439

参考文献

［1］ \At RAND: Massed Brains to Meet Air Threat," Business Week (March 3,

1956), 86-92.

［2］ \2-Hour Warning Against Sneak Attack: Interview with Gen. Earle E. Par-

tridge," US News & World Report (September 6, 1957), 72-85.

［3］ \Pushbutton Defense for Air War," Life, Vol. 42, No. 6 1957), 62-7.

［4］ \Will "Computers" Run Wars of the Future?," US News & World Report

(April 23, 1962), 44-48.

［5］ \Baptism of �re for computers," Business Week (April 22, 1967), 128-136.

［6］ \You can't run wars with a computer," Business Week (June 5, 1971), 122.

［7］ Acheson, Dean, \Authority of the President to Repel the Attack in Korea,"

Department of State Bulletin (July 31, 1950), 173-178.

［8］ Adams, Gordon, The Politics of Defense Contracting: the Iron Triangle

(New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1982).

［9］ Agre, Philip E., The Dynamic Structure of Everyday Life (Cambridge: Cam-

bridge University Press, forthcoming).

［10］ Agre, Philip E. and David Chapman, What Are Plans For?, AI Memo 1050,

MIT Arti�cial Intelligence Laboratory (September, 1988).

［11］ Aldridge, Robert C., First Strike! The Pentagon's Strategy for Nuclear War

(Boston: South End, 1983).

［12］ Allen, Thomas B., War Games (New York: McGraw Hill, 1987).

［13］ Alsop, Joseph and Stewart Alsop, \Matter of Fact: Air Defense Ignored in

Political Shu�e," Washington Post (May 9, 1952).

［14］ Alsop, Joseph and Stewart Alsop, \We Accuse!," Harper's, Vol. 209, No.

1253 (October, 1954), 25-45.

［15］ Althusser, Louis, \Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses," in Louis

Althusser, Lenin and Philosophy, trans. Ben Brewster (New York: Monthly

Review Press, 1971), 127-188.

［16］ Amarel, Saul, \Current AI Research," in Thomas C. Bartee, ed., Expert

Systems and Arti�cial Intelligence (Indianapolis: Howard W. Sams & Co.,

1988), 255-270.

440 参考文献

［17］ Ambrose, Stephen, Rise to Globalism, 4th ed. (New York: Penguin, 1985).

［18］ Arden, D. N., M. P. Barnett, F. J. Corbat*, J. B. Dennis, P. A. Fox,D.

Goldenberg, R. A. Howard, J. McCarthy, M. L. Minsky, N. A. Phillips,

A. L. Pugh III, D. T. Ross and V. H. Yngve, Report of the Long Range

Computation Study Group, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (April,

1961).

［19］ Armer, Paul, interviewed by Robina Mapstone, 4/17/73. Smithsonian Com-

puter Oral History Project, AC NMAH #196. Archive Center, National

Museum of American History, Washington, D.C.

［20］ Ashby, W. Ross, Design for a Brain: The Origin of Adaptive Behavior (New

York: Wiley, 1952).

［21］ Asimov, Isaac, Robot Visions (New York: RoC Press, 1990).

［22］ Aspray, William, John von Neumann and the Origins of Modern Computing

(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990).

［23］ Aspray, William and Donald deB. Beaver, \Marketing the Monster: Adver-

tising Computer Technology," Annals of the History of Computing, Vol. 8,

No. 2 (1986), 127-143.

［24］ Aspray, William F., \The Scienti�c Conceptualization of Information: A

Survey," Annals of the History of Computing, Vol. 7, No. 2 (1985), 117-140.

［25］ Atwater, Harry, \Electronics and Computer Development: A Military His-

tory," Technology and Responsibility, Vol. 1, No. 2 (1982).

［26］ Augarten, Stan, Bit by Bit: An Illustrated History of Computers (New York:

Ticknor & Fields, 1984).

［27］ Baars, Bernard J., The Cognitive Revolution in Psychology (New York:

Guilford Press, 1986).

［28］ Barber, Richard J., Associates Inc., The Advanced Research Projects

Agency 1958-1974 (Washington, D.C.: National Technical Information Ser-

vice, 1975).

［29］ Baritz, Loren, Back�re (New York: Ballantine, 1985).

［30］ Barnes, Barry and David Bloor, \Relativism, Rationalism and the Sociology

of Knowledge," in Martin Hollis and Stephen Lukes, eds., Rationality and

Relativism (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1982), 1-27.

［31］ Barthes, Roland, Mythologies, trans. Annette Lavers (New York: Hill and

Wang, 1972).

［32］ Bartik, Jean J. and Frances E. Holberton, interviewed by Richard R. Mertz,

5/28/70. Smithsonian Computer Oral History, AC NMAH #196. Archive

Center, National Museum of American History, Washington, D.C.

［33］ Baum, Claude, The System Builders: The Story of SDC (Santa Monica,

CA: System Development Corporation, 1981).

参考文献 441

［34］ Baxter, James Phinney 3rd, Scientists Against Time (Boston: Little, Brown,

1948).

［35］ Bellin, David and Gary Chapman, Computers in Battle: Will They Work?

(New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1987).

［36］ Belt, Henk van den and Arie Rip, \The Nelson-Winter-Dosi Model and

Synthetic Dye Chemistry," in Wiebe Bijker, Thomas Hughes, and Trevor

Pinch, eds., The Social Construction of Technological Systems (Cambridge,

MA: MIT Press, 1987), 135-158.

［37］ Benedikt, Michael, ed., Cyberspace: First Steps (Cambridge, MA: MIT

Press, 1991).

［38］ Beniger, James R., The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic

Origins of the Information Society (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University

Press, 1986).

［39］ Benington, Herbert D., \Military Information | Recently and Presently,"

in Edward Bennett, James Degan, and Jospeh Spiegel, eds., Military In-

formation Systems: The Design of Computer-Aided Systems for Command

(New York: Frederick Praeger, 1964), 1-18.

［40］ Benington, Herbert D., \Production of Large Computer Programs," Annals

of the History of Computing, Vol. 5, No. 4 (1983), 350-361.

［41］ Benjamin, Walter, \The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduc-

tion," in Hannah Arendt, ed., Illuminations (New York: Schocken Books,

1955), 217-252.

［42］ Bergamini, David, \Government by Computers?," The Reporter, Vol. 25,

No. 3 (1961), 21-28.

［43］ Berger, Peter L. and Thomas Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality

(New York: Anchor Books, 1966).

［44］ Bigelow, Julian, \Computer Development at the Institute for Advanced

Study," in N. Metropolis, J. Howlett, and Gian-Carlo Rota, eds., A His-

tory of Computing in the Twentieth Century (New York: Academic Press,

1980), 291-310.

［45］ Bijker, Wiebe, Thomas P. Hughes, and Trevor Pinch, eds., The Social Con-

struction of Technological Systems (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987).

［46］ Bijker, Wiebe E., \The Social Construction of Bakelite: Toward a Theory

of Invention," in Wiebe E. Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes, and Trevor Pinch,

eds., The Social Construction of Technology (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,

1987), 159-187.

［47］ Bijker, Wiebe E. and John Law, eds., Shaping Technology/Building Society:

Studies in Sociotechnical Change (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992).

［48］ Binkin, Martin, Military Technology and Defense Manpower (Washington,

442 参考文献

D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1986).

［49］ Birkenstock, James, interviewed by Erwin Tomash and Roger Stuewer,

8/12/80. Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.

［50］ Blackett, P. M. S., Studies of War (New York: Hill & Wang, 1962).

［51］ Bloor, David, Wittgenstein: A Social Theory of Knowledge (New York:

Columbia University Press, 1983).

［52］ Blumenthal, Sherman C., \An Approach to On-Line Processing," Datama-

tion, Vol. 7 (1961), 23-24.

［53］ Bolter, J. David, Turing's Man: Western Culture in the Computer Age

(Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1984).

［54］ Bolter, Jay David, Writing Space: The Computer, Hypertext, and the His-

tory of Writing (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991).

［55］ Boring, Edwin G., \Mind and Mechanism," American Journal of Psychol-

ogy, Vol. LIX, No. 2 (1946), 173-192.

［56］ Boring, Edwin G. and M. Van de Water, Psychology for the Fighting Man

(Washington, D. C.: Infantry Journal Press, 1943).

