全面了解红外遥控

作者：San Bergmans转载时间：2004 年 06 月 10 日

IR Remote Control Theory

IR Remote Control Theory

The cheapest way to remotely control a device within a visible range is via Infra-Red light. Almost all audio and video equipment can be controlled this way nowadays. Due to this wide spread use the required components are quite cheap. Thus making it ideal for us hobbyists to use for our own projects. This part of my knowledge base will explain the theory of operation of IR remote control, and some of the protocols that are in use in consumer electronics. 红外线遥控器控制理论最便宜的方法，以远程控制装置内的视觉范围是通过红外光。几乎所有的音频和视频设备可以控制这种方式现在。由于这种广泛使用的必要组成部分是相当便宜。 从而使我们的业余爱好者的理想选择使用我们自己的项目。 这部分的知识基础，我将解释该理论的运作红外线遥控器，以及一些协议正在使用的消费电子产品。

Infra-Red Light

Infra-Red actually is normal light with a particular colour. Us humans can't see this colour because it's wave length of 950nm is below the visible spectrum. That's one of the reasons why IR is chosen for remote control purposes, we want to use it but we're not interested in seeing it. Another reason is because IR LEDs are quite easy to make, and therefor can be very cheap. 红外线实际上是正常的光线特别的颜色。我们人类无法看到这个颜色，因为它的波长 950nm 低于可见光谱。这是原因之一是挑选红外遥控器控制的目的，我们要使用它，但我们不希望看到它。另一个原因是因为红外发光二极管是非常容易，并为此可以非常便宜。

Although we humans can't see the Infra-Red light emitted from a remote control doesn't mean we can't make it visible. A video camera or digital camera can "see" the Infra-Red light as you can see in this picture. 虽然我们人类不能看到红外光发射远程控制并不意味着我们不能看见它。 一台摄像机或数码相机可以“看到”红外光正如你所看到的这张图片。Unfortunately for us there are many more sources of Infra-Red light. The sun is the brightest source of all, but there are many others, like: light bulbs, candles, central heating system, and even our body radiates Infra-Red light. In fact everything that radiates heat, also radiates Infra-Red light. 不幸的是，我们有更多的来源红外光。太阳是最聪明的来源，但有许多其他，如：灯泡，蜡烛，中央供暖系统，并甚至我们的身体闪耀红外光。事实上一切辐射热，还辐射红外光。

Therefor we have to take some precautions to guarantee that our IR message gets across to the receiver without errors.

Modulation

Modulation is the answer to make our signal stand out above the noise. With modulation we make the IR light source blink in a particular frequency. The IR receiver will be tuned to that frequency, so it can ignore everything else. You can think of this blinking as attracting the receiver's attention. We humans also notice the blinking of yellow lights at construction sites instantly, even in brought daylight.

为此我们必须采取一些预防措施，以保证我们得到的红外光谱信息的接收器没有错误。 调制调制答案是，使我们的上述立场的信号噪音。我们与调制的红外光源闪烁在某个特定的频率。红外接收器将被调整到该频率，因此可以忽略一切。 你可以认为这闪烁吸引接收机的注意。我们人类可以看到闪烁的黄色灯建筑地盘即时，即使是在提请日光。

In the picture above you can see a modulated signal driving the IR LED of the transmitter on the left side. The detected

signal is coming out of the receiver at the other side.

In serial communication we usually speak of 'marks' and 'spaces'. The 'space' is the default signal, which is the off state

in

the transmitter case. No light is emitted during the 'space' state. During the 'mark' state of the signal the IR light is

pulsed on and off at a particular frequency. Frequencies between 30kHz and 60kHz are commonly used in consumer electronics.

At the receiver side a 'space' is represented by a high level of the receiver's output. A 'mark' is then automatically

represented by a low level.

上面图片中你可以看到一个调制信号驱动红外发光二极管的发射器的左边。检测信号来自接收的另一边。 串行通信中，我们通常讲的'商标'和'空间' 。的'空间'就是默认的信号，这是在关断状态发射机案件。没有灯光的过程中排放的'空间'的状态。在'商标'状态信号的红外光脉冲和关闭在某个特定的频率。频率 30kHz 和 60kHz 常用的消费电子产品。 在接收端一个空间，由一个高层次的接收器的输出。一个标记' ，然后自动由一个较低的水平。Please note that the 'marks' and 'spaces' are not the 1-s and 0-s we want to transmit. The real relationship between the 'marks' and 'spaces' and the 1-s and 0-s depends on the protocol that's being used. More information about that can be

found on the pages that describe the protocols.

The Transmitter

The transmitter usually is a battery powered handset. It should consume as little power as possible, and the IR signal should also be as strong as possible to achieve an acceptable control distance. Preferably it should be shock proof as well. 请注意， '商标'和'空间'不是 1 - s 和 0 - S 我们要转交。真正的关系 '商标'和'空格'和 1 - s 和 0硫取决于协议的被使用。详细信息，可发现网页上描述了协议。 发射机发射机通常是电池供电的手持设备。它应是有限的权力消费尽可能和红外信号也应该那样强劲可能达成一项可接受的控制距离。最好应该休克证明好。Many chips are designed to be used as IR transmitters. The older chips were dedicated to only one of the many protocols that were invented. Nowadays very low power microcontrollers are used in IR transmitters for the simple reason that they are more flexible in their use. When no button is pressed they are in a very low power sleep mode, in which hardly any current is consumed. The processor wakes up to transmit the appropriate IR command only when a key is pressed.

Quartz crystals are seldom used in such handsets. They are very fragile and tend to break easily when the handset is dropped. Ceramic resonators are much more suitable here, because they can withstand larger physical shocks. The fact that they are a little less accurate is not important.

