A C T A S O C I E T A T I S P R O F A U N A E T F L O R A F E N N I C A , 5 7 , N:o 3.

EDVARD AUGUST VAINIO 1853—1929

B Y

K . L I N K O L A

H E L S I N G F O R S I A E 1934 E X O F F I C I N A T Y P O G R A P H I C A F. T I L G M A N N

1924

* 5. 8. 1853 f 14 .5 . 1929

Acta Soc . F. Fl. Fenn. 57, N:o 3

In the spr ing of 1929 death ended the l i chenologica l act iv i t ies carried on with unremi t t ing zeal for m o r e than 5 0 years b y Dr . E D V A R D V A I N I O ' S eye and pen. Most of his last w o r k , the fourth v o l u m e of the L i chenograph ia fennica, was left on his w o r k t a b l e ; it was a m a n u s c r i p t to w h i c h be had d e v o t e d the greatest part of his t ime from the beg inn ing of the year 1924. T h e m a n u s c r i p t was , h o w e v e r , in m o s t places in need of a last f inishing t o u c h and , m o r e o v e r , lacked s o m e i m p o r t a n t c o m p l e t i o n s . It was necessary that a real exper t shou ld draw up the missing por t i ons and render the w o r k fit for pr int ing.

W e are great ly i n d e b t e d to Dr . B . L Y N G E , the ce lebrated N o r w e g i a n l i cheno log is t . for his carry ing out of I his e x a c t ­ing w o r k . H e has wi th the greatest possible care filled w h a t is lacking and otherwise g iven the w o r k a m o s t c o n ­sc ient ious finish.

N o w t h a t the fourth part of the L i chenograph ia fennica, Dr. V A I N I O ' S last l i terary a c h i e v e m e n t , has been passed into t h e hands of l i chenolog is ts , a short o b i t u a r y of its a u t h o r is pub l i shed b e l o w . This o b i t u a r y is pub l i shed in the same v o l u m e of the A c t a Soc ie tat i s pro F a u n a et P'lora F e n n i c a , t o w h i c h the L i c h e n o g r a p h i a fennica I V b e l o n g s . — T h e a u t h o r of the o b i t u a r y is m u c h indebted t o his fr iend, Dr . B . L Y N G E , for translat ing of the fo l l owing p a p e r into Eng l i sh .

E D V A R D V A I N I O was born in Pieksämäki , Central F in land, on the 5th of A u g u s t , 1853. His parents were the bailiff C A R L J O H A N L A N G and A D O L F I N A P O L E N . His love of nature , and of co l lect ing, b e c a m e visible already at a very early age. In his games f lowers p layed a great part , and before he began school he had a co l lect ion of minerals . There were m a n y

1 K. Linkola, E d v a r d August Vain io .

children in his h o m e , and his eldest brother , later professor juris , was also w a r m l y interested in nature . This certainly gave the y o u n g e r brother m a n y va luab le impulses .

In the beginning of the 1860'ies his father was transferred to the district Hol lo la near lake Vesi järvi in Southern F in land . The family m o v e d thither , and settled at a farm Lait i la , near the border of Asikkala parish. T h e nearest farm was the proper ty of the bailiff N O R R L I N , the father of J O H A N P E T T E R N o R R L i N , the p r o m i n e n t p lant geographer . J O H A N P E T T E R N O R R L I N , at that t ime s tudent , then forester, and later amanuensis at the Botan ica l m u s e u m of the univers i ty in H e l ­sinki, m a d e in s u m m e r t ime frequent excurs ions in the Ves i ­järvi region. E D V A R D , the son of the ne ighbour ing fami ly , 11 years y o u n g e r , o ften j o ined the excurs ions , and eagerly absorbed the knowledge of the plants w h i c h the excurs ions could no t fail to give h im.

T h r o u g h the lectures of W I L L I A M N Y L A N D E R at the univer ­sity of Helsinki N O R R L I N had b e c a m e w a r m l y interested in the c r y p t o g a m s , especial ly the l ichens, and he had trained h i m ­self up to an excel lent expert on this g roup of plants wh i ch is so well represented in the Northern flora.

Dur ing these excurs ions w i th Norrl in the y o u n g s choo l ­b o y E D V A R D L A N G ( V A I N I O ) laid the solid f oundat i on of the knowledge in w h i c h he later b e c a m e the great master . More and more the y o u n g col lege b o y m a d e independent e x c u r ­sions. Dur ing the summers 1868 and 1869 he enthusiast i ­cal ly d e v o t e d himself to the co l lect ing of p lants , and he supplied m u c h va luab le in format ion for N O R R L I N ' S flora of South -Eastern T a v a s t l a n d w h i c h was pr inted in 1870.

In 1870 he left the l y c e u m at J y v ä s k y l ä for the univers i ty of Helsinki . A t the l y c e u m he had been the c lass-mate of the famous historian and statesman J . R . D A N I E L S S O N - K A L M A R I . It was quite natural t h a t b o t a n y b e c a m e V A I N I O ' S principal s tudy at the univers i ty . His studies resulted in the degree of »cand. philos.» in 1874 and »licentiate of ph i l osophy» in 1878. H e b e c a m e d o c t o r of ph i l o sophy in 1880.

Acta Societat is pro Fauna el Mora Fennica , 57, N:o 3. 5

T h e lichens and their s tudy attracted his greatest interest during his univers i ty years . N O R R L I N , and also N Y L A N D E R w h o then l ived in Paris , helped h im with the determinat ion of the m o s t diff icult species. B u t it did no t take long before V A I N I O b e c a m e capable of clearing up intricate quest ions independent ly . N Y L A N D E R in some cases helped h im to determine his large col lect ions f rom the summers 1873 and 1874, bu t already in 1875 V A I N I O could determine his rich material himself.

V A I N I O soon dist inguished himself as an except iona l ly sharp-eyed co l lector . In the summers 1873 and 1874 he col lected no less than 472 different species of l ichens in the parishes L u h a n k a and Korp i laht i in Central F in land . A n d he found 324 species during the excursions whi ch he u n d e r t o o k during the spring of 1875 in the t o w n of Viipuri (V iborg ) and its nearest v i c in i ty , in addi t ion to his profession as a teacher .

A l r e a d y during his university years V A I N I O distinguished himself as an excel lent connoisseur also of mosses and vascular p lants .

His incl ination led him to l ichenological w o r k , but he also w o r k e d n o t a little on plant g e o g r a p h y during his y o u n ­ger years . H e was introduced to this branch of science b y N O R R L I N , since 1873 his brother - in - law. In 1870—71 N O R R ­L I N had publ ished the classical w o r k s : »Bidrag till sydöstra Tavas t lands flora» (Engl ish: Contr ibut ions to the knowledge of the flora of South -Eas tern Tavas t land ) and »Flora K a r e -liae onegensis I». These t w o works had laid the foundat ion of the invest igat ion of the vege ta t i on in Finland. Several y o u n g m e n w o r k e d on this field on the init iative and under the guidance of N O R R L I N , one of the first and m o s t p r o m i ­nent of t h e m being V A I N I O .

V A I N I O ' S three first botanica l papers were publ ished in 1878, and t w o of t h e m were t opograph i ca l and also generally floristic. One of t h e m : »FTorula Tavast iae orientalis. H a ­va inno l ta I t ä - H ä m e e n kasvistosta» deals wi th the vegetat ion and the flora in Eastern Tavas t land where V A I N I O pursued his studies in the summers of 1873 and 1874. Th e other ,

6 K. Linkola, E d v a r d August Va in io .

presented as a thesis for the degree of »licentiate», has the title: »Kasvistonsuhteista P o h j a i s - S u o m e n ja V e n ä j ä n - K a r ­jalan rajaseuduilla» (Engl ish: On the Flora of the Border Land between Northern Finland and Russian Carelia) . It is based on material co l lected on very strenuous excursions in 1875 and 1877 in the desolate regions be tween 63° and 66 1 / 2 ° n. In b o t h of these papers the vegetat i on and the localities are described accord ing to N O R R L I N ' s m e t h o d s . In his a b o v e ment ioned thesis V A I N I O paid special a t tent ion to the s tudy of the p lant localities. He w o r k e d ou t his o w n scales for the indicat ion of moisture and light in each loca l i ty . H e classified the localities accord ing to a scale wh i ch he had worked out , and wh i ch w ras v e r y perspicuous . It is based on the moisture and l ight condi t ions of the localit ies, and on the physical propert ies of the soil. T h e descr ipt ions of the localities and their vegetat i on are thorough and consistent , they are certainly a m o n g the best t h a t have been wr i t ten in Finland on these sub jec ts . B o t h these papers hold a p r o m i ­nent posit ion in the history of Finnish b o t a n y , being the first publ icat ions on plant g e o g r a p h y in the Finnish language , and as such the fundament of the Finnish t e rmino l ogy on p lant geography .