［57］ Borning, Alan, \Computer System Reliability and Nuclear War," Commu-

nications of the ACM, Vol. 30, No. 2 (1987), 112-131.

［58］ Bosma, John, \The Selling of Star Wars," Harper's (June, 1985), 22-24.

［59］ Bosma, John, \Arms Control, SDI, and the Geneva Conventions," in Zbig-

niew Brzezinski, ed., Promise or Peril { The Strategic Defense Initiative :

Thirty-�ve essays by statesmen, scholars, and strategic analysts (Washing-

ton, D. C.: Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1986), 339-363.

［60］ Bowker, Geof, \The Age of Cybernetics, or How Cybernetics Aged" (un-

published ms., 1993).

［61］ Boyer, Paul, By the Bomb's Early Light: American Thought and Culture

at the Dawn of the Atomic Age (New York: Pantheon Books, 1985).

［62］ Bracken, Paul, The Command and Control of Nuclear Forces (New Haven:

Yale University Press, 1984).

［63］ Braudel, Fernand, Civilization and Capitalism, Fifteenth to Eighteenth Cen-

turies, trans. Sian Reynolds (New York: Harper & Row, 1981-84).

［64］ Braverman, Harry, Labor and Monopoly Capital (New York: Monthly Re-

view Press, 1974).

［65］ Bray, Charles W., ed., Human Factors in Military EÆciency: Summary

Technical Report of the Applied Psychology Panel, NDRC, Vol. 1 (Wash-

ington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing OÆce, 1946).

［66］ Brick, Donald B., James Stark Draper, and H. J. Caul�eld, \Computers in

the Military and Space Sciences," IEEE Computer (October, 1984), 250-262.

［67］ Broad, William, Star Warriors (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985).

参考文献 443

［68］ Broad, William, Teller's War: The Top Secret Story behind Star Wars (New

York: Simon & Schuster, 1992).

［69］ Brod, Craig, Technostress: The Human Cost of the Computer Revolution

(Reading: Addison-Wesley, 1984).

［70］ Brooks, Rodney A., \Intelligence Without Representation," Arti�cial Intel-

ligence, Vol. 47 (1991), 139-159.

［71］ Brown, Gordon S., interviewed by Richard R. Mertz, 5/28/70. Smithso-

nian Computer Oral History, AC NMAH #196. Archive Center, National

Museum of American History, Washington, D.C.

［72］ Brown, Gordon S., interviewed by Richard R. Mertz, 5/28/70. Smithso-

nian Computer Oral History, AC NMAH #196. Archive Center, National

Museum of American History, Washington, D.C.

［73］ Brown, George W., interviewed by Richard R. Mertz, 3/15/73. Smithso-

nian Computer Oral History, AC NMAH #196. Archive Center, National

Museum of American History, Washington, D.C.

［74］ Broyles, William Jr., \Why Men Love War," Esquire, (November, 1984),

54-65.

［75］ Bruce-Briggs, B., The Shield of Faith: Strategic Defense from Zeppelins to

Star Wars (New York: Touchstone, 1988).

［76］ Brueckner, Leslie and Michael Borrus, \The Commercial Impacts of Military

Spending: The VHSIC Case," in Paul N. Edwards and Richard Gordon, eds.,

Strategic Computing: Defense Research and High Technology (University

of California, Santa Cruz: unpublished ms., 1985).

［77］ Bruner, Jerome, \Founding the Center for Cognitive Studies," in William

Hirst, ed., The Making of Cognitive Science: Essays in honor of George A.

Miller (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 90-99.

［78］ Bush, Vannevar, \As We May Think," Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 176, No. 7

(1945), 101-108.

［79］ Bush, Vannevar, Science: The Endless Frontier (Washington, D.C.: US

Government Printing OÆce, 1945).

［80］ Callon, Michel, \Some Elements of a Sociology of Translation: Domestica-

tion of the Scallops and the Fishermen of St. Brieuc Bay," in John Law,

ed., Power, Action, and Belief: A New Sociology of Knowledge? (London:

Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1986), 196-233.

［81］ Callon, Michel and Bruno Latour, \Unscrewing the big Leviathan: how

actors macro-structure reality and how sociologists help them to do so,"

in Karin D. Knorr-Cetina and Aaron V. Cicourel, eds., Advances in so-

cial theory and methodology: Towards an integration of micro- and macro-

sociologies (Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1981), 277-303.

444 参考文献

［82］ Callon, Michel, John Law, and Arie Rip, eds., Mapping the Dynamics of

Science and Technology (London: Macmillan, 1986).

［83］ Campbell, Jeremy, Grammatical Man (New York: Simon and Schuster,

1982).

［84］ Capek, Karel, R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots), a Fantastic Melodrama,

trans. Paul Selver (Garden City, NJ: Doubleday, 1923).

［85］ Capshew, James H., Psychology on the March: American Psychologists and

World War II (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation thesis, University of Pennsyl-

vania, 1986).

［86］ Carter, Ashton, \The Command and Control of Nuclear Forces," Scienti�c

American, Vol. 251, No. 1 (1985), 13-20.

［87］ Catalano, F. J., \Gallium arsenide vendors look to the future," High Tech-

nology, Vol. 4, No. 7 (1984), 52.

［88］ Center for International Studies, The Air War in Indochina: Preliminary

Report, Cornell University. (October, 1971).

［89］ Ceruzzi, Paul E., \When Computers Were Human," Annals of the History

of Computing, Vol. 13, No. 3 (1991), 237-244.

［90］ Chace, James and Caleb Carr, America Invulnerable: The Quest for Abso-

lute Security from 1812 to Star Wars (New York: Summit Books, 1988).

［91］ Chapkis, Wendy, ed., Loaded Questions: Women in the Military (Washing-

ton, D.C.: Transnational Institute, 1981).

［92］ Chapman, Gary, \The New Generation of High-Technology Weapons," in

David Bellin and Gary Chapman, eds., Computers in Battle: Will They

Work? (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1987), 61-100.

［93］ Chapman, Robert L., \Simulation in Rand's Systems Research Laboratory,"

in D. G. Malcolm, ed., Report of System Simulation Symposium, 1957 (Bal-

timore: Waverly Press, 1958), 72-76.

［94］ Chomsky, Noam, \Review of B. F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior," Language,

Vol. 35 (1959), 26-58.

［95］ Chposky, James and Ted Leonsis, Blue Magic: The People, Power, and

Politics Behind the IBM Personal Computer (New York: Facts on File,

1988).

［96］ Churchland, Paul, A Neurocomputational Perspective (Cambridge, MA:

MIT Press, 1989).

［97］ Churchland, Paul M. and Patricia Smith Churchland, \Could a Machine

Think?," Scienti�c American, Vol. 256, No. 1 (1990), 32-37.

［98］ Clark, Andy, Associative Engines: Connectionism, Concepts, and Represen-

tational Change (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993).

［99］ Cli�ord, Clark, Counsel to the President: A Memoir (New York: Random

参考文献 445

House, 1991).

［100］ Clinton Administration, Agenda for Action (Washington, D.C.: The White

House, 1994).

［101］ Clynes, Manfred and Nathan S. Kline, \Cyborgs and Space," Astronautics,

(September, 1960).

［102］ Cohen, Danny, Eastport Study Group | A Report to the Director, Strategic

Defense Initiative Organization. (December, 1985, 1985).

［103］ Cohen, Gerald, Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence (Princeton:

Princeton University Press, 1978).

［104］ Cohen, I. Bernard, \The Computer: A Case Study of Support by Govern-

ment, Especially the Military, of a New Science and Technology," in Everett

Mendelsohn, Merritt Roe Smith, and Peter Weingart, eds., Science, Tech-

nology and the Military Vol. XII (Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers,

1988), 119-154.

［105］ Cohn, Carol, \Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectu-

als," Signs, Vol. 12, No. 4 (1987), 687-718.

［106］ Collins, Harry, Arti�cial Experts: Social Knowledge and Intelligent Ma-

chines (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990).

［107］ Collins, John J., \The Strategic Air Defense of North America: A Canadian

Viewpoint," in Stephen J. Cimbala, ed., Strategic Air Defense (Wilmington,

DE: Scholarly Resources Inc., 1989), 95-120.

［108］ Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, CPSR Newsletter,

［109］ Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, "White Paper" on the

National Information Infrastructure (Washington, D.C.: CPSR, 1994).

