Educación y biblioteca, n.º 81 (julio/agosto, 1997)

7/23/2019 Educacin y biblioteca, n. 81 (julio/agosto, 1997)

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ME XRA@MRXMRZCEMetrmvastn jce mi msjratcr ypmracfastn Mfunrfc @ mefa-jutta? Dny imjtcrms qum nfm-`s fm iatmrnturn busjne uepuetc fm afmegajnjae, uepuetc fm rmgmrmejan y pumfmetmemr fagajuitnfms pnrn icjna-

z r às iabrcs c ics fm ctrcnutcr lny

AEVMRE JACE IBabiactmjn Xbiajn fmIcs elmims INXI)Nfuitcs qum nprmefme n immry msjrabar me in babiactmjn

FCZZAMRZ m f j ac s babiactmjnracspnrn lnys y imsbanens

M F ] J N J A C E B A B I A C V M J N 4 O ] I A C - N L C Z V C 1 1 8 >>VrnzcsNjvafnfms me tc` c ni ZiFN (_nrecrn)i cmsafn>2 > 4AetmrenjaceniBabiactmjn Gbiajn fm Ics elmims (]ZN)>1 :8FCZZAMR? ZMRWAJACZ BABIACVMJNRACZ XNRN LNQZ IMZBaNENZJccrfaenfc pcr @n Netcean Cetcran Lnrjn y Onvamr Xrmz AlimsansZniar fmi nr`nrac pnrn metrnr me ins mstnetmrns? smrvajacs babiactmjnracspnrn lnys y imsbanens, pcr Onvamr Xrmz Alimsans ] Njnbnr jce mi saimejac ymi àmfc? iabrcs pnrn ovmems lnys y imsbanens, pcr Onvamr Xrmz Alimsans yIuas @alumi Jmejmrrnfn rmvm dastcran fmi Lny, Imsbane ne f BasmxuniVnsk Gcrjm, pcr @crlne Lwmewnif

RMJ]RZCZ FAFJVAJCZ: > ::Babaactmjcecen y Fcju`metnjae:6Aegcr`tajn:= :4Mfujnjae68aegnetai6Xra`nran62Zmjuefnran6: 66Wnracs6= 67IAtmrntern aegnetai y Ouvmeai6< Nrnle ] Jcecjmr, jc`prmefmr , trnesgcr`nr? njtavas`c babiactm-jnrac y dc`csmxuniafnf, pcr @nrlnratn Xrmz Xuiafc y Nurcrn L`mz-Xne-tcon Gmèfmz-Znilumrc A scjanjacems fm lnys y imsbanens fmi Mstnfcmspnci.


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I^]~EFM M NVMEFMRINZ BABIACVMJNZ MZJC.raINRMZ a

Imlnems, 21 fm `nyc fm >1116 y Gfbuin? 28).'Vam`pcs mocrms. ~ i t a` ncevmrsnjae-(In ginutn `flajn; >4y 26=. 28: y 2=6).Nfm`fs fm su njtavafnf jc`c enrrnfcr, dn pubiajnfc ùitItuf fm neajuics me fagmrmetms `mfacs.ûmrm`cs nlrnfmjmr tcfns ins gnjaiafnfms qum Mfunrfc @mefajutta ecs fac pnrn in rmniaznja7e fm mstn metrmvastn y fmsHjnr su metusans`c y vnimetin me in iujdn pcr ics fmrmjdcs fmics lnys y ins imsbanens.6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

Ms ùy jcè njufar n uen babiactmjn yec mejcetrnr gcefcs rminjacenfcs jce icslnys y ins imsbanens. Vn`bae pumfm cjurrarqum ic qum dny me ins mstnetmrns mst fms-gnsnfc c prmsmetm mi tm`n fmsfm ue puetcfm vastn `nrjnfn`metm emlntavc. Mstcpumfm smr mspmjani`metm lrnvm me mi jnsc fmimjtcrms ovmems qum njufme n busjnr aegcr-`njae.Z, ms ue nsuetc guefn`metni. i Renimejumetrns in rnze fm smr fm ue `cvaàmetc

mrry Bnumrrmavaefajntavc, mi pcrqu fm ue `cva ametc fmfmgmesn fm ics fmrmjdcs. Vu vms qum dny lmetmme ue `c`metc fmtmràenfc fm su vafn. innfcimsjmejan, me mi qum mstne fmsjcejmrtnfcs.ec tameme `cfmics, ec tameme puetcs fmrmgmrmejan y in aegcr`njae qum rmjabme mstsmslnfn dnjan mi infc emlntavc c dnjan u e infcpntmreniastn. qum n vmjms ms aejiusc pmcr. Vcfcmi ùefc fmbmen rmjin`nr qum juniquamremjmsafnf fm aegcr`njae mstuvamrn jubamrtnpcr ins babiactmjns. Me praejapac smn mstupme-fc qum mstc sm dajamrn jce in enturniafnf jcein qum sm trn tn juniquamr ctrc tm`n, pmrc dnstnqum ec sm famrn msn enturniafnf smen bumecue msgumrzc mxprmsc fm afmetagajnjae.>>> Zae m`bnrlc mst ùy mxtmefafn metrmics prcgmsacenims fm ins babiactmjns in afmnfm qum miics sce mjuea`ms n in dcrn fm trn-tnr juniquamr tapc fm aegcr`njae c n in dcrnfm nfquarar, trntnr tjeajn`metm y faguefarics `ntmranims rminjacenfcs jce juniquamrtm`n.Xmrc ec ms vmrfnf. pcrqum mi puetc fm pnrtafnms fagmrmetm, pcr ic tnetc in supumstn alunifnfc mjuneaàfnf mst gniinefc. Ics nfcimsjmetms,ics lnys y imsbanens me lmemrni, pnrtme fm uepuetc fm fmsalunafnf me ic qum n aegcr`njaesm rmgamrm. In mfujnjae. ics re ss `mfan naefus tran fmi metrmtmeaàmetc, mi metcrec scjaniy gnàianr bc`bnrfmne jce a`lmems m afmnsqum a`pceme ue jc`pcrtnàmetc dmtmrcsmxunim aejiusc mstal`ntaane in dc`csmxuniafnf.Vcfcs fmbmran`cs metmefmr qum nqumiins jcsnsqum mste fmsntmefafns ec sm pumfme trntnraluni qum ins qum ic mste. Msc ec smen mjun-eaàfnf. Jrmc emjmsnran uen "fasjraàenjaepcsatavn" pcr ic `mecs furnetm ue pmracfc.Mi ctrc fn im qum sm dnbn crlneaznfc uenmxpcsajae pnrn ics jcimlacs fm jnrt ns fmn`cr iatmrnrans, ms fmjar mxprmsacems n`crc-sns, fmjinrnjacems fm n`cr `s c `mecsjinrns c fmgaeafns. Xums tcfns mrne dmtmrcsm-xunims tcfns Ec ms pcsabim qum mi pmrscenifm ue jmetrc mfujntavc qum dnln c pamesmdnjmr uen mxpcsajae fm msm tapc ec aejiuyn

MF]JNJACE BABIACVMJN 4> >11


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M E X R A @ M R X M R Z C E

tmxtcs fm n`cr dc`csmxunims. ec tamem sme-tafc Ims qum sce mxprmsacems n`crcsns fmsmluefn jntmlcrn3 û jratmrac sm mstnpiajnefc3 Mstn jinrc qum ic qum mxprmsnemsns nusmejans ms ue smetaàmetc fm dc`c-gcban IC `m vne n fmjar qum juniquamrfcjmetm èa`n`metm aegcr nfc ec ms jnpnzfm smimjjacenr uen smram fm tmxtcs me ics qumin mxprmsae n`crcsn smn dc`csmxuni3 Za nin dcrn fm smimjjacenr tmxtcs pnrn ics niu`-ecs cjurrm mstc. junefc sm crlneazn uenbabiactmjn msm jratmrac s m salum a`pceamefc.Ic às`c cjurrm junefc sm jrmn uen bnsmfm fntcs lmemrni scbrm iatmrnturn. mi jcetmea-fc mspmjgajn`metm dc`csmxuni fm fmtmrà-enfc tapc fm iatmrnturn fmsnpnrmjm.

Ms a`pcrtnetm mi tm`n fm in njjmsabaiJfnf fmetrc fm in babiactmjn. Dny ùjdnsecvmins msjratns pcr lnys c imsbanens qumrmgimone nspmjtcs aetmrmsnetms pnrn injcùeafnf pmrc qum npnrmjme nlrupnfnspcr su enjaceniafnf c pcr ctrcs jratmracs.Xnrn ùjdcs prcgmsacenims y tn`bae pnrnùjdcs usunracs dnjmric fm ctrn `nemrnsupcefrn uen mspmjam fm smlrmlnjaeûm cpaens t jc`c nutcr3Zupcelc qum ms uen jumstae `mtcfcilajn.Za ue prcfujtc juiturni tamem favmrscs mim-`metcs fm afmetagajnjae. ecvmins fm n`cr,fm nvmeturns. dastrajn. mi qum smn mspmjagajcfm lnys c imsbanens ms ue mim`metc afmetagi-jnfcr `s. @m pnrmjm pmrgmjtc qum pcr mom`-pic Lmemt mstm me in iatmrnturn grne-jmsn. c me iatmrnturn jcetm`pcr-emn. pmrc fmbmrn tmemr uenrmgmrmejan mspmjagajn jc`c ecvminlny. Mstc pcfrn `ntmraniaznrsm meuecs nenqumims mxjiusavcs c bamepcfen dnbmr uen fupiajnjae. Msfmjar, qum in iatmrnturn grnejmsntmefrn msns cbrns y tn`bae mstn-rne me in smjjae fm iatmrnturn lny.N à mstc `m pmrmjmrn pcsatavc.pcrqum ec sm trntnrn fm uen fas-jraàenjae saec fm ue supim`metcfm aegcr`njae.Xcr ctrc infc. y jc`c nutcr. dnbasfnfc me ue puetc qum n à `mpnrmjm bsajc. Junefc yc msjrabc

tm`n fm nfuitmrac dmtmrcsmxuni. smen ue jrm-taec. pmrc aluni fm jrmtaec smran niluame qumfaomrn qum ec im aetmrmsn ue iabrc `c pcrqumtrntn fm ue tm`n fm n`cr dc`csmxuni.Ndcrn, tn`bae ms vmrfnf qum mi ramslc qumsm jcrrm jce ins jcimjjacems nbamrtns msfmgrnufnr c ec ntmefmr n ue tapc fm imjtcrqum mstnrn mspmjani`metm aetmrmsnfc me ueiabrc pcr su tm`n. Dny imjtcrms qum. nfm`sfm iatmrnturn. busjne ue puetc fm afmetagajn-jae, ue puetc fm rmgmrmejan y pumfme tmemrfagajuitnfms pnrn icjniaznr às iabrcs c ics fmctrc nutcr lny ûm dnjmr metcejms3 Xrcbn-bim`metm pmfar qum me ins bnsms fm fntcs cme ics jntaclcs me fcefm sm fn aegcr`njaescbrm mstns cbrns qumfm jinrc qum trntne fmtm`ns rminjacenfcs jce ics lnys c jce insimsbanens. Q ec pcr ea`c àiatnetm. saecjc`c àsae purn`metm aegcr`ntavn.>>> Fm tcfns gcr`ns me Mspnn ec nbue-fne ins mfatcranims qum sm fmfaqume mxjiu-savn`metm n pubiajnr iabrcs fm tm`tajnlny c imsbanen. Fm dmjdc scic dny fcsiabrmrns mspmjaniaznfns uen me @nfraf yctrn me Bnrjmicen.Za, ms vmrfnf. à `m pnrmjm mstupmefn ininbcr qum dnjm Bmrknen nqu me @nfraf. Qcàs`c in utaiazc y ec tmelc `s qum miclacspnrn in iabrmrn. Jc`c mfatcrms fne in smesn-jae fm mfatnr iabrcs iatmrnran`metm `nrlaenims.dcbnbim`metm pcrqum ec tameme njjmsc nctrns gar`ns fmsfm ue puetc fm vastn mjceà-

Vnics fmbmrn`cs metmefmrqum nqumiins jcsns qum mstefmsntmefafns ec sm pumfmetrntnr alu i qum ins qum mstent me fa d. Msc ec smrnmjuneaàfnf. rmc emjmsnranuen fasjraàenjaepcsataunpcr ic `mecs furnetm uepmracfc.

ue iabrc fm tm`tajn l n a y ic pubiajc tmelc iabmrtnf

jc. c pcrqum trcpamzne jce rmtajme-jans pcr pnrtm fm ùjdcs nutcrms.Xmrc s Bmrknen `m sciajatnrn ue cra-laeni pnrn pubiajnric jrmc qum ec smic fnrn, jc`c tn`pcjc sm ic fnran nXinemtn s `m ic pafm. pcrqum mstcyjcetmetc jce às mfatcrms. Ic qum `mpnrmjm mstupmefc ms qum às iabrcssm vmefne me Bmrknen y pumfne smrgjai`metm afmetagajnbims.

Ec dny ùjdcs msjratcrms ymsjratcrns qum iimvme uen iemn`nrjnfn`metm lny c imsbanen. MeMspnn tcfnvn nbuefne icsnrlu`metcs jce fasgrnz. Xcrsupumstc mst mi nspmjtc fm injrmnfcrn pmrc pnrn ics lnys y insaetmrs me qum smn pubiajnfc me uen jcimj-jae mspmjagajn lny3 @as iabrcs npnrmjme me

uen jcimjjae qum ec mst afmetagajnfn jc`clny y msc `m pnrmjm bame pcr uen rnze gue-fn`metni. Qc jc`c imjtcr ec pumfc rmjdnznruen cbrn pcr tmemr uen tm`tajn dmtmrcsm-xuni, c trntnr ue nspmjtc fmsfm ue puetc fmvastn dmtmrcsmxuni. @m pumfm ec aetmrmsnrnilc pcrqum junefc ic imn ec `m lustm c immejumetrm mstm c nqumi fmgmjtc. pmrc ec npracra . Za yc jc`c imjtcr faomrn qum ec `mlustn Neen Knr eaen pcrqum trntn fm ue

MF]JNJACE Q BABIACVMJN 4> 11>> Junefc sm ims pinetmn n ics babiactmjn-racs qum pcr qu ec crlneazne smrvajacspnrn in jcùeafnf fm lnys y imsbanens meùjdcs jnscs jcetmstne qum ec tamememscs usunracs me su babiactmjn jc`c sa icslnys y ins imsbanens vavamrne me ue sciciulnr c tuvamrne qum iimvnr ue jnrtmi jcklnfc afmetagajnefcims. Vn`bae ms ùyjcè mi nrlu`metc fm qum enfam sciajatn`ntmranims scbrm mscs tm`ns.Zae m`bnrlc ics msjratcrms tmem`cs ùjdnsrmgmrmejans fm lmetm ocvme qum njufm ni

fafjtajc. ]e bume prclrn`n fmnjmrjnàmetc y fmsnrrciic fm in imj-turn pnrn nfcimsjmetms fmbmrantmemr ue juafnfc mxquasatc y pcemrntmejae n msm y n ctrcs tm`ns, pcr-qum pnrn ùjdcs ovmems mi aetmrspcr in imjturn ec vamem scic pcr minspmjtc iatmrnrac saec pcr uen emjm-safnf fm rmjcecjmrsm y ngar`nrsm.

> ]en njtavafnf jcrrametm meùjdns babiactmjns ms mfatnr lunsfm imjturn scbrm ue tm`n aevatnrn nutcrms pnrn qum dnbime fm sucbrn crlneaznr jcegmrmejans cmxpcsajacems me tcrec n ue `cta-vc. c jrmms qum mstc smrn fmlrne nyufn pnrn faguefar ics gce-fcs scbrm lnys y imsbanens11


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V R _ C Z

Aegcr`m fm ins Njtavafnfms me tcrec n iZ AFN_n`crn fmi < n i : fm`nrzc fm 11 AeajacRmprmsmetnetms fmi Jcàt JaufnfnecNetasafn fm _n crn ecs vasatne prmsmete-fcecs su prclrn`n fm njtavafnfms me injaufnf y cgrmjaefcecs in pcsabaiafnf fmiimvnr n jnbc uen Mxpcsaja7e fm :7 a f -lmems fm nrtastns aetmrenjacenims [iatc-l&ns) fm gumrtm a`pnjtc vasuni qum nbcr-fne ics nspmjtcs psajcilajcs. ngmjtavcs yscjanims jnusnfcs pcr in megmr`mfnf.Nrtastns fm in tniin fm _usd. Onu`m Ximesn.Zcpdam Jnaam, Nigrmfc Onn r. On en Ztmrbnk,@nrasjni y ue inrlc mtjmtmrn, aetmetne

fmetm fm in Zcjamfnf Mspncin Aetmrfasja-piienr fmi ZiFN qum prmsmet ics uitarecsnvnejms me mi jcecjaàmetc fm in megmr`m-fnf.dcymjjacems jaem`ntclriijns. Fmi iuems>< ni vamrems 2 > fm `nrzc. tn`bae me insfmpmefmejans fm in Babiactmjn G'biajn, smprcymjtnrce jaejc pmiajuins fm vafmc jcenrlu`metc me tc`c ni ZAFN c in frcln?Ics nàlcs fm mtmr (Lrne Brmtnn.