许多芯片的目的是用作红外发射机。旧的芯片只有一个专门的许多协议这一发明。现在非常低功耗微控制器中使用的红外发射器，理由很简单，他们更灵活的使用。如果没有按下按钮，他们是在一个非常低功耗的睡眠模式，在这种几乎没有任何电流消耗。该处理器唤醒转交适当的红外命令只有当一个键被按下。 石英晶体是很少使用这种手机。他们是非常脆弱的，而且往往容易打破手机时下降。陶瓷谐振器更适合这里，因为他们可以承受较大的物理冲击。事实上他们是有点不太准确并不重要。The current through the LED (or LEDs) can vary from 100mA to well over 1A! In order to get an

acceptable control distance the LED currents have to be as high as possible. A trade-off should be made between LED parameters, battery lifetime and maximum control distance. LED currents can be that high because the pulses driving the LEDs are very short. Average power dissipation of the LED should not exceed the maximum value though. You should also see to it that the maximum peek current for the LED is not exceeded. All these parameters can be found in the LED's data sheet.

A simple transistor circuit can be used to drive the LED. A transistor with a suitable HFE and switching speed should be selected for this purpose. The resistor values can simply be calculated using Ohm's law. Remember that the nominal voltage drop over an IR LED is approximately 1.1V. 目前通过的 LED （或发光二极管）可以不同百毫安远超过 1A款！为了得到一个可接受的控制距离的 LED 电流，必须尽可能地高。权衡之间应作出的 LED参数，电池寿命和最高的控制距离。 LED 电流可高，因为脉冲驱动 LED 的很短。 平均功耗的 LED 不应超过最大值虽然。您应该也会看到它的看看目前最大的发光二极管不超过。所有这些参数可以在 LED 的数据表。 一个简单的晶体管电路可用于驱动 LED 的。晶体管合适HFE 和开关速度应选择用于这一目的。 该电阻值可以简单地计算欧姆定律。请记住，名义电压下降超过一个红外灯约 1.1V 。

The normal driver, described above, has one disadvantage. As the battery voltage drops, the current through the LED will decrease as well. This will result in a shorter control distance that can be covered. An emitter follower circuit can avoid this. The 2 diodes in series will limit the pulses on the base of the transistor to 1.2V. The base-emitter voltage of the transistor subtracts 0.6V from that, resulting in a constant amplitude of 0.6V at the emitter. This constant amplitude across a constant resistor results in current pulses of a constant magnitude. Calculating the current through the LED is simply applying Ohm's law again.

The Receiver

Many different receiver circuits exist on the market. The most important selection criteria are the modulation frequency used and the availability in you region. 正常的驱动程序，如上所述，有一个不利的地位。在电池电压下降，在电流通过发光二极

管将减少以及。这将导致在较短的控制距离可包括在内。 排放跟随电路可避免这种情况。 2 二极管系列将限制脉冲的基地将晶体管 1.2V 电压。该基地发射的晶体管电压减去 0.6V 的从认为，导致不断振幅 0.6 在排放。这种不断的振幅跨越结果在不断电阻电流脉冲的持续规模。目前的计算通过发光二极管仅仅是申请欧姆定律一次。 接收器许多不同的接收电路存在于市场。最重要的选择标准是调制频率使用和能否在你地区。

In the picture above you can see a typical block diagram of such an IR receiver. Don't be alarmed if you don't understand this part of the description, for everything is built into one single electronic component. The received IR signal is picked up by the IR detection diode on the left side of the diagram. This signal is amplified and limited by the first 2 stages. The limiter acts as an AGC circuit to get a constant pulse level, regardless of the distance

to the handset. As you can see only the AC signal is sent to the Band Pass Filter. The Band Pass Filter is tuned to the modulation frequency of the handset unit. Common frequencies range from 30kHz to 60kHz in consumer electronics. The next stages are a detector, integrator and comparator. The purpose of these three blocks is to detect the presence of the modulation frequency. If this modulation frequency is present the output of the comparator will be low.

上面图片中你可以看到一个典型的方框图这样一个红外接收器。不要惊慌，如果你不理解这一部分的描述，一切是建立在一个单一的电子元件。 收到的红外信号是上升的红外探测二极管左边的图。这个信号扩增有限的第一个 2阶段。该限制器行为作为 AGC 电路得到不断脉冲水平，无论距离手机。 正如你所看到的唯一的交流信号发送到带通滤波器。该带通滤波器调谐的调制频率的手机部门。共同的频率范围从 30kHz 到 60kHz 的

消费电子产品。 下一阶段是一个探测器，集成和比较。的目的，这三个区块是发现存在调制频率。如果这是本调制频率的输出将是比较低。As I said before, all these blocks are integrated into a single electronic component. There are many different manufacturers of these components on the market. And most devices are available in several versions each of which are tuned to a particular modulation frequency. 正如我前面所说，所有这些模块集成到一个单一的电子元件。 有许多不同制造商的这些组成部分在市场上。和大多数器件提供多种版本的每个

调整以某一特定调制频率。Please note that the amplifier is set to a very high gain. Therefore the system tends to start oscillating very easily. Placing a large capacitor of at least 22μF close to the receiver's power connections is mandatory to decouple the power lines. Some data sheets recommend a resistor of 330 Ohms in series with the power supply to further decouple the power supply from the rest of the circuit. 请注意，放大器设定为非常高的增益。因此，系统往往会开始摆动很容易。把一个大电容至少 22μF 接近接收器的电源连接的是强制性的，以脱钩的供电线路。一些数据表建议 330欧姆的电阻串联电源供应器，以进一步解耦电源的其他电路。There are several manufacturers of IR receivers on the market. Siemens, Vishay and Telefunken are the main suppliers here in Europe. Siemens has its SFH506-xx series, where xx denotes the modulation frequency of 30, 33, 36, 38, 40 or 56kHz. Telefunken had its TFMS5xx0 and TK18xx series, where xx again indicates the modulation frequency the device is tuned to. It appears that these parts have now become obsolete. They are replaced by the Vishay TSOP12xx, TSOP48xx and TSOP62xx product series. Sharp, Xiamen Hualian and Japanese Electric are 3 Asian IR receiver producing companies. Sharp has devices with very cryptic ID names, like: GP1UD26xK, GP1UD27xK and GP1UD28xK, where x is related to the modulation frequency. Hualian has it's HRMxx00 series, like the HRM3700 and HRM3800. Japanese Electric has a series of devices that don't include the modulation frequency in the part's ID. The PIC-12042LM is tuned to 36.7kHz, and the