［110］ Cooper, Robert and Robert Kahn, \SCS: Toward Supersmart Computers

for the Military," IEEE Spectrum, Vol. 20, No. 11 (1983), 53-55.

［111］ Craik, Kenneth J. W., \Theory of the human operator in control systems,

II: Man as an example in a control system," British Journal of Psychology,

Vol. 39 (1947), 142-148.

［112］ Craik, Kenneth J. W., \Theory of the human operator in control systems:

I. The operator as an engineering system," British Journal of Psychology,

Vol. 38, No. Part 2 (1947), 56-61.

［113］ Crevier, Daniel, AI: The Tumultuous History of the Search for Arti�cial

Intelligence (New York: Basic Books, 1993).

［114］ Crews, Frederick, \The Myth of Repressed Memory," New York Review of

Books, Vol. XLI, No. 19 & 20 (1994), 54-59, 51-57.

［115］ Curfs, Garrit, \Applying Old Meanings of Discourse for a New Rhetoric of

Science," in Society for Social Studies of Science Annual Meeting in Mas-

sachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, Year.

446 参考文献

［116］ Dalkey, Norman C., Command and Control | A Glance at the Future,

Rand Report P-2675, Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA. (November

1962, 1962).

［117］ Darley, John G., \Psychology and the OÆce of Naval Research: A Decade

of Development," American Psychologist, Vol. 12, No. 6 (1957), 305-323.

［118］ De Landa, Manuel, War in the Age of Intelligent Machines (New York:

Swerve Editions, 1991).

［119］ Debons, Anthony, \Command and Control: Technology and Social Impact,"

Advances in Computers, Vol. 11 (1971), 319-390.

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Strategic Computing { New

Generation Computing Technology: A Strategic Plan for its Development

and Application to Critical Problems in Defense (Washington, D.C.: Defense

Advanced Research Projects Agency, 1983).

［120］ Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Strategic Computing: First

Annual Report (Washington, D.C.: Defense Advanced Research Projects

Agency, 1986).

［121］ Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Strategic Computing: Second

Annual Report (Washington, D.C.: Defense Advanced Research Projects

Agency, 1987).

［122］ Denico�, Marvin, \AI Development and the OÆce of Naval Research," in

Thomas C. Bartee, ed., Expert Systems and Arti�cial Intelligence (Indi-

anapolis: Howard W. Sams & Co., 1988), 271-287.

［123］ Dennett, Daniel C., Brainstorms: Philosophical Essays on Mind and Psy-

chology (Montgomery VT: Bradford Books, 1978).

［124］ Derrida, Jacques, Of Grammatology, trans. Gayatri C. Spivak (Baltimore:

Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976).

［125］ Dertouzos, Michael L.,Vinton G. Cerf,Lawrence G. Tesler,Mark

Weiser,Nicholas P. Negroponte,Lee Sproull,Sara Kiesler,Thomas W.

Malone,John F. Rockart,Alan C. Kay,Al Gore,Anne W. Branscomb and

Mitchell Kapor, \Communications, Computers, and Networks: How to

Work, Play and Thrive in Cyberspace," Scienti�c American, Vol. 265, No.

3 (1991),

［126］ Deutsch, Karl, The Nerves of Government: Models of Communication and

Control (London: Free Press of Glencoe, 1963).

［127］ Dickson, David, The New Politics of Science (New York: Pantheon, 1984).

［128］ Dickson, Paul, Think Tanks (New York: Atheneum, 1971).

［129］ Dickson, Paul, The Electronic Battle�eld (Bloomington: Indiana University

Press, 1976).

［130］ Dosi, Giovanni, \Technological paradigms and technological trajectories:

参考文献 447

a suggested interpretation of the determinants and directions of technical

change," Research Policy, Vol. 11 (1982), 147-162.

［131］ Dosi, Giovanni, Technical Change and Industrial Transformation (London:

Macmillan, 1984).

［132］ Dreyfus, Hubert, What Computers Can't Do: The Limits of Arti�cial In-

telligence2nd ed., (New York: Harper Colophon, 1979).

［133］ Dreyfus, Hubert and Stuart Dreyfus, Mind Over Machine (New York: Free

Press, 1986).

［134］ Dulles, John Foster, \The Nomination of John Foster Dulles," Hearings

Before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, 83rd

Congress, 1st session, 1953),

［135］ Dunlop, Charles and Rob Kling, eds., Computerization and Controversy

(New York: Academic Press, 1991).

［136］ Eagleton, Terry, Ideology: An Introduction (New York: Verso, 1991).

［137］ Easlea, Brian, Fathering the Unthinkable: Masculinity, Scientists, and the

Nuclear Arms Race (London: Pluto Press, 1983).

［138］ Eden, Lynn, \Sterilizing Destruction: The Imaginary Battle�eld in Contem-

porary U.S. Nuclear Targeting," in American Historical Association annual

meeting in Chicago, unpublished ms.Year.

［139］ Eden, Lynn, Constructing Destruction: An Historical Sociology of U. S.

Nuclear War Planning (manuscript).

［140］ Edwards, Paul, \From 'Impact' to Social Process: Computers in Society and

Culture," in Sheila Jasano�et al., eds., Handbook of Science and Technology

Studies (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1994),

［141］ Edwards, Paul N., \Are `Intelligent Weapons' Feasible? DARPA's Billion-

Dollar Bet," The Nation, Vol. 240, No. 4 (1985), 110-112.

［142］ Edwards, Paul N., Men and Armies: An Essay on the Politics of Manhood,

typescript University of California, Santa Cruz. 1985).

［143］ Edwards, Paul N., Arti�cial Intelligence and High Technology War: The

Perspective of the Formal Machine, 6, Working Paper Series, Silicon Valley

Research Group, University of California, Santa Cruz. 1986).

［144］ Edwards, Paul N., \Border Wars: The Science, Technology, and Politics of

Arti�cial Intelligence," Radical America, Vol. 19, No. 6 (1986), 39-52.

［145］ Edwards, Paul N., Technologies of the Mind: Computers, Power, Psychol-

ogy, and World War II, 2, Working Paper Series, Silicon Valley Research

Group, University of California, Santa Cruz. 1986).

［146］ Edwards, Paul N., \A History of Computers in Weapons Systems," in David

Bellin and Gary Chapman, eds., Computers in Battle (New York: Harcourt,

1987), 45-60.

448 参考文献

［147］ Edwards, Paul N., \The Closed World: Systems Discourse, Military Policy,

and Post-WWII US Historical Consciousness," in Les Levidow, ed., Cyborg

Worlds: The Military Information Society (London: Free Association Books,

1989), 135-158.

［148］ Edwards, Paul N., \The Army and the Microworld: Computers and the

Militarized Politics of Gender," Signs, Vol. 16, No. 1 (1990), 102-127.

［149］ Edwards, Paul N., User Friendly: Images of Computers in Advertising,

11/17/91.

［150］ Edwards, Paul N., \Hyper Text and Hypertension: Post-structuralist Crit-

ical Theory, Social Studies of Science, and Software," Social Studies of Sci-

ence, Vol. 24, No. 2 (1994), 229-78.

［151］ Edwards, Paul N., The Closed World: Computers and the Politics of Dis-

course in Cold War America (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, forthcoming,

1995).

［152］ Edwards, Paul N., \Defense Research and High Technology," in Paul N.

Edwards and Richard Gordon, eds., Strategic Computing: Defense Research

and High Technology unpublished ms.),

［153］ Edwards, Paul N. and Richard Gordon, Strategic Computing: Defense Re-

search and High Technology (New York: Columbia University Press, un-

published ms.).

［154］ Englemore, Robert S., \AI Development: DARPA and ONR Viewpoints,"

in Thomas C. Bartee`, ed., Expert Systems and Arti�cial Intelligence (Indi-

anapolis: Howard W. Sams & Co., 1988), 215-218.

［155］ Enthoven, Alain C., \Systems Analysis and Decision Making," Military Re-

view, Vol. 43, No. 1 (1963), 7-17.

［156］ Enthoven, Alain C., \Cost-E�ectiveness Analysis of Army Divisions: Re-

marks at the fourth Annual US Army Operations Research Symposium,

March 1962, revised April 1965," in Samuel A. Tucker, ed., A Modern De-

sign for Defense Decision: A McNamara-Hitch-Enthoven Anthology (Wash-

ington, D.C.: Industrial College of the Armed Forces, 1966), 185-195.