>112). Far. Kmeemtd Brnenld.Xdainfmipdan ]ZN, >11:). Far.Ocentdne Fmèm.ns ecjdms snivnoms (Grnejan-Atnan,>112). Far. Jyr Jciinrf.Imy 72< Grnejan, >112).Far.Bmrtrnef

Vnvmreamr.km i& fm in fufn A ]Zk >11:> . FarRclmr Zpct]swccfm.

Jaufnfnec Netasafn y mi Jcejmoni fmOuvmetuf fmi Nyuetnàmetc.`. ~mspumrrtn aufnf~ern Znin fm mxpcsajacems `netuvc su dcrn-rac dnba tuni fm >1 n 2 >':8 d. ics fans inbc-

rnbims fm >2 n >6 d. fcàelcs y gmstavcs.n nsastmejan fm pbiajc. me lmemrni, gumùy sntasgnjtcran. yn qum ni mstnr nbamrtcmi jmetrc jce tcfcs sus smrvajacs dnstn ins28 d. mstm tm`n susjat lrne ntrnjjaemspmjani`metm metrm ics ovmems, praejapn-ims usunracs fm ms tn Babiactmjn Xbiajn.n rmspumstn fm vasatns fm ics JmetrcsMsjcinrms dn safc msjnsn n pmsnr fm dnbmr-ims mevanfc prmvan`metm uen jnrtn n icsfarmjtcrms fm jme trcs mfujntavcs fm _n`c-rn y prcvaejan y n ics rmspcesnbims me jnfnjmetrc fm in fagusae fmi prclrn n Zafn?

snbmr nyufn fm in Guefnjae Jnaxn, juynrminjae ecs gnjaiatnrce fmsfm in prcpangc`metnr in sciafnrafnf n trnvs fm in A`n- Guefnjae.lme.Jrma`cs jcevmeametm y emjmsnran fmsfm E t anm`jaa n in Jnse @ueafpf fmmstn Babiactmjn Xbiajn uen jinrn a`piajn- Juiturn fm Vcrc _nrecrnPjae me in aegcr`njae nsuàmefc qum msn Vrns ics jcevmeametms jcetnjtcs jce inaegcr`njae ms a`prmsjaefabim t`sgcr- farmjjae fm in Jnsn fm Juiturn fm Vcrc.`nrin me njjae n trnvs fm? sm meva tcfc mi `ntmrani lrgajc, babiaclrf-Mxpcsaja7e fm `ntmranims bsajcs fm gijc y nufacvasuni n Vcrc.aegcr`njae scbrm ZAFN me ins Babaactm- Zm fmsnrrciin in mxpcsajae fmi 7 ni 2 fmjns Xaabaajns. Iabrcs, vafmcs, rmtastns `nyc.fastaetns pubiajnjacems fm ics favmrscs Zm prclrn`nrce vasatns msjcinrms y trnbn-smrvajacs fm ins Jcùeafnfms Nutec`ns? ocs me jinsm pnrn ics junims utaiaznrce icsLcbamrec Wnsjc. Lcbamrec fm Envnrrn, `ntmranims fm in prcpan mxpcsajae.Xrmvan-Ouetn fm Jnsain y Ime. Guefnjae In `metm sm metrmlnbn n ics ovmems qum nsas-Jnaxn, mtjmtmrn n ins qum sciajatn`cs mom`- tane jnrpmtns aegcr`ntavns minbcrnfns mepinrms fm sus pubiajnjacems. Xnrn miic ecs in Jnsn fm Juiturn.bnsn`cs me in iastn minbcrnfn pcr in Nsc- Xmracfc fm in mxpcsif7e? fmi 7 ni 2 fmjanjae Nsturanen fm Babiactmjnracs. Zm `nyc.aestni ue `ceatcr fm VW me in Znin me mi Dcrnrac ni pbiajc? fm iuems n vimrejs,qum sm prcymjtnbne jcetaeun`metm vafmcs fm >< ni 2> dcrns.aegcr`ntavcsy fm prmvmejae fmi ZAFN. dcymjjacems fm pmiajuins me tc`c ni- trns njtavafnfms? ZAFN? fmi >2 ni >7 fm nyc. Dcrn? >1 d.Fmbntm scbrm mi ZAFN. Ecs rmuea`cs jce Njclafn fmi pubiajc me lmemrna y fm jme-mi lrupc fm prcgmscrms y niuècs fmi Aes- Ai Fm44~8]c trcs msjcinrms? sntasgnjtcran.tatutc fm Mesmaanezn Zmjuefnran @nmstrc Mi fmsnrrciic fm ms tns njtavafnfmssm imv Ics Jcejmonims fm Juiturn fm ics NyuetnDnmfc fm in jaufnf pnrtajapnetms me mi n jnbc metrm ics fns < y :8 fm `nrzc. Zm àmetcs fm Xumbin fm Znenbran y Bmen-prclrn`n fm in Guefnjae In Jnaxn ZAFN? metrn me jcetnjtc jce in Jcejmonaan fm vmetm gumrce aegcr`nfcs fmi jcetmeafc fmsnbmr nyufn fasmnfc me jcinbcrnjae Zniuf y Bamemstnr Zcjani fmi Nyuetnàme- in mxpcsajae y in pcsabaiafnf fm rmniaznrjce mi @aeastmrac fm Mfujnjae y Jamejan y tc. Netm su rmspumstn ngar`ntavn sm dnjm njtavafnfms pnrnimins me jcinbcrnjae jceins Jcùeafnfms Nutec`ns jce trnesgm- grmetm n tcfc mi prclrn`n fm njtavafnfms mi Jcàt Jaufnfnec Nentasafn fm _n`c-rmejans mfujntavns. me jcinbcrnjae jce mi Jcàt Jaufnfnec rn. Mi aetmrs pcr in njtavafnf dn fnfcZu cbomtavc ms gnjaiatnr ni prcgmscrnfc fm Netasafn fm _nrecrn y jce mi Xntrcjaeac fmi iulnr n qum me mi uita`c tra`mstrm fm >11 _n`crnJcegmrmejan fmi Fr. Rngnmi Eomrn. Xrmsa- Jnstan y Ime, in prmsafmetn fmi Jcàtk

MF]JNJACE Q BABIACVMJN 4> >11< >>8>


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A E V M R E J A C E I

BABIACVMJN X]BIAJN M ICZ ELMIMZ INXI)fuitcs qu nprmefme nimmr y msjrabar me inbabiactmjn

nrn pnsmnr. ic qum sm fajmpnsmnr. Ics elmims ec ms miiulnr `s afemc. Ndcrnbame, ue vmdjuic pumfmtrnespcrtn`cs n fmjmens fmrmns fm in jaufnf fcefm ic prm-fcàenetm sce ctrns imeluns fas-taetns ni aelis. ctrns rmialacems yctrns gasacec`ns fagmrmetms n innelicsnocen y. me gae, n ctrns jce-jmpjacems fmi ùefc. Me mi sastm-`n fm mfujnjae mim`metni fm Icselmims sm dnbine cjdmetn y ueafac`ns. sm a`pra`me fmjmens fmpmrafajcs me ctrns imeluns smpumfme immr ins ectajans fm Jcrmnni às`c tam`pc qum sm imme meZmui) y in tmimvasae cgrmjm ùita-pims jnenims pnrn lrupcs fmpcbinjae cralaenracs fm favmrscspnsms. Juracsn jaufnf fcefmjmetmenrms fm àims fm pmrscensvavme sae jcecjmr ics rufa`metcs`s bsajcs fmi aelis, tmrratcracqum me vmaetm ncs dn pnsnfc fmtmemr eumvm àiicems fm dnbatne-tms n quaejm, y ic qum m s `s fmga-eatcrac. ec yn fm uen pcbinjaecralaenran fm Murcpn fcefm Mstn-fcs ]eafcs tamem s us rnjms rnjan-ims y juiturnims) saec fm Nsan yIntaecn`rajn. Rysznrf Knpus-jaeska. neniastn pcitajc y jcrrms-pcesni fm lumrrn furnetm :8ncs. jcesafmrn n Ics elmimsjc`c uen prm`ceajae fm ueeumvc tapc fm javaiaznjae qum,fmonefc ntrs pnrn sam`prm inafmn fm ic mtecjetrajc. in `metn-iafnf trabni, smn uen javaznjaefm ue piurnias`c sae prmjmfmetmsscbrm in bnsm fm ins eumvns tmj-eciclns c, fajdc fm uen `nemrn`s jcejrmtn. uen javaiaznjaejce in `metniafnf pciajetrajn.MF]J JACE Q BABIACVMJ 4> >114127 fnnrce smran-`metm n in babiactmjn. ic qum crala-e uen `cvaiaznjae jaufnfnen fmnpcyc ec sic pcr jcesafmrnrin

aestatujae vatni fm in dastcran fmin jaufnf saec pcr mi nrrnalc fmsus ùitapims smrvajacs metrm icsdnbatnetms fm mstn `mlnipcias fmquaejm àiicems fm dnbatnetms. Miprcymjtc fm rmstnurnjae yn`pianjae jcst nilc `s fm 288àiicems fm finrms uecs :8.888àiicems fm pmsmtns) y me >11:vciva n nbrar sus pumrtns. nibmr-lnefc me in njtuniafnf jnsa fcsàiicems y `mfac fm iabrcs y uecs88 crfm-enfcrms rmpnrtafcs pcr in babiactm-jn. crfmenfcrms qum tn`baesuàeastrne mi njjmsc n uenn`pian vnramfnf fm bnsms fmfntcs. N su vmz. me jcescenejanjce in rmniafnf ùitajuiturni fmIcs elmims, in babiactmjn faspcemfmi Aetmrentaceni Inelunlmsmpnrt`met >


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y nufacvasunims pnrn mi nutcn-prmefaznom fm afac`ns.Ics eacs y eans faspceme fmfavmrscs prclrn`ns babiactmjnracsmspmjani aznfcs ics DcremwcrkJmetmr c mspnjacs pnrn rmniaznrins tnrmns msjcinrms; mi prclrn`nNbumics y Iabrcs; mi Vmme Jcuejsc Jcesmoc fm Nfcimsjmetms qumfmsnrrciin aeecvnfcrms prclrn`nsbabiactmjnracs pnrn ics nfcimsjme-tms fm in jaufnf; mtjtmrn) y fm u en`piac y bmiic mspnjac pnrn in imj-turn.Ctrc smrvajac ecvmfcsc ms in jcimj-jae fm pntmetms qum jumetn jcejaejc àiicems fm pntmetms mstn-fcueafmesms y vnracs àiicems fmctrcs pnasms? mi pnrnsc fmi as`-sarec fcjtcr Grnez fm Jcpmednlumfmi vamoc V.B.C. Me gae. pcfrn`cs`mejacenr ics crfmenfcrms pnrnmi nutcprstn`c fm tcfcs icsfcju`me tcs snivc cbrns fmrmgmrmejan y vafmcs), ics smrvajacspnrn aefavafucs jce fasjnpnjafn-fms, mi prclrn`n Gnàians me inbabiactmjn pnrn qum ics pnfrmssmpne j`c nimetnr in ngajae n inimjturn me sus daocs), mtjtmrn.Xmrc me ms tn cjnsae ecs jmetrnrm-`cs me mi prclrn`n babiactmjnracfm mfujnjae fm nfuitcs.ciuetnranfc yguefnjacemsEc s m pumfme metmefmr ins babiac-tmjns pbiajns mstnfcueafmesms.ea ctrcs ùjdcs nspmjtcs fm mstnscjamfnf, sa ec sm tameme me jumetnfcs aestatujacems qum, n su vmz,mste eta`n`metm ialnfns? insguefnjacems y mi vciuetnranfc.Me >14< mi Gcuefntace Jmetmrmsta`nbn m e 2=.888 mi e`mrc fmguefnjacems >4 me >1 >8). fm ins

qum ue ns > C88 jcetnbne jce uegcefc supmrac r n >8 aiicems fmfinrms. In `nycr, in Gcrf Gcue-fntace, jce 6.>7 àiicems fmfinrms uecs >11=, àmetrns qumm`prmsns y guefnjacems sic fam-rce jceouetn`metm >4 àiicems.Niluens crlneaznjacems fm vciue-tnracs sce yn jmetmenrans, jc`c msmi jnsc fm Wciueimmrs cg N`mrajn,crlneaznjae gainetrpajn, guefnfnme >417 prmsmetm me 688 jcùea-fnfms n ic inrlc fmi pns y qum prc-jin`n nsastar neuni`metm n u ecsfcs aiicems fm pmrscens jce prc-lrn`ns pnrn ovmems, fasjnpnjatn-fcs, pmrscens qum vavme me injniim, nfajtcs ni nijcdci y ctrnsfrclns, mtjtmrn.Mstns tmefmejans vameme rmgcrze-fcsm me mstcs ita`cs tam`pcs.Ns, n pra`mrcs fm `nyc sm jmimbrme Gainfmigan in Ju`brm scbrm miguturcfmN`rajn jce in prmsmejanfm in pinen `nycr fmi stnbiasd`metprmsafafn pcr mi lmemrni JciaeXcwmii, y jce in nsastmejan fm Jiae-tce y fm ics mxprmsafmetms Gcrf.Jnrtmr y Busd). pnrn rmjcrfnr nlrnefms m`prmsns y pnrtajuinrmsqum dny qum smluar fcenefc faem-rc, tam`pcy jc`prcàsc.Mstm gme`mec sm afmetagajn meMstnfcs ]eafcs jce ic qum jcesa-fmrne vnicrms pntracs jc`c in jnra-fnf y in nyufn ni proa`c me mi`batc fm in jcùeafnf y jce`mjneas`cs mstnbimjafcs jc`c mifm ins fcenjacems jc`c `ctcr fmin njtavafnf juiturni y scjani. Mifmbntm ms t me in msn? vciuetn-enfc grmetm n Mstnfc f m bamems-

tnr3 aestatujae jnrnjtmrstajnfmi pumbic mstnfcueafmesm cdmrmejan fmi netaaetmermejaceas`cfm Rmnlne juiàenfn pcr Busdme su pine fm jnrafnf @ai puetcsfm uz 3, in prc`cjae fmi vciue-tnranfc jc`c mstrntmlan fm in nfa-eastrnjae pnrn iabmrnrsm fm susrmspcesnbaiafnfms pcitajns3In Babiactmjn Xbiajn fm Ics elm-ims dnjm ue n`piac usc fmi vciue-tnranfc y su guefnjae, in IabrnryGcuefntace cg Ics Nelmims, nfm-`s fm crlneaynr ue saegae fm njta-vafnfms imjturn fm tmxtcs pcrnjtcrms jc`c @ajdnmi Qcrk, Lrm-lcry Xmjk c Nelmiajn Dustce, pcrmom`pic, mxpcsajacems y ctrcsnjtcs), ju`pim mi pnpmi fm rmjabareu`mrcsns fcenjacems àiicen-rans. Ns, dcomnefc mi bcimte qummfatn in guefnjae, vm`cs qum, memi jcrrmspcefametm n in pra`nvmrnfm mstm nc, neuejan in fcenjaefm jnsa ue àiie fm finrms rmnia-znfn pcr @ajrcscgt ni JmetrniIabrnry Mimjtrceaj Rmscurjms Vrna-eael Jmetmr, y fm ctrns :< fcenjac-ems fm m`prmsns, guefnjacems ypnrtajuinrms, pnrn njjacems tnimsjc`c mi fmsnrrciic fm in jcimjjaeme imelun jdaen. mi prclrn`nLrnefpnrmets nef Bccks c mimquapnàmetc aegcr`ntajc fmfavmrsns babiactmjns sujursnims.pcr pcemr sic niluecs mom`pics.]en bum en pnrtm fm ics smrvajacsqum prmstn in Babiactmjn Xbiajn fmIcs elmims INXI)sic sm pumfmeiimvnr n jnbc pcr in jcinbcrnjaefm ics vciuetnracs. Ins babiactmjnsic snbme y utaiaznefc tcfcs ics`mfacs pcsabims, gciimtcs me insbabiactmjns, neuej acs m e prmesn.rnfac y tmimvasae. niametne inaejcrpcrnjae fmi vciuetnranfc nsus prclrn`ns. @uy rmsuàfn-

MF]JNJACE BABIACVMJN 4> >11


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`metm mstcs sce ics prclrn`ns fmin babiactmjn n in qum sm aejcrpcrneics vciuetnracs?- Zmrvajac n pmrscens jcegaenfns (Zmruajm tc Zdut-_es)? icsvciuetnracs vne pmrafajn~emetmn jnsns fm jcevnimsjametms yfasjnpnjatnfcs n iimvnrimsfcju`metcs fm in babiactmjn.- Nbumics y Iabrcs (Lrnefpn-rmets nef Bccks?)? vciuetn-racs nejanecs sce metrmenfcspnrn immr n ics eacs y jcetnrdastcrans me aelis. mspnci.jcrmnec y jdaec.Xrcymjtc babiactmjnrac fmimjturn pnrn nfuitcs(Iabrnry Nfuit Rmnfael Xrcomjt)? prclrn`n me mi qum ecsmxtmefmrm`cs n jcetaeun-jae.- Jmetrcs pnrn tnrmns msjcinrms (Dc`mwcrk Jmetmrs)? icsvciuetnracs nyufne me mstnssnins mquapnfns jce cbrns fmrmgmrmejan. crfmenfcrms.... nmstufanr n ics niuècs fmpra`nran y smjuefnran.- Jcinbcrnfcrms fm in babiactmjn (Iabrnry Dmipmrs)? icsvciuetnracs nyufne n icsbabiactmjnracs me in crfmen-jae fm ics iabrcs y me njtava-fnfms fm enrrnjae crni. mtj-