Besides in these areas, the vege ta t i on of wh i ch V A I N I O had described in the a b o v e ment ioned papers , he also m a d e plant topographica l invest igat ions in Finnish Lap land during the summer of 1878, and during his j o u r n e y to W e s t Siberia in 1880. His notes on these sub jects , and his floristic obser ­vat ions during these travels were not publ ished till m u c h later. All of these papers were writ ten in French or , in part , in Lat in . His : »Notes sur la flore de la L a p o n i e finlandaise» were publ ished in 1891, his »Vegetat ion du pays des Vogou les (des Manses) en Siberie occ identale» and »Enumerat io P l a n -tarum \ ascularium et M u s c o r u m in viciniis f luminis K o n d a (circ . 60° lat. bor . ) in Sibiria occ idental i crescent ium» as late as in 1928.

The greater part of V A I N I O ' S scientific papers be long , however , to the sphere of l i chenology .

A c t a Soc ietat is pro Fauna et Flora Fennica , 57, N:o 3. 7

In part l i chenological was already the a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d paper on the flora of Eastern Tavast land ( from 1878, dated 1876) , where the enumerat ion of the lichens is surprisingly large, v i z . 472 species in all. B u t his first purely l i chenologi ­cal paper is his »Lichenes in viciniis Viburg i observat i . T i e ­to ja Vi ipurin seudun jäkäläkasvustosta.» It was publ ished at the same t ime as the Tavas t land paper , bu t dated three m o n t h s earlier. This paper gives an a c c o u n t of the lichen flora in and near the t o w n of Vi ipuri (Viborg ) in Eastern Fin land. The introduct ion contains a review of the localities of the l ichens, writ ten in Finnish, with a descript ion of seve ­ral species, new to science.

V A I N I O ' S n e x t l ichenological paper was his »Tutk imus (Uadoniain phylogeneti l l isestä kehityksestä» (English: A n Invest igat ion on the Phy logenet i c D e v e l o p m e n t of the C lado -niae) f rom 1880, a paper which qualif ied him for the degree of lecturer on b o t a n y (»docent») at the university of Flelsinki. This paper of 62 printed pages was sensational on ac count of its m o d e r n t h e m e , as well as its youth fu l freshness and its or iginal ity . The author manifests himself as an eager adhe ­rent of the theory of evo lut ion . H e demands categorical ly that the old chains of systematical science should be broken , and that this science should be transformed into a genealogy which aims to p rove the correctness of its conclusions in a conv inc ing manner , and that it should not be content with a mechanica l arrangement based on similarities and dif fe­rences. His thesis is an a t t e m p t in this direct ion, mos t p r o b a b l y the first one in l i cheno logy : »In this paper we have m a d e an a t t e m p t to build u p , on logical arguments , a system for an except iona l ly p o l y m o r p h o u s tribus or genus, the Clado -niaceae. A n d we have also been anxious to describe the main features of its genea logy , based on the facts which we have succeeded in f inding.» »It has been our intention», continues the author in the in t roduct i on , »to fo l low the d e v e l o p m e n t of the original f o rm to the recent forms in the Cladoniaceae for each organ, for each character . This will al low us to penetrate into the m e t h o d , accord ing to which we must

s K. Linkola, Edvard August Vain io .

pursue our investigations, and we will be able to make up the deficiencies of our methods if we should find such defi­ciencies.» The most important result of this paper is the proof that the podet ium of the Cladoniae must be regarded as the stalk of the apotheciurn, v iz . representing an extension downwards of the lower part of the exc ipu lum. This result strongly supports the v i ew that the Cladoniae are related to B a e o m y c e s .

The first large l ichenological paper f rom V A I N I O ' S hand was his »Ad jumenta ad L i chenographiam Lappon iae fennicae atque Fenniae borealis», of 336 pages, in 1881 and 1883. It is based on V A I N I O ' S own excursions in the frontier districts between Northern Finland and Russian Carelia, and in Finnish Lapland . It comprises the col lections of three s u m ­mers in regions where travell ing was then very diff icult. The number of species is as large as 626, 70 of t h e m new to science, in addit ion to numerous new formae. The clearing up of m a n y intricate questions of s y n o n y m y is especially meritorious. The diagnoses are very careful and c o m p r e h e n ­sive. The work contains numerous correct ions of former statements in literature, and it brings us m u c h addit ional information. The new species have proved to be e x c e p t i o ­nally well l imited. On the whole the paper is a highly v a l u ­able contr ibut ion to the knowledge of the Northern lichen flora, and the »Adjumenta» made the author 's name k n o w n to all l ichenologists.

V A I N I O was n o w competent to undertake the most e x a c ­ting l ichenological tasks.

He became lecturer (docent) on b o t a n y in 1880, and uni ­versity grants made it possible for him to s tudy some t ime at foreign museums. He worked in 1882 in R o s t o c k and Berlin. In 1884—-85 we find him eagerly occupied in the Botanica l museums of St. Petersburg, Moscow, Vienna, Geneva , Paris and L o n d o n (he had received an »Alexander-scholarship») . In the first part of 1885 he m ade a l ichenological v o y a g e to Brazil . During 3 1 / 2 months he col lected lichens in the ne ighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro and in the prov ince of Minas Geraes.

Acta Societat is pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 3. 9

During the fo l lowing years the results of these studies and travels b e c a m e visible .

In 1886 Vainio publ ished three papers , small , but in part ve ry i m p o r t a n t f rom the v i ew of s y n o n y m y : »Revis io l iche-n u m in herbario Linnaei asservatorum», »Revis io l ichenum H o f m a n n i a n o r u m » , and »Notulae de s y n o n y m i a l ichenum».

In the fo l lowing year , 1887, c a m e a gigantic w o r k f rom V A I N I O ' S hand , the famous »Monographia Cladoniarum uni-versalis». This was the first part of the m o n o g r a p h ; seven years later fo l lowed the second part , and some years later the third v o l u m e , in all 1277 pages . This m o n u m e n t a l w o r k was written in Lat in , and in part in French , t w o languages whi ch V A I N I O f rom that t ime a lmost exc lusively used in his papers . T h e m o n o g r a p h contains detailed descriptions of o ld and new species, v e r y exhaust ive elucidations on s y n o n y m y , careful records of the geographical distr ibution, and in the third, general v o l u m e a comprehens ive description of the ontogenet i c d e v e l o p m e n t of the Cladoniae, and their general structure, exterior and interior, their p h y l o g e n y , variabi l i ty and the general causes of the var iabi l i ty , and also their gene­ral geographical distr ibution. A t the end of the v o l u m e there is a perspicuous Clavis Spec ierum. In this w o r k V A I N I O contended for v iews which in several points were in o p p o s i ­t ion to the opinions of earlier authors , and he also ventured upon several prob lems which had formerly no t been at tacked . — This magni f i cent work was received with the greatest admirat ion b y all l ichenologists , and already the first v o ­lume gave its author , then 34 years o ld , rank as one of the m o s t prominent l ichenologists .

T h e third large w o r k f rom V A I N I O ' S pen: »Etude sur la classification naturelle et la morpho log ie des lichens du Brezil , I — I I » , 526 pages , 1890, gave its author the reputat ion of a v e r y p r o m i n e n t expert on tropical l ichens. V A I N I O had himself co l lected the material for this paper during his B r a ­zilian travels in 1885. T h e def init ive preparat ion of the »Etude» was m a d e in Paris where he for this purpose spent some t ime in 1 8 8 9 — 9 0 .