［157］ Enthoven, Alain C., \Operations Research at the National Policy Level:

Address to the Operations Evaluation Group Vicennial Conference, May

1962," in Samuel A. Tucker, ed., A Modern Design for Defense Decision: A

McNamara-Hitch-Enthoven Anthology (Washington, D.C.: Industrial Col-

lege of the Armed Forces, 1966), 149-160.

［158］ Enthoven, Alain C. and K. Wayne Smith, How Much Is Enough? Shaping

the Defense Program, 1961-69 (New York: Harper & Row, 1971).

［159］ Estes, William K., \Toward a Statistical Theory of Learning," Psychological

Review, Vol. 57 (1950), 94-107.

参考文献 449

［160］ Etzkowitz, Henry, \The Making of an Entrepreneurial University: The Traf-

�c among MIT, Industry, and the Military, 1860-1960," in Everett Mendel-

sohn, Merritt Roe Smith, and Peter Weingart, eds., Science, Technology,

and the Military (Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988),

［161］ Evans, C. R. and A. D. J. Robertson, eds., Key Papers in Cybernetics

(Baltimore: University Park Press, 1968).

［162］ Everett, Robert R., \The Whirlwind I Computer," in Kent C. Redmond

and Thomas M. Smith, eds., Project Whirlwind: The History of a Pioneer

Computer (Boston: Digital Press, 1952), 237-250.

［163］ Everett, Robert R., \WHIRLWIND," in N. Metropolis, J. Howlett, and

Gian-Carlo Rota, eds., A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century

(New York: Academic Press, 1980), 365-384.

［164］ Everett, Robert R. , Charles A. Zraket, and Herbert D. Benington, \SAGE:

A Data-Processing System for Air Defense," in Proceedings of the Eastern

Joint Computer Conference in Washington, DC, Institute of Radio Engi-

neers. Reprinted in Annals of the History of Computing 5:4, 1983., 339-345,

Year.

［165］ Ewell, Lt. Gen. Julian J. and Maj. Gen. Ira A. Hunt, Sharpening the Combat

Edge: The Use of Analysis to Reinforce Military Judgment (Washington,

D.C.: Department of the Army, 1974).

［166］ Fagen, M. D., ed., A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System

(Murray Hill, NJ: Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1978).

［167］ Fallows, James, National Defense (New York: Random House, 1981).

［168］ Fallows, James, \The American Army and the M-16," in Donald MacKenzie

and Judith Wajcman, eds., The Social Shaping of Technology (Philadelphia:

Open University Press, 1985), 239-251.

［169］ Faludi, Susan, \The Billion Dollar Toy Box," West Magazine, San Jose

Mercury News, (November 23, 1986),

［170］ Feigenbaum, Edward, \The Simulation of Verbal Learning Behavior," in

Edward Feigenbaum and Julian Feldman, eds., Computers and Thought

(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963), 297-309.

［171］ Feigenbaum, Edward and Pamela McCorduck, The Fifth Generation:

Japan's Computer Challenge to the World (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley,

1983).

［172］ Feigenbaum, Edward, Pamela McCorduck, and H. Penny Nii, The Rise of

the Expert Company: How Visionary Companies Are Using Arti�cial In-

telligence to Achieve Higher Productivity and Pro�ts (New York: Times

Books, 1988).

［173］ Feld, Maury D., The Structure of Violence: Armed Forces as Social Systems

450 参考文献

(Beverly Hills: Sage, 1977).

［174］ Feyerabend, Paul, Against Method (London: New Left Books, 1975).

［175］ Fisher, Franklin M., James W. McKie, and Richard B. Mancke, IBM and the

US Data Processing Industry: An Economic History (New York: Praeger,

1983).

［176］ Flamm, Kenneth, Targeting the Computer: Government Support and In-

ternational Competition (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1987).

［177］ Flamm, Kenneth, Creating the Computer: Government, Industry, and High

Technology (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1988).

［178］ Fletcher, James C., \The Technologies for Ballistic Missile Defense," Issues

in Science and Technology, Vol. Fall (1984),

［179］ Fodor, Jerry A., The Language of Thought (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell,

1975).

［180］ Forman, Paul, \Behind quantum electronics: National security as basis for

physical research in the United States, 1940-1960," Historical Studies in the

Physical and Biological Sciences, Vol. 18, No. 1 (1987), 149-229.

［181］ Forrester, Jay W., \Whirlwind and High-Speed Computing," in Kent C.

Redmond and Thomas M. Smith, eds., Project Whirlwind: The History of

a Pioneer Computer (Boston: Digital Press, 1948), 225-236.

［182］ Forrester, Jay W., \Managerial Decision Making," in Martin Greenberger,

ed., Computers and the World of the Future (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1962),

51-56.

［183］ Forrester, Jay W., \Reliability of Components," Annals of the History of

Computing, Vol. 5, No. 4 (1983), 399-401.

［184］ Foucault, Michel, The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human

Sciences (New York: Vintage, 1970).

［185］ Foucault, Michel, Madness and Civilization, trans. R. Howard (New York:

Vintage Books, 1973).

［186］ Foucault, Michel, The Birth of the Clinic, trans. A. M. Sheridan Smith (New

York: Vintage Books, 1975).

［187］ Foucault, Michel, Discipline and Punish, trans. Alan Sheridan (New York:

Vintage Books, 1977).

［188］ Foucault, Michel, The History of Sexuality, trans. Robert Hurley (New York:

Vintage, 1980).

［189］ Foucault, Michel, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writ-

ings 1972-1977, trans. Colin Gordon (New York: Pantheon, 1980).

［190］ Franklin, H. Bruce, War Stars: The Superweapon and the American Imag-

ination (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988).

［191］ Freud, Sigmund, Civilization and its Discontents, trans. James Strachey

参考文献 451

(New York: W. W. Norton, 1961).

［192］ Freud, Sigmund, Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, trans. James

Strachey (New York: Basic Books, 1962).

［193］ Frick, Frederick C. and George A. Miller, \A Statistical Description of Op-

erant Conditioning," American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 64 (1951), 20-36.

［194］ Frye, Northrop, The Anatomy of Criticism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Uni-

versity Press, 1957).

［195］ Frye, Northrop, A Natural Perspective: The Development of Shakespearean

Comedy and Romance (New York: Columbia University Press, 1965).

［196］ Gaddis, John Lewis, Strategies of Containment (New York: Oxford Univer-

sity Press, 1981).

［197］ Galanter, Eugene, \Writing Plans...," in William Hirst, ed., The Making of

Cognitive Science: Essays in honor of George A. Miller (New York: Cam-

bridge University Press, 1988), 36-44.

［198］ Gardner, Howard, The Mind's New Science (New York: Basic Books, 1985).

［199］ Garner, Wendell R., \The Contribution of Information Theory," in William

Hirst, ed., The Making of Cognitive Science: Essays in honor of George A.

Miller (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 22-35.

［200］ Garner, W. R. and H. W. Hake, \The Amount of Information in Absolute

Judgments," Psychological Review, Vol. 58 (1951), 446-59.

［201］ Gerson, Elihu M. and Susan Leigh Star, \Analyzing Due Process in the

Workplace," ACM Transactions on OÆce Information Systems, Vol. 4, No.

3 (1986), 257-270.

［202］ Getler, Michael, \Command and Control Overhaul Due," missiles and rock-

ets, (December 3, 1962), 16-18.

［203］ Gibson, James, The Perfect War: The War We Couldn't Lose and How We

Did (New York: Vintage Books, 1986).

［204］ Gibson, William, Neuromancer (New York: Ace Books, 1984).

［205］ Giddens, Anthony, \Agency, institution, and time-space analysis," in K.

Knorr-Cetina and A.V. Cicourel, eds., Advances in social Theory and

Methodology: Toward an integration of micro- and macro-sociologies

(Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981), 161-174.

［206］ Giere, Ronald N., Explaining Science: A Cognitive Approach (Chicago:

University of Chicago Press, 1988).

［207］ Gilbert, G. Nigel and Michael Mulkay, Opening Pandora's Box : A Socio-

logical Analysis of Scientists' Discourse (New York: Cambridge University

Press, 1984).

［208］ Gilgen, Albert R., American Psychology Since World War II (Westport, CT:

Greenwood Press, 1982).