Iabrnry fuit RmnfaelXrcomjtIcs prclrn`ns fm mfujnjae fmnfuitcs me ins babiactmjns pbiajnsmstnfcueafmesms sce tne vamocsjc`c ins prcpans babiactmjns. ]eninrln y jc`piajnfn dastcran iimenfm mspmrnezns y fmrrctns, fm rmfm-gaeajae fmi ~ n ~ m im in babiactmjn

fm nignbmtaznjae me ins prcpansaestninjacems), c me mi fmsnrrciicfm dnbaiafnfms fm mstufac pnrn icsovmems fm smjuefnr an.Me >146, n babiactmjn jnbmjmrn fmisastm`n fm babiactmjns pbiajns fmJniagcrean. in Jniagcrean ZtntmIib rny fm Znjrn`metc, aeaja miVdm Iabrnry Nfuit Rmnfael Xrcomjt

tmrn.Lrupcs fm n alc4 G imeLrcupsi? ics vciuetnracs prc-ùmvme ics smrvajacs fm inbabiactmjn me in jcùeafnf y,nyufne n rmjnbnr gaenejanjaepcr mom`pic. jce in vmetn fmiabrcs usnfcs).- Fcjmetms (Fcjmets)?nyufne nics vasatnetms n fmsjubrar inbabiactmjn. crlneazne vasatns.nyufne n ics babiactmjnracs ypnrtajapne me mvmetcs mspmjan-ims.- Negatracems Lrmmtmrs)?vciue-tnracs metrmenfcs pnrn fnr inbamevmeafn n ics vasatnetms ymejnàenrics dnjan ics smrva-jacs qum sciajatme.Jc`pnmrcs y Iabrcs? nfuitcsdaspnecdnbinetms sce metrmen-fcs pnrn immr n ics eacs meaelis y mspnci.Jmetrc fm nprmefaznom fmafac`ns Gimtjdmr Ocems (Gimt-jdmr Ocems Inelunlm Imjueael Jmetmr)?vciuetnracs nsas-tme n ics vastnetms me s u nprme-faznom fm afac`ns.

pbiajn me mi fmsnrrciic scjani. Dcyme fn sm msta`n qum uecs 7 888sast m`ns fm babiactmjns pbiajnsme Mstnfcs ]eafcs tameme, jc`cèa`c. uen pmrscen rmspcesnbimfm iimvnr n jnbc mstc s prclrn`ns.jce prcymjtcs fm nignbmtaznjae nins gnàians. fm nprmefaznom fm inimjturn y msjraturn me aelis ytn`bae. pnrn pmrscens qum ecdnbine mstm afac`n. Mstcs rmspce-snbims sm crlneazne y nsastme ntniimrms fm trnbnoc y smàenracspnrn jcecjmr eumvns mxpmramejans,mvniunr rmsuitnfcs y njtuniaznr in`mtcfcicln. Ics prclrn`ns fmmfujnjae fm nfuitcs sce ùyvnranfcs y pumfme jmetrnrsm. pcrmom`pic. tnetc me in gnàian ns. miprclrn`n Gnàiy Iatmrnjy tamemmetrm s us cbomtavcs mi fm metrmenrn ics nfuitcs me imjturns frn`nta-znfn s pnrn qum imne n sus daocs. nsus dmr`necs pmqumcs. n in jda-quaiimrn fmi bnrrac) jc`c me mipumstc fm trnbnoc pcr smluar jcectrc mom`pic, n ics m`pimnfcs fmue dctmi sm ims cgrmjm ue prclrn`n

INRX) , prcymjtc babiactmjnracpnrn mi nprmefaznom fm in imjturnme nfuitcs. m aevat n ins babiactm-jns pubiajns aetmrmsnfns me mitm`n n su`nrsm ni prcymjtc. Aeva-tnjae fagjai fm rmjdnznr pnrnnqumiins babiactmjns jc`c ins fmIcs elmims. fcefm sm msta`n qum >11< 6


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û ms m i prclrn`n3 Vcyctn c. sa`pim`metm. fcenjac- ICZmstufanetmsMi prcymjtc babiactmjnrac pnrn mi ems fm pnrtajuinrms). Ics gciimtcs aegcr`ntavcs fm insnprmefvn om f m in imjturn INRX)ms Mi Xrclrn`n utaiazn mi tcfc Inu- prcpans babiactmjns, nue iimvnefcue prclrn`n qum, fm pra`mrns. ec bnjd Iatmrnj~. uy mxtmefafc me imtrns y dnst n pninbrns, pnrn ue

MF]J JACE Q BABIACVMJ 4> >114ncs.Mi prclrn`n guejacen n bnsm znrsm. sce, pcfrn pmesnrsmqum scrprmefmetm`metm. mi`mfac fm neuejac `s mgajnz.fm pnrms. u e tutcr vciuetnrac s ic ngar`n \aiian` Byrem. Mey u e mstufanetm. Vnetc mi uec mstcs trptajcs npnrmjm mi s`-jc`c mi ctrc sm jc`prc`mtmen nsastar, ni `mecs. furnetmsmas `msms y fcs vmjms pcrsm`nen. Xmrc ic ecr`ni,smnin \aiian` Byrem, babiac-tmjnrac y àm`brc fmi mquapcqum jccrfaen mi prclrn`n mein Babiactmjn \biajn fm Icselmims, m s qum trnbnome jce-ouetn`metm furnetm 4 c 1`msms, nuequm dn dnbafcjnsc s fm trnbnonr jceouetn-`metm f urn etm ncs. Qn uenvmz qum s m jc`prumbn qum mimstufanetm dn nfquarafc icqum sm dnbn prmvastc, s m imnjcesmon y nea`n pnrn qum

bcic fmi iabrc nbamrtc, qum meMstnfcs ]eafcs dn jcesmluafctnetn fagusae qum in `nycrnfm ins pmrscens rmjcecjme s usaleagajnfc. Nue sae snbmr immrjc`prmefme qum msm fabuocsaleagajn in pcsabaiafnf fmnprmefmr n immr y msjrabar.Vn`bae ims iimln lmetm mevan-fn pcr nlmejans fm fmsm`pimc,cgajaens fm b amemstnr scjani csaàinrms, jmetrcs fm sniuf ciulnrms qum cgrmjme nsastmejanbsajn n in pcbinjae. Xmrc mein `nycrn fm ics jnscs. insbabiactmjns ec emjmsatne pubia-jatnrsm pcrqum me lmemrni `snjufn n jurscs y prclrn`ns fm mst m XnaZ Xrmsmetm me ctrcs :8 bame tameme iastns fm mspmrn. Me mimxtmesae mfujntavn crlneaznfcs qum iimvn Xcr im`n njd cem tmnjd jnsc fm in Babiactmjn Jmetrni sam`-pcr ctr ns aestatujacems jc`c ics cem (Jnfn uec mesmn n uec). prm tameme pmrscens mspmrnefc sujc`ùeaty jciimlms turec. N gaenims fmi pnsnfc n`cMe in `nycrn fm ins babiactmjns mi Cuamems sce > s in iastn fm mspmrn giujtunbn metrmsmrvajac ms lrntuatc y, sic me nilu- tutcrms vciuetnracs3 2= y :8 pmrscens y me ctrns babiac-ens babiactmjns, sm jcbrne ics Inbabiactmjn snbm qum sae vciuetn- tmjns fm mstn jaufnf in iastn pumfm`ntm ranims tnims jc`c ics iabrcs fm enfc mstm Xrclrn`n ec pumfm Z- smr s n`pian.momrjajacs. Ms mi Mstnfc jniagcàn- tar. Xcr miic>8 sciajatne pcr mfac fm Ic pra`mrc qum sm rmniazn n uenec quame gaenejan mi prclrn`n nvascs me in rnfacy tmimvasae, jce- pmrscen qum fm`nefn mstcs smrva-fu rnetm ics jaejc pra`mrcs ncs. tnjtnefc jce l rupcs crlneaznfcs jacs ms uen metrmvastn. N pnrtar fmpnrt ar fm n d m s in nfàeastrnjae fm uomrms nejanecs . pcr mfac nd tmefr qum mspmrnr metrm 7 y 4icjni in qum fmbm nsuàr ics jcstms, fm in s alimsans. Xmrc in nycr Xnrtm sm`nens, sa ec ms `s, pnrnic qum ec sujmfm tne gjai`metm fm >8s vciuetnracs sm rmjiutne. fajm pcfmr jc`meznr. In `nycrn fmfn fn in nimlnfn gnitn fm rmjurscs B p m . pcr mfac fm>8s ciimtcsqum ics qum njufme sce ovmems metrmmjceàjcs fm ms tns nfàeastrn- sm rmpnrtme me in prcpan babiactmjn y 2= y :8 ncs y guefn`metni`me-jacems. Metnimsjnscsicsbabiactm- pcricsneuejacsmeinprmesnicjni tm, ic dnjme pcr rnzcems fmjnracs dnbre fm trnesgcr`nrsm me Ics vcdetnr acs qum quamrme m`pimc (ec tameme ins dnbaiafnfmspmianlufcs mstnfstajcs y fm`cs- fmsm`pmnrsm jc`c tutcrms nsas - pnrn trnbnonr me ue pumstc qum smtrnr, jce jagrns y tcfc mi nrsmeni tme n ue jursc fm gcr`njae fm >2 emjmsatm snbmr immr y msjrabar; pnrnpcsabim fm lrgajns. in bcefnf y dcrns rmjabme `ntmrani fafjtajc `mocrnr fm pumstc) y pnrn pcfmrxatc fmi prclrn`n pnrn vcivmr n nsmscrnàmetc. Xmrc. quaems nyufnr n su s dlcs me in rmniazn-sciajatnr gaenejanjae n in Jniagcr- ` e ms tn s pmrscens qum fmjafme jae fm tnrmns msjcinrms, pums inea ZtntmIabrnry c n ctrns nlmejans fmfajnr uen pnrtm fm s u tam`pc `nycr pnrtm fm ics nsastmetms sacy guefnjacems pravnfns. Me mi jnsc Xnrn trnbnonr jce ctrcs3 d m f m smr tameme ue eavmi msjcinr fm pra mrcfm in Babiactmjn Xbiajn fm Ics tnetc ue dc`brm jc`c uen ùomr c smluefc fm pra`nran. Jce mielmims in nfàeastrnjae icjni (in prcpcrjae ms fm > n 61 n prclrn`n qum salume me in babiac-pnln ics sninracs fmi mquapc fm gnvcr fm ms tn ita`n) su prcgm- tmjn pumfme iimlnr dnstn ue eavmibabiactmjnracs qum jccrfaen mi prc- sae bame vnranfn? nue qum prmjac- smxtc.lrn`n y ics ntmranims fafjtajcs àene >8s prcgmscrms oubainfcs, Me in Babiactmjn Jmetrni pumfm iim-sm jcesalume jce ics gcefcs prcvm- dny cbrmrcs aefustranims. niluecs lnr n dnbmr, me u e `c`metceametms fm in s fcenjacems (me mi prcgmsacenims. Xmrscens jce fnfc, dnstn 688 pnrms fm tutcr-jnsc fm in Babiactmjn Jmetrni. fm in tam`pc iabrm prmfaspcsajae n mstufanetm ni às`c tam`pc (nue-Nlmejan \aiian` @crras rminjacen- `smganr n immr. c ics qum vme ju`- qum me fagmrmetms fns y dcrnracs).fn jce in aefustran fm Dciiywccfy piafn su vamon aiusae fm mesmnr. ]en vmz dubc ue juracsc (quazsfm ct rns jc`pnns jc`c Dcefn c fm sm r ue mesmnetm. ue babiactmjnrac vmstafc fm mstn-


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fstajc me busjn fm gaenejanjae)qum sm tc` in `cimstan fm dnjmruen msta`njae rmspmjtc ni e`m-rc fm pmrscens qum, me msn babiac-tmjn. dnbn jursnfc mi prclrn`n.N pnrtar fm mscs fntcs ics njtunimsrmspcesnbims msta`ne dnbmr ntme-fafc metrm >8 y >2 ài pmrscens.Ec ms ue jnsc eajc. dny ctrnsbabiactmjns qum sm njmrjne n mstn sjagrns.Mi babiactmjnrac Byrem smninnile eubnrre emlrc junefc smim prmluetn pcr mi dcrazcetm fmiprclrn`n? In `nycen fm ics prc-lrn`ns fm in babiactmjn sce iimvn-fcs n jnbc pcr `mfac fm vciuetn-racs. Za ec jcesmlua`cs vciuetn-racs ec pcfm`cs fnr ùjdcs smr-vajacs. Q tni jc`c netms ics prc-

lrn`ns fm nignbmtaznjae gumrceùy pcpuinrms. jce neuejacs mein tmimvasae. nilc fm ic qum sam`-prm sm dnbinbn y tmen ùjdnfagusae. ndcrn. jnfn vmz `s. sce`mecs vasabims. Mi prcbim`n fminenignbmtas`c tcfnvn mstn nd yins jagrns sce lrnefms, pmrc yn ecms pcpuinr`metm ue tm`n tnea`pcrtnetm jc`c netms.Iumlc dny ctrc gnjtcr. Ndcrn. tcfcmi ùefc quamrm vciuetnracs y,prcbnbim`metm. ics prclrn`ns fmnignbmtaznjae pnlne mstm jcstcpums mxalme ni vciuetnrac ec sicue ns dcrns fmi sbnfc c mi fcàe-lc. saec ue jc`prcàsc rmni .

XNRN Z BMR @Ics Nelmims Xubiaj Iabrnry7:8 \ Gagtd ZtrmmtIcs Nelmims. JN 188< >Vmi.? (2>:) 24-:) 24-:) 24->81 \mst Kmesaeltce RcnfIcs Nelmims. JN 18827Vmi.? (2 :)64 -264 >-872 pn-sms. Metrm sus iabrcs sm mejumetrne Mi Zdn c infms`msurn fmi pcfmr Mi M`pmrnfcr scbrm DnaimZminssam fm Mtacpn) y, `s rmjametm`metm, MiA`pmrac rmgmrafc n in ]ea7e ZcvaJtajn). N jceta-eunja7e prmsmetn`cs grnl`metcs fm uen metrmvas-tn qum im rmniazc Entdne Lnrfmis, pubiajnfn me miiabrc Nt Jmetury s Mef Jniagcrean? NIVA >117).fcefm sm rmgamrm n in jaufnf fm Ics elmims....) Mxastme lrnefms jcùeafnfms fm incsanecs, vamt-enàtns, jn`bcynecs. `mxajnecs. snivnfcrmcs.luntm`nitmjcs. arneams. onpcemsms. jcrmnecs, nr`m-eacs. jdaecs. Vmem`cs nqu n Iattim Vnapma. IattimZnalce. Iattim Vckyc, Kcrmntcwe, Iattim Jmetrni Nremra-jn. mi bnrrac arne fm \mstwccf, in jcùeafnf nr`m-ean fm Dciiywccf y ins mecr`ms rmns `mxajnec-n`m-rajnens fm Mnst Ics elmims. Me mi sastm`n fm mfujn-jae mim`metni fm in jaufnf fm Ics elmims sm dnbinecjdmetn y ue afac`ns. fm ics junims ùy pcjcs scemurcpmcs.