LO K. Linkola, Edvard August Vainio .

In the general part of this w o r k he dealt with the c o n ­tested question of the nature of the lichens. He unhesita­tingly subscribed to S C H W E N D E N E R ' S theory , in oppos i t ion to N Y L A N D E R , the leading authori ty on the t a x o n o m y of the lichens, and also to most other contemporaneous l i chenolo­gists. The most impor tant merit of this w o r k is his new lichen system, in which he drew the full consequences of the true nature of the gonidia. He united the lichens with the Ascomyce tes to one systematical g roup . V A I N I O negated the group Hymenol i chenes , a v i ew which attracted m u c h atten­tion. The incorrectness of this v i e w could readily be proved , and during his last years V A I N I O himself gave it up . In the w o r k 5 1 6 species (exclusive of the Cladoniae) are dealt with , and 2 4 0 of them are new to science. The species diagnoses are very exhaust ive , and they have received m u c h appre ­ciation from all quarters. —- V A I N I O distr ibuted a part of his collections in the »Lichenes Brasilienses exsiccati I—41», 1 8 9 1 — 9 2 , Nos . 1 — - 1 5 9 3 . A c c o r d i n g to verbal information from V A I N I O himself, the col lect ion was distributed in 8 sets some of which were, however , rather incomplete .

In 1 8 8 8 V A I N I O wrote a popular record of his Brazilian travels ( 2 8 0 pages) : »Matkustus Brasiliassa. K u v a u s luon­nosta ja kansoista Brasiliassa» (English: Travels in Brazil . A Description of Nature and People in Brazi l ) .

The greater number of V A I N I O ' S later publ icat ions were the result of his assiduous w o r k on the determinat ion of co l ­lections of lichens received from m a n y parts of the wor ld . Most of them were printed in scientific periodicals outside Finland. He treats the lichen flora of Greenland, N o v a y a Zemlya , Northern Siberia, Central Siberia, Central Asia , the Caucasus, the Crimea, Japan , the Phil ippines, S iam, New Caledonia, Erythraea , Central Afr ica , South Afr ica , Mada ­gascar, Teneriffe, the Antarc t i c , Chile, Co lumbia , Tr inidad, the Antil les, Mexico a. o . In all these papers we find descr ip­tions of lichens new to science. The most impor tant of these papers are the largest ones : »Lichenes in viciniis stationis hibernae expedit ionis Vegae prope p a g u m Pitlekai in Sibiria

A c t a Soc ietat is pro Fauna et Flora Fenn i ca , 57, N:o 3. 11

septentr ional i , a d:re E . A l m q u i s t col lect i» (1909, 175 pages ) , » A d d i t a m e n t a ad L i c h e n o g r a p h i a m Ant i l l a rum i l lustrandam» (1915, 226 pages ) , c on ta in ing 110 new species, further the »Lichenes insularum Phi l ipp inarum» , I — I V ( 1 9 0 9 — 1 9 2 3 , 503 pages ) , c onta in ing no less than 435 new species, and a survey of the author ' s general sys tem of l ichens. In c o n n e c ­t ion w i th these papers on e x o t i c l ichens we m u s t ment i on a paper , publ ished in 1928, on l ichens, co l lec ted b y V A I N I O himself during his West -S iber ian travels 48 years earlier.

V A I N I O had not publ ished a n y t h i n g on the l ichen flora of his o w n c o u n t r y , w o r t h y of m e n t i o n in this c o n n e c t i o n , after his » A d j u m e n t a » in 1 8 8 1 — 8 3 . B u t t owards the end of 1917 he rece ived a c o m m i s s i o n f r om the Soc ietas pro F a u n a et F lora F e n n i c a , on the init iat ive of Professor A . P A L M G R E N , to w o r k ou t a c o m p l e t e flora of the Finnish l ichens. His a t tent ion b e c a m e then again chief ly directed t owards the l ichens of his nat ive c o u n t r y . H e started this w o r k wi th m u c h ardour , and during the last 11 years of his life he b e s t o w e d the greater part of his energy on the » L i c h e n o ­graphia fennica». H e was fully aware that on a c c o u n t of his age it was v e r y uncerta in whether he w o u l d be able to c o m ­plete a w o r k in several large v o l u m e s . A c c o r d i n g l y V A I N I O began w i th the m o s t dif f icult g r o u p s , firstly the P y r e n o c a r -pous l ichens w h i c h m o s t l i chenologists had hesitated to a t ­ta ck . H e reserved the easier g roups for the later v o l u m e s . In his op in ion the greater part of the recent manuals of E u r o ­pean l ichens were chief ly c ompi la t i ons f r om earlier w o r k s . R e s e n t i n g this m e t h o d Va in io t h o r o u g h l y and crit ical ly w o r k e d o v e r all the species again. T h e three v o l u m e s which his eye and his hand succeeded in c o m p l e t i n g have a lready p r o v e d themse lves to be the m o s t va luab le w o r k on the lichens of Nor thern E u r o p e publ i shed for a long t ime past . C o m p e ­tent authorit ies a c k n o w l e d g e d the first v o l u m e to be classic f rom the d a y of its pub l i ca t i on , and numerous l ichenologists have awai ted the c o m p l e t i o n of every new v o l u m e wi th great e x p e c t a t i o n . A t his death the m a n u s c r i p t of the fourth v o ­lume lay for the greater part r e a d y on his w o r k - t a b l e b y the

L2 K. Linkola, E d v a r d August Vain io .

side of this microscope , and it is undoubted ly of the same high standard as the former vo lumes . A c c o r d i n g to Vainio ' s plan the whole »Lichenographia fennica» should be comple te in seven vo lumes . It is n o w the task of the younger Finnish lichenologists to complete it. The old master used to say of the higher lichens which should form the conclusion of the work : » Y o u y o u n g people will certainly manage them.»

Through all these above -ment i oned papers , and m a n y others, V A I N I O ' S contr ibut ions to the research w o r k on the t a x o n o m y of the lichens have been except ional ly important . The extent of his per formance is, perhaps, mos t exact ly expressed b y the number of species new to science which he has described. A c c o r d i n g to his o w n estimate the number can be placed at nearly 1700. In addit ion to these he has described m a n y new genera, and hundreds of formae of inferior rank. His name has also been affixed to very m a n y species, as an indication of his new limitations of the genera in question.

U n d o u b t e d l y V A I N I O ' S importance amongst l i chenolo ­gists is m u c h higher than is ev ident f rom the a b o v e . H e is superior to mos t other l ichenologists , perhaps to all of them, in the keenness of his acquaintance with the forms and the carefulness of his diagnoses. Dur ing his later years he l imi­ted his species more and more narrowly . B u t his descr ip ­tions of the new species were never mechanica l . E v e r y new species which he proposed was based on a very careful exa ­mination and a comprehens ive revision. T o this c a m e also an innate pro found systematical intuit ion wdiich protec ted him against mistakes. It was also this intuit ion which enab ­led him to form his o w n firm concept ion of the general system of the l ichens.

B u t the writer will give the w o r d to a co l league w h o has a professional capac i ty to estimate V A I N I O ' S impor tance as a l ichenologist and will cite a part of a del iverance which Dr. B. L Y N G E , the editor of the present v o l u m e , some years ago sent to Professor A . P A L M G R E N : »During m a n y years of assiduous work the Finnish l ichenologist Dr . E D V . A .

A c t a Societat is pro Fauna et Flora Fennica , 57, N:o 3. 13

V A I N I O has determined col lect ions of lichens from pract i ­cal ly all the wor ld . His field of w o r k extends from the floras of the High Arc t i c through the incredible richness of forms of the Trop ics and right d o w n to the poor , bu t highly inte ­resting Antarc t i c regions.

These works are of a qual i ty , and often also of a size whi ch m a k e t h e m the fundament for our knowledge of the l ichen flora of the region in quest ion.

His eagle eye , incredibly d iscr iminat ive , was able to establish a vas t n u m b e r of new species wh i ch have resisted the t o o t h of t ime in an except ional manner , and to clear up highly intricate groups wh i ch were formerly v e r y obscure .