PIC12043LM is tuned to 37.9kHz. 有几个厂家的红外接收器在市场上。西门子， Vishay 的和德律风根是主要的供应商在欧洲。西门子有其 SFH506 - 20 系列，其中 xx 是指调制频率的 30 ， 33 ， 36 ， 38 ， 40 或 56kHz 。德律风有其 TFMS5xx0 和 TK18xx 系列，其中 xx再次表明，调制频率器件调谐。看来，这些地区现在已经过时了。他们所取代的 Vishay TSOP12xx ， TSOP48xx 和 TSOP62xx 产品系列。 夏普公司，厦门华联和日本电气 3亚洲红外接收器生产公司。夏普公司的设备非常隐蔽编号名称，如： GP1UD26xK ， GP1UD27xK 和 GP1UD28xK ，其中 x 是相关的调制频率。 华联一直是 HRMxx00 系列，如HRM3700 和 HRM3800 。日本电气有一系列的设备，不包括调制频率的部分的编号。事先知情同意， 12042LM 调谐 36.7kHz 和 PIC12043LM 调谐

37.9kHz 。The End?

This concludes the theory of operation for IR remote control systems intended for use in consumer electronics. I realise that other ways exist to implement IR control, but I will limit myself to the description above. One of the issues not

covered here is security. Security is of no importance if I want to control my VCR or TV set. But when it comes to opening doors or cars it literally becomes a 'key' feature! Maybe I will cover this issue later, but not for now.

I also realise that my small list of manufacturers is far from being complete. It is hardly possible to list every

manufacturer here. 该结束了呢？ 这一结论的理论红外线遥控器操作控制系统打算用于消费电子产品。我明白其他的方法存在执行红外控制，但我将只限于上述的描述。一个未涉及的问题这里是安全的。安全是没有意义的，如果我想控制我的录像机或电视机。不过，开门或汽车它实际上已成为'关键'的功能！也许我将涉及这一问题后，但不是现在。 我也明白，我的小制造商名单，还远远没有完成。这是几乎不可能每个制造商名单这里。

This page only described the basic theory of operation of IR remote control. It did not describe the protocols that are involved in communication between transmitter and receiver. Many protocols are designed by different manufacturers. You can find the protocols of some manufacturers in the link section at the top of this page.

ITT Protocol

The ITT IR protocol is a very old one. It differs from other protocols in that it does not use a modulated carrier frequency

to send the IR messages. A single command is transmitted by a total of 14 pulses with a width of 10μs each. The command is encoded by the distance between the pulses. This protocol is very reliable and consumes very little power ensuring long battery life.

本页面只有描述的基本原理，操作红外线遥控器。它没有说明，这些协议参与沟通发射机和接收机。许多协议是由不同的制造商。 你可以找到的议定书中的一些制造商的联系部分顶部的这一页。 ITT公司议定书在 ITT公司红外协议是一个非常古老的一个。它不同于其他协议，因为它不使用调制载波频率为红外发送邮件。一个命令是由总共 14 个脉冲宽度 10μs每个。命令编码之间的距离脉冲。 本议定书是非常可靠和消耗极少功率确保电池寿命长。Many consumer electronics brands used this protocol in Europe. Among them were: ITT, Greatz, Schaub-Lorenz, Finlux, Luxor, Salora, Oceanic and later also Nokia, to name but a few.

Features

. Only 14 very short IR pulses per message 许多消费电子品牌使用本议定书在欧洲。其中有： ITT公司， Greatz ，绍布，洛伦兹， Finlux ， 卢克索， Salora ，海洋和后来诺基亚，仅举几个例子。 特征 。 只有 14 个很短的红外脉冲每封邮件. Pulse distance encoding

. Long battery life 脉冲距离编码 。 电池寿命长

. 4 bit address, 6 bit command length . Self calibrating timing, allowing only simple RC oscillator in the transmitter . Fast communication, a message takes from 1.7ms to 2.7ms to transmit . Manufacturer Intermetal, now Micronas Protocol

An IR message is transmitted by sending 14 pulses. Each pulse is 10μs long. Three different time intervals are used to get the message across: 100μs for a logic 0, 200μs for a logic 1 and 300μs for the lead-in and lead-out. 。 4位地址， 6位指令长度 。 自校准时间，只允许简单的 RC振荡器的发射机 。 快速通信，邮件需要从 1.7ms 到 2.7ms 转交 。 制造商Intermetal ，现在的 Micronas 议定书红外传输邮件发送 14 个脉冲。每个脉冲 10μs 长。三个不同的时间间隔用于获取各地的信息： 100μs 的逻辑 0 ， 200μs 的逻辑 1 和 300μs 的铅和铅的。

The preliminary pulse is used by the receiver to set the gain of the amplifier. Then follows a lead-in delay of 300μs, after which the starting pulse is given. The first bit sent is always logic 0, which has a delay duration of 100μs. This start bit

can be used to calibrate the timing of the receiver. After the start bit follow 4 bits (MSB first) that represent the address of

the message. After that a total of 6 bits (MSB first) for the command are transmitted. A trailing pulse should follow this command. Finally another 300μs delay follows before the very last pulse, functioning as a lead-out. 初步脉冲所使用的接收器来设置增益的放大器。接着一个牵头的延迟 300μs后， 其中脉冲开始给出。第一位发送总是逻辑 0 ，其延迟时间 100