Mstn trnesgcr`njae fm in juiturn n`mrajnen ms uenetajapc fm ic qum tamefm n sujmfmr jnfn vmz `s jcemi rmstc fm in du`neafnf. Mi ecvmetn pcr jametc fm icsieàlrnetms fm mstn jaufnf tamem su cralme me mi Vmr-jmr @uefc. jcàmezcs fmi salic TTA mi cjdmetn yeumvm pcr jametc fm in pcbinjae ùefani tmefr inpami csjurn; smre fm rnzn binejn enfn `s mi cejmpcr jametc fm ics smrms du`necs qum vavme me mi pin-emtn. Msc ms nilc qum sic sm pumfm jcestntnr me Mstn-fcs ]eafcs.I.. Me Ics elmims ins juiturns trnfajacenims fmi Vmr-?mr @uefc sm mste guefamefc pcr vmz pra`mrn jce ins`s `cfmrens `metniafnfms y tmjeciclns. Fmspusfm pnsnr fjnfns jubramefc lumrrns y rmvciujacems-.e mi Vmrjmr @uefc, iimvc a`prmsns me à `metm3urns a`lmems fm ùitatufms, fm tmesae y fm jrasas.@ mxpmramejan tuvc qum vmr sam`prm jce njtavafnfmsscjanims qum iimvne n in fmstrujjae, n `s fcicr y

`s prcbim`ns. n lmetm trntn fm dnjmr nilc, pmrc msaejnpnz fm dnjmric. Ins aetmejacems fm nqumiics qumdnjme rmvciujacems sce oustns y bumens, pmrc fmprcetc nilc snim `ni. Dny fmscrlneaznjae y prcbim-`ns sae gae. Ms mi pmsc fmi pnsnfc qum dnjm qum enpumfne iimvnr n jnbc su s cbomtavcs.Ecr`ni`metm. mi jcetnjtc metrm mi ùefc fmsnrrciin-fc y mi ùefc subfmsnrrciinfc sm jnrnjtmrazn pcr misalec fm in mxpictnjae? mi pra`mrc mxpictn mi trnbnony ics rmjurscs fmi smluefc. qum ec rmjabm enfn n jnre-bac. Q in grcetmrn metrm ins rnzns m s tn`bae. ecr`ni-`metm. u en grcetmrn fm tmesae. fm jrasas. Nqua me Icselmims pcfm`cs vmr uen rmvciujae qum ms ùynimetnfcrn.Mstn eumvn javaiaznjae qum gicrmjm me ic qum pcfen-`cs iin`nr in Grcetmrn fmi Xnjgajc saleagajn ueneumvn rminjae metrm mi fmsnrrciic y mi subfmsnrrpiic.Nqua dny tcimrnejan. mspmrnezn y guturc. Dny uenùitatuf piurajuiturni qum ec sm ms t pmimnefc. Mstjccpmrnefc. jc`patamefc pnjgajn`metm pnrn jces-truar `mocr. Xcr pra`mrn vmz me juntrcjametcs ncs fmrminjae metrm ics qum sce binejcs y ics qum ec scebinejcs me Cjjafmetm, mi rnslc fcàenetm fm in rmin-jae ms in jccpmrnjae y in jcest`jjae. ec in mxpic-tnjae y in fmstrujjae....) Jui ms mi cbomtavc jcè qum. ni mxastar me mstmiulnr. pmràtm qum fagmrmetms juiturns jc`patne menr`cean3 Ec enfn ` s in pcsabaiafnf fm tmemr ue`mocr eavmi fm vafn. Ic qum ntrnm n ics màlrnetms nMstnfcs ]eafcs ms in jnrnjtmrstajn msmejani fm in jui-turn n`mrajnen? in cpcrtueafnf fm trntnr. Dny nquuen jc`baenjae fm fcs jcsns qum sce a`pcrtnetms?in juiturn y mi mspnjac. In juiturn im pmràtm n uenpmrscen trntnr fm smr niluame; mejcetrnrsm n sàs`n, mejcetrnr su iulnr, su stntus Q mi mspnjacfmbm smr metmefafc ec sic me s u smetafc lmclrgajc,saec me mi smetafc fm cpcrtueafnf. fm `cvaiafnfscjani. Me ins scjamfnfms qum mste me jrasas y me insscjamfnfms qum mste mstnejnfns. aejiusc me ins qumpmr`nemjme mstnbims, ec mxastm in cpcrtueafnf fm trn-tnr. Msts jntniclnfc fmsfm mi praejapac. Dns safc sme-tmejanfc fm netm`nec pcr mi fmstaec.

MF]JNJACE BABIACVMJN - 4> >11


17/76


pcr ins qum euejn guastm n in msjumin, ins jcesm-@NRJCZ JNOiEN jumejans fm in aeoustajan scjani y qu ms ic qum smpumfm dnjmr ni rmspmjtc. Ec m s uen jumstae fm

qum facs c mi f anbic ns ic dnyne qumrafc saec qumFARMJVCR FMI JMEVRC IN VAEC sce jumstacems qum tameme sus rnajms y ms tu rms-FM MF]JNJAE XCX]INR ICZ pcesnbaiafnf, ndcrn qum yn tamems mi jcecjaàmetc.ELMIMZ) fm tc`nr uen pcsajae ni rmspmjtc. Vrns jursnr 64imjjacems yn msts metrmenfc pnrn mstm tapc fmMZFAGAJAI XNRN IN LMEVMINVAEN, ^]M EC VAME M ]EDNBAVC, MEVRNR ME INBABIACVMJN XBIAJN@nrjcsJnoaen, eajnrnlmesm, ms mi guefnfcr njtuni farmjtcr fmi Jm`trc Intaec fm Mfujnjabe Xcpuinr fm Ics Nelmims, uec fm ics eu`mrcscs lrupcs fm tcfc tapc qum sm fmfajne n tni tnrmn. Z me su tamrrn gumfmimlnfc fmi Grmetm Znefaeastn pnrn nignbmtaznr, me Ics Nelmims, nfcefm màlr7 me >14=, rpafn`metm sm jcevarta me ifmr pcitajc fmilrupc fm trnbnonfcrms fm in jcsturn. Mi saluametmpnscgum jrmnr mi Jmetr Intaec fm Mfujnja7e Xcpuinr me >11>.

c qum dnjm`csFmspus fm trnbnonr furnetm jaejc ncs tm fn s jume-tn qum in `nycrn fm ins pmrscens qum trnbnone me mismjtcr fm in jcsturn, qum guefn`metni`metm prcjmfmfm rmns rurnims fm @xajc. tamem ùy msjnsn mfujn-jae. Vrntnr fm crlneainr uen jn`pnn pcitajn me msmtmrrmec m s bnstnetm fagajai. ]en fm in s rmspumstns qumfa`cs gum mstnbimjmr ue prclrn`n mfujntavc qumpufamrn fn r sciujae. Dnbamefc tmeafc mxpmramejan menignbmtaznjae `cet mstm prclrn`n y, fmbafc n qumdnstn metcejms ec mxastne `ntmranims me mspnci,fmjaf dnjmr ue mstufac fm in vmjaefnf fcefm vava`cs,fcefm trnbnon`cs. y minbcrn`cs ue ju`juiu` qumrmgimonbn in vafn fm pmrscens intaecn`mrajnens. Fmsfmmsm metcejms dm`cs mstnfc prcpcrjacenefc mi prclrn-`n me jmetrcs jcùeatnracs, me alimsans, me msjumins,iulnrms n ics qum ins pmrscens màlrnfns fm @xajc cJmetrcn`rajn tamefme n grmjumetnr.Eumstrc `tcfc fm nprmefaznom ms me lrupc. lmemrne-fc uen fasjusae jcùeatnran fm nsuetcs qum aetmrm-sne n tcfcs. Lmemrn uen jcejamejan n trnvs fmi ne-iasas, ni mxastar vnrans cpaeacems. In nignbmtaznjae memstm jnsc tamefm n smr ue gnjtcr iabmrnfcr ni aluni qum.me ctrns satunjacems. pumfm smr ue gnjtcr cprmscr.Ecsctrcs trntn`cs fm megcjnr in nignbmtaznjae n tusemjmsafnfms jc`c aefavafuc. jc`c ùomr, jc`c`nfrm. n nignbmtaznjae jc`c u e mim`metc iabmrnfcry guejaceni qu m tm pmràtm pcfmr bntni inr netm ins faga-juitnfms qum mejamrrn vavar me mstm pns, iimenr gcrù-inracs pnrn sciajatnr ue m`pimc. ue jdmqum, pcfmrmetmefmr ins imyms y ic qum niluens rmprmsmetne pnrnfasàeuar in màlrnjae c ics smrvajacs pbiajcs n icsyn màlrnfcs. trnvs fmi neiasas jcimjtavc fm afmnsprcvcjnetms iclrn`cs in jcejamejanjae fm ins pmrsc-ens.Eumstrn `mtcfcicln prmtmefm nyufnr n metmefmrpcr qu uec ms pcbrm, junims gumrce ins rnzcems

neiasas.Ics jcetmeafcs fmi prclrn`n sm favafme me juntrclrnefms jnptuics qum mejamrrne nsue tcs qu m ngmjtnen in jcùeafnf? ins emjmsafnfms bsajns. in sniuf, ingnàian y in jcùeafnf. Fcjm imjjacems pnrn jnfntm`n. Zm prcguefazn me ins emjmsafnfms bsajns jc`cmàlrnetm, me ics fmrmjdcs n in sniuf. me in `mfajaenprmvmetavn Xmrc dny ue mquaiabrac, ec tcfc mi tam`pcins jinsms tameme ue megcqum pcitajc. vmjms ecs rmin-on`cs y fmja`cs? *ndcratn vn`cs n nprmefmr j`cjnrnoc sm msjrabm in n .]en vmz qum sm tmràen jce mstm prclrn`n sm pnsn nctrc qum ms s guejaceni fcefm s m mstufane ics gue-fn`metcs bsajcs fmi afac`n mspnci. ins cpmrnjacemsnrat`tajns bsajns...Msc s, ec nprmefamefc n su`nr:8 enrneons y 28 ia`cems saec su`nefc ins dcrnstrnbnonfns n in sm`nen, ùitapiajefcins pcr mi snin-rac n in dcrn y jc`c tm dne fnfc mquas, juetc tmgnitn3Cbvan`metm, nignbmtaznr pra`mrc me mspnci y ec meaelis dn jnusnfc mecr m jcetrcvmrsan n eavmi mstntni.Eumstrn pcsajae fm nignbmtaznr me mspnci ms uenpcsajae afmcilajn, sa ic dnjm`cs me aelis mstn`csemlnefc eumstrn juiturn. Qc scy @nrjcs Jnoaen pcr-qum tmelc = ncs meja`n fm à, y tmelc ue afac`nmi juni dnbic y jcstu`brms qum rmprmsmetc y, tcfcmstc. ec vcy n neuinric. ]en jcefmen n mstm Jmetrcpcr pnrtm fm in nfàeastrnjae mfujntavn jniagcànen,saleagajnrn uen jcefmen n tcfatcs y metcejms mi jncsscjani smen pmcr. Xmrc tn`pcjc pumfme fn rsm mi iuocfm njmptnrecs cgajani`metm pcrqum msc saleagajnrnnjmptnr ctrcs cjdmetn afac`ns y, nfm`s, fnr rmjur-scs pnrn pmrscens qum ec sce cgajani metm jaufnfn-ens mstnfcueafmesms y qum, pcr ic tnetc, ec pumfmevctnr.

In babiactmjn pbiajnMi prcbim`n jce in babiactmjn ms ... n vastm ic prmjacsnqum m s in Babiactmjn Jmetrni fm Ics Nelmims, iaefsa`n,pmrc ms fagajai n vmjms pnrn in lmetm intaen, qum ectamem ue dbatc, ntrmvmrsm n jru> MF]JNJACE Q BABIACVMJN 4> >11


18/76


Ecsctrcs prmgmra`cs dnbinr pcr tmigcec y pnlnr :8finrms qum msjrabar uen paejdm jnrtn. Z. Dm`csdmjdc mstufacs fm gnàians y dm`cs jc`prcbnfcj`c mi jcstm fm tmigcec bnon n `mfafn qum vnenprmefamefc n immr y msjrabar. Dny qum fnrsm jumetnfm in afacsaejrnsan fmi intaec y. j`c ec, fm in afacsae-jrnsan fmi jc`mrjac n`mrajnec, qum busjn jc`c jce-guefar tu `metm pnrn qum tm jcevamrtns me u e jcesu-àfcr `s pmsnfc, `s scgastajnfc. Znbme qum mieavmi mfujntavc fmi intaec ms tne bnoc qum sm ic pumfmepmràtar. Ins jc`pnaans lraelns ndcrn dne vastc qummi `mrjnfc intaec tamem ue pctmejani mecr`m, mspm-jani`metm junefc ec d ns tmeafc enfn me tu vafn, metu pns.Ins babiactmjns s tameme uen bumen pcsajae me mscsbnrracs pmrc mi e`mrc fm usunracs ms iaàtnfc. Ecsc-trcs bntniin`cs tnetc nj pcr fmjar n ins smcrns qumnyufme n ics eacs me in mfujnjae. Msn prjtajn ecmxastm, uen prnxas fm aevciujrnàmetc me in mfujn-jae. Wmea`cs fm uen trnfajae me in qum eumstrcspnfrms ec tuvamrce cpcrtueafnfms mjce ajnse mfu-jntavns. Q msc sm trnspnsn. Me mstm bnrrac me mi qummstn`cs mi =2% fm ics nfuitcs dnstn 26 f c s tameme`mecs fm eumvm ncs fm msjcinrafnf. Mstc m s ic rmpcr-tnfc. nqu ec sm aejiuym ic qum in lmetm ec quasc fmjar,e tn`pcjc aejiuym n ics nenignbmtcs ea n ics aeflm-ens qum ec snbme immr ea me s u afac`n ea me mspnci.Mi prcbim`n ms bame jc`pimoc. uazs in babiactmjn. msjamrtc. pcfen sm r ue bume vmdjuic pnrn busjnr uensciujae.

In ùomrMi 14% fm ics qum njufme ni Jmetrc sce ùomrms y tmpumfc dnbinr furnetm dcrns pcr qum. Xra`mrc, mst injumstae `njdastn. @m dne prmluetnfc ùjdns vmjmspcr qu ec mstnbimzjc prclrn`ns pnrn dc`brms. Memsm jn`pc faenàtnfc ec `m vcy n `mtmr.Mi ju`juiu` qum `nemon`cs rmgimon ùjdns jcsnsfm in ùomr pcrqum dastrajn`metm dn safc in `snbnefcenfn me mstm smetafc. Xmrc mxastm ùy pcjntcimrnejan me ics dc`brms? qu dnjm`cs nqu jcemstns vamons3 . Jc`c `nmstrc tamems qum mstnr ntmetcy tus mstufanetms tameme qum mstnr iastcs pnrnfmgmefmrsm tn`bae. Ics dc`brms ùjdns vmjmsnfcptne uen njtatuf fm fmgmesn fm ec snbms bame qu.bame mstpafn.Ms trastm qum mi 14%smne ùomrms pcrqum m s aefajnta-vc fmi fmsnstrm. a mstns pmrscens sce ins qum mstnemejnrlnfns fm in mfujnjae... Ms in `nfrm in qum trn-fajaceni`metm tamem qum aegiuar me in mfujnjae fm s usdaocs. Ecsctrcs aetmetn`cs megntaznr msm nspmjtc trn-tnefc fm prmsmetnric ntrnjtavn`metm. ec ims vn`cs nfmjar qum sa ec imms enfn n tu s daocs sm vne n jcevmr-tar me jraàenims. Vrntn`cs fm mfujnr me junetc nibmemgajac fm dnjmric. Fm j`c. sa ustmf sm aevciujrn.n s u daoc im vn n lustnr in imjturn. qum imne n s us daocsnetms fm fcràr, qum summe me in mfujnjae fm susdaocs. Mstc ms bame fagajai qum ic metamefne. mxtrm`n-fn`metm fagajai. Ims fn`cs jcesmocs fm j`c prnjta-jnr in nignbmtaznjae me jnsn c smninrims in mstrujtu-rn aetmracr fm ue supmr`mrjnfc. Me in craiin tcfc jnr-ems. vmrfurns y dumvcs. Me `mfac. ins intns. Xmrc qumsm gaome me ue supmr`mrjnfc junetcs intaecs mste me

in craiin fm ins vmrfurns. ùy pcjcs. y juetcs rmjc-lamefc tnrrcs. j`c jcetrcinr in jniafnf fm ics nia-`metcs imymefc me ins mtaqumtns mi eavmi fm lrnsn. fmjcimstmrci. fmi prcfujtc. ûm in lmetm pumfn jc`me-z r n tc`nr jcetrci fm in famtn fm su gnàian. Zce tne-tcs ics gnjtcrms qum dny qum tc`nr me jumetn fm j`cngmjtn in nignbmtaznjae me in vafn gnàianr.In jumstae fmi aevciujrnàmetc fm in `nfrm me inmfujnjae fm sus daocs ms. me rmniafnf. uen jumstaefm scbrmvavmejan. Nj, ec tc`n ùjdc tam`pc vmr uenlmemrnjae fmstruafn. Ins msjumins sce ue aè qumnbscrbm pnefaiins. Mspmjani`metm sa mrms uec qum vavmme ue junrtc fcefm nfm`s fm ta vavme jaejc c smaspmrscens `s.

iIss dnbmr jranfc ju ntrc daocs`m fmjafa r n an msjuminQc ec lcj fm às pnfrms pcrqum yc ec jcecj nà `nfrm dnstn in mfnf fm >= ncs. Fm ean. à`nfrm `m fmo jce às basnbumics. M]cs tn`pcjc`m quasamrce. pmrc nd iclr vavar.Junefc mrn uen nfcimsjmetm, busjnefc ue gutu-rc. `m mejcetr jce in pcbrmzn y jce ue `nrafcfm`nsanfc pcbrm qum sic `m fac daocs y prcbim-`ns. Jce i tuvm à pra`mr daoc. mi juni sm `mùra fm dn`brm. Ec ,tmen qu fnrim fm jc`mr ytmen qum mspmrnr n qum in lniiaen pusamrn uedumvc pnrn pcfmr ni`crznr.Fmspus fm dnbmr jranfc juntrc daocs, m fmjafa arn in msjumin, pcrqum junefc mrn pmqumn. ec icpufm dnjmr pcr in pcbrmzn me qum vavn. Ndcrn dmdmjdc ue lr e msgu m` me trntnr fm `mocrnr`m ydcy `m sametc `s smlurn y gmiaz pcrqum ndcrn ynpumfc immr y msjrabar. Ins pmrscens qum ec snbmeimmr. ec pumfme tmemr pravnjafnf y ]meme qumpmfar gnvcrms pnrn qum ims msjrabne sus jnrtns.Msc ms ùy duàiinetm. Qc yn sni fm msn alec-rnejan.Jc`c fajm @nrn ndcrn yn `m sametc gmiaz fm sm rùomr . cejmpjae 11


19/76


20/76

Zmrvajacs babiactmjnracs pnrn lnys y imsbanens

Zniar fmi nr nrac pnrnmetrnr me insmstnetmrns smrvajacsbabiactmjnracs pnrn lnysy imsbanens

Me >1=8. y furnetm ics famz c quaejm ncs saluametms, ics iabrcs qum njuùi sic `mdnbinrce fm trnu`n. emurcsas. aegmracrafnf enturni. vcjnjae c fmslrnjan. Mi rmtrntc qum

fm às`c pcfn dnjmr n trnvs fmi saegae fm jnscs qum vmn fmsgainr me mscs tmxtcsmrn mi fm ue smr aegmracr jcefmenfc n sugrar .