452 参考文献

［209］ Goldhamer, Herbert, Andrew W. Marshall, and Nathan Leites, The Deter-

rence and Strategy of Total War, 1959-61: A Method of Analysis, RM-2301,

Rand Corporation. (April 30, 1959, 1959).

［210］ Goldstine, Herman, The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann (Princeton,

NJ: Princeton University Press, 1972).

［211］ Gould, Stephen Jay, The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W. W. Norton,

1981).

［212］ Gray, Chris Hables, Arti�cial Intelligence and Real Postmodern War (un-

published Ph.D. qualifying essay thesis, University of California, Santa Cruz,

1988).

［213］ Gray, Chris Hables, Computers as Weapons and Metaphors: The U.S. Mili-

tary 1940-1990 and Postmodern War (Ph.D. thesis, University of California,

Santa Cruz, 1991).

［214］ Gray, Chris Hables, \The Culture of War Cyborgs: Technoscience, Gen-

der, and Postmodern War," Research in Philosophy and Technology, Vol.

(forthcoming),

［215］ Greenwood, Ted, Making the MIRV: A Study of Defense Decision Making

(Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1975).

［216］ Gruenberger, Fred J., \The History of the JOHNNIAC," Annals of the

History of Computing, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1979), 49-64.

［217］ Gruenberger, Fred J., \A Short History of Digital Computing in Southern

California," Annals of the History of Computing, Vol. 2, No. 3 (1980), 246-

250.

［218］ Gustafson, Phil, \Night Fighters Over New York," Saturday Evening Post,

Vol. 224, No. 31 (February 2, 1952), 32-33, 64-66.

［219］ Hacker, Sally, \The Culture of Engineering: Woman, Workplace, and Ma-

chine," Women's Studies International Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 3 (1981), 341-

353.

［220］ Hacker, Sally, Pleasure, Power, and Technology (Boston: Unwin Hyman,

1989).

［221］ Hacker, Sally, Doing It the Hard Way (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990).

［222］ Hacking, Ian, Representing and Intervening (Cambridgeshire: Cambridge

University Press, 1983).

［223］ Hafner, Katie and John Marko�, Cyberpunk: Outlaws and Hackers on the

Computer Frontier (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991).

［224］ Hagendijk, Rob, \Structuration Theory, Constructivism, and Scienti�c

Change," in Susan E. Cozzens and Thomas F. Gieryn, eds., Theories of

Science in Society (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1990),

43-66.

参考文献 453

［225］ Halberstam, David, \The Programming of Robert McNamara," Harper's,

Vol. CCXLII(February, 1971),

［226］ Halberstam, David, The Best and the Brightest (New York: Random House,

1972).

［227］ Halliday, Fred, The Making of the Second Cold War (London: Verso, 1986).

［228］ Haraway, Donna, \Signs of Dominance: From a Physiology to a Cybernetics

of Primate Society," in Studies in History of Biology Vol. 6 (Baltimore:

Johns Hopkins, 1983), 129-219.

［229］ Haraway, Donna, \Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism

and the Privilege of Partial Perspective," Feminist Studies, Vol. 14, No. 3

(1988), 575-599.

［230］ Haraway, Donna J., \The High Cost of Information in Post-World War II

Evolutionary Biology," Philosophical Forum, Vol. XIII (1981-82), 244-278.

［231］ Haraway, Donna J., \A Manifesto for Cyborgs: Science, Technology, and

Socialist Feminism in the 1980s," Socialist Review, Vol. 15, No. 2 (1985),

65-107.

［232］ Haraway, Donna J., Primate Visions (London: Routledge Kegan Paul,

1989).

［233］ Haraway, Donna J., \The Promises of Monsters," in Lawrence Grossberg,

Cary Nelson, and Paula A. Treichler, eds., Cultural Studies (New York:

Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1992), 295-337.

［234］ Harding, Sandra, The Science Question in Feminism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell

University, 1986).

［235］ Harrington, John V., \Radar Data Transmission," Annals of the History of

Computing, Vol. 5, No. 4 (1983), 370-374.

［236］ Haugeland, John, ed., Mind Design (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1981).

［237］ Haugeland, John, Arti�cial Intelligence: The Very Idea (Cambridge, MA:

MIT Press, 1985).

［238］ Hausrath, Alfred H., Venture Simulation in War, Business, and Politics

(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971).

［239］ Hawkins, Sherman, \The Two Worlds of Shakespearean Comedy," in J.

Leeds Barroll, ed., Shakespeare Studies Vol. III (Cincinnati, OH: The Center

for Shakespeare Studies, 1968), 62-80.

［240］ Hebb, Donald O., Organization of Behavior (New York: Wiley, 1949).

［241］ Hebb, D. O., \The American Revolution," American Psychologist, Vol. 15

(1960), 735-745.

［242］ Hegel, G. W. F., Hegel's Philosophy of Right, trans. T. M. Knox (New York:

Oxford University Press, 1952).

［243］ Heidegger, Martin, \The Question Concerning Technology," in David Krell,

454 参考文献

ed., Basic Writings (New York: Harper & Row, 1977), 283-318.

［244］ Heims, Steve, \Encounter of Behavioral Sciences with New Machine-

Organism Analogies in the 1940s," Journal of the History of the Behavioral

Sciences, Vol. 11 (1975), 368-373.

［245］ Heims, Steve, \Gregory Bateson and the Mathematicians: From Interdis-

ciplinary Interaction to Societal Functions," Journal of the History of the

Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 13 (1977), 141-159.

［246］ Heims, Steve, John von Neumann and Norbert Wiener: From Mathematics

to the Technologies of Life and Death (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1980).

［247］ Heims, Steve J., The Cybernetics Group (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,

1991).

［248］ Henriques, Julian, Wendy Hollway, Cathy Urwin, Couze Venn, and Valerie

Walkerdine, Changing the Subject: Psychology, Social Regulation, and Sub-

jectivity (New York: Methuen & Co., 1984).

［249］ Herken, Gregg, Counsels of War (New York: Knopf, 1983).

［250］ Hilgard, Ernest R., Psychology in America: A Historical Survey (New York:

Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1987).

［251］ Hodges, Andrew, Alan Turing: The Enigma (New York: Simon and Schus-

ter, 1983).

［252］ Ho�man, Robert R., Edward L. Cochran, and James M. Nead, \Cognitive

metaphors in experimental psychology," in David E. Leary, ed., Metaphors

in the History of Psychology (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990),

173-229.

［253］ Hofstadter, Douglas, G單 el, Escher, Bach (New York: Vintage, 1979).

［254］ Holst, P. A., \George A. Philbrick and Polyphemus," Annals of the History

of Computing, Vol. 4, No. 2 (1982), 143-156.

［255］ Honeck, R. P. and Robert R. Ho�man, eds., Cognition and Figurative Lan-

guage (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence J. Erlbaum, 1980).

［256］ Hoos, Ida R., Systems Analysis in Public Policy (Berkeley: University of

California Press, 1972).

［257］ Hughes, Thomas P., Networks of Power: Electri�cation in Western Society,

1880-1930 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983).

［258］ Hughes, Thomas Park, \The Evolution of Large Technological Systems,"

in Wiebe Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes, and Trevor Pinch, eds., The Social

Construction of Technological Systems (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987),

51-82.

［259］ Hughes, Wayne P., ed., Military Modeling (Alexandria, VA: Military Oper-

ations Research Society, 1984).

［260］ Hull, Clark, Principles of Behavior (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts,

参考文献 455

1943).

［261］ Hunt, Morton, The Universe Within (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982).

［262］ Huntington, Samuel, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony (Cam-

bridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1981).

［263］ Huntington, Samuel P., The Common Defense (New York: Columbia Uni-

versity Press, 1961).

［264］ Jackson, Albert S., Analog Computation (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1960).

［265］ Jacky, Jonathan, \Ada's Troubled Debut," The Sciences, Vol. 27, No. 2

(1987), 20-29.

［266］ Jacky, Jonathan, \The Strategic Computing Program," in David Bellin and

Gary Chapman, eds., Computers in Battle: Will They Work? (New York:

Harcourt Brace, 1987), 171-208.

［267］ Jacky, Jonathan, \Safety-Critical Computing: Hazards, Practices, Stan-

dards, and Regulation," in Charles Dunlop and Rob Kling, eds., Comput-

erization and Controversy (New York: Academic Press, 1991), 612-631.