μs 。这一点可以启动用于校准的时间接收。开始后位后续 4位（最高有效位在前） ，代表的地址讯息。此后，共有 6位（最高有效位在前）的命令传送。尾随脉冲应遵循本命令。最后再拖延如下 300μs前最后脉搏，运作作为引出线。There are a few things the receiving software can check to verify the validity of the received message. The lead-out interval should be 3 times longer than the start bit time, which has a duration of 100μs. Bit times should not be off by

more than ±20% of the start bit length for logic 0s, or 2x the start bit length for logic 1s. Don't keep waiting for pulses after 360μs after the last received pulse. It's very likely that the transmission is

interrupted or no transmission took place at all if you have to wait longer than that. The preliminary pulse serves only AGC purposes and may be ignored by the receiving software. Decoding of the message should start at the Start pulse. 有几件事接收软件可以检查核实所收到的邮件。率先出间隔应 3倍以上的开始有点时间，有时间 100μs 。比特时代不应该关闭更多超过± 20

％的启动位长度为逻辑 0 ，或 2x开始位长度为逻辑 1秒。 不要让等待脉冲后 360μs后，最后收到的脉搏。这很可能是传输中断或没有传播发生在所有如果你不得不等待更长。 初步脉冲只能自动增益控制宗旨和可能会被忽略的接收软件。解码邮件应该从开始时的脉搏。Address and Command 地址和命令A control message is divided into two groups, an address of 4 bits and a command of 6 bits. Addresses range from 1 to 16, and commands range from 1 to 64. Before the address and command are sent, 1 is subtracted

from both values to get them in the range 0 to 15 and 0 to 63.

Addresses are used in pairs. A pair of addresses is a value of 1 to 8 (0 to 7 actually), and it's inverted counter part 16 to

9 (15 to 8 actually). The lower value address is transmitted the first time a key is pressed. The address value of all subsequent messages will be the inverted value of this first address until the key is released. This enables the receiver to interpret repeat codes properly. Messages are repeated every 130ms as long as the key remains pressed. 控制消息是分为两组，一个地址， 4位和命令的 6位。地址范围为 1 到 16 ，和命令范围从 1到 64 。之前的地址和命令的发送， 1减去这两个值来获得它们在范围 0 到 15 0 到 63 。 地址是用于对。一对地址是一个价值 1 至 8 （ 0 到 7 实际上） ，这倒计数器部分 16 日至 9 （ 15 日至 8 实际上） 。 较低的价值转交地址是第一次键被按下。该地址值的所有邮件将随后是颠倒价值首先解决的关键是，直到获释。这使接收解释重复代码正确。邮件都重复 130ms只要关键仍然压。Transmitter

Intermetall has developed a few transmitter ICs for use in handsets. Later microcontrollers were used to facilitate the combination of TV, VCR and SAT remote control in one handset.

The SAA1250 was the first IR controller IC to be released. It can be set to generate 3 different address pairs. A fourth option is transmitting any of the 16 addresses. That option is rarely used, for it requires a manual setup procedure every time the power is lost.

The second generation of IR controller ICs are the IRT1250 and IRT1260. These chips are identical in operation and differ only in the operating voltage. The IRT1250 is intended for 9V operation, whilst the IRT1260 is designed for 3V. The footprint of the IRT12x0 is the same as that of the SAA1250. The devices differ in addressing capability and current drive capacity for the output stage. Intermetall 制定了几个发射机集成电路用于手机。后来使用了微控制器，以便利结合电视，

录像机和卫星远程控制在一个手机。 该 SAA1250 是第一个红外控制器 IC 得到释放。它可以设定为产生 3 个不同的地址对。第四个选择传输任何的 16 个地址。这种选择是很少使用，因为它需要手动安装过程每时间的力量都将丢失。 第二代红外控制器 IC 是 IRT1250 和 IRT1260 。这些芯片是相同的操作和不同只有在工作电压。该 IRT1250 是为适配器运作，而 IRT1260专为 3V 的。 覆盖的 IRT12x0 是一样的 SAA1250 。不同的设备在处理能力和当前硬盘容量为输出阶段。

Two address pins are available to set the address pair used. 两个地址引脚，可设置地址配对使用。A1 A2 Adresses H H 1 & 16 L H 3 & 14 H L 7 & 10 L L 4 & 13 Addresses 1 and 16 are always used to control TV sets. Other address pairs are not always uniquely linked to a particular equipment family. 地址 1 和 16总是用来控制电视机。其他地址并不总是对独特的连接特定设备的家庭。Receiver

The ITT protocol makes no use of a modulated carier, so the previously mentioned IR receivers won't work for this protocol. Intermetall has created the TBA2800 for use with this protocol. It is a highly senisive IR detection circuit and should be shielded completely inside a metal box that is connected to ground, leaving only a small hole just in front of the IR diode.

There is actually not much more to be told about this IC. Just connect it as shown in the diagram as shown above, and it should work. You can chose between a normal high going output, and an inverted low going output. It depends on the rest of your circuitry which one you should use. In case of excessive interference you could reduce the sensitivity a little by grounding pin 6 via a 10k resistor.

接收机议定书的 ITT公司没有使用调制 carier ，所以前面提到的 IR 接收器将不会工作，这议定书。 Intermetall创造了 TBA2800 使用本议定书。这是一个高度 senisive 红外检测电路和应在一个完全屏蔽金属盒连接到地面，只留下一个小孔刚才在前面红外二极管。 其实不是更被告知这个集成电路。只要将它连接所显示的图如上所示，它应工作。您可以选择正常高之间去输出，去倒低产出。这取决于其他您的电路，其中你应该使用。 如果在过度干预可以减少一些敏感性的接地引脚 6 通过的 10K 电阻。Pre-defined Commands

Some of the 64 possible commands are predefined. But unfortunately the definition of the commands is not as clear as with RC-5. You can find most of the pre-defined commands for TV purposes in the following table. TV commands use the address pair 1 and 16.