His w o r k has also been of fundamenta l impor tance to the more general sys temat ism. It is sufficient to call to mind the contr ibut ion which he m a d e b y his famous paper on the lichens of Brazi l .

His great Monographia Cladoniarum will for all t ime be g iven the first rank a m o n g the monograph i c lichen literature of our t ime .

T h r o u g h all these papers Dr. V A I N I O has acquired an uncontes ted pos i t ion as the Grand Old Man of l i chenology . H e is an o r n a m e n t to his science, and an honour to his country . »

V A I N I O ' S brill iant contr ibut ion to the l ichenological research w o r k is so m u c h the more admirable because he w o r k e d under unfavourab le , in part v e r y diff icult condi t ions . Unti l the beginning of the 1890' ies, when V A I N I O had already wri t ten his three large b o o k s , he had no publ ic appo in tment . B o r n and educated in a p o o r h o m e he had to procure his own means of suppor t already during his s tudent years at the univers i ty . W e find h im in several m o d e s t o c cupat i ons : as author ized translator in Finnish and Swedish for the g o v e r n m e n t of the prov ince N y l a n d in 1874, as teacher of mathemat i c s , natural sc ience, physics and gymnast i cs at the l y c e u m in Vi ipuri (V iborg ) in 1875, as extra teacher of b o t a n y at the hort icultural school at Alkärr in Helsinki 1 8 7 9 — 8 2 , at the publ ic Swedish l y c e u m in Helsinki 1881—84 , at the F in -

1 I K. Linkola, E d v a r d August Vainio .

nish pr imary school 1 8 8 2 — 8 4 , at the Finnish girls ' schoo l 1 8 8 2 — 8 4 , and at the cont inuat ion course 1 8 8 3 — 8 6 . - - A n d ye t he ev ident ly had no t m u c h apt i tude for a teacher 's task.

In 1879 V A I N I O was appo inted lecturer of natural science at the l y c e u m of J y v ä s k y l ä , but he never entered u p o n his service in that little t o w n , far from the capital . — His a p ­p o i n t m e n t as lecturer (»docent») at the univers i ty of Helsinki (since 1880) procured some m o d e s t grati f ications for h im, and gave h im hopes of pecuniary grants wh i ch he also often received. H e remained at the univers i ty , his m o d e s t de ­mands for a decent standard of life m a d e this possible .

T o the great consternat ion of his compatr i o t s V A I N I O accepted an a p p o i n t m e n t as censor at the press service in Helsinki in 1891. T h e ac t iv i ty of this off ice had been inten­sified the previous year , in suppor t of the proposed measures for the Russi f icat ion of the country . More especially during and after the year 1899, w h e n measures of Russi f icat ion were intensified b y the aid of the hated Board of Press Censorship, was V A I N I O an outcast in Fin land.

There is no excuse for this behav iour . B u t we m a y m e n ­tion some c i rcumstances w h i c h are, to a certain extent , mit igat ing . V A I N I O lost the compet i t i on for the botanica l professorship at the univers i ty of Flelsinki at the beginning of the 1890' ies. H e regarded himself as unjust ly t reated , and he was also of op in ion that the univers i ty even in the future w o u l d n o t p r o v i d e h im an assured pos i t ion , on a c c o u n t of his radical , Finnish nationalistic v iews . He did n o t feel at trac ­ted b y the w o r k of a schoo l -master , as he was quite unable to maintain discipline. W e must also r e m e m b e r that he had c o m e on bad terms with all his surroundings on a c c o u n t of certain sides of his character ; for he was extremely obst inate , and he was absolute ly unwil l ing to w i t h d r a w f rom a step whi ch he had once taken .

His c o u n t r y m e n a m o n g s t the botanists were fully aware that he suffered m u c h in his mind f rom the w o r k w h i c h he was obl iged to do in his new a p p o i n t m e n t . Al l the t ime he hoped for a change w h i c h w o u l d enable h im to devote

Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 57, N:o 3. 15

himself to the purely scientific work which he felt himself made for. During his leisure hours he assiduously continued his work at the microscope, and numerous lichenological papers from his hand saw the light even then. In spite of all, his warm devot ion to his lichenological vocat ion led him to work some time during 1898 at the Herbier Boissier near Geneva, and during this journey abroad he also visited the museums of Paris and London .

After N Y L A N D E R ' S death in 1899 his enormous lichen her­barium was transferred from Paris to Helsinki, and V A I M O most carefully arranged and filed it. The extent of this work can be estimated from the size of the herbarium, amounting to 51066 specimens.

V A I N I O continued to fill his position as lecturer at the university until the first years of the new century, when scarcity of pupils obliged him to suspend his task as a teacher. As formerly his lessons as lecturer consisted in microscopical courses, largely conducted in his private home, and in c r y p t o -gamic excursions. Fie was not gifted as lecturer ex cathedra.

The liberation of Finland from Russia in 1917 swept away the censorship of the press. V A I N I O found himself wi thout appointment and without pension. Living on his very modest savings he resumed work on his dear l icheno-logy, with a remarkable balance of mind. Obliged to reduce his private rooms to the smallest possible, he was unable to work at home, and he therefore transferred his microscope and a part of his library to the Botanical institution of the university. Every day, from morning to night, he was seen in the Botanical museum. Here he worked on the determina­tion of exot ic collections, and also on the »Lichenographia fennica». Some small contributions could be paid him from the annuum of the museum for work directly in the interest of the museum. Such a work was, for instance, the prepara­tion of the »Continuatio» (Nos. 451—807) of N O R R L I N et N Y L A N D E R ' S »Lichenes Fenniae exsiccati», in the year 1921.

But matters at their worst are sure to mend . A new uni­versity was founded in Turku ( A b o ) , supported by self-

16 K. Linkola, E d v a r d A u g u s t V a i n i o .

sacrif ic ing contr ibut i ons f rom large parts of the peop le . A n d for this univers i ty V A I N I O ' S herbar ium and l ibrary were b o u g h t in 1919 for an a m o u n t w h i c h ensured h i m a m o d e s t l iving for a coup le of years . A n d still m o r e . H e was assured a regular, a l though v e r y m o d e s t y e a r l y salary for the w o r k w h i c h he should d o in order to br ing his l ichen herbar ium to the level of a m u s e u m co l l e c t i on . T h e size of his herbar ium was est imated at 22000 spec imens , and in add i t i on to that a b o u t 7000 spec imens of Vascu lar p lants — largely u n d e t e r ­mined Brazi l ian plants — , a large co l l ec t ion of mosses and a small co l lec t ion of fungi . A large par t of his o ld plants were in need of revis ion w i t h respect t o s y n o n y m s , and the w h o l e herbar ium w a s m u c h in need of n e w enve lopes a. s. o . A c c o r d i n g l y he had t o do a v e r y large w o r k . V A I N I O began this w o r k w i th great d e v o t i o n . H e had , at last, o b t a i n e d the poss ib i l i ty to d o w o r k w h i c h he had regarded as the a im of his life for decades past .

T h e n e w Finnish univers i ty in T u r k u ( A b o ) was o p e n e d in 1922, and at the same t ime V A I N I O m o v e d f rom Helsinki to that t o w n wi th his » H e r b a r i u m V A I N I O » w h i c h was then half­w a y in m u s e u m order . Here he b e c a m e a sort of assistant professor extra o r d i n e m and curator of the c r y p t o g a m i c herbar ium. H e c o n t r i b u t e d to the s tudents ' tra ining b y sys temat i ca l courses and c r y p t o g a m i c excurs ions . In the B o t a n i c a l m u s e u m he was o c c u p i e d w i t h crit ical research w o r k in his o w n h e r b a r i u m .

In T u r k u , where he n o w def inite ly t o o k up his res idence , he d e v e l o p e d an ass iduity in his l i chenolog ica l studies w h i c h was quite except i ona l for a m a n of his age . In spite of his 70 years he never had a d a y of rest —- nor had he former ly had — , and his l a m p was rarely p u t o u t be fore the small hours of the n ight . Dur ing these 7 years of w o r k in T u r k u V A I N I O also ach ieved remarkab le results : T h e greater par t of his large l ichen herbar ium was gone o v e r , and at the same t ime it was increased b y the great co l lec t ions f r om n u m e r o u s excurs ions near the c i ty , and b y foreign co l lect ions sent t o h i m . T h e n u m b e r of spec imens w a s , in 1931, no less than

Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Morn Fennica, 57, N:o 3. 17

33072, to which should be added some exsiccati and several thousand specimens of unfiled material from the excursions of his last years. He wrote hundreds of pages for his Licheno­graphia fennica, he worked over the lichens of numerous exo­tic collections which had awaited their determination for years. And in addition he also managed to write down and publish the results of his Siberian travel in 1880.