Fcàeaqum Gmrenefmz. Mi `ptc fm Lnea`mfms Vmjecs. >112.Busqum me mi jnticlc fm in babiactmjn y fmsjubr qum dnbn iabrcs scbrm in dc`csmxun-

iafnf me in smjjae fm nfuitcs. Ec pcfn snjnr iabrcs me prstn`c fm msn smjjae pcrqumyc sic mstnbn me smxtc lrnfc, pmrc pcfn immrics me in babiactmjn, ic juni dajm nvafn`me-tm. pnrefc`m jnsa jnfn fn fmspus fmi jcimlac furnetm niluens dcrns. y jcetaeunefc

mstn prjtajn dnstn qum dnbn fmvcrnfc tcfc .Mssmx Dm`pggi, Aetrcfujjae n Brctdmr tc brctdmj emw wrataels by bi jk l y `me NiysceXub, >11>.

WAMR XR] ALIMZA Z

e ics ita`cs vmaetm ncsins jcsns dne jn`banfcùjdc pnrn ics lnys y insimsbanens me Mspnn. Jce

mi pnsc fm in fajtnfurn n infm`cjrnjan dne afc fmsnpnrm-jamefc ins imyms qum mquapnrnbnein dc`csmxuniafnf jce ue fmiatcy me mi Eumvc Jfalc Xmeni indc`cgcban ms jcetm`pinfn jc`cue fmiatc mquapnrnbim n in xmec-gcban me ics nrtjuics = >8. >> y=>2 >).Me ins lrnefms jaufnfms fm eums-tr pns dny uen `nycr vasabaiafnf.ne msjnsn sa jc`pnrn`cs jcectrcs iulnrms fm Murcpn y Mstnfcs]eafcs, y sm nprmjan uen `nycrprmsmejan me pmijuins. tmimvasae,

aabrcs. mtjtmrn (jnsa sam`prm meprcfujtcs prcvmeametms fm mxtm-racr).Xmrc n pmsnr fm mstc me mstcs uita-`cs ncs fmi salic TT e Mspnntcfnvn pcfm`cs mejcetrnr nfcims-jmetms dc`csmxunims qum sm suaja-fne pcr ec pcfmr scpcrtnr in prm-sae scjani qum saleagajn vavar susfmsmcs rmjae fmsjubamrtcs. Vcfn-vn mxastme àims fm dc`brms qumsce aejnpnjms fm nsuàr sus prj-tajns dc`cmrtajns 2).In scjamfnf dmtmrcsmxastn jcetaena`pceamefc sus `cfmics. fmea-lrnefc y emlnefc ctrns cpjacems.Ms fagajai mejcetrnr `cfmics lrntaga-jnetms y pcsatavcs pnrn lnys y ims-b anen~.@ujdc `s gjai ms mejce-

trnrsm jce pcsturns aetrnesalmetmsy gnetajns. qum n vmjms sm trnfu-jme me nlrmsacems gasajns. ec sam`-prm fmeuejanfns pcr s us vjta`ns.]ec fm ics nspmjtcs guefn`metn-ims pnrn lnys y imsbanens m s in vasa-baiafnf. Ms a`pcrtnetm ec sictmemr uens imyms qum ec ecs ntn-qume c fasjraàeme m aejiusc ecsprctmone. saec tn`bae pcfmrmxprmsnrecs jc`c lnys y imsbanensiabrm`metm me tcfcs ics mspnjacs fmeumstrn vafn. Jc`c fajm Ocs@alumi L. Jcrts?Lnenr vasabaiafnf ms mi pra`mr

lmstc fm nr`njae lny. Zniar fminr`nrac ms. scbrm tcfc. rmngar`nr-sm jc`c pmrscen dc`csmxuni saea`pcrtnr qum dnyn lmetm qum ic

MF]JNJACE Q BABIACVMJN 4> 11< >28>


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jc`prmefn c im `cimstm... Zniar fminr`nrac ms emlnrsm n n`pianr incprmsae qu m ecs `nrlaen cjuite-fcecs :).Mi dmjdc fm qum ins babiactmjnsmspncins ec cgrmzjne smrvajacs nics lnys y n ins imsbanens, dny qumneniaznric me mi jcetmxtc fm inscjamfnf me in qum ecs `cvm`cs.Xcr ue infc mst in rmintavn msjnsmzfm `ntmranims, nuequm jc`c smùmstrn me ctrcs nrtjuics fm mstmfcssamr, dny jnfn v z `s iatmrntu-rn faspceabim (6).Xmrc ic qum quazpmsm `s sce ins afmns bnsnfns me`nimetmefafcs c me supcsajacemsprmouajacsns, c me aegcr`njacemscbscimtns y tmefmejacsns scbrmquaems sce ics lnys y ins imsban-en s y qu aegcr`njae pumfme rmja-bar me uen babiactmjn.Mstn`cs jcevmejafcs fm qum inpraejapni rnze pnrn qum ec smcgrmzjne smrvajacs n mstn àecrn m smi prmouajac dmtmrcsmxastn qum prm-vnimjm me eumstrn scjamfnf. Midmtmrcsmxas`c ms in jrmmejan me insupmracrafnf aedmrmetm fm in dmtm-rcsmxuniafnf y su fmrmjdc n fcà-enr. N fagmrmejan fm ics prmouajacsbnsnfcs me mi lemrc, jcicr fm inpami, jinsm, enjaceniafnf, imelunom,jrmmejans rmialacsns c jnpnjafnfgsajn. ics `cfmics dmtmrcsmxastnssce tne aesafacscs qum in `nycranmstn`cs me jceeavmejan jce miics yics pmrpmtun`cs.Mi puetc fm vastn dmtmrcsmxastn smaestnin me ecsctrcs me ics pra`mrcs`c`metcs fm eumstrn scjania-znjae. Vamem rmgimoc, mjc prcpn-lnefn me ins `neagmstnjacems jui-turnims me ics vnicrms, pcitajnsnjtavafnfms fm eumstrns aestatujac-ems, aejiuymefc in mfujnjae. inmstrujturn imlni, in rmialae y ics`mfacs fm jcùeajnjae fm `nsns.Ics lnys y ins imsbanens qum eccjuitne su afmetafnf smxuni sce n`meufc cbomtc fm cstrnjas`c,n`menzns, vacimejan ctrns gcr`nsfm fasjraàenjae nbamrtn c meju-bamrtn (Lculd y Lrmmebintt, >112).Me mstm nrtjuic qumrm`cs rmpnsnrics fastaetcs nrlu`metcs qum sum-ime mslraàrsm pnrn ec crlneaznrsmrvajacs faralafcs n lnys y imsban-ens me ins babiactmjns. Xnrn miicecs dm`cs bnsnfc guefn`me-tni`metm me mi iabrc mfatnfc pcr JniLculd y Miime Lrmmebintt, ny nefimsbane iabrnry smrvajm me eumstrnmxpmramejan pmrsceni me mi usc fm

Zmrvajacs babiactmjnracs pnrn lnys y imsbanens

oust wrvavmf n narnr.. .. efarsgnjt ycr dnvm .......

Gumetm? Nitmrentavm Iabrnry Iatmrnturm, >172>>14:? N bameeni netcicly. CRQT Xrmss,>146>. Junefc tu gnàian tus nàlcs .. u jcimlac2 y ics `mfacs fm jcùeajnjae dne rctc jcetalc:. ...m sametms jc`c sa dubamrns scbrmvavafc n uen lumrrn...y fm dmjdc ms ic qum tm dnpnsnfc...6 Junefc fmjafms "sniar fmi nr`nrac" dns scbrmvavafc n ue nutetajc dcicjnustrc fm fmsae-gcr`nja7e, rmjdnzc y gnentas`c rmialacsc. Za n vmjms tm sametms fagmrmetm, sae snbmr ùybame pcr qu7, y tn`ba7e tm sametms ùy scic, prcbnbim`metm gcr`ns pnrtm fm=. Jdajc mstcy smlurc fm qum enfam sm dn smetafc euejn nsa7. Mstcy smlurn fm qum enfam sm dn smetafc ns netms>8 fm in pcbinjae

babiactmjns y me mi trntc jce prcgm-sacenims babiactmjnracs.~ C ] @XAFM INZBABIACVMJNZ ZNIARFMI NR@NRAC3]en fm ins rmspumstns `s jcù-ems pnrn ec ntmefmr smrvajacs mspm-jagajc~ nrn lnys imsbanens ms qumin babaactmjn ec prcvmm fm `ntm

ranims faralafcs n emjmsafnfmsmspmjanims fm ue fmtmràenfcl`pc saec n in scjamfnf me lmemrni. Zae m`bnrlc, aefmpmefametm-`metm fm qum ins babiactmjns mspn-ecins ic ju`pine, tcfcs ics prcgm-sacenims mstnrne fm njumrfc mequm fmbm dnbmr abrcs y ctrcs `ntm-ranims me fastaetcs afac`ns pnrnntmefmr n in pcbinjae màlrnetm.

>2>> MF]JNJACE BABIACVMJN 4 > >1 1


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Zmrvajacs babiactmjnracs pnrn lnys y imsbanens`mr iulnr. com- ens mste ùjdcs prcgmsacenimsnefc me ins nsastmetms scjanims. prcgmscrms.mstnetmrns. Zarmstraela`cs innfquasajae fm` n t m r a n i m sscbrm fmtmrà-enfcs tm`ns y

`fajcs, mtjtmrn- qum pumfmenjufar n in babiactmjn busjnefcaegcr`njae scbrm in dc`csmxun-iafnf. Q jc`c fajm Jni Lculd?Dny tcfnvn ctrn lmetm qum usn

ins babiactmjns y qum emjmsatnrn.mstcs ec ms& qu m` n c sm bmemgajanran fm inprmsmetms meins mstnetmensmstn`cs dn-jamefc ue ginjc

aegcr`njae scbrm in lmetm lny? miaecjmetm, mi juracsc. mi jc`prmesa-vc. mi vcymur aejiusc mi dc`gc-bc (=).

smrvajac n in Mste tn`bae tcfns nqumiinsiabrm jarjuin- pmrscens qum tameme gnàianrms.jae fm insafmns y in aegcr-`njae (Bcb.>142).

nàlcs c jc`pnmrcs fm trnbnocqum smne lnys y imsbanens.Juniquamrn fm mstns pmrscenspumfm tmemr aetmrs m e njjmfmrCtrc iulnr n in aegcr`njae me ue iulnrjcè ms qum fasjrmtc, neea`c y jce uejnrjtmr fm jamrtn cbomtavafnf

jc`c ms in babiactmjn.Bame, pmrc j`c pumfc jce-smluar mstcs `ntmranims3

ics ln p y ims-banen~ ec va-vme me injcùeafnf nin qum ntamefm vcy n smimjjacenrics3msn babiactmjn fefm pumfc jc`prnrics3c bame ec npn- Ics babiactmjnracs sm vme cbialn-fcs n smimjjacenr y nfquarar`ntmranims scbrm tm`ns fm icsqum ec sce mspmjaniastns. Ec sm

rmjme euejnpcr in babiactm-jn. Mst jinrcqum ics lnys yimsbanens ecvavme sic me

emjmsatn smr ue jametgajc pnrnsmimjjacenr iatmrnturn jametgajn.Me ics nrtjuics qum prmsmetn-an fmi crluiic lny y imsbanec @nfraf >11< Gctc? GmrenefcJrmspc ins lrnefmsjaufnfms. nue-

qum ms me stnsfcefm sce `s vasabims. saec metcfns ins jaufnfms y pumbics fmipns. Xnrn nqumiics qum vavme mejaufnfms pmqumns c me mi uefcrurni. ins babiactmjns sce prcbn-bim`metm mi eajc iulnr me mi qumpcfrane mejcetrnr aegcr`njaelrntuatn y neea`n scbrm indc`csmxuniafnf.Me junetc ni e`mrc fm lnys yimsbanens qum utaiazne uen babiac-tmjn, ms uen jumstae fagajai fmfmtmràenr. Xra`mrc pcrqum incrametnjae smxuni ec ms nilc qumpcfn`cs fastaeluar gjai`metm. ytn`bae pcrqum ùy pcjcs lnys yimsbanens sm vne n njmrjnr ni cs-trnfcr fm prstn`c c rmgmrmejanpnrn sciajatnr aegcr`njae. Nepms fm`nsanfc in mstalrentazn-jae fm in dc`csmxuniafnf. Me mijnsc fm ics ovmems mi fasjurscdmtmrcsmxastn fcàenetm dnjm qumùjdcs sametne su jnsc jc`ceajc.Xmrc nfm`s fm ics lnys y imsban-

`cs n jcetaeunjae sm cgrmjmecbrns qum pumfme smrvar fmbnsm pnrn uen jcimjjae èa-`n. In vmrfnf ms qum me Mspn-gan ec sm pubiajn ùjdc scbrmlnys y imsbanens nuequm icsttuics faspceabims nu`metne.Dny uen iabrmrn mspmjaniaznfnme @nfraf y ctrn me Bnrjmiceny n`bns mfatne jnticlcs qumpumfme smrvar jc`c aestru`metcfm smimjjae (7). n jcinbcrnjaemetrm ins babiactmjns y ics lru-pcs fm lnys y imsbanens ms tn`-bae aetmrmsnetm me mstm smetafc.(Grns, >117).Msns pcrqumrns ec metrne meà babiactmjn. Ec scpcrtc ea indc`csmxuniafnf ea n ics dc`c-smxunims. Niluecs fm mscs iabrcsy pmijuins `m dnjme smetaraej`cfc.Ics babiactmjnracs tn`bae momrjmein jmesurn jce sus prmouajacsscbrm fastaetns `ntmrans y mstjinrc qum sm utaiazne fastaetcs jra-tmracs smle ics lrupcs c mi tm`nscbrm mi qum sm trnbnon. Ms prmjasctmemr u e jfalc tajc y fmcetcila-

C jc`c fajm Jni Lculd?ùjdns lrnefms babiactmjns lns-tne uen a`pcrtnetm su`n jnfn

nc me iabrcs y rmvastns mspmjania-znfcs fmfajnfcs eajn`metm n icsbabiactmjnracs prcgmsacenims. Xmrcue jiametm lny c uen jiametn ims-banen qum busqum me in babiactmjniabrcs, rmvastns, pmijuins c lrnbn-jacems scecrns pubiajnfcs pcr.pnrn c aejiusc scbrm lmetm lnyrnrn`metm mejcetrnr uen jneta-fnf nfmjunfn fm `ntmrani faspc-eabim .Q mstc cjurrm n pms r fm qum uecfm ics prmsupumstcs guefn`metn-ims fm in babiactmjn pubiajn msntmefmr n tcfn in scjamfnf y prc-jurnr qum in jcimjjae rmgimom insemjmsafnfms aegcr`ntavns fmtcfcs ics smjtcrms. Me in babiactm-jn fmbme mstnr rmprmsmetnfnstcfns ins gcr`ns fm mxprmsaepmrsceni y juiturni.Ms bame snbafc pcr fastaetcs mstu-facs qum in `nycr pnrtm fm icsusunracs mialme su s iabrcs, me pra-