预先定义的命令一些 64 可能是预先定义的命令。但不幸的是，定义的命令是不一样清楚与一架 RC - 5 。你可以找到大部分的预先定义的命令电视目的下列表格中。电视命令使用地址配对 1 和第 16条。Command Function 1 2 Stand-by 3 TV 4 Ideal 5 Up 6 Down 7 Mute 8 P+ 9 P10 Left / Bilingual

11 Right 12 13 14 Last Command Function 33 34 35 -/-36 Audio 37 Video 38 Clock 39 40 41 42 43 Brightness + 44 Brightness 45 Saturation + 46 Saturation

15 16 17 1 18 2 19 3 20 4 21 5 22 6 23 7 24 8 25 9 26 0 27 28 Zoom 29 30 X 31 32 Info 47 Volume + 48 Volume 49 50 S 51 Red / Memory 52 Green 53 Contrast

54 Blue / Brightness 55 Yellow / Saturation 56 57 58 59 Menu 60 Auto 61 Text 62 OK / Prog 63 64 C NEC Protocol To my knowledge the protocol I describe here was developed by NEC. I've seen very similar protocol descriptions on the internet, and there the protocol is called Japanese Format. I do admit that I don't know exactly who developed it. What I do know is that it is used in my ancient VCR produced by Sharp and was marketed under the name of Fisher. NEC manufactured the remote control IC. This description was taken from the VCR's service manual.NEC公司议定书据我所知，第一议定书说明这里是由 NEC公司。我已经看到了非常相似的协议说明互联网，并有所谓的协议是日本格式。 我承认，我不知道到底谁开发它。我所知道的是，这是用在我国古代的录像机生产夏普和产品销售的名义下费舍尔。 NEC公司制造的远程控制 IC 。

这说明是从录像机的服务手册。

Features

. 8 bit address and 8 bit command length . Complete address and command are transmitted twice for reliability . Pulse distance modulation . Carrier frequency of 38kHz . Bit time of 1.12ms or 2.25ms Modulation

The NEC protocol uses a pulse

distance encoding of the bits. Each pulse is a 560μs long 38kHz carrier burst (about 21 cycles). A logical "1" takes 2.25ms to transmit, while a logical "0" is only 1.12ms. The recommended carrier duty-cycle is 1/4 or 1/3. 8位地址和 8位指令长度 。 完整的地址和命令的两倍传输的可靠性 。 距离脉冲调制 。 载波频率 38kHz 。 位时间 1.12ms 或 2.25ms 调制 NEC

的议定书采用脉冲距离编码的比特率。每个脉冲是 560μs 长期 38kHz 载波爆裂（约 21 个周期） 。逻辑“ 1 ” 需要 2.25ms传输，而一个合乎逻辑 “ 0 ”只有 1.12ms 。建议承运人占空比是 1 / 4 或 1 / 3 。

Protocol

The picture above shows a typical pulse train of the NEC protocol. With this protocol the LSB is transmitted first. In this case Address $59 and Command $16 is transmitted. A message is started by a 9ms AGC burst, which was used to set the gain of the earlier IR receivers. This AGC burst is then followed by a 4.5ms space, which is then followed by the

Address and Command. Address and Command are transmitted twice. The second time all bits are inverted and can be used for verification of the received message. The total transmission time is constant because every bit is repeated with its inverted length. If you're not interested in this reliability you can ignore the inverted values, or you can expand the

Address and Command to 16 bits each!上面图片显示了一个典型脉冲的 NEC公司的协议。与本议定书转交了 LSB 是第一次。在这案件地址 59美元和 16美元指挥部传播。邮件开始由一个9ms 的 AGC爆裂，这是用来设置增益早先红外接收器。这自动增益控制爆裂，然后接着是4.5ms空间，然后其次是地址和命令。地址和命令传输两次。第二次所有位倒置和可用于核查收到的邮件。总传输时间是永恒的，因为每个位是重复的倒长。如果你不感兴趣的可靠性可以忽略倒值，或者您也可以扩大地址并命令 16位每个！

A command is transmitted only once, even when the key on the remote control remains pressed. Every 110ms a repeat code is transmitted for as long as the key remains down. This repeat code is simply a 9ms AGC pulse followed by a 2.25ms space and a 560μs burst. 命令传递只有一次，即使在关键的遥控器上仍然压。每 110ms重复代码转交只要关键仍然下跌。这种重复的代码只是一个 9ms 的 AGC脉冲之后，

2.25ms空间和 560μs爆裂。

Example Commands The table below lists the messages sent by the remote control of my senior Fisher 530 VCR.示例命令下表列出了邮件发送的远程控制我的高级费舍尔 530录像机。

NEC Message Key Function $68-$00 Play $68-$01 Rec $68-$02 Audio Dub $68-$03 Frame Adv $68-$04 Slow $68-$05 Quick $68-$06 Cue $68-$07 Review $68-$08 FF $68-$09 Rew $68-$0A Stop $68-$0B Pause/Still $68-$0C Up key $68-$1E Down key Nokia NRC17 Protocol

The Nokia Remote Control protocol uses 17 bits to transmit the IR commands, which explains the name of this protocol. The protocol was designed for Nokia consumer electronics. It was used during the last few years that Nokia produced TV

sets and VCRs. Also the sister brands like Finlux and Salora used this protocol. Nowadays the protocol is mainly used in Nokia satellite receivers.

诺基亚远程控制协议使用 17位传输的红外命令，其中解释了名字的本议定书。 该议定书的目的是诺基亚的消费电子产品。它是用于在过去几年中，诺基亚生产的电视机集和录像机。还姐妹品牌如 Finlux 和 Salora 使用本议定书。目前该议定书主要用于诺基亚卫星接收器。Features

. 8 bit command, 4 bit address and 4 bit subcode length . Bi-phase coding . Carrier frequency of 38kHz . Bit time of 1ms . Battery empty indication possible . Manufacturer Nokia CE Modulation

-called NRZ - Non Return to Zero) modulation of a 38kHz IR carrier frequency. All bits are of equal length of 1ms in this protocol, with half of the bit time filled with a burst of the 38kHz carrier and the other half being idle. A logical one is represented by a burst in the first half of the bit time. A logical zero is represented by a burst in the second half of the

bit time. The pulse/pause ratio of the 38kHz carrier frequency is 1/4, to reduce power consumption.

Protocol

The drawing below shows a typical pulse train of an NRC17 message. This example transmits command $5C to address

$6 subcode $1.