Devoted to his science, retired and extremely unpreten­tious, V A I N I O lived his life, consecrated to his lichenology. He lived in a little room in the university building, and he per­sonally prepared a large part of his food which he bought at the market in his spacious excursion-basket. The greater part of the twenty-four hours he spent in his study where his library was also accomodated, or in the herbarium rooms which his eldest son, the artist, had decorated with oil pain­tings of prominent lichenologists.

But as soon as the term was over, and his holidays began, V A I N I O always went from Turku to Helsinki. Here the mem­bers of his family lived, financial circumstances had made it impossible for them to accompany him to Turku. He always felt himself most at ease in the midst of his family. He was also attracted to Helsinki by the rich lichenological collec­tions of its Botanical museum, i. a. A C H A R I U S ' and N Y L A N ­DER'S herbaria which were indispensable to his work with the Lichenographia, and to his determinations of the exotic collections. — When he had arrived in Helsinki by the eve­ning train he was always sure to be seen at his microscope in the museum's lichen herbarium the next morning. So great was his interest and so intense the disposition of his time.

VAINIO 'S health had nearly always been good, and gene­rally it was also so during his last years. But his health failed one day, and after three weeks of severe nephralgy in the hospital of Turku he closed his eyes for ever on the 14th of May, 1929, at the advanced age of 76 years. According to his own desire he received his last resting-place in Turku where he had spent his happiest years of work. The funeral service was held in the old Cathedral of Turku, and his

IS K. Linkola, E d v a r d August Vain io .

remains were cons igned to the earth in the new c h u r c h y a r d in the s h a d o w of a p ine , c o v e r e d wi th l ichens.

His surv iv ing fami ly are his wi fe , M A R I E L O U I S E S C O L A S -T I Q U E , nee P E R R O T T I N , w h o m he had marr ied in Paris 1891, and four g r o w n - u p chi ldren, t w o sons and t w o daughters . In his domest i c circle the depar ted had l ived a v e r y h a p p y life.

T h e present writer did n o t m a k e the a c q u a i n t a n c e of V A I N I O till his later years , especial ly dur ing his s tay in T u r k u . T o the writer he appeared an e x t r e m e l y fr iendly and helpful , t h o u g h reserved o ld m a n , and also a v e r y eccentr i c p e r s o n a ­l ity, w i th m a n y pecul iar features, s o m e of w h i c h great ly contr ibuted to his di f f icult , or even tragical life. His strong points were , and had a lways been , his intense ass iduity , his admirab le enthus iasm, and his reverent a f fect ion for sc ient i ­fic w o r k , and his except i ona l p o w e r of c o n c e n t r a t i o n , in addit ion to his striking genius . »Interest and o b s t i n a c y are the m o s t i m p o r t a n t things in life» he somet imes said. H e of ten appeared e x c e p t i o n a l l y one - s ided . B u t on nearer a c q u a i n ­tance one o f ten had t o admire his c o m p r e h e n s i v e interests and the v i v a c i t y of his intel lect . H e had ref lected on the m o s t di f ferent quest ions , scientif ic as well as general , and formed his o w n op in ion o n t h e m , o f ten qui te an eccentr i c op in i on . N o arguments cou ld shake his v i e w s .

His chief interest in general quest ions was the a d v a n c e ­m e n t of the Finnish language and the Finnish nat ional cu l ­ture . H e fo l lowed wi th the w r armest interest the struggle of the Pro -F inn ish s tudents , and at t imes he cal led t o m i n d that he had eagerly taken part in the s tudents ' po l i t i cs in the 1870' ies . H e had then been one of the first t o change his original ly foreign fami ly n a m e for a Finnish o n e . In stead of the n a m e L A N G he t o o k the n a m e W A I N I O w h i c h he later ( f rom 1920) w r o t e V A I N I O , a c c o r d i n g to the m o d e r n Finnish writ ing .

In his pr ivate life V A I N I O was e x t r e m e l y unpretent ious . His s tandard of life was at the m i n i m u m of a cul tured m a n .

A c t a Soc ietat is pro Fauna et F lora Fenn i ca , 57, N:o 3. 10

H e was so unpretent ious t h a t he never so m u c h as hinted at his great scientif ic mer i ts . H e never sought a c k n o w l e d g e ­m e n t , and dep lo rab ly enough he b u t rarely rece ived such. B u t he was heart i ly glad at the little w h i c h he go t . H e was deep ly af fected w h e n the m o d e s t Z o o l o g i c a l - b o t a n i c a l Soc i e ty in T u r k u h o n o u r e d h im b y t h e e lect ion as h o n o r a r y m e m b e r on his 75th b i r t h d a y . H e was p r o f o u n d l y impressed b y the message that the G o v e r n m e n t had granted h im a research pens ion , on the appl i cat ion some m o n t h s prev ious ly of the Finnish Univers i ty at T u r k u , and of the Soc ietas pro F a u n a et F lora Fenn i ca . This message reached h i m on his death b e d . T h e pens ion had been appl ied for in recogni t i on of D o c t o r V A I N I O ' S long , d e v o t e d research w o r k , so rich in results. U n f o r t u n a t e l y he did n o t l ive to draw a single p e n n y of this m o d e s t reward for his great scientific meri ts .

O B I T U A R I E S O N E. A . V A I N I O .

( A N O N Y M U S ) : Dr . Eduard A u g u s t V a i n i o . — J o u r n . of B o t a n y 67, 1929, p . 309.

G Y E L N I K , V . : E. A . Va in io f- — M a g y a r B o t a n . L a p o k 28, 1929, p. 1 7 6 — 1 7 8 .

K A R I , L . E.: Tri Eduard A u g u s t Va in io luonnont iete i l i jänä . — K o t o a ja ulkoa , U u d e n A u r a n sunnuntai l i i te 15. X I I . 1929, p. 1—2. Turku . W i t h 1 picture .

L I N K O L A , K.: E d v a r d A u g u s t Va in io f- — L u o n n o n Y s t ä v ä 1929, p. 1 5 4 — 1 6 8 . Helsinki. W i t h 2 pictures .

M A G N U S S O N , A . H. : E. Va in io f- — B o t a n . Not iser 1929, p . 2 7 8 — 280. W i t h 1 p ic ture .

— » — Eduard A u g u s t Va in io 1853—1929 . — Annales de G r y p t o g . e x o t i q u e I I I , 1930, p . 5 — 1 2 . W i t h p ic ture .

P A L M G R E N , A L V A R : Minnesord over E d v a r d A u g u s t Va in i o . — M e m o r . Soc . F. FL F e n n . 6, 1 9 2 9 — 1 9 3 1 , p . 2 0 0 — 2 0 2 et 2 1 6 — 219. W i t h p icture .

S C H U L Z - K O R T H , K A R L : E. A . Va in io *f\ — Hedwig ia 70, 1930, p. 1—9. W i t h 1 picture .

B I B L I O G R A P H Y . 1876 ( E . L A N G ) Lecanora ferruginea var . Turner iana funnen pä

slagg v id Helsingfors . (Lecanora ferruginea var . Turner iana f ound on cinders at Hels inki ) . — M e d d . Soc . F. Fl . F e n n . 1. p . 113.

1878, 1. Lichenes in vicini is V iburg i observat i . T ie to ja Vi ipur in seudun Jäkä lä -Kasv i s tos ta . — Ibid . 2, p. 3 5 — 7 2 . 2. Florula Tavast iae orientalis . H a v a i n n o i t a I t ä - H ä m e e n kas ­v is tosta . — Ib id . 3, p . 1—121. 3. Kasvistonsuhte is ta P o h j a i s - S u o m e n ja V e n ä j ä n - K a r j a l a n ra ja ­seuduil la. (On the Flora of the B o r d e r L a n d be tween Northern Finland and Russian Garelia). I. — Ib id . 4, p . 1—161. (Also as a these for the degree of d o c t o r , w i th a floristic supp lement , p. 1—221, Hels inki ) .

