  insStuSon  clled    “market”  

•  It  is  win-­‐win  –  Dharma  benefits  as  long  as  the  price  of  

yoga  lessons  >  cu0.40  –  Greg  benefits  as  long  as  the  price  of  

yoga  lessons  <  cu10  

•  Wealth  MaximizaSon  –  Any  price  between  cu0.40  and  cu10  

produces  a  wealth-­‐maximizing  producSon  outcome  

–  Any  price  between  cu0.40  and  cu10  produces  an  efficient  allocaSve  outcome  

–  Any  price  outside  the  range  shuts  the  market—and  specializaSon—down  

•  DistribuSon:  –  A  price  of  cu10  gives  all  the  surplus  to  

Dharma  –  A  price  of  cu0.40  gives  all  the  surplus  to  

Greg  –  A  price  of  cu2  makes  them  equally  well  

off  •  Or  does  it?  

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In  Order  to  Coordinate...  

•  ...in  an  economy  with  N  commodiSes  via  the  market,  you  have  to...  – 1.  Find  a  whiteboard  – 2.  Write  down  N  prices  

– 3.  Laissez-­‐faire  – 4.  Maybe  you  don’t  have  to  write  down  the  prices  

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11  

Why  Don’t  You  Have  to  Write  Down  Prices?  

•  Because  of  supply  and  demand  

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12  

Why  Don’t  You  Have  to  Write  Down  Prices?  

•  Because  of  supply  and  demand  

•  Dharma  will  have  a  demand  for  yoga  lessons...  

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13  

Why  Don’t  You  Have  to  Write  Down  Prices?  

•  Because  of  supply  and  demand  

•  And  so  will  Greg...  

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14  

Why  Don’t  You  Have  to  Write  Down  Prices?  

•  Because  of  supply  and  demand  

•  So  we  can  say:  if  the  price  of  yoga  is  5  coc-­‐equivalent,  demand  will  be  3.5  

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15  

Why  Don’t  You  Have  to  Write  Down  Prices?  

•  Because  of  supply  and  demand  

•  And  if  the  price  is  4,  demand  will  be  3.75...  

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16  

Why  Don’t  You  Have  to  Write  Down  Prices?  

•  Because  of  supply  and  demand  

•  And  if  the  price  is  3,  4.17...  

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17  

Why  Don’t  You  Have  to  Write  Down  Prices?  

•  Because  of  supply  and  demand  

•  And  if  the  price  is  2,  5...  

•  And  if  the  price  is  1,  7.5...  

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18  

Why  Don’t  You  Have  to  Write  Down  Prices?  

•  Because  of  supply  and  demand  

•  We  can  thus  draw  a  demand  curve...  

18  

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19  

Why  Don’t  You  Have  to  Write  Down  Prices?  

•  Because  of  supply  and  demand  

•  And  we  can  draw  a  supply  curve:  Dharma  is  willing  to  teach  5  yoga  lessons  no  maBer  what  the  price...    

19  

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20  

Why  Don’t  You  Have  to  Write  Down  Prices?  

•  Because  of  supply  and  demand  

•  And  we  have  our  market  equilibrium:  P=2,  Q=5  

•  What  if  P  ≠2?    

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21  

Why  Don’t  You  Have  to  Write  Down  Prices?  

•  Because  of  supply  and  demand  

•  If  P  <  2,  S  <  D  

•  And  so  producers  raise  their  prices...    

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22  

Why  Don’t  You  Have  to  Write  Down  Prices?  

•  Because  of  supply  and  demand  

•  If  P  >  2,  S  >  D  

•  And  so  producers  lower  their  prices...    

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23  

Why  Don’t  You  Have  to  Write  Down  Prices?  

•  Because  of  supply  and  demand  

•  If  P  =  2,  S  =  D  

•  And  the  situaSon  is  stable  

•  EQUILIBRIUM!!    

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In  Order  to  Coordinate...  

•  ...in  an  economy  with  N  commodiSes  via  a  bureaucraSc  command-­‐and-­‐control  hierarchy,  you  have  to...  –  1.  Tell  everybody  what  to  do  

–  2.  Tell  everybody  what  they  are  going  to  consume  

–  3.  Check  up  to  make  sure  everybody  is  doing  what  they  are  supposed  to  be  doing  

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QuesSons  to  Ask  of  Any  Societal  CalculaSng  Mechanism  

•  Is  it  aBainable?  –  i.e.,  China  during  the  Great  Leap  

Forward  not  aBainable  •  Peng  Dehuai’s  reprimand  of  Mao;  Hai  

Jui’s  reprimand  of  Shih  Tsung  

•  ProducSve  efficiency:  will  the  right  people  be  making  the  right  things?  

•  AllocaSve  efficiency:  will  anybody  say  “I  don’t  want  that,  I  want  this  instead”?  

•  Will  it  be  fair?  –  The  cu0.40  price  allocaSon  might  be  

Pareto-­‐opSmal  •  Dharma  teaches  yoga  •  Dharma:  2.5  yoga  and  1  cup  of  coffee—

and  doesn’t  want  to  teach  more  or  less  

•  Greg  consumes  2.5  yoga  and  9  cups  of  coffee—if  he  doesn’t  like  yoga  that  much,  he  might  not  want  to  take  any  more    yoga  

–  But  it  doesn’t  seem  fair,  does  it?  

•  That  is  what  we  will  look  at  next  Sme...  

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Ladies  and  Gentlemen,  to  Your  i>Clickers...  

•  The  “economic  problem”:  – A.  Is  figuring  out  how  to  deal  with  the  fact  of  scarcity  in  (at  least  some  of)  the  things  we  care  about.  

–  B.  Is  the  result  of  high  opportunity  costs.  –  C.  Was  solved  for  all  Sme  by  the  wave  of  technological  innovaSon  that  was  the  Industrial  RevoluSon.  

– D.  Is  that  supply  is  not  guaranteed  to  match  demand.  

–  E.  Is  that  of  figuring  out  what  prices  should  be  charged  in  markets