所谓归零-非归零）调制的红外载波频率 38kHz 。所有双边投资条约具有同等长度 1ms 在此议定书，其中一半的比特时间充满了爆裂的 38kHz承运人，另一半被闲置。一个合乎逻辑的人代表爆裂上半年位时间。一个合乎逻辑的零是由突发下半年的位时间。 脉冲/暂停率 38kHz 载波频率是 1

/ 4 ，以降低功耗。 议定书绘图显示一个典型的脉冲序列的 NRC17 信息。这个例子$ 5C 号命令传输处理 600 子 1美元。

The first pulse is called the pre-pulse, and is made up of a 500μs burst followed by a 2.5ms pause, giving a total of 3 bit times. Then the Start bit is transmitted, which is always a logic "1". This pulse can be used to calibrate the bit time on the receiver side, because the burst time is exactly half a bit time. The next 8 bits represent the IR command, which is sent with LSB first. The command is followed by a 4 bit device address. Finally a 4 bit subcode is transmitted, which can be seen as an extension to the address bits. A message consists of a 3ms pre-pulse and 17 bits of 1ms each. This adds up to a total of 20ms per message.

Every time a key is pressed on the remote control a start message is transmitted containing a command of $FE and address/subcode of $FF. The actual message is send 40ms later, and is repeated every 100ms for as

long as the key on the remote control remains down. When the key is released a stop message will complete the sequence. 第一个被称为脉冲预脉冲，并是由一个 500μs爆裂之后， 2.5ms暂停，使共有 3位次。 然后开始位传播，这始终是一个逻辑“ 1 ” 。此脉冲可用于校准位时间接收端，因为突发的时间正是 50位的时间。 在未来 8位代表红外命令，这是一起发送 LSB 的第一。该命令之后， 4位器件地址。最后， 4位子传播，它可以被看作是一个扩展的地址位。 一个消息由一个 3ms 预脉冲和第17位 1ms每个。这增加了共 20ms每封邮件。 每次键被按下遥控器上的一个开端信息传播含有命令为 FE 和地址/子法国法郎美元。实际的邮件发送 40ms后，都重复 100ms ，只要关键的远程控制仍然下跌。当关键是发布了一个一站式的信息将完整的序列。

Low Battery

The NRC17 protocol provides in a way for the remote control to tell the receiver that the battery capacity is getting low. The receiver may display a message on the TV screen informing the user that the remote control's batteries are to be replaced. The pre-pulse normally is 3ms long. When the battery power is low this pre-pulse will become 4ms long. In practice only the pre-pulse of the start and stop messages are made longer this way.

Pre-defined Commands

I only have a small list of pre-defined commands. The protocol description that I have doesn't specify more. Please note that the address of the SAT commands applies to Analog receivers only. 该 NRC17 议定书规定的方式进行远程控制，告诉接收器，电池能力越来越低。 接收器可能会显示一条消息在电视屏幕告知用户的远程控制的电池将被取代。 预脉冲通常是 3ms 长。当电池电量低这一预脉冲将成为 4毫秒长。只有在实践中预脉冲的启动和停止的信息不再是这样。 预先定义的命令我只有一个小清单预先定义的命令。该协议说明，我没有具体详细。请注意该地址

的国家税务总局的命令适用于模拟接收机只。

NRC17 Command CTV Address: $A SAT Address: $C

Subcode: $4 Subcode: $0 $00 0 / Extern 0 / Extern $01 1 1 $02 2 2 $03 3 3 $04 4 4 $05 5 5 $06 6 6 $07 7 7 $08 8 8 $09 9 9 $0C Stand-by Stand-by $0E Up key Up key $0F Down key Down key $28 Mute Mute $29 Ideal Reveal $2A Alternate Alternate $2D Index Index $2E Right key Right key $2F Left key Left key $33 Text Text $35 Stop Stop $38 Size Size $3C Red (OK) Red $3D Green (Sound) Green $3E Yellow (Picture) Yellow $3F Blue (Extra) 1 $70 TV TV/SAT Sharp Protocol

I have little information on this protocol. It is used in VCRs that are produced by Sharp, that is why I gave it the name Sharp protocol.

Features

. 8 bit command, 5 bit address length . Pulse distance modulation . Carrier frequency of 38kHz . Bit time of 1ms or 2ms Modulation The Sharp protocol uses a pulse distance encoding of the bits. Each pulse is a 320μs long 38kHz carrier burst (about 12 cycles). A logical "1" takes 2ms to transmit, while a logical "0" is only 1ms. The recommended carrier duty-cycle is 1/4 or 1/3. 我没有什么资料，本议定书。这是用在录像机这是由夏普公司，这就是为什么我把它的名字夏普议定书。 特征 。 8位的命令， 5位地址长度

。 距离脉冲调制 。 载波频率 38kHz 。 位时间 1ms 或毫秒调制夏普议定书采用脉冲距离编码该位。每个脉冲是 320μs 长期 38kHz 承运人爆裂（约 12 个周期） 。逻辑“ 1 ”的需要液晶转交，而合乎逻辑的“ 0 ”只有 1ms 。那个建议承运人占空比是 1 / 4 或 1 / 3 。Protocol

In the picture above you see a typical pulse train sending the command $11 and address $03. The Address is send first and consists of 5 bits. Next comes the 8 bit command. In both cases the LSB of the data is send first. I don't know the purpose of the Expansion and Check bits that follow the command. Both bits were fixed in the example that I had at hand.

One complete command sequence consist of 2 messages. The first transmission is exactly as described above. The second transmission follows the first one after a delay of 40ms, and basically contains the same information. The only difference is that all bits, except those from the address field, are inverted. This way the receiver can verify if the received message is reliable or not.