MF]JNJACE Q BABIACVMJN 4> >11


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jc jinrc qum a`pafn qum in jmesu-rn momrjafn pcr ics prcpacs prcgm-sacenims fm in aegcr`njae qumfmsae rmspumstn.Ec jnbm fu fn fm qum niluecsusunracs dmtmrcsmxunims sm vne nsmetar aej`cfcs y vne n prctms-tnr pcr mi dmjdc fm qum in babiac-tmjn tmeln y prc`cjacem iatmrntu-rn pnrn l ~ simsbanens. Xmrc ecfmbm`cs civafnr qum mstcs ita-`cs sce jaufnfnecs jce fmrmjdcsy qum miics y miins tn`bae pumfmesmetarsm cgmefafcs pcr in gnitn fm`ntmranims.@a babiactmjn ec pumfm grcet rin jc`prn fm `ntmranims pnrnlnys y imsbanens.Mstm ms quaz uec fm ics nrlu`metcs qum `s gjai`metm smmslra`ne me eumstrc pns. Jceectajans jc`c in qum npnrmjn meMi ns mi vamrems : fm oueac fm>11< scbrm ins babiactmjns fmNijcrje. vm`cs qum fmsfm iumlcec m s uen jumstae `mecr?Ins babiactmjns fm Nijcrje Aim-

vne juntrc ncs sae jc`prnriabrcs In msjnsmz fm faemrc dn`ctavnfc tn`bae qum ics iabrcsec sm pumfne rmecvnr... Xcr mom`-pic, me aegcr`tajn sm jnrmjm fm`neunims mxpiajntavcs scbrm icsita`cs prclrn`ns fmi `mrjnfc.Me ecvmin ec sm faspceme fmùjdns cbrns fm nutcrms jisa-jcs. Dny jcimjjacems sae tnpns yprjtajn`metm aesmrvabims pnrn sujcesuitn c imjturn. Vn`pcjc smnfquamrme fanracs c rmvastns .Xmrc ec tcfns ins babiactmjnsmste me uen satunjae tne frn-`tajn. Xcr supumstc eaele jme-trc tamem tcfc mi faemrc qum smemjmsatn, pmrc me tcfcs dny ueninbcr fm smimjjae y sm mialm jc`-prnr u ens jcsns me iulnr fm ctrns.Xcr ctrc infc ùjdns nscjanjac-ems y lrupcs fm lnys y imsbanensmfatne bcimtaems, gnezaems y rmvas-tns qum smlurn`metm sm mevanrnelrntas c n ue bnoc jcstm n in babiac-tmjn qum ic sciajatnrn.Za jc`prn`cs `ntmranims pnrnics lnys y imsbanens Ec mstnrm`cs dnjamefc prcpnlnefn fmmstns gcr`ns fm vafn3Rmsuitn juracsc qum eaeluenbabiactmjn tm`n smr njusnfn fmdnjmr npcicln fmi vmlmtnraneas-`c, in aegcr`tajn c in imelunaelimsn, nuequm jumetme jce uenn`pian jcimjjae fm `ntmranims

mrvajacs babiactmjnracs pnrn lnys y imsbanens

Gumetm? Nitmrentavm Iabrnry Iatmrnturm, >142>>14:? N bameeni netcicly. CRQT Xrmsn>146'Vamems sumrtm fm vavar me uen fm`cjrnjan jdajc N vmr, tcfcs ics qum mste n gnvcr fmjcilnr n mstn `nrajn nsqumrcsn qum falne sa. Ics qum sm cpcelne...scbrm mstcs tm`ns. Ic qum fmbmebusjnr ins babiactmjns ms prcpcr-jacenr uen aegcr`njae ic `spiurni pcsabim scbrm juniquamrtm`n qum pumfn aetmrmsnr n inscjamfnf, pums mi prcpsatc gue-fn`metni fm eumstrn prcgmsae msgnjaiatnr in iabmrtnf du`nen y mifmsnrrciic du`nec 112).Xnrn qum sm emjmsatne metrnf s mspmjanims me ics jnticlcs3 Mi jnticlc fmbm smerar ni s emjmsafnfms lmemrnims.Me ùjdns babiactmjns in aevasi-baiafnf fmetrc fmi jnticlc mstctni. Me in `nycran ics trà-ecs pcr ics qum pcfm`cs bus-j r sm rmfujme n dc`csmxunia-

fnf, dc`csmxunims y imsbaneas-`c. Qn m s saleagajntavc qum s mjcetaeu utaiaznefc jc`c metrn-fn praejapni dc`csmxuniafnf ,ue tràec qum jceiimvn a`pia-jnjacems pmycrntavns qum ecsrmàtme n uen pcjn me in qumin ntrnjjae dnjan pmrscens fmiàs`c smxc mrn jcesafmrnfnuen megmr`mfnf. Fmbmrn njmp-tnrsm mi tràec lny pcr smrstn uen gcr`n `s usnfn fme-trc fmi `cvaàmetc fm lnys yimsbanens y jce uen n`piannjmptnjae scjani.Mi jnsc fm ins imsbanens ms ne`s snelrnetm ni qumfnrùjdns vmjms melicbnfns me mitràec lmemrn i dc`csmxunia-fnf u dc`csmxunims sae qumnpnrmzjn uen metrnfn mspmjgajnjce mi tràec imsbaneas`c cimsbanens .

Ctrc fm ics mstmrmctapcs qumsalume guejacenefc ms qum icslnys y ins imsbanens tameme insàs`ns emjmsafnfms. Nuequm msjamrtc qum n`bcs jc`pnrta`csdastcrans pnrnimins fm cprmsaeme in scjamfnf dmtmrcsmxastn. inssaàiatufms metrm lnys y imsban-ens sce n `meufc mxnlmrnfn-`metm megntaznfns dnstn fastcr-sacenr in rmniafnf. Rmgimonefc mijnrjtmr smxastn fm eumstrn

MF]JNJACE BABIACVMJN - 4> >11


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mrvajacs babiactmjnracs pnrn lnys y imsbanensscjamfnf. ms ùy jcè qumins pubiajnjacems qum pcfn`csmejcetrnr bnoc mi rtuic fmdc`csmxuniafnf dnlne rmgmrme-

jan sic n dc`brms lnys. Xcrmiic mi prcgmsaceni babiactmjnracfmbm pcemr mspmjani juafnfc mefmsnrrciinr in jcimjjae fmnjumrfc jce ins emjmsafnfms fmins imsbanens y qum mstcs `ntm-ranims npnrmzjne me mi jntaclcbnoc mi tràec imsbanens .BABIACVMJ Z QBABIACVMJ RACZ MEMI J @AEC D JA IWAZABAIAF FIns babiactmjns pbiajns y msjcin-rms 4) fmbme ju`piar uen inbcrfm aegcr`njaey, me mi jnsc fm icslnys y ins imsbanens. mstn cbialn-jae mst tctni`metm nbnefcenfn.Za ecs rmgmra`cs n ics nfcimsjme-tms, in satunjae m s mspmjani`metmfrn`tajn. Me mi `c`metc me qummstcs sce jcesjametms fm sudc`csmxuniafnf. tameme qummegrmetnrsm n uens mstrujturnsscjanims qum ims alecrne c jcefm-ene. i àmfc n qum in gnàian yics nàlcs ims rmjdnjme sm uem uejcestnetm bc`bnrfmc fm afmnsgnisns m a`lmems emlntavns y jui-pnbaiaznfcrns.Jrmc qum jnsa tcfcs ics lnys y ims-b a n e n ~ m`cs mxpmra`metnfc ingrustrnetm smesnjae fm busjnr meics iabrcs y mejcetrn`cs aejiua-fcs me &cr`niafnfms psajcila-jns . pmrvmrsacems c fmsvanjac-ems smxunims . Ctrns ùjdnsvmjms pcfm`cs busjnr me inscbrns fm rmgmrmejan y in aegcr`n-jae qum npcrtne ms euin, sa msqum mxastm.Xcr msc ms tne a`pcrtnetm qumins babiactmjns. y me mspmjani inspbiajns y msjcinrms. prcùmvneuen a`nlme pcsatavn fm ics lnysy ins imsbanens, tnetc jce cbrnsfm gajjae jc`c mesnyc, rmgmrme-jan y ctrcs `ntmranims.Jc`c fajme @cetlc`mry yBmdr?In emjmsafnf fm iatmrnturnpnrn vniafnr eumstrn prcpanvafn y njtatufms, dn safcfm`cstrnfn ùjdns vmjms.quaz fm gcr`n `s ectcranme tam`pcs rmjametms. pcr injnetafnf fm msjratcrms emlrcsy fm ùomrms msjratcrns qumdne megntaznfc me mstm nspmj-tc, y ins babiactmjns y ctrnsMF]JNJACE BABIACVMJN - 4> >11171.- Baclrngans fm lnys y imsbanens.Fmsjrapjacems fm gcr`ns fmvafn lny msjratns pcr lnys y fmimsbanens msjratns pcr imsban-ens. Fmsjrapjacems fm mstnsgcr`ns fm vafn dmjdns pcrdmtmrcsmxunims.Enrrnjacems msjratns pcr lnys y

imsbanens qum iujdne jcetrnnjtatufms dc`gcbns fm inscjamfnf y ins aestatujacems.Cbrns fm jrmnjae iatmrnran.Vn`bae pumfme smninrsm mstns

pracrafnfms fm smimjjae?- Luns y pubiajnjacems scbrmfmrmjdcs imlnims.Xubiajnjacems pmrafajns Hc-imtaems. rmvastns. mtjtmrn) ypnegimtcs. dcons sumitns. mtj-tmrn. jmetrefcsm mspmjani-`metm me ins mfatnfns mejnfn icjniafnf pcr ics lrupcsy nscjanjacems >8).Vrnbnocs me mi rmn fm ins jame-jans scjanims msjratcs fmsfm uenpmrspmjtavn lny c imsbanen.

Fm tcfns gcr`ns, mi pra`mr pnscsmen pnsnr rmvastn n ics gcefcs fmin babiactmjn y icjniaznr ics `ntm-ranims qum yn sm pcsmme scbrm mitm`n.Za qumrm`cs n`pianr c jc`pimtnrin jcimjjae. smrn aetmrmsnetmpcemrsm me jcetnjtc jce ueniabrmen mspmjaniaznfn c sciajatnrs u jnticlc pcr jcrrmc. In jcesui-tn fm ics jnticlcs fm ctrns babiac-tmjns tn`bae pumfm rmsuitnraetmrmsnetm, ns jc`c mi jcetnjtcjce jcimjtavcs fm lnys y imsbanens.]en vmz msjclafcs ics `ntmranimsqum pcsmm in babiactmjn y smimjjac-enfcs y nfquarafcs ics qum smfmsmne nnfar, sm fmbm dnjmr tcfcic pcsabim pnrn faenàznr mstcsgcefcs.Za in babiactmjn crfmen su jcimj-jae. c pnrtm fm miin, me puetcs fmaetmrms, ics `ntmranims rminjacen-fcs jce ics lnys y ins imsbanenspumfme jcestatuar uen jcimjjaesmpnrnfn.Me tcfc jnsc. sam`prm ms rmjc-`mefnbim in rmniaznjae fm lunsfm imjturn. jnrtmims qum neuejamein faspceabaiafnf fm fajdcs gcefcsy ue mspnjac mspmjgajc me mi mxpc-satcr fm ecvmfnfms. Nfm`s ctrnsnjtavafnfms aetmrmsnetms sce?Mejumetrcs jce msjratcrms/ns

lnys y Amsbanens.Njtcs me mi mspnjac fm in babiac-tmjn me jcinbcrnjae jce icslrupcs fm lnys y imsbanens.- Mxpcsajacems fm iabrcs y ctrcs`ntmranims.]e iulnr prcpac fmetrc fminpnrtnfc fm aegcr`njae n injcùeafnf. jce ins farmjjacemsfm aetmrms pnrn mstm jcimjtavc.Niluecs fm ics jc`pcemetms qumjcegcr`ne in aetcimrnejan qum


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pnfmjme ics lnys y ins imsbanenssce in alecrnejan, in jmesurn, infastcrsae fm in aegcr`njae. icsjunims trnbnone `nec n nec jcein jrumifnf y in aeoustajan. June-fc sm pceme tcfcs mscs jc`pc-emetms ouetcs cbtmem`cs indc`cgcban (@cercm. >144).@netmemr n in lmetm alecrnetm fmtcfcs ics nspmjtcs pcsatavcs fm icslnys y ins imsbanens m s uen pcfm-rcsn nr`n. Xcr miic ms jrujani qumins babiactmjns jcestruyne uenjcimjjae me in qum ics lnys y ims-b a n e n ~ , u s nàlcs, gnàian ynqumiics prcgmsacenims qum trnbn-one jce ovmems, pumfne mejce-trnr `ntmranims qum ims nyufme nvmr in satunjae fm uen `nemrn`s jinrn. Ins babiactmjns fmbmecgrmjmr uen aegcr`njae iabrm fmdc`cgcban, gnentas`c y cfac.Xcr supumstc. jc`c smnin Grns?Ms prmvasabim qum, me in `mfafnme qum ins babiactmjns iimvme njnbc mstns tnrmns, pumfne surlarc aejrm`metnrsm niluecs prcbim-`ns c rmnjjacems megrmetnfnspnrn ics junims fmbme mstnr prm-pnrnfcs ics babiactmjnracs (>>).Mstn prmpnrnjae fmbm jc`meznrpcr tmemr uen afmn jinrn fm insàsicems y jc`mtafcs fm in babiac-tmjn y pnsn pcrqum ins nscjanjac-ems prcgmsacenims fmsnrrciime uejfalc tajc qum f n`pnrc n icsbabiactmjnracs.Dnbr ujdns pmrscens y lrupcsqum sm sametne cgmefafcs pcr ics`ntmranims qum mste faspceabimsme in babiactmjn. In tnrmn fm icsprcgmsacenims ms prcpcrjacenr icqum in lmetm quamrm immr `s qummiaàenr ic qum ec sm scpcrtn.Mstn nprcxa`njae pcsatavn n inaegcr`njae ms tpajn fm in prcgm-sae babiactmjnran. i gae y ni jnbcin babiactmjn pbiajn fmbm sntasgn-jmr ins emjmsafnfms pnrtajuinrmsfm imjturn m aegcr`njae fm tcfnin scjamfnf y fmbm dnjmric jce uenrepaac smetafc fm in tcimrnejan.

OnvamrX z lamsans ms Farrmtcrfm M \JNJAE Q BABIACVMJN.ECVNZ?(>) Metrm ins imyms fmsnpnrmjafns. ec s

rmgmra`cs n in Imy fm Xjiilrcsifnf yRmdnbiiatnjabe Zcjani fm >1 fmi Jfalc Xmeni.Xcr ctrn pn rtm, jc`c smranin Ou neWajmetm Nianln. ue fntc pcjc vnicrnfc?mi > fm gmbrmrc fm >1. me uen crfmefmi @aeastmrac fm @ujnjabe y Jamejan.

Zmrvajacs babiactmjnracs pnrn lnys imsbanenssm rmjclm qum mi dc c (uegmc vcjnbic `cemfn jcrrametm fm icssmtmetn). me tnetc qum fmgmjtc Vasajc cmegmr`mfnf. A`pafm momrjmr fm `nmstrcme in jesmanezn pra`nrin . Niinln.Oune Wajmetm y Jcrtms. Ocs @alumi.Afmetafnf y faomrmefn scbrm in juiiu`lny me spnn Bnrjmicen? @nfraf?MLNIMZ. >11>4.Abafm`. p. >2:.In fagmrmejan jce Mstnfcs ]eafcs ms.me mstm nspmjtc. nbas`ni. Mi dmjdc fmqum in prcpan I (N`mrajne IabrnryNsscjan]ce) jumetm fmsfm ics nracssmtmetn jce ue lrupc fm trnbnoc fmlnys. imsbinens y basmxunims (JIGOaG,Jnys. A-msbanes nef Basmxunis VnskGcrjm) dn pmràtafc qum mi trnbnoc fmins babiactmjns nvnejm me mstm jn`pc.Xcr ctrc infc jumetne jce uen prc-fujfe mfatcrani sileigajntivn fm cbrnspcr. pnrn y fm lnys y imsbanens.LC]LD. Jni? Kmy assums ae tdm jciamj-]el c lny/imsbane iabrnry `ntmrinis.Me? Jny nef imsbane i a b r q smruajm.Mfatnfc pcr Jni culdy Miime Jrmme-bintt. Omggmrsce, Ecrtd Jnrciaen?@jGnrinef. >118.In farmjjae fm ins iabrmrans npnrmjm memi farmjtcrac qum pubiajn`cs ni d n > fmmstm fcssamr. Mxastm tn`bae ue jnt nc-lc fm vmetn pcr jcrrmc qum sm iin`nZAJ y qum pumfm jcesmluarsj me minpnrtnfc f m jcrrmcs ec ) 6 =4NZVB]RL. R.? Xrcgmsniceae tdm smrva-jm cg tdm du`ne jnusm . Me? ` yNsscjantce Rmjcrf vci. 1=. ec >>(>11:). R. Nstburl m s mi prmsafmetm fmin ]brnry Nsscjintace (Rmiec ]eifc).Me mstm f asjursc. mi smcr Nstburl trn-tnbn mxtmesn`metm mi tm`n fm in tnragn-jace fm ics smrvajacs babiactmjnrtcs.pmrc jrmm`cs qum s u ngar`njace scbrmmi jnrjtmr fm in prcgmsae babiactmjnranpumfm trnsinfnrsm n ctrcs `bitcs fmnjtavafnf fm ins babiactmjns.Zmran tm`n fm ctrc nrtjuic trntnr mipnpmi qum jc`pmtm n ins babiactmjnsueivmrsitnrins y mspmjaniaznfns y n icsnrjdavcs jc`c aestru`metcs pnrnpcfmr rmniaznr uen dastcran fm ics lnysy ins imsbinens. Fm tcfns gcr`ns mstmtapc fm aevmstalnjacems mste prjtajn-`metm sie fmsnrrciinr me eumstrc pns.@CEVLC@MRQ. Ninsfnir y BMDR. Nsce? Zaleagajnet ctdmrs . Me? NssastnetIIbrnrane. vci. > ec 4> (>144). pp.>76->74.