［268］ Jacky, Jonathan, \Software Engineers and Hackers: Programming and Mil-

itary Computing," in Paul N. Edwards and Richard Gordon, eds., Strategic

Computing: Defense Research and High Technology unpublished ms.),

［269］ Jacobs, John F., \SAGE Overview," Annals of the History of Computing,

Vol. 5, No. 4 (1983), 323-329.

［270］ Jameson, Fredric, The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Sym-

bolic Act (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1981).

［271］ Janowitz, Morris, The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait

(Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1960).

［272］ Je�ress, Lloyd, Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior (New York: Hafner, 1951).

［273］ Jensen, Owen E., \The Years of Decline: Air Defense from 1960 to 1980," in

Stephen J. Cimbala, ed., Strategic Air Defense (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly

Resources Inc., 1989), 23-45.

［274］ Johnson, Mark, The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning,

Imagination, and Reason (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).

［275］ Kahn, Herman, On Thermonuclear War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univer-

sity Press, 1960).

［276］ Kahn, Robert, \A New Generation in Computing," IEEE Spectrum, Vol.

20, No. 11 (1983), 36-41.

［277］ Kahn, Robert, \Later Years at IPTO," in Thomas C. Bartee, ed., Expert

Systems and Arti�cial Intelligence (Indianapolis: Howard W. Sams & Co.,

1988), 245-253.

［278］ Kane, Colonel Francis X., USAF, \Security Is Too Important to be Left to

Computers," Fortune, Vol. LXIX, No. 4 (1964), 146-147.

456 参考文献

［279］ Kaplan, Fred, The Wizards of Armageddon (New York: Simon and Schuster,

1983).

［280］ Kaufmann, W. W., ed., Military Policy and National Security (Princeton,

NJ: Princeton University Press, 1956).

［281］ Kaufmann, W. W., The McNamara Strategy (New York: Harper & Row,

1964).

［282］ Kay, Lily E., The Molecular Vision of Life (New York: Oxford University

Press, 1993).

［283］ Kidder, Tracy, The Soul of a New Machine (Boston: Little, Brown, 1981).

［284］ Killian, James and A. G. Hill, \For a Continental Defense," Atlantic

Monthly, Vol. 192, No. 5 (November, 1953), 37-41.

［285］ Kling, Rob, \Computerization and Social Transformations," Science, Tech-

nology, & Human Values, Vol. 16, No. 3 (1991), 342-367.

［286］ Kling, Rob and Suzanne Iacono, \Computing as an Occasion for Social

Control," Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 40, No. 3 (1984), 77-96.

［287］ Kling, Rob and Walt Scacchi, \The Web of Computing: Computing Tech-

nology as Social Organization," Advances in Computers, Vol. 21 (1982),

3-85.

［288］ Knorr-Cetina, Karin D., \Introduction: The micro-sociological challenge

of macro-sociology: towards a reconstruction of social theory and method-

ology," in Karin D. Knorr-Cetina and Aaron V. Cicourel, eds., Advances

in social theory and methodology: Towards an integration of micro- and

macro-sociologies (Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1981), 2-47.

［289］ Kolko, Gabriel, \The Drive for a Global Political Economy (from Anatomy

of a War, 1985)," in Je�rey P. Kimball, ed., To Reason Why: The Debate

about the Causes of US Involvement in the Vietnam War (Philadelphia:

Temple University Press, 1990), 278-288.

［290］ Kraft, Philip, Programmers and Managers (New York: Springer-Verlag,

1977).

［291］ Kuhn, Thomas S., The Structure of Scienti�c Revolutions (Chicago: Uni-

versity of Chicago, 1962).

［292］ Ladd, John, \Computers and War: Philosophical Re ection on Ends and

Means," in David Bellin and Gary Chapman, eds., Computers in Battle:

Will They Work? (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1987), 297-314.

［293］ LaFeber, Walter, The American Age: United States Foreign Policy at Home

and Abroad Since 1750 (New York: W.W. Norton, 1989).

［294］ Lakatos, Imre, \Falsi�cation and the Methodology of Scienti�c Research

Programmes," in Imre Lakatos and Alan Musgrave, eds., Criticism and the

Growth of Knowledge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), 91-

参考文献 457

196.

［295］ Lakatos, Imre and Alan Musgrave, eds., Criticism and the Growth of Knowl-

edge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970).

［296］ Lako�, George, Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories

Reveal About the Mind (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).

［297］ Lako�, George and Mark Johnson, Metaphors We Live By (Chicago: Uni-

versity of Chicago, 1980).

［298］ Lane, Lt. Col. John J. Jr., Command and Control and Communications

Structures in Southeast AsiaThe Air War In Indochina, (Maxwell Air Force

Base, Alabama: Airpower Research Institute, 1981).

［299］ Lashley, Karl, \The Problem of Serial Order in Behavior," in Lloyd Jef-

fress, ed., Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior (New York: Wiley-Interscience,

1951), 112-136.

［300］ Laszlo, Ervin, The Systems View of the World (New York: George Braziller,

1972).

［301］ Latour, Bruno, \Give Me a Laboratory and I Will Raise the Earth," in

Karin Knorr-Cetina and Michael Mulkay, eds., Science Observed (London:

SAGE, 1983), 141-170.

［302］ Latour, Bruno, Science In Action (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University

Press, 1987).

［303］ Latour, Bruno and Steve Woolgar, Laboratory Life: The Social Construction

of Scienti�c Facts (London: Sage, 1979).

［304］ Law, John, \The Heterogeneity of Texts," in Michel Callon, John Law, and

Arie Rip, eds., Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology (London:

Macmillan, 1986), 67-83.

［305］ Law, John, \Laboratories and Texts," in Michel Callon, John Law, and

Arie Rip, eds., Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology (London:

Macmillan, 1986), 35-50.

［306］ Law, John, \Technology and Heterogeneous Engineering: The Case of Por-

tuguese Expansion," in Wiebe Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes, and Trevor Pinch,

eds., The Social Construction of Technological Systems (Cambridge, MA:

MIT Press, 1987), 111-134.

［307］ Lee, John A. N. and Robert Rosin, \The Project MAC Interviews," IEEE

Annals of the History of Computing, Vol. 14, No. 2 (1992), 14-35.

［308］ Lenat, Douglas, Ramanathan Guha, Karen Pittman, Dexter Pratt, and

Mary Shepherd, \Cyc: Toward Programs with Common Sense," Communi-

cations of the ACM, Vol. 33, No. 8 (1990), 31-49.

［309］ Leslie, Stuart W., The Cold War and American Science: The Military-

Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford (New York: Columbia

458 参考文献

University Press, 1993).

［310］ L�evi-Strauss, Claude, The Raw and the Cooked, trans. John and Doreen

Weightman (New York: Harper, 1969).

［311］ Levidow, Les and Kevin Robins, eds., Cyborg Worlds: The Military Infor-

mation Society (London: Free Association Books, 1989).

［312］ Levy, Steven, Hackers (New York: Anchor Press, 1984).

［313］ Licklider, J. C. R., \Man-Computer Symbiosis," IRE Transactions on Hu-

man Factors in Electronics, Vol. HFE-1 (1960),

［314］ Licklider, J. C. R., \Arti�cial Intelligence, Military Intelligence, and Com-

mand and Control," in Edward Bennett, James Degan, and Jospeh Spiegel,

eds., Military Information Systems: The Design of Computer-Aided Systems

for Command (New York: Frederick Praeger, 1964), 119-133.

［315］ Licklider, J. C. R., \The Early Years: Founding IPTO," in Thomas C. Bar-

tee`, ed., Expert Systems and Arti�cial Intelligence (Indianapolis: Howard

W. Sams & Co., 1988), 219 -227.

［316］ Lin, Herbert, \The Development of Software for Ballistic Missile Defense,"

Scienti�c American, Vol. 251, No. 12 (1985), 32-39.

［317］ Lipset, David, Gregory Bateson: The Legacy of a Scientist (Englewood, NJ:

Prentice-Hall, 1980).