上面图片中看到一个典型的脉冲发送列车 11美元的命令和地址○三美元。地址发送第一 ，由 5位。接下来是 8位命令。在这两起案件中的 LSB 的数据传送第一。 我不知道，目的是扩大和退房位按照命令。这两个位都是固定的例子我手头上。 一个完整的命令序列包括 2 个讯息。第一传输正是如上所述。那个第二传输如下第一次延误后 40ms ，基本上包含了相同的信息。唯一不同的是，所有双边投资条约，但这些领域的地址，是倒置。 通过这种方式接收可以验证，如果收到的信息是可靠与否。

Sony SIRC Protocol

I've collected and combined some information found on the internet about the Sony SIRC protocol. I must admit that I have never worked with this particular protocol, so I could not verify that all information is valid for all situations. It appears that 3 versions of the protocol exist: 12-bit (described on this page), 15-bit and 20-bit versions. I can only assume that the 15-bit and 20-bit versions differ in the number of transmitted bits per command sequence.

Please note that a lot of confusing documentation about the SIRC protocol exists on the internet. At first I contributed to the confusion by assuming the correctness of the source documents I found myself, until someone with some SIRC experience informed me about my errors. I double checked his story with a universal remote control and a digital storage oscilloscope, and found that the bit and word order I documented were indeed wrong. The protocol information on this page is according 索尼 SIRC 议定书我已经收集了一些资料，并联合在因特网上发现的索尼 SIRC 议定书。我必须承认，我从来没有与这个特别协议，所以我无法核实所有资料的有效期为所有情况。 看来，第 3版本的协议存在的： 12位（详见本网页上） ，

15位和 20位版本。我只能假定 15位和 20位版本不同数量的传播 bits每命令序列。 请注意，很多混淆文件的 SIRC 议定书存在互联网上。起初，我作出了贡献混乱的假设是正确的源文件，我发现自己，直到有一些 SIRC 经验告诉我对我的错误。余双重检查他的故事具有普遍性和远程控制的数字存储示波器，发现位和词序我记录确实是错误的。 该议定书在此网页上的资料是根据Features

. 12-bit, 15-bit and 20-bit versions of the protocol exist (12-bit described here) . 5-bit address and 7-bit command length (12-bit protocol) . Pulse width modulation . Carrier frequency of 40kHz . Bit time of 1.2ms or 0.6ms Modulation

The SIRC protocol uses a pulse width encoding of the bits. The pulse representing a logical "1" is a 1.2ms long burst of the 40kHz carrier, while the burst width for a logical "0" is 0.6ms long. All bursts are seperated by a 0.6ms long space periode. The recommended carrier duty-cycle is 1/4 or 1/3.特征 。 12位， 15位和 20位版本的协议存在的（ 12位此处所述） 。 5位地址和 7位指令长度（ 12位议定书） 。 脉宽调制 。 载波频率40kHz 。 位时间 1.2ms 或 0.6ms 调制议定书的 SIRC 采用脉冲宽度编码的比特率。那个脉冲代表逻辑“ 1 ”是一个 1.2ms 长期爆裂的 40kHz 承

运人，而爆裂的宽度为逻辑“ 0 ”是 0.6ms 长。所有连发分隔的 0.6ms 长空间 periode 。建议承运人占空比是 1 / 4 或 1 / 3 。

Protocol

Features

.

12-bit, 15-bit and 20-bit versions of the protocol exist (12-bit described here) . 5-bit address and 7-bit command length (12-bit protocol) . Pulse width modulation . Carrier frequency of 40kHz . Bit time of 1.2ms or 0.6ms Modulation

The SIRC protocol uses a pulse width encoding of the bits. The pulse representing a logical "1" is a 1.2ms long burst of the 40kHz carrier, while the burst width for a logical "0" is 0.6ms long. All bursts are seperated by a 0.6ms long space periode. The recommended carrier duty-cycle is 1/4 or 1/3.特征 。 12位， 15位和 20位版本的协议存在的（ 12位此处所述） 。 5位地址和 7位指令长度（ 12位议定书） 。 脉宽调制 。 载波频率40kHz 。 位时间 1.2ms 或 0.6ms 调制议定书的 SIRC 采用脉冲宽度编码的比特率。那个脉冲代表逻辑“ 1 ”是一个 1.2ms 长期爆裂的 40kHz 承

运人，而爆裂的宽度为逻辑“ 0 ”是 0.6ms 长。所有连发分隔的 0.6ms 长空间 periode 。建议承运人占空比是 1 / 4 或 1 / 3 。

Address Device 1 TV 2 VCR 1 3 VCR 2 6 Laser Disc Unit 12 Surround Sound 16 Cassette deck / Tuner 17 CD Player 18 Equaliser Command Command 0 Digit key 1 1 Digit key 2 2 Digit key 3 3 Digit key 4 4 Digit key 5 5 Digit key 6 6 Digit key 7 7 Digit key 8 8 Digit key 9 9 Digit key 0 16 Channel + 17 Channel 18 Volume + 19 Volume 20 Mute 21 Power 22 Reset 23 Audio Mode 24 Contrast + 25 Contrast 26 Colour + 27 Colour 30 Brightness + 31 Brightness 38 Balance Left 39 Balance Right 47 Standby Philips RC-5 Protocol

The RC5 code from Philips is probably the most used protocol by hobbyists, probably because the

wide availability of cheap remote controls. The protocol is well defined for different device types ensuring compatibility with your whole entertainment system. Lately Philips started using a new protocol called RC6 which has more features. 在飞利浦 RC5代码可能是最常用的议定书爱好者，可能是因为使用广泛廉价的远程控制。 该协议明确界定为不同的设备类型确保符合您的整个娱乐系统。最近飞利浦开始使用一种新的协议要求 RC6 了更多的功能。

Features

. 5 bit address and 6 bit command length . Bi-phase coding (aka Manchester coding) . Carrier frequency of 36kHz . Bit time of 1.8ms . Manufacturer Philips Modulation

The protocol uses bi-phase modulation (or so-called Manchester coding) of a 36kHz IR carrier frequency. All bits are of equal length of 1.8ms in this protocol, with half of

the bit time filled with a burst of the 36kHz carrier and the other half being idle. A logical zero is represented by a burst in the first half of the bit time. A logical

one is represented by a burst in the second half of the bit time. The pulse/pause ratio of the 36kHz carrier frequency is 1/3 or

1/4, to reduce power consumption. 该协议采用双相调制（或所谓的曼彻斯特编码）的 36kHz 红外载波频率。所有双边投资条

约具有同等长度 1.8ms本议定书中，其中一半比特时间充满爆裂的 36kHz 承运人和另一半被闲置。一个合乎逻辑的零是由突发上半年位时间。一个合乎逻辑的人代表爆裂下半年的位时间。脉冲/暂停率 36kHz 载波频率是 1 / 3 或 1 / 4 ， 降低能耗。Protocol

The drawing below shows a typical pulse train of an RC5 message. This example transmits command $35 to address $05.