(>8> Xumfm smrva r fm nyufn mi farmjtcrac qumpubiajn`cs ni eef fm fcssamr, mefcefm smnin`cs ins pubiajnjacemspmrafajns mfatnfns pcr jnfn jcimjtavc.

(> >> GRgNZ. Oc & N.? Dc`csmxunaafnf. ims-baneas`c y smrvajacs bibiactmjnrics .Me? Mfujnjae y Babiictmjm e c 71.(>117). p. 64. Mi jnsc fm M stnfc s ]ea-fcs ms ùy aiustrntavc. N `mfafn qumdn afc jrmjamefc in visabiiafnf fm lnysy imsbanens y s u npnrajae me in vafnpbiajn sm dn dmjdc `nycr. dne surH-fc jce gumrzn `cvaàmetcs jcejrnricsn ics fmrmjdcs fm lnys y imsbanens.Jc`c smranin Dmrbmrt Gcmrstmi indc`csmxuniafnf ms mi tm`n pnrn icsjmescrms m e babiactmjns pbiajns y

msjcinrms . GCMRJVMI. Dmrbmrt? Jce-@jt nef jc`prcàsm cvmr dc`csmxuniiatmrnturm . Me? M`mrlmeq ]brnranevci. 2. ec 22 (>116). p. 24. Vn`baeZNFC\ZKA. @. O ? Neti-lnyn`mef`met tc MZMN wcuif rmstrijtsjdcci ]brnrams . Me Zjdcci b r qOcu`ni vci. 1. ec 68 (>116) pp. >>=->>4? y me mstns às`ns pnlaens.XMRM_-X]IAFC.@nrlnratn y J7@M_-XNEVCON GMRE~FM_-ZNIL]MRC.Nurcrn? Jcecjmr. jc`prmefmr. trnes-gcr`nr? njtavis`c babiactmjnrac ydc`csmxuniafnf . Me? Mfujnjibe yBabbtmjn ec 4> (>1111 (>11=) pp. :2-::.

JCIIAZ, Rcsm? Cut ce tdm sdmivms . Me?Bccksmaimr, vci. 26. ec 6.7>4 (>116) pp.27-21.GCMRZVMI Dmrbmrt? Jceegjt nef jc`prc-àsm cvmr dc`csmxuni iatmrnturm . Me?M`mrlmejyIabrnrine vci. 2, ec 22 (>116)XX. 24-:8.

GCRF.@ajdnmi Vdc`ns? Lny Bccks gcrQcuel Rmnfmrs? \dme Jnutace Jniis tdmZdcts? Vwmety-gavm ymnrs cg lny-raldts`cvm`mets dnvme't iabmrntmf jdaifrme'spubiasdmrs . Me? Xubiasdmrs \mmkiy ec26> (>116> XX. 26-2117) p.64

JC]LD. Jni y LRMMEBINVV. Miime (m .]t.)? Jny nef imsbane iabrnry smerijj. Omg-gmrsce. Ecrtd Jnrciaen? @jGnrinef.>118

JC]LD. Jni y LRMMEBIN3V. Miime? Zmrva-jms tc lny nef imsbane pntrces? mxnà-eiel tdm `yids . Me? I b`ry cu`niO n e u q (>112) pp. =1-7:.

OMEKAEZ. Jdrastaem N.? Qcuel Nfuit Ewmiswtd Lny/Imsbine Jdnrnjtmrs nef Vdm-`ms >171-12? N Dastcrajni Rmnfael cgJcetmet. Lmefmr. nef Enrrntavm @stne-jm . Me? Ocurena c o Qcutd Zmeaajms 7>Iib`rams vci. < >11:)p. 6:-==.

@CEDCM. Ou fa td ? Brmnkael tdm Z]mejmBnrramr? Iabrnrims nef Jny nef IjsbaneZtufmets . Me? Jcktace Bufael. vci.1. ec >. (>144) pp. 6:-67.@C@LC@MRQ. Ninsfnar y BMDR Naasce?Zaleaejnt ctdmrs . Me? Nssastnet ]b`

raee vci. i. ec 4> (>144) pp. >76->74.XCFRQL]aN, Zusne? Jmescrsdip ae ne

njnfmàj Aibrnry . Me? Jfimlm rmsmnrjd]b rAms emws. vci. 2. ec == (>116) pp.116)pp. >>=->>4.VNQICR @navieO ? ûmmr Vdaels grc` CifJicsmts? ]brnrams -Lny nef Imsbane Ztu-fams- ummr Vdmcry .Me? Rnrm bccks efreneuscapts Aibrnranesdip. vci. >. e' 4(>11:) pp. >1-:6.

MF]J JACE Q BABIACVMJ Mi >11


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Zmrvajacs babiactmjnracs pnrn l n p imsbaneasNjnbnr jce misaimejac y i àmfciabrcs pnrn ocvmemslnys y imsbanens']en jcimjjae mquaiabrnfn fm gajjae fmbmrn niavanr ics tm`crms fm ics nfcimsjmetms lnysy imsbanens, fefcims in smlurafnf fm ec mstnr scics. Xmrc tn`bae prcpcrjacenran n icsovmems dmtmrcsmxunims uen vasae `s n`pian fmi ùefc qum mxastm n su nirmfmfcrIyee Jcjkmtt Metmrael tdm @naestrmn`? Gajtace nbcut Lny nef Imsbane Vmmes . Me Zjdc

b`ry Ocu`ni. Gmbrunry >11=.

e jn`pc a`pcrtnetm fmetrc fm icssmrvajacs qum in babiactmjn pumfmcgrmjmr pnrn lnys y imsbanens, ms mifm in ntmejae n eacs y nfcimsjme-tms. Ins pninbrns dc`csmxuniafnf. imsbaneas-`c c lny ec npnrmjme me ics jnticlcs fmùjdns babiactmjns pbiajns y msjcinrms. ]eprcbim`n nnfafc ms qum junefc dnynile tapc fm `ntmrani stm rnrn vmz jarjuinpcr gnitn fm vasabaiafnf y fm uen nfmjunfnprc`cjae. Junefc ics nfcimsjmetms njufmen uen babiactmjn. in aegcr`njae qummejumetrne ms ùy n `meufc aejcrrmjtn cbnsnfn me prmouajacs m aetcimrnejan.Nuequm ins babiactmjns ec sce mi eajcprcvmmfcr fm aegcr`njae msjratn, sa qumsce ue iulnr pravaimlanfc me mi qum eacsy nfcimsjmetms pumfme mxpmra`metnr minutcnprmefaznom. Ec rmsuitn ùy fagajai a`n-laenr in smesnjae qum supcem pnrn miicsafmetagajnr. n trnvs fm in imjturn, qum sussmetaàmetcs m aejiaenjacems smxunims sce`nics y/c megmràzcs. Nnfn`cs n mstcqum mi a`pnjtc fm mscs mstmrmctapcs juipn-baiaznetms sm rmjabm me ue `c`metc. innfcimsjmejan. me mi qum uec ms `s vuiem-rnbim y junefc in prmsae fmi metcrec msmecr`m.a in aegcr`njae aejcrrmjtn c aejc`pimtnnbuefn me ics iabrcs fm tmxtc y me ics

renss `mfan ue ocvme qum busqum rmspums-tns pumfm ùy bame njmptnr qum ic qum dn

mejcetrnfc ms in vmrfnf. Za ec mxastm ueiulnr me fcefm jcegrcetnr gumetms. ueiulnr me fcefm sm cgrmzjn uen aegcr`njaemquaiabrnfn, metcejms ics nfcimsjmetms lnysy imsbanens mste me uen njusnfn fmsvme-tnon me eumstrn scjamfnf. Xcr tcfc mstcjrmnr uen jcimjjae fm `ntmranims pnrnmstcs usunracs sm jcevamrtm me nilc jrujani,aejiusc jrtajc. Me mstm smetafc mi pnpmi fmins mfatcranims ms a`pcrtnetm. Gnitne iabrcsqum trntme mi tm`n fmsfm ue puetc fmvastn pcsatavc. qum nyufme n ovmems,pnfrms y fcjmetms n vmr in satunjae fms-frn`ntaznfn. Fmbm`cs cgrmjmr n ics nfcims-jmetms in pcsabaiafnf fm vmr qum dny fagm-rmetms gcr`ns fm smr, c qum sus smetareame-tcs ec ims jcevamrtme me megmr`cs cnecr`nims . In aefustran fmi iabrc aegnetaiy ouvmeai tamem in cpcrtueafnf fm nyufnr nsupmrnr mi gnentas`c y ics mstmrmctapcs qumme in njtuniafnf sugrm in jcùeafnf fmlnys y imsbanens. Ins babiactmjns pumfmeoulnr tn`bae ue a`pcrtnetm pnpmi `mfane-tm njjacems farmjtns y n trnvs fm in jcin-bcrnjae jce jcimjtavcs y nscjanjacems fmlnys y imsbanens.@ametrns tm`ns jc`c mi rnjas`c, ins f`-lns, mi favcrjac y mi smxas`c tameme u enrmprmsmetnjae `s c `mecs nbuefnetm. incgmrtn fm iabrcs faralafcs n eaaacs y ovmemsqum trntme scbrm in dc`csmxuniafnf ms jnsaeuin. Gnitne me eumstrc `mrjnfc mfatcrani

MF]J JACE BABIACVMJ 4> >11


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Zmrvajacs babiactmjnracs pnrn lnys y imsbanensa

ttuics jc`c Fnffy s Rcce`ntm c Dmntdmrd s twc @crereams iabrcs aiustrnfcs pnrnics `s pmqumcs. qum rmgimone in vafn fan-ran me gnàians fm lnys y imsbanens. Xmrcgnitne tn`bae ttuics pnrn nfcimsjmetms.qum prmsmetme ins cpjacems smxunims fmuen gcr`n fmsfrn`ntaznfn y sae `mesnomsjuipnbaiaznfcrms. Metrm in msjnsn iatmrnturnfm mstm tapc pubiajnfn me Mspnn mst idc`brm sae rcstrc fm Asnbmiim Dcinef, Bnr-jmicen? Mfajacems B. >116). Mi trntnàmetcfmi tm`n ms tpajc fm uen `nemrn yn neta-junfn fm vmr ins jcsns. Nuequm mi pmrsc-enom dc`csmxuni ms prmsmetnfc fm uengcr`n pcsatavn, mi gaeni fmi iabrc ec sm

]eafcs me ics smtmetn y qum me nqumiinpcjn mrn `s fagajai pnrn ics nutcrms ecsc`mtmrsm n in `metniafnf jcesmrvnfcrn fmue smjtcr fmi pbiajc. Ics ita`cs ttuicspubiajnfcs npnrmjme rmsmnfcs ni gaeni fmmstm nrtjuic.Me mi ùefc nelicsnoe in cgmrtn fm tatu-ics ms ùjdc `nycr y jrmm`cs qum nilu-ecs fm miics pcfrne smr trnfujafcs ypubiajnfcs me jnstmiinec sae civafnr insctrns imeluns fmi Mstnfc mspnci).ûmrm`cs fmstnjnr mi ralcr fm in lun mfa-tnfn pcr i Guefnjae Lmrè ZejdmzRuapmrmz, ] iabrcs? ue smimjjae babiaclrX-jn, me in qum in dc`csmxuniafnf npnrmjmsciujacen sae jntstrcgm? me mstm jnsc, ue aejiuafn me mi efajm fm `ntmrans.suajafac. Fmbm`cs tmemr me jumetn qum idc`brm sae rcstrc sm pubiaj me Mstnfcs onvau p7au ~limsds

In iin`nfn fm i `nrOnu`m Jmin BnrjmicenInLnimrn, >117. Xciazcems; 2 .Fmsfm = ncs.Faralafn n ue imjtcr nvminfc, in ecvmin prmsmetn, me mi `nrjc fm in rmin-jae `nfrm-daoc, mi jcegiajtc qum mstniin junefc sm fmsjubrm in rminjaedc`csmxuni fm ue nfcimsjmetm. i n`bametm fm faiclc ec a`pmfar qumin nelustan y in juipnbaiafnf sm nprcpam fm ics prctnlceastns, qum sm ùm-vme aesmlurcs metrm in ngacrne6 ncs.Juafnfc rmintc fmi prcjmsc fm `nfurnjae qum iimvn ni ocvme prctnlc-eastn n supmrnr su àmfc nsuàr su afmetafnf, nutcngar efcsmgrmetm n ue dmr`tajc y nsgaxanetm n`bametm gnàianr `nfrm scbrmprc-tmjtcrn, pnfrm trnfajaceni y jc`pmtatavc...). Jnptuic n jnptuic prmsme-jan`cs, fmsfm ue fcbim puetc fm vastn uen aetrcfujjae fm in`nfrm y in enrrnjae me pra`mrn pmrscen fmi ùjdnjdc), j`c infcicrcsn smesabaiafnf fm Oa` supmrn in scimfnf y fmspamrtn. jce fms-jcejamrtc. n in vafn, njmptnefc in dc`csmxuniafnf jc`c ue rnslcprcpac fm su pmrsceniafnf nfuitn.

Rtsmabs fm Iuar @alumi Jmejmrrnfn. Jmetrc Aetmrenfceni fmi Iib` Aegnetai y Ouvmeai uefnjae m`ne Zbaf z Ruipm`

>2 MF]JNJACE BABIACVMJN - 4> >11


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Zmrvafcs babiactmjnracs pnrn lnyr Acban ens

Brmvm dastcra fmi LnyImsbane nef asmxuniVnsk Gcrjm

CRLNE L\ME\NIF

stm nrtjuic dnjm ue rmpn-sc fm ics pra`mrcs ncsfmi nsk Gcrjm ce JnyIabmrntace (VGLI) fm in

Zcjani Rmspcesnbaiatams RcuefVnbim ZRRV) fm in Nremrajneabrn Nsscjantace NIN). Mstm

lrupc dn vmeafc trnbnonefcfmsfm ics ncs smtmetn pnrn`mocrnr in satunjae fm in lmetmlny, tnetc fmetrc fm in prcgm-sae babiactmjnran jc`c me inscjamfnf, prcjurnefc mi njjmscy in vasabaiafnf fm ics `ntmranimsscbrm lnys y imsbanens me insbabiactmjns n`mrajnens > .Ics jcàmezcsIns gumrzns qum famrce iulnr n inmxastmejan fmi Vnsk Gcrjm ce L n yIabmrntace fm in NIN gumrce insàs`ns qum a`puisnrce ni `cva-àmetc fm iabmrnjae lny. n praeja-pacs fm ics ncs smtmetn, me icsMstnfcs ]eafcs. Vrns ics fastur-bacs qum sujmfamrce n uen rmfnfnpciajani me ue bnr lny fmi Lrmme-wajd Waiinlm fm Emw Qcrk. surlam-rce njtavastns pcitajcs qum smmegrmetnrce ni prcbim`n fm icsfmrmjdcs fm lnys y imsbanens. meuen scjamfnf tne dc`gcbn, jceuen memrln rmecvnfn.Nuequm ins rnjms fmi `cvaàmetclny me ics Mstnfcs ]eafcs smrm`cetne n praejapacs fm salic.ins pra`mrns crlneaznjacems npn-rmjamrce me in fjnfn fm ics jae-jumetn 2).Furnetm msn fjnfn smpusamrce ins bnsms pnrn mi njtavas-`c `s nlrmsavc fm ics smsmetn yics smtmetn. Z us neiasas m aeajanta-

vns pnrn `mocrnr in satunjae fmics dc`csmxunims me in scjamfnfsm faralamrce n ins trms praejapnimsrmns fm cprmsae? imlni, `crni ypsajcilajn. Ics pra`mrcs njtavas-tns trnbnonrce pnrn jn`banr insimyms, An fmgaeajae fm in NremrajneXsyjdciclajni Nsscjantace qumaejiun in dc`csmxuniafnf metrmins megmr mfnfms `metnims y jce-saluamrce ue a`pcrtnetm rmspnifcf m iafmrms rmialacscs. Vrnbnonefcme pmqumcs lrupcs, ecr`ni`me-tm jnrn n jnrn. in suyn gum ueninbcr rnzcenfn pmrc gar`m pnrnprcpajanr mi jn`bac. Ec gum dnstnics `c s smtmetn, pcr mi aegiuoc fmin mxtrm`n azquamrfn y fm ctrcs`cvaàmetcs fm iabmrnjae. june-fc mi `cvaàmetc pcr ics fmrmjdcsfm lnys y imsbanens mxala fm ue`cfc `s nlrmsavc qum in scjam-fnf jn`ban .Mi Vnsk Gcrjm gum dmrmfmrc fmmstns fcs tmefmejans. Fm dmjdc.uen fm sus pra`mrns ifmrms. Bnr-bnrn Lattaels, gum àm`brc njtavcfm ~nuldtm r sg Baiatas m aetrcfuocpnrtm fm in gaicscgan y mstrntmlansfm msm lrupc fm ics ncs jaejume-tn me in crlneaznjae.Me >1171 jc`crmspumstn ni a`puisc fm njtavas`cscjani qum mxastn me tcfc mi pns.Mrn in pcjn fmi `cvaàmetc pcrics fmrmjdcs javaims. fm ics `cva-àmetcs neta-bmiajastnsy fmi `cva-àmetc pcr in iabmrnjae fm insùomrms. In aejiusae me in ZRRVprcpcrjace ni tcfnvn aegcr`niVnsk Gcrjm uen bnsm junsa cgajaniy in faspceabaiafnf fm uen pmqum-n nyufn mjceàjn fmetrc fm inNIN.n jrmnjae fmi Vnsk Gcrjm supc-

em qum pcr pra`mrn vmz me icsMstnfcs ]eafcs ue lrupc prcgm-saceni sm crlneazn pbiajn`metmpnrn iujdnr pcr in jnusn fm icsdc`csmxunims. Zmnin ue puetcfm aegimxae n pnrtar fmi juni icsnjtavastns yn ec smre vastcs jc`cpmrscens nomens n in prcgmsae.saec jc`c àmeabrcs fm in NIN.Mstns pmrscens dajamrce pbiajcssu s ec`brms y sus gaianjacems prc-gmsacenims pnrn qum tcfc mi ùefcpufamrn vmric. Gum ue njtc rnfajniy vniametm pnrn nqumiin pcjn.Nuequm dubc dc`brms y ùomrmsqum aefavafuni`metm sm dnbnefmjinrnfc pbiajn`metm jc`clnys y imsbanens. mi Vnsk Gcrjmgum mi pra`mr lrupc pmrtmemjametmn uen nscjanjae prcgmsaceni qumsm jc`prc`mta me msn iujdn.Mi pra mr pnsc fm s us njtavafnfmsmfujntavns sm farala n in jcùea-fnf babiactmjnran. Juracsn`metmmstn inbcr salum samefc emjmsnranme in njtuni NIN, pums mi npcyc nin jnusn fm ins àecrns ms n