［318］ MacArthur, General Douglas, \Conduct an Inquiry into the Miitary Situ-

ation in the Far East and the Facts Surrounding the Relief of General of

the Army Douglas MacArthur from his Assignments in the Area," Hearings

Before the Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on Foreign

Relations of the United States Senate, 82nd Congress, 1st session, 1951),

［319］ Machlup, Fritz and Una Mans�eld, The Study of Information: Interdisci-

plinary Messages (New York: John Wiley, 1983).

［320］ Mackenzie, Brian D., Behaviourism and the Limits of Scienti�c Method

(London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1977).

［321］ MacKenzie, Donald, Inventing Accuracy: A Historical Sociology of Nuclear

Missile Guidance (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990).

［322］ Mahoney, Michael S., \The History of Computing in the History of Technol-

ogy," Annals of the History of Computing, Vol. 10, No. 2 (1988), 113-125.

［323］ Mannheim, Karl, Ideology and Utopia: An Introduction to the Sociology of

Knowledge, trans. Louis Wirth Edward Shils (New York: Harcourt Brace

Jovanovich, 1936).

［324］ Marko�, John, \Can Machines Think? Humans Match Wits," New York

Times (November 9, 1991, 1991), 1, 10.

［325］ Masani, Pesi R., Norbert Wiener, 1894-1964 (Boston: Birkh 隔 ser Verlag,

1990).

参考文献 459

［326］ Massaro, Dominic W., \The Computer as a Metaphor for Psychological In-

quiry," in Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers ****),

［327］ McCa�ery, Larry, ed., Storming the Reality Studio (Durham, NC: Duke

University Press, 1991).

［328］ McCa�rey, Anne, The Ship Who Sang (New York: Ballantine Books, 1970).

［329］ McClelland, J. L., D. E. Rumelhart, and G. E. Hinton, \The Appeal of

Parallel Distributed Processing," in James L. McClelland and David E.

Rumelhart, eds., Parallel Distributed Processing Vol. 1 (Cambridge, MA:

MIT Press, 1986), 3-44.

［330］ McCorduck, Pamela, Machines Who Think (New York: W. H. Freeman,

1979).

［331］ McCormick, Thomas J., America's Half-Century: United States Foreign

Policy in the Cold War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989).

［332］ McCulloch, Warren, \Why the Mind is in the Head," in Lloyd Je�ress, ed.,

Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior (New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1951),

［333］ McCulloch, Warren, Embodiments of Mind (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,

1965).

［334］ McCulloch, Warren S. and Walter H. Pitts, \A Logical Calculus of the Ideas

Immanent in Nervous Activity," Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics, Vol.

5 (1943), 115-133.

［335］ McDougall, Walter A., ...the Heavens and the Earth: A Political History of

the Space Age (New York: Basic Books, 1985).

［336］ McGill, William J., \Origins of Mathematical Psychology," in William Hirst,

ed., The Making of Cognitive Science: Essays in honor of George A. Miller

(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 3-18.

［337］ McMullen, Richard F., The Birth of SAGE, 1951-1958 (Air Defense Com-

mand (ADC) Historical Study No. 33, 1965).

［338］ McNamara, Robert S., \Managing the Department of Defense," Civil Ser-

vice Journal, Vol. 4, No. 4 (1964), 1-5.

［339］ McNamara, Robert S., The Essence of Security (New York: Harper & Row,

1968).

［340］ Meadows, Donella H., et al., The Limits to Growth : a Report for the Club

of Rome's Project on the Predicament of Mankind (New York: Universe

Books, 1972).

［341］ Meister, Robert, Political Identity: Thinking Through Marx (Cambridge,

MA: Basil Blackwell, 1990).

［342］ Melman, Seymour, The Permanent War Economy (New York: Simon and

Schuster, 1974).

［343］ Mendelsohn, Everett, Merritt Roe Smith, and Peter Weingart, \Introduc-

460 参考文献

tory Essay | Science and the Military: Setting the Problem," in Everett

Mendelsohn, Merritt Roe Smith, and Peter Weingart, eds., Science, Tech-

nology and the Military Vol. XII (Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers,

1988), xi-xxix.

［344］ Miksche, Ferdinand Otto, \The Soldier and Technical Warfare," Military

Review, Vol. 42, No. 8 (1962), 71-78.

［345］ Miller, George, Center for Cognitive Studies: General Description, Harvard

University Archives, Harvard University. 1960).

［346］ Miller, G. A., \Concerning the goal of hoarding behavior in the rat," Journal

of Comparative Psychology, Vol. 38 (1945), 209-212.

［347］ Miller, George A., Language and Communication (New York: McGraw-Hill,

1951).

［348］ Miller, George A., \Finite Markov Processes in Psychology," Psychometrika,

Vol. 17, No. 2 (1952), 149-167.

［349］ Miller, George A., \What Is Information Measurement?," American Psy-

chologist, Vol. 8 (1953), 3-11.

［350］ Miller, George A., \Psycholinguistics," in Gardner E. Lindzey, ed., Hand-

book of Social Psychology (Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1954), 693-

708.

［351］ Miller, George A., \Information and Memory," Scienti�c American, Vol. 195

(1956), 42-46.

［352］ Miller, George A., \The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some

Limits on our Capacity for Processing Information," Psychological Review,

Vol. 63, No. 2 (1956), 81-97.

［353］ Miller, George A., Psychology: The Science of Mental Life (New York:

Harper and Row, 1962).

［354］ Miller, George A., Mathematics and Psychology (New York: John Wiley

and Sons, 1964).

［355］ Miller, George A., Communication, Language, and Meaning: Psychological

Perspectives (New York: Basic Books, 1973).

［356］ Miller, George A., A Very Personal History, Occasional Paper #1, Cam-

bridge, MA: MIT Center for Cognitive Science. 1979).

［357］ Miller, George A., Language and Speech (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman,

1981).

［358］ Miller, George A., \George A. Miller," in Gardner Lindzey, ed., A History of

Psychology in Autobiography Vol. VIII (Stanford, CA: Stanford University

Press, 1989), 391-420.

［359］ Miller, George A. and Frederick C. Frick, \Statistical Behavioristics and

Sequences of Responses," Psychological Review, Vol. 56 (1949), 311-24.

参考文献 461

［360］ Miller, George A., Eugene Galanter, and Karl H. Pribram, Plans and the

Structure of Behavior (New York: Holt and Co., 1960).

［361］ Miller, G.A., G.A. Heise, and W. Lichten, \The Intelligibility of Speech as

a Function of the Context of the Test Materials," Journal of Experimental

Psychology, Vol. 41 (1951), 329-335.

［362］ Miller, George A. and Philip Johnson-Laird, Language and Perception

(Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1976).

［363］ Miller, George A. and Elizabeth Lenneberg, Psychobiology of Language and

Thought: Essays in Honor of Eric Lenneberg (New York: Academic Press,

1978).

［364］ Miller, G. A. and L. Postman, \Individiual and group hoarding in rats,"

American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 59 (1946), 652-668.

［365］ Miller, George A. and Jennifer A. Selfridge, \Verbal Context and the Recall

of Meaningful Material," American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 63 (1950),

176-185.

［366］ Miller, G. A. and P. Viek, \An analysis of the rat's responses to unfamiliar

aspects of the hoarding situation," Journal of Comparative Psychology, Vol.

37 (1944), 221-231.

［367］ Miller, George A., F. M. Weiner, and S. S. Stevens, Transmission and Re-

ception of Sounds under Combat Conditions. Summary Technical Report

of Division 17, NDRC (Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing OÆce,

1946).

［368］ Miller, Jonathan, States of Mind (New York: Pantheon, 1983).

［369］ Miller Jr., Walter M., A Canticle for Leibowitz (New York: Bantam Books,

1959).

［370］ Mindell, David A., \From Machinery to Information: Control Systems Re-

search at MIT in the 1930s," in Society for the History of Technology Annual

Meeting in Lowell, MA, Year.

［371］ Minsky, Marvin, Neural Nets and the Brain-Model Problem (Ph.D. thesis,

Princeton, 1954).

［372］ Minsky, Marvin, \Steps Toward Arti�cial Intelligence," in Edward Feigen-

baum and Julian Feldman, eds., Computers and Thought (New York:

McGraw-Hill, 1963), 406-450.

［373］ Minsky, Marvin, The Society of Mind (New York: Simon and Schuster,

1986).

［374］ Minsky, Marvin and Seymour Papert, Perceptrons (Cambridge, MA: MIT

Press, 1969).