1880, 1. ( E . W . ) Kasvit ieteel l isestä luontais -systeemistä . — K o i t a r , Savokar ja l . o sakunnan a lbumi I I I , p . 1 8 2 — 1 9 1 . 2. T u t k i m u s Gladoniain phylogenet i l l isestä kehi tyksestä . ( A n Invest igat ion on the P h y l o g e n e t i c D e v e l o p m e n t of the Gla-doniae ) . — Dissert. Helsinki , p. 1—64, w i th 1 table .

A c t a Societat is pro Fauna et Flora Fennica , 5 7 , N:o 3 . 2 1

1 8 8 1 , 1. A d j u m e n t a ad L ichenographiam Lappon iae fennicae atque Fenniae borealis. I. — Medd. Soc . F. Fl . Fenn . 6, p. 7 7 — 1 8 2 . 2 . Gotoneaster vulgaris*nigra frän Suursaari ( H o g l a n d ) . (Coto -neaster vulgaris*nigra from Suursaari (Hog land ) ) . — Ibid, p. 2 1 7 . 3 . O m Hierac ium auriculaeforme frän Helsingfors, en missbi ld-ning af Garex juncel la , o ch lafven Lecidea pel idna, v ä x a n d e pä en järnspik. (On Hierac ium auriculaeforme from Helsinki; a de fo rmi ty of Garex juncel la , and the l ichen Lecidea pel idna, growing on an iron nail) . — Ibid . p. 2 2 0 . 4. O m Sedum a lbum*ba l t i cum frän Aland , n y för f loran. (On Sedum a lbum*ba l t i cum from Aland , new to the flora.) — Ibid, p. 2 5 1 . 5 . Observat ions sur les periodes de vegetat ion des phanerogames dans le nord de la Finlande. — Ibid . 8 , p. 1 5 7 — 1 7 5 .

1 8 8 3 , I. O m nägra Sal ix -hybrider frän Östra Finland, o m Physcia pterygoides o ch Ph . parvula , samt att Ph . decipiens A R N . bör heta Lecanora tegularis ( A C H . ) W A I N I O . (On some Salix hybr ids f rom Eastern Finland, on Physcia pterygoides and Ph . parvula , and on Physc ia decipiens A R N . which should be called Lecanora tegularis ( A C H . ) W A I N I O ) . — Ibid. 9 , p. 1 2 8 — 1 2 9 . 2 . A d j u m e n t a ad Lichenographiam Lapponiae fennicae atque Fenniae borealis. I I . — Ibid . 1 0 , p. 1 — 2 3 0 .

1 8 8 6 , 1. Ganoderma luc idum pä Mjö lö närä Helsingfors. (Ganoderma luc idum in the isle Mjö lö , near Helsinki) . — Ibid . 1 3 , p. 1 8 6 . 2 . O m en för Fennoskandien n y lafart, Physcia ulophyl la (Wal lr . ) , funnen invid gamla kyrkan i Helsingfors. (On a l ichen Physcia ulophylla ( W A L L R . ) , new to Fennoskandia , found at the old church in Helsinki.) — Ibid . p. 2 3 3 . 3 . O m för floran nya varieteter af lafsläktet Gladonia, a fv ikande g e n o m bleka frukter. (On new varieties of the l ichen genus Gladonia, differing in pale apothec ia , and new to the flora.) — Ibid . p. 2 3 9 . 4 . Cetraria odontel la rned frukt frän Kantalaht i i Ryska L a p p -marken. (Getraria odontel la , f ound fertile at Kantalaht i in Russian Lapland. ) — Ibid. p. 2 5 4 — 2 5 5 . 5 . ( 1 8 8 8 ) Revis io l i chenum in herbario L I N N A E I asservatorum. — Ibid . 1 4 , p. 1 — 1 0 . 6 . ( 1 8 8 8 ) Revis io l i chenum IIOFFMANNiorum. — Ibid. p. 1 1 — 1 9 . 7 . ( 1 8 8 8 ) Notulae de synonymia l i chenum. — Ibid . p. 2 0 — 3 0 8 . ( 1 8 8 8 ) De subgenere Gladinae. — Ibid. p. 3 1 — 3 2 .

1 8 8 7 Monographia Gladoniarum universalis. Pars I. Partie syste-mat ique et descr ipt ive . — Acta Soc . F. Fl . Fenn. 4 , p. 1 — 5 1 0

1 8 8 8 , 1. Matkustus Brasilinssa. K u v a u s luonnosta ja kansoista Bra-

22 K. Linkola, E d v a r d A u g u s t Va in i o .

siliassa. (Travels in Brazil . A Descr ipt ion of Nature and People in Brazil . ) — Helsinki . P. 1—279. 2. Cladonieae in: L ichens par J . M Ö L L E R d' A R G O V I E . -—- Mission scienfit. du Gap H o r n , 1882—£3 . 5. B o t a n i q u e .

1889, 1. Lichenes in: Plantae T u r c o m a n i c a e a G. R A D D E et A . W A L T E R col lectae. — A c t a Hort i petropo l i t . X , 2, p . 5 5 1 — 5 6 2 . 2. O m ett monströst päron . (On a m o n s t r o u s Pear.) — Medd . Soc . F. Fl . Fenn . 15, p. 182.

1890 lätude sur la classification naturelle et la morpho log i e des Lichens du Bresil. I. I L — A c t a Soc . F. Fl . Fenn . 7, p. V-— X X I X , 1—247, 3—256 .

1891, 1. Notes sur la flore de la Lapon ie f inlandaise. — Ibid . S, p. 1—90. 2. O m Androsace fi l i formis L. v id Vosnessenje i O l o n e t s - K a r e -len. (On A n d r o s a c e f i l i formis L. at Vosnessen je in Olonets -Carelia.) — Medd . Soc . F. Fl . Fenn . 18, p. 156. 3. Uber die fiir die Flora Finnlands neue Androsace f i l i formis. — B o t . Gentralbl . 46, p. 3 7 9 — 3 8 0 .

1892, 1. En besvärsskrift rörande äterbesättandet af professionen i bo tan ik . (A Gomplaint , concern ing the A p p o i n t m e n t to the botanica l Professorship in Helsinki. ) — Helsingfors . P. 1—8. 2. R ibes rubrum f. g landuligera W A I N I O , P o l e m o n i u m c a m p a n u -latum f. albiflora W A I N I O och nägra Sa l ix -hybr ider frän L a p p -marken . (R ibes rubrum f. glanduligera W A I N I O , P o l e m o n i u m c a m p a n u l a t u m f. albiflora W A I N I O , and some H y b r i d s of Sal ix f rom Lapland . ) — Medd . Soc . F. Fl . Fenn . 18, p . 236.

1894, 1. Nägra mindre kända eller för Finland nya lafvar. (On some lichens which are little k n o w n , or new to Finland. ) —- Ib id . 20, p . 1 7 — 1 9 . 2. Monographia Gladoniarum universalis . Pars I I . — A c t a Soc . F. Fl . Fenn . 10, p. 1—499.

1896, 1. C h r y s a n t h e m u m l e u c a n t h e m u m f. autumnal is . — M e d d . S o c . F. Fl . Fenn . 22, p . 3—4; cfr. Ib id . 23, 1898, p . 47. 2. Lecanora Bouteil lei D E S M . frän Evo i s . — Ib id . 22 , p. 77 . 3. Lichenes in Sibiria meridional i col lect i . — A c t a Soc . F. Fl . Fenn . 13, p. 1—20. 4. Lichenes Ant i l larum a W . R . E L L I O T col lect i . — J o u r n . of B o t . 24, p. 3 1 — 3 6 , 6 6 — 7 2 , 100—107 , 2 0 4 — 2 1 0 , 2 5 8 — 2 6 6 , 2 9 2 — 2 9 7 .