The first two pulses are the start pulses, and are both logical "1". Please note that half a bit time is elapsed before the receiver will notice the real start of the message. Extended RC5 uses only one start bit. Bit S2 is transformed to command bit 6, providing for a total of 7 command bits.

The 3d bit is a toggle bit. This bit is inverted every time a key is released and pressed again. This way the receiver can distinguish between a key that remains down, or is pressed repeatedly. The next 5 bits represent the IR device address, which is sent with MSB first. The address is followed by a 6 bit command, again sent with MSB first. A message consists of a total of 14 bits, which adds up to a total duration of 25.2ms. Sometimes a message may appear to be shorter because the first half of the start bit S1 remains idle. And if the last bit of the m绘图显示一个典型的脉冲序列的 RC5讯息。这个例子传输命令 35美元，以解决○五美元。 头两个脉冲开始豆类，都合乎逻辑“ 1 ” 。请注意， 50位的时间过去了之前接收器将通知的真正启动的讯息。 扩展 RC5只使用一个起始位。位二是转化为命令位 6 ，提供共 7命令位。 三维位是切换位。这一点是倒每当关键是释放，并再次按下。这种方式可以接收区分的关键仍然关闭，或者是按下多次。 在接下来的 5位代表红外器件地址，这是第一次发出最高有效位。地址之后， 6位的命令， 再次发送最高有效位第一。 一个消息一共有 14位，这增加了总时间 25.2ms 。有时可能会出现一个信息要短，因为今年上半年，一开始有点仍然闲置。如果最后位的 M

As long as a key remains down the message will be repeated every 114ms. The toggle bit will retain the same logical level during all of these repeated messages. It is up to the receiver software to interpret this auto repeat feature.

PS: I had rather a big error on this page for quite some time now. For some mysterious reason the LSB and MSB of the address and command were reversed. I can recall correcting this error before, but somehow an old version of the description must have sneeked its way to the internet again.

Pre-defined Commands

Philips has created a beautiful list of "standardised" commands. This ensures the compatibility between devices from the same brand. A very nice feature, often to be missed with other brands, is the fact that most devices are available twice in the table allowing you to have 2 VCRs stacked on top of each other without having trouble addressing only one of them with your remote control. I can only show a limited list只要一个关键仍是下降的消息将反复每 114ms 。位的切换将保留相同的逻辑层次在所有这些重复的邮件。它是由接收器软件来解释这种自动重复功能。 答：我有一个大错误，而在此网页上的相当一段时间。一些神秘的原因了 LSB 和最高有效位的地址和命令被扭转。我记得前纠正这个错误，但不知过旧版本的说明必须 sneeked 其方式到 Internet 了。 预先定义的命令飞利浦已经建立了一个美丽的名单“标准化”的命令。这确保了设备之间的兼容性的同一品牌。 一个非常棒的功能，往往错过与其他品牌的事实是，大部分器件都采用两次表让您可以有 2录像机堆叠顶端对方，而不必麻烦处理只是其中之一与您远程控制。 我只能显示有限的清单

RC5 Address Device $00 - 0 TV1 $01 - 1 TV2

$02 - 2 Teletext $03 - 3 Video $04 - 4 LV1 $05 - 5 VCR1 $06 - 6 VCR2 $07 - 7 Experimental $08 - 8 Sat1 $09 - 9 Camera $0A - 10 Sat2 $0B - 11 $0C - 12 CDV $0D - 13 Camcorder $0E - 14 $0F - 15 RC5 Command TV Command VCR Command $00 - 0 1 1 $01 - 1 2 2 $02 - 2 2 2 $03 - 3 3 3 $04 - 4 4 4 $05 - 5 5 5 $06 - 6 6 6 $07 - 7 7 7 $08 - 8 8 8 $09 - 9 9 9 $0C - 12 Standby Standby $10 - 16 Volume + $11 - 17 Volume $12 - 18 Brightness + $13 - 19 Brightness $32 - 50 Fast Rewind

$10 - 16 Pre-amp $34 - 52 Fast Forward

$35 - 53 Play $36 - 54 Stop $37 - 55 Recording $11 - 17 Tuner $12 - 18 Recorder1 $13 - 19 Pre-amp $14 - 20 CD Player $15 - 21 Phono

$16 - 22 SatA $17 - 23 Recorder2 $18 - 24 $19 - 25 $1A - 26 CDR $1B - 27 $1C - 28 $1D - 29 Lighting $1E - 30 Lighting $1F - 31 Phone Other Protocols Many other protocols exist on the market. Most often it is impossible to find out who has invented the protocol. If I stumble upon one of these obscure protocols I will try to decipher it as far as I can and show it on this page.

I realise that a few big brands are still missing in my descriptions, like Philips RC6, RCMM and B&O. Lack of information and lack of time are the main reasons why I haven't added these protocols to my knowledge base yet.

. 2001, San Bergmans, Oisterwijk, The Netherlands

其他协议许多其他协议的存在，在市场上。最常见的是不可能知道谁发明了该议定书。如果我失败根据这些模糊协议我会尝试破解它，我可以并显示在此网页上。 我知道，一些大品牌仍然失踪在我的描述，如飞利浦 RC6 ， RCMM和 B ＆澳缺乏信息和缺乏时间是主要的原因，我没有说这些协议对我国的知识基础还没有。 。 2001 年，圣 Bergmans ， Oisterwijk ，荷兰