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`meufc imetc y sm fmsvnemjm jcernpafmz. Fmslrnjanfn`metm ù-jdcs/ns babiactmjnracs/ns lnys yimsbanens ec sm sametme smlurcspnrn pcfmr dnjmr pbiajn sucrametnjae smxuni me su s iulnrmsfm trnbnoc.Bnoc mi iafmrnzlc fm Asrnmi Gasd-`ne jc`c jccrfaenfcr fmi VnskGcrjm mi pmqumc lrupc aeajanirpafn`metm jcesalua ntmejae yectcramfnf fmetrc fm in NIN Zupra`mr prcymjtc gum in jrmnjae fmic qum fmspus sm `ntmraniaznrnme ue n babiaclrngan jce :< ttuicsfm cbrns fm ec-gajjae qum rmprm-smetnbne ics `ntmranims jce ue nvasae `ns pcsatavn scbrm indc`csmxuniafnf faspceabims memi `mrjnfc. Mstn iastn sm jrmjc`c rmspumstn farmjtn n in faga-juitnf fm afmetagajnr y icjniasnr`ntmranims scbrm in jcùeafnflny jce ue megcqum pcsatavc, icjuni supcen uen bnrrmrn pnrnics babiactmjnracs ngaems n injnusn qum dubamrne qumrafcaejiuar msm tapc fm cbrns me icsgcefcs fm sus babiactmjns. In`nycr pnrtm fm ics ttuics rminjac-enfcs jce in dc`csmxuniafnf, memsn pcjn, tmene ue megcqumemlntavc y jcefmsjmefametm qum`nrlaenbn n msn pnrtm fm inscjamfnf. Fmetrc fm ue jcetmxtcpcitajc mstnbn jinrc qum sm emjm-satnbn ue rmtrntc `s fmgaeafc yprmjasc fm in vafn y ins prmcjupn-jacems fm ics lnys y ins imsbanens.In pra`mrn babiaclrngan jrmja jcernpafmz pnrnimin`metm ni dmjdcfm qum ùjdcs/ns msjratcrms/nslnys y imsbanens jc`meznrne nnutcpubiajnrsm, sm guefnrne mfa-tcranims lnys y. gaeni`metm inslrnefms mfatcranims gumrce jces-jametms fm msm eumvc `mrjnfc yjc`meznrce n pubiajnr `s cbrnsjce uen vasae pcsatavn fm indc`csmxuniafnf. Njtuni`metm msmtapc fm babiaclrnans npmens sceemjmsnrans, fmsfm mi `c`metc mequm ùjdcs mfatcrms pubiajnejuafnfcs y dmr`cscs jnticlcs meics qum ninrfmne fm sus ttuicsscbrm lnys y imsbanens. Mstn ms uermn me in qum mi Vnsk Gcrjm dntmeafc ue mecr`m a`pnjtc. Xnrn-imin`metm mstm jrmjaàmetc fmins pubiajnjacems lnys sm jrmnrcey mxtmefamrce ics mstufacs m aevms-talnjacems scbrm lnys y imsbanensjc`c uen fasjapiaen njnfàjn

mrvajacs babiactmjnracs pnrn lnys y imsbanens`s me ics Mstnfcs ]eafcs.Ics njtcs qum iimv n jnbc mi VnskGcrjm me in jcevmejae fm in NINfm oueac fm >1 me Fniins gumrceprcfujtc fm u en smram fm mstrntm-lans. Ics njtcs sm pineagajnrcepnrn mfujnr n ics prcgmsacenims yjcesmluar su npcyc c, ni `mecs. mirmjcecjaàmetc pnrn su jnusn. MiVnsk Gcrjm prc`cva ue prclrn-`n qum bnoc mi tatuic Mi jntnicln-fcr sciatnrac y mi smxc? eumvcspmesnàmetcs scbrm niluens`ntmrans a`pmesnbims mxnàen-bn ics prmouajacs me ics mejnbmzn-àmetcs fm `ntmran y me ics sastm-`ns fm jinsagajnjae. Me msn jce-

vmejae @ajdnmi @jJceemii facuen jdnrin scbrm su iujdn jcetrnin fasjraàenjae me mi trnbnoc :).Ics am`brcs fmi Vnsk Gcrjm tn`-bae jcesaluamrce fastrabuar :.888jcpans fm in babiclrngan qum pcrmetcejms yn tmen 64 metrnfns.Mi lrupc jc`prmefa in emjmsafnfqum tmene fm pubiajafnf y jcbmr-turn me in prmesn, pnrn ic junicgrmjamrce jcùeajnfcs fm prme-sn fanracs y crlneaznrce ue nfm`cstrnjae pbiajn. ]taiaznefcmi mspnjac fm tam`pc nsalenfcjc`c lrupc pmrtmemjametm n inZcjani Rmspcesnbiiatams RcuefVnbim me mi mfagajac fm in jcevme-jae, crlneaznrce ue njtc iin`nfcNbrnzn n u e dc`csmxuni . Jc`c

mrn fm mspmrnr enfam qum ec gumrnfmi Vnsk Gcrjm npnrmja pcr nii,ns qum miics y miins sm nbrnznrcey bmsnrce fminetm fm in prmesnqum s dnbn njufafc. In njjae smfaguefa me ins ectajans fm inecjdm y npnrmja me ics pmrafajcs`nycratnracs jcicjnefc ni VnskGcrjm me mi `npn fmi njtavas`c.Ics prmàcs iatmrnracs]ec fm ics prcymjtcs `s a`pcr-tnetms fmi Vnsk Gcrjm gum in jrmn-jae fmi Lny Bcck Nwnrf , ueprmàc n ics iabrcs lnys. Mi pra`m-rc sm metrml me in Jcevmejae fmFniins y sm im jcejmfa n Ni`nRcutscel (qum gar`nbn jce mi smu-fcea`c Asnbmi @aiimr) pcr in ecvm-in N pinjm gcr us Zm trntnbn fmuen nutcmfajae y nuequm miin mrnuen nutcrn yn pubiajnfn sm vac mein emjmsafnf fm utaiaznr ue smuf-ea`c. Xcstmracr`metm mi iabrc gumsmimjjacenfc pcr ue mfatcr fm`nsns y rmmfatnfc jce mi tatuicXntamejm nef ZnrnkDcy fn sm salume metrmlnefcmstcs prmàcs iatmrnracs, pmrc smdne jrmnfc fagmrmetms jntmlcrnspnrn aejiuar tnetc iabrcs fm gajjaejc`c iabrcs fm ec-gajjae, m aejiu-yme prmàcs tnetc pnrn msjratcrmslnys jc`c pnrn msjratcrns imsban-ens. Ni praejapac dnbn pcjcs jne-fafntcs pmrc njtuni`metm insatunjae dn jn`banfc pcr jc`-pimtc. Rmni`metm mi trnbnoc fm inVnsk Gcrjm nyuf n jrmnr uennt`sgmrn me in juni tnetc icsbabiactmjnracs jc`c ics usun-racs/ns lnys y imsbanens pcfneicjniaznr y jc`prnr ics jnfn vmz`s eu`mrcscs iabrcs scbrm msnjcùeafnf. Ics iabrcs jce jcetm-eafc lny yn ec mste gumrn fm inspcitajns fm nfquasajae fm insbabiactmjns c msjcefafcs me nr`n-racs aenjjmsabims. Njtuni`metm. mein `nycr pnrtm fm ics jnscs mstejcicjnfcs me ins mstnetmr ns jc`cjuniquamr ctrc fcju`metc.Jrmjaàmetc fmi VnskG c ~ mMe >1147 `c`metc me mi qummi Vnsk Gcrjm jn`m`b n mimlarprmsafmejans jc`pnrtafns.

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Zmrvajacs babiactmjnracs pnrn lnys y imsbanensIn babiaclrngan scbrm `ntmranimspnrn lnys y imsbanens jcetaeujrmjamefc, dnjan >148 jcetmen788 fcju`metcs y fmsfm s u aeajacdnstn >147 sm fastrabuymrce:4 888 jcpans. Me >14< sm jrmuen nlmejan fastrabuafcrn mspm-jani pnrn supmrvasnr in prcfujjaey fmsnrrciic fmi jrmjametm e`mrcfm pubiajnjacems fmi Vnsk Gcrjm.Niluens fm ins pubiajnjacems fmilrupc gumrce? ue farmjtcrac fmiabrmrcs. mfatcrms. babiactmjns ynrjdavcs fm lnys. imsbanens ygmàeastns, mi iabrc Gaefael lnynef imsbane pinys. niluens babiac-lrnans mspmjaniaznfns y ue farmj-tcrac fm trnbnonfcrms/ns fm babiac-tmjns qum mrne lnys y imsbanens.Mi Vnsk Gcrjm jcetaeu crlnea-znefc pnemims y prmsmetnjacemsme ins jcevmejacems fm in NINNiluecs fm sus prclrn`ns mspm-janims n ic inrlc fm mstcs ncsaejiuymrce Ne mvmeael watd Lmr-trufm Ztmae prctnlceaznfn pcr XntBcef y uen jcegmrmejan. y in prc-ymjjae fm niluens smjumejans fmpmijuins scbrm Mi jmiuicafm cjuitcfm Watc Russc. @ujdns fm ins prm-smetnjacems tcjnbne nspmjtcsrminjacenfcs jce in prcgmsaejc`c? Lny `mfan nBmr @nppim-tdcrpm, Lny nef imsbane iabrnrysmeaajm, NAFZ nwnrmemss nef tdmiabrnry s rcim y Biaef amsbanes efX Q Z .Me >147mi Vnsk Gcrjm smuea n in`neagmstnjae fmi fn fmi crluiiclny y imsbanec me Emw Qcrk jceuen pnejnrtn prcpan. Mstm njtcaenulur in trnfajae fm qum milrupc sm ueamrn n juniquamr jmim-brnjae fmi fn fmi crluiic lny qumsm prcfuomrn jmrjn fmi iulnr fm injcevmejae. Ins jcevmejacems fmin NIN sm jmimbrne ecr`ni`metmme mi às`c gae fm sm`nen qum injmimbrnjae fmi fn fmi crluiiclny. Me Emw Qcrk mstm fn ms miuita`c fcàelc fm oueac, àme-trns qum ctrns jaufnfms ic jmim-brne in sm`nen netmracr c in pcs-tmracr. Mi Vnsk Gcrjm n `meufccrlneazn vasatns n ics nrjdavcs ybabiactmjns mspmjaniaznfcs metm`ns lnys qum mste jmrjn fmiiulnr fm in jcevmejae.Ics prmàcs iatmrnracs jcetaeun-rce jrmjamefc jce uen crlneazn-jae jnfn vmz `ns gcr`ni y ueneumvn mstrujturn qum sm aenulurme >148 Me >147 sm jcevarta me

MF]JNJACE BABIACVMJN 4> 111 sm dne jce-jmfafc :7 prmàcs y njtuni`metmms uec fm ics lninrfcems s rms-pmtnfcs fmi pns.Me >147 mi Vnsk Gcrjm nfcpt ueneumvn mstrujturn. sm mstnbimjam-rce mstntutcs y sm mialamrce rmprm-smetnetms cgajanims.Mstcs jn`bacs me in crlneaznjaermgimonbne mi jrmjaàmetc fmilrupc y su msgumrzc pnrn aegcr`nrfm uen gcr n ns mgmjtavn tnetc nics prcgmsacenims jc`c n in scjam-fnf fm ics tm`ns rminjacenfcsjce in jcùeafnf lny y ins babiac-tmjns.Mi uturcVcfnvn im qumfn ùjdc trnbnocpcr fminetm ni Vnsk Gcrjm. Mi jrm-jametm nu`metc fm ntnqums fm infmrmjdn rmialacsn n ins iabmrtnfmsbsajns me ics Mstnfcs ]eafcsmstn jrmnefc ue eumvc jia`n fmàmfc me ùjdcs smjtcrms fm inprcgmsae.@ametrns qum scbrm mi pnpmi inNIN npcyn ics fmrmjdcs javaimspnrn sus àm`brcs lnys y imsban-en s y mi fmrmjdc n fnr smrvajacs yprcvmmr fm `ntmranims n ics usun-racs /ns lnys, imsbanens y basmxun-ims. mstm npcyc ms pcjc metusanstny ec ms ic sugajametm`metm gumrtmjc`c pnrn nsmlurnr mscs fmrm-jdcs.In NIN dn sciajatnfc ni Vnsk Gcrjmqum metrmlum uen su`n fm faemrcpnrn nsmlurnr in jcejmsae fm icsprmàcs iatmrnracs. Me mi pnsnfc inprjtajn dnbatuni jcesastn me qummi Vnsk Gcrjm tmen qum npcrtnruen pmqumn jnetafnf fm faemrc.sae m`bnrlc ndcrn fmbm aevmrtaruen su`n fm >88 888 pnrn qumjce mi aetmrs neuni fm msm faemrcsm sugrnlume ics jcstms. Mstn msuen jnetafnf mecr`m pnrn uelrupc pmqumc y jce pcjcs rmjur-scs, ns qum mstn `mfafn pumfmpcemr me pmialrc ue prmàc qumtamem `ns fm 2= ncs fm mxastme-jan.Dnjm pcjc qum mi Vnsk Gcrjm dnsafc nfàtafc fmetrc fmi Jcàtfm Favmrsafnf fm in NIN Rmsuitncbvac qum mi lrupc fmbmen dnbmrgcr`nfc pnrtm fm msm Jcàt pmrcsic sm dn iclrnfc fmspus fm fcsncs fm furns bntniins.Vcfnvn mxastm mi prcbim`n fm qumùjdcs lnys. imsbanens y basm-

`n im s qum trnbnone me babiactmjnsec sm sametme smlurcs pnrn `cs-trnrsm jc`c sce. Mstm prcbim`npnrn sniar fmi nr`nrac ms, pcrctrn pnrtm. jcè me tcfcs ics`mfacs prcgmsacenims. Mi lrupc fmiVnsk Gcrjm qum trnbnon me mstcstm`ns ms ne rmintavn`metmpmqumc. Zmlurn`metm ùjdn fmin lmetm ns ocvme qum metrn me inprcgmsae ec sm sametm tne fasjra-àenfn y ec dne vastc in emjmsa-fnf fm npcynr njtavn`metm lru-pcs jc`c mi Vnsk Gcrjm y pcr ictnetc ec sm dne jc`prc`mtafcjce in jnusn.Mstm pnrmjm smr ue `c`metc fmjn`bac pnrn mi Vnsk Gcrjm. Zuguturc vmefr fmtmràenfc pcr sujnpnjafnf pnrn ngrcetnr ics jn`-bacs y jcestruar nianezns tnetcfmetrc fm in prcgmsae jc`c jce mirmstc fm in scjamfnf. Xmrc aefm-pmefametm`metm fm ic qum cjurrnjce mi Vnsk Gcrjm me ics prxa`csncs. dn safc uec fm ics `nsa`pcrtnetms grmetms fm in iujdnpcr ics fmrmjdcs fm lnys y imsban-en s me ics Mstnfcs ]eafcs.ECVNZ>> Me >1117. pnsc n fmecàenrsm Lny I m s b d.ef BasuX.i uk Gcrjm. tcfnvan fme-ta c fm in Zcjani Rmspcesnbiii]ms RcuefVnbim fm in NIN Me mstm nrtajuic ecsrmgmrarm`csn mi jc`c Vnsk Gcr

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Educación y biblioteca, n.º 81 (julio/agosto, 1997)