1897 Monographia Gladoniarum universalis . Pars I I I . General ites . — A c t a Soc . F. Fl . Fenn . 14, p . 1—268.

1898, 1. Lichenes quos in Madagascaria centrali D r . G. F O R S Y T H Major a. 1896 col legit . — Hedwig ia 37, Beib l . 2, p . 3 3 — 3 7 . 2. Lichenes in Erythrsea a D o c t o r e K. M. L E V A N D E R a. 1895 col lect i . — Ibid . p. 3 7 — 3 9 .

A c t a Societat is pro Fauna et Flora Fennica , 5 7 , N:o 3 . 2 3

3 . Lichenes a G. F. S C O T T - E L L I O T in viciniis mont i s Ruwenzor i ( 0 ° 5 ' 1. s.) in Africa centrali annis 1 8 9 3 — 4 8 9 4 col lect ! . — Ibid , p. 3 9 — 4 4 . 4 . Lichenes in N o v a j a Semlja ab H . W . F E I L D E N a. 1 8 9 7 col lect i , in herbario H O O K E R I asservati . — Ibid . , Beib l . 3 — 4 , p . 8 5 — - 8 7 . 5 . Glathrinae herbarii M U L L E R L — Bull . l ' H e r b . Boissier 6, p. 7 5 2 . 6 . Succisa pratensis f. albiflora v id K e r a v a stat ion. (Succisa pra-tensis f. albiflora at the K e r a v a R a i l w a y Station.) — Medd . Soc . F. Fl . Fenn. 2 3 , p . 4 8 . 7 . B a e o m y c e s rufus m e d ö fverv intrande apothec ier . ( B a e o m y c e s rufus wi th hibernating Apothec ia . ) — Ib id . p . 7 9 . 8 . O m lafven Porina achizospora n. sp. , funnen af H . L O J K A pä K r i m , m e d sporer f örökade g e n o m delning. (On the Lichen Porina schizospora n. sp . , f ound b y H. L O J K A in the Crimea, with Spores, propagated b y Division.) — Ibid . p . 8 0 .

1 8 9 9 , 1. Lichenes nov i rarioresque. Ser. I — I I I . — Hedwig ia 3 8 , Beibl . , p . 1 2 1 — 1 2 5 , 1 8 6 — 1 9 0 , 2 5 3 — 2 5 9 . 2 . Lichenes in Gaucaso et in peninsula Taurica annis 1 8 8 4 — 1 8 8 5 ab H . L O J K A et M. A . D E C H Y co l lectos enumerav i t W A I N I O . — Termesz . Fuzetek 2 2 , p . 2 6 9 — 3 4 3 .

1 9 0 0 , 1. Reac t i ones L i c h e n u m a J . M U L L E R O A R G O V I E N S I descr ip to -rum. — M e m . l ' H e r b . Boissier, N o . 5 , p . 1 — 1 7 . 2 . L ichenes apud H . S C H I N Z : Beiträge zur Kenntn is der afrika-nischen Flora, X I I . — Ibid . N o . 2 0 , p. 4 — 5 . 3 . T v ä n n e d jur fynd frän K e r v ä - ä . (On t w o zoo log i ca l F inds f rom the K e r a v a River . ) — Medd . Soc . F. Fl . Fenn. 2 4 , p. 2 4 . (Zool . )

1 9 0 1 , I. Lichenes in Catalogue Afr ic . Plants col l . b y F. W E L W I T S C H in 1 8 5 3 — 6 1 . V o l . I I . Part . I I , p . 3 9 6 — 4 6 3 . L o n d o n . 2 . L ichens in L E V I E R , Contr ibut ions ä la florule bryo log ique et l i chenolog ique de Madagascar . — R e v . b r y o l o g . p . 9 6 — 9 7 .

1 9 0 2 Lichenes bei T H E R E S E P R I N Z E S S I N v o n Bayern : Auf einer Reise in West ind ien und Sudamerika gesammelte Pf lanzen. — Beih z. B o t . Centralbl . 1 3 , p . 9 — 4 0 .

1 9 0 3 Lichens . E x p e d i t i o n antarct ique Beige . Resultats du v o y a g e du S. Y . Belgica en 1 8 9 7 — 1 8 9 8 — 1 8 9 9 . A n v e r s , p. 1 — 4 6 ; 4 t a b .

1 9 0 4 Lichenes ab O V E P A U L S E N praecipue in provinc ia Ferghana (Asia media ) et a B O R I S F E D T S C H E N K O in T janschan a. 1 8 9 8 et 1 8 9 9 col lect i . — B o t . Tidsskr . , K ö b e n h a v n , 2 6 , p. 2 4 1 — 2 5 0 .

1 9 0 5 Lichenes expedi t ion is G. A M D R U P ( 1 8 9 8 — 1 9 0 2 ) . — Meddel . o m Grönland 3 0 , p . 1 2 5 — 1 4 1 .

1 9 0 7 Lichenes n o v i rarioresque. Ser. 4 . — Hedwig ia 4 6 , p . 1 6 8 — 1 8 1 .

24 K. Linkola, E d v a r d August Va in io

1 9 0 9 , 1. Lichenes in J . S C H M I D T , Flora of K o h Chang. Contr ibut ions to the K n o w l e d g e of the Vege ta t i on in the Gulf of S iam. — B o t . Tidsskr. , K ö b e n h a v n , 2 9 , p. 1 0 4 — 1 5 1 . 2 . L ichenes in vic ini is stationis hibernae exped i t i on is V e g a e prope p a g u m Pit lekai in Sibiria septentr ional i a D i e A L M Q U I S T col lect i . — A r k i v f. B o t a n . 8 , nr. 4 , p . 1 1 — 1 7 5 . 3 . L ichenes insularum Phi l ipp inarum. I. — T h e Phi l ippine J o u r n . of Sc ience , Manila, 4 , nr. 5 , p . 6 5 1 — 6 6 2 .

1 9 1 3 Lichenes insularum Phi l ipp inarum. I I . — Ib id . 8 , nr. 2 , p . 9 9 — 1 3 7 . 1 9 1 5 A d d i t a m e n t a ad L i c h e n o g r a p h i a m Ant i l l a rum i l lustrandam. —

A n n . A c a d . Sc ient . Fenniae , ser. A , 6 , nr . 7 , p . 1 — 2 2 6 . 1 9 1 8 , 1. L ichenes in: Mosses and Lichens co l l ec ted in the f ormer

Danish W e s t Indies b y F. B Ö R G E S E N and C. R A U N K I A E R . — Dansk B o t . A r k i v 2 , nr . 9 , p . 6 — 1 8 . 2 . L ichenes ab A . Y A S U D A in J a p o n i a col lect i . — The B o t . Mag. , T o k y o , 3 2 , p . 1 5 4 — 1 6 3 .

1 9 2 0 ( 1 9 2 1 ) , 1. L ichenes insularum Phi l ipp inarum. I I I . — A n n . A c a d . Scient . Fenniae , ser. A , 1 5 , nr. 6 , p . 1 — 3 6 8 . 2 . L i cheno log iska notiser . (Cladonia Zopf i i o c h C h i o d e c t o n tenta -cu latum. ) (L i chen notes (Cladonia Zopf i i and Ch iodec ton t e n t a c u l a t u m ) . — M e d d . Soc . F. Fl . F e n n . 4 5 , p. 4 — 5 et 3 0 6 . 3 . Lec idea oph iospora H E L L B . ja L. K u o p i o e n s i s n. sp . K u o p i o s t a ja l eväkasv i Ny landera tentaculata H A R I O T k a s v a v a n a Lec idea melaena 'n N Y L . thalluksella. (On Lec idea oph iospora H E L L B . and L. K u o p i o e n s i s n. sp. f rom K u o p i o , and on the A l g a N y ­landera tentaculata H A R I O T g r o w i n g on the Thal lus of Lec idea melaena N Y L . ) . — Ib id . p. 1 3 9 — 1 4 0 et 3 0 6 — 3 0 7 .

1 9 2 1 , 1. Kaks i tieteelle uutta jäkäläla j ia : Physc ia Norrl ini n. sp . ja Ph. K a i r a m o i n. sp . ( T w o Lichens , new to Science : Physc ia Norrlini n. sp . and Ph . K a i r a m o i n. sp.) -— Ib id . 4 6 , p . 3 . 2 . L ichenes ab A . Y A S U D A in J a p o n i a co l lect i . Cont inuat io I. — The B o t . Mag . , T o k y o , 3 5 , p. 4 5 — 7 9 . 3. Three new species of l i chens. — Ib id . p . ( 8 4 ) — ( 8 7 ) . 4 . ( 1 9 2 3 ) L ichenes in s u m m o m o n t e D o i Sutep (c irc . 1 6 7 5 m s. m.) in Siam boreal i anno 1 9 0 4 a D:re C. C. H O S S E O co l lect i . [On the c o v e r of the separate »Lichenes Siamenses». ] — A n n . Soc . Z o o l . - b o t . Fennicae V a n a m o 1, nr. 3 , p . 3 3 — 5 5 . 5 . ( 1 9 2 3 ) M y c o s y m b i o s e . S y m b i o s e de d e u x c h a m p i g n o n s . — Ibid 1, nr. 4 , p . 5 6 — 6 0 . 6 . L i chenographia fennica . I. Pyreno l i chenes i isque p r o x i m i P y r e n o m y c e t e s et L ichenes imper fec t i . — A c t a Soc . F. F l . Fenn. 4 9 , p. 1 — 2 7 4 . 7 . R i n o d i n a fatiscens ( T H . F R . ) V A I N . — M e d d . Soc . F. Fl . Fenn . 4 7 , p. 8 .

A c t a Soeietat is pro Fauna et Flora Fenn i ca , 5 7 , N : o 3 . 2 5

8 . Kaks i kasvitieteell istä t i edonantoa . ( T w o botanica l Notes ) . — Ib id . p . 1 8 — 1 9 et 2 2 9 . 9 . S p o o r p o d i u m vermicul i ferum V A I N . — Ib id . p . 3 1 — 3 2 et 2 2 9 . 1 0 Lichenes n o v i in Fennia a V . R Ä S Ä N E N col lect i . — Ibid . p . 5 0

— 5 1 . 1 1 . Uusia D e r m a t o c a r p o n - l a j e j a . (On new Species of D e r m a t o c a r -p o n ) . — Ibid . p . 7 2 . 1 2 . Jäkäläsystemaatt is ia t ieto ja (Lepraria ja Grocynia ) . (Notes on the T a x o n o m y of some Lichens : Lepraria and Grocynia ) . — Ibid . p . 9 0 .

1 9 2 2 L ichenographia fennica. I I . B a e o m y c e a e et L e c i d e a l e s . — Ac ta Soc . F. Fl . Fenn . 5 3 , p. 1 — 3 4 0 .

1 9 2 3 , 1. Lichenes insularum Phi l ipp inarum. IV . — A n n . A c a d . Sc ient . Fenniae , ser. A , 1 9 , nr. 1 5 , p. 1 — 8 4 . 2 . L ichenes in insula Tr in idad a Prof. R . T H A X T E R col lect i . — Proceed . A m e r . A c . of Arts and Sciences 5 8 , nr. 3 , p . 1 3 1 — 1 4 7 .

1 9 2 4 , 1 . Turun Suomalaisen Y l i op i s t on retkei ly L a a t o k a n rannoi l la . ( A n Excurs ion to the Shores of L a d o g a , arranged b y the F i n ­nish Univers i ty in T u r k u ) . — Maailma p. 3 3 7 — 3 4 4 . Hels inki . 2 . L ichenes a W . A . S E T C H E L L et H. E. P A R K S in insula Tahit i a. 1 9 2 2 col lect i . — Univ . of California Pub l i c , in B o t a n y , 1 2 , nr. 1, p . 1 — 1 6 . 3 . L ichenes Teneriffenses a . 1 9 2 1 a F. B Ö R G E S E N col lect i . — K g l . Danske V idensk . Selsk. Skrifter, A v d . 8 , R a e k k e 6 , nr. 3 , p. 3 9 2 — 3 9 8 .

1 9 2 5 , 1. A recension of the »Continuatio» of N O R R L I N et N Y L A N D E R : Herbar ium l i chenum Fenniae . — M e d d . Soc . F. Fl . Fenn . 4 8 , p. 1 2 7 . 2 . Suomel le uusi jäkälä Cetraria lacunosa A C H . * cavernosa ( M E N -Z I E S ) V A I N . (On a L ichen , new to Fin land: Cetraria lacunosa A C H . * c a v e r n o s a ( M E N Z I E S ) V A I N . ) . — Ib id . p . 1 5 0 et 2 7 3 . ( 1 9 2 4 ) Enumerat i o Usnearum in Fennia co l l ec tarum. — Ib id , p. 1 7 2 — 1 7 4 .

1 9 2 6 , 1. Lichenes Mexicani a F. M. L I E B M A N N a. 1 8 4 1 — 4 3 col lect i , in Museo Hauniensi asservati . — Dansk B o t . A r k i v 4 , nr. 1 1 . p. 1 — 2 5 . 2 . L ichenes africani n o v i . — A n n . Univ . Fennicae Aboens is , ser. A , 2 , nr. 3 , p . 1 — 3 3 .

1 9 2 7 L i chenographia fennica. I I I . Coniocarpeae . — A c t a Soc . F. Fl . Fenn . 5 7 , p. 1 — 1 3 8 .

1 9 2 8 , 1. Muist i inpanoja prof. A . AHLQviSTin ko lmannel ta tutk imusret -keltä Länsi-Siperiassa (v . 1 8 8 0 ) . I. Matkaker tomus . (Notes f rom Professor A . Ah lqv i s t ' s third scientific Trave l to Western

2 6 K. Linkola, E d v a r d A u g u s t Va in i o .

Siberia [in the Y e a r 1880] . I. A c c o u n t of the Trave l . ) . — A n n . U n i v . Fennicae Aboens i s , ser. A . , 2, nr. 8, p . 1—27. 2. Vege ta t i on du Payes des V o g o u l e s (des manses) en Siberie occ identa le . —- A n n . A c a d . Scient . Fenniae , ser. A , 27, nr . 5, p. 1—46. 3. Enumerat i o P lantarum vascu lar ium et M u s c o r u m in vic ini is f luminis K o n d a (ca. 60° lat . bor . ) in Sibiria occ idental i crescen-t i u m . — Ibid . , nr. 6 a, p . 1—64. 4. Enumerat i o L i c h e n u m in vic ini is f luminis K o n d a (ca. 60° lat. bor . ) in Sibiria occ idental i c rescent ium. — Ibid . , nr. 6 b , p. 6 5 — 1 2 2 .

1929, 1. N e w Species of L ichens f rom Por to R i c o . I I . — Myco log ia 21 , p . 3 3 — 4 0 . 2. Neu-Caledonische F lechten . — Viertel jahrsschr . d. Naturf . Ges. in Zurich 74, p. 5 0 — 5 2 . 3. Duae species P lacod io g i lvo ( H O F F M . ) V A I N , affines. — A n n . Soc . Z o o l . - b o t . Fennicae V a n a m o 9, p . 3 2 0 — 3 2 1 . 4. L ichenes M o z a m b i c i . — Imprensa da Universade , Go imbra , p . 1—38.

1930 Gladoniae Hungar i cae a G. T I M K O lectae. — Magyar B o t a n . L a p o k 29, p. 22 .

1934 (Opus p o s t h u m u m , c o m p l e t e d b y Dr . B. L Y N G E ) L i chenographia fennica. I V . Lec ideales . — A c t a Soc . F. Fl . Fenn . 57, N:o 2, p. 1—531.

Also short c o m m u n i c a t i o n s on new finds of interesting plants , chief ly l ichens, at the meet ings of the Zoo log i ca l -bo tan i ca l Soc ie ty of T u r k u , ment i oned (in the Finnish language) in the per iodical L u o n n o n Y s t ä v ä , edi ted in Helsinki , v o l . 1925: p . 180 et 181; v o l . 1926: p . 131; vo l . 1927: p . 39, 40 , 79, 80 et 163; vo l . 1928: p. 32 et 70; v o l . 1929: p. 189 et 190.