［375］ Misa, Thomas J., \How Machines Make History, and How Historians (and

others) Help Them to Do So," Science, Technology, and Human Values, Vol.

462 参考文献

13, No. 3 & 4 (1988), 308-331.

［376］ Mitchell, W. J. T., ed., The Politics of Interpretation (Chicago: University

of Chicago Press, 1983).

［377］ Morse, Philip M., \On the Use of Digital Computers," Physics Today, Vol.

9, No. 10 (1956), 19-23.

［378］ Morse, Philip M., \Teaching Machines to Reckon," Technology Review, Vol.

60, No. 6 (1958), 1-6.

［379］ Moskos, Charles S. and Frank R. Wood, eds., The Military: More Than Just

a Job? (New York: Pergamon-Brassey's International Defense Publishers,

1988).

［380］ Moto-oka, Tohru, \The Fifth Generation: A Quantum Jump in Friendli-

ness," IEEE Spectrum, Vol. 20, No. 11 (1983), 46-47.

［381］ Mumford, Lewis, Technics and Civilization (New York: Harcourt, Brace,

Jovanovich, 1963).

［382］ Mumford, Lewis, \Authoritarian and Democratic Technics," in Melvin

Kranzberg and William H. Davenport, eds., Technology and Culture: An

Anthology (New York: Meridian, 1972), 50-59.

［383］ Neisser, Ulric, Cognitive Psychology (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts,

1967).

［384］ Neisser, Ulric, Cognition and Reality (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1976).

［385］ Neisser, Ulric, \Cognitive Recollections," in William Hirst, ed., The Mak-

ing of Cognitive Science: Essays in honor of George A. Miller (New York:

Cambridge University Press, 1988), 81-88.

［386］ Newell, Allen, \Physical Symbol Systems," Cognitive Science, Vol. 4 (1980),

135-183.

［387］ Newell, Allen, \Intellectual Issues in the History of Arti�cial Intelligence,"

in Fritz Machlup and Una Mans�eld, eds., The Study of Information: In-

terdisciplinary Messages (New York: John Wiley, 1983), 187-228.

［388］ Newell, Allen, Uni�ed Theories of Cognition (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Uni-

versity Press, 1990).

［389］ Newell, A., J.C. Shaw, and H.A. Simon, \Elements of a Theory of Human

Problem Solving," Psychological Review, Vol. 65, No. 3 (1958), 151-166.

［390］ Newell, Allen and Herbert Simon, \GPS, A Program That Simulates Human

Thought," in Edward Feigenbaum and Julian Feldman, eds., Computers and

Thought (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963), 279-287.

［391］ Newell, Allen and Herbert Simon, Human Problem Solving (Englewood

Cli�s, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1972).

［392］ Newell, Allen, Herbert Simon, and J. C. Shaw, \The Logic Theory Machine,"

IRE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. IT-2, No. 3 (1956),

参考文献 463

［393］ Noble, David, America by Design (New York: Oxford University Press,

1977).

［394］ Noble, David, Forces of Production (New York: Oxford University Press,

1984).

［395］ Noble, David, \Social Choice in Machine Design: The Case of Automati-

cally Controlled Machine Tools," in Donald MacKenzie and Judith Wajc-

man, eds., The Social Shaping of Technology (Philadelphia: Open University

Press, 1985), 109-124.

［396］ Norberg, Arthur L., Judy E. O'Neill, and with Kerry J. Freedman, A History

of the Information Processing Techniques OÆce of the Defense Advanced

Research Projects Agency, The Charles Babbage Institute, University of

Minnesota. (October 1992, 1992).

［397］ Norman, Donald A. and Willem J. M. Levelt, \Life at the Center," in

William Hirst, ed., The Making of Cognitive Science: Essays in honor of

George A. Miller (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 100-109.

［398］ Nusbaum, Major Keith C., US Army, \Electronic Despotism: A Serious

Problem of Modern Command," Military Review, Vol. 42, No. 4 (1962),

31-39.

［399］ OÆce of Scienti�c Research and Development, The Performance of Com-

munication Equipment in Noise, 901, Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory, Harvard

University. 1942).

［400］ OÆce of Technology Assessment, Strategic Defenses (Princeton: Princeton

University Press, 1986).

［401］ Oppenheimer, J. Robert, \Atomic Weapons and Foreign Policy," Foreign

A�airs, Vol. 31, No. 4 (1953), 525-535.

［402］ Ortony, A., ed., Metaphor and Thought (New York: Cambridge University

Press, 1979).

［403］ Osherson, Daniel N. and Howard Lasnik, eds., An Invitation to Cognitive

Science (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990).

［404］ Paivio, Allan, \Neomentalism," Canadian Journal of Psychology, Vol. 29,

No. 4 (1975), 263-291.

［405］ Palermo, David, \Is a Scienti�c Revolution Taking Place in Psychology?,"

Science Studies, Vol. 1 (1971), 135-55.

［406］ Palermo, David, Psychology of Language (Glenview: Scott, Foresman,

1978).

［407］ Palmer, Gregory, The McNamara Strategy and the Vietnam War: Program

Budgeting in the Pentagon, 1960-68Contributions in Political Science, ed.

Bernard K. Johnpoll. (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1978).

［408］ Parnas, David, \Computers in Weapons: The Limits of Con�dence," in

464 参考文献

David Bellin and Gary Chapman, eds., Computers in Battle (New York:

Harcourt Brace, 1987), 123-154.

［409］ Paterson, Thomas G., J. Garry Cli�ord, and Kenneth J. Hagan, \JFK: A

"Can-do" President (from American Foreign Policy, v. II, 1988)," in Je�rey

P. Kimball, ed., To Reason Why: The Debate about the Causes of US

Involvement in the Vietnam War (Philadelphia: Temple University Press,

1990), 179-186.

［410］ Penick Jr., James L., Carroll W. Pursell Jr., Morgan B. Sherwood, and Don-

ald C. Swain, The Politics of American Science: 1939 to the Presentrevised

ed., (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1972).

［411］ Perrow, Charles, Normal Accidents: Living with High-Risk Technologies

(New York: Basic Books, 1984).

［412］ Pinch, Trevor and Wiebe Bijker, \The Social Construction of Facts and

Artifacts, or How the Sociology of Science and the Sociology of Technology

Might Bene�t Each Other," in Wiebe Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes, and Trevor

Pinch, eds., The Social Construction of Technological Systems (Cambridge,

MA: MIT Press, 1987), 17-50.

［413］ Posner, Michael I. and Gordon L. Shulman, \Cognitive Science," in Eliot

Hearst, ed., The First Century of Experimental Psychology (Hillsdale, NJ:

Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1979), 371-406.

［414］ Poulton, E. C., Tracking Skill and Manual Control (New York: Academic

Press, 1974).

［415］ Pribram, Karl H., \From metaphors to models: the use of analogy in neu-

ropsychology," in David E. Leary, ed., Metaphors in the History of Psychol-

ogy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 79-103.

［416］ Pugh, Emerson, Memories that Shaped an Industry: Decisions Leading to

IBM System/360 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1984).

［417］ Pullum, Geo�rey K., \Natural Language Interfaces and Strategic Comput-

ing," AI & Society, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1987), 47-58.

［418］ Pylyshyn, Zenon W., ed., Perspectives on the Computer Revolution (Engle-

wood Cli�s, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1970).

［419］ Pynchon, Thomas, Gravity's Rainbow (New York: Viking, 1973).

［420］ Quattromani, A. F., Catalog of Wargaming and Military Simulation Models

(Washington, D. C.: Studies Analysis and Gaming Agency, Organization of

the Joint Chiefs of Sta�, 1982).

［421］ Rajchman, Jan, \Early Research on Computers at RCA," in N. Metropo-

lis, J. Howlett, and Gian-Carlo Rota, eds., A History of Computing in the

Twentieth Century (New York: Academic Press, 1980), 465-469.

［422］ Ralo�, Janet, \DOD Targets Fifth Generation Too," Science News, Vol.

参考文献 465

125, No. 21 (1984), 333.

［423］ Ramsey, Lieutenant Colonel David M. Jr., US Army, \Management or Com-

mand?," Military Review, Vol. 41, No. 10 (1961), 31-39.

［424］ Rand Corporation, Active Defense of the United States against Air Attack,

Rand Corporation. (2/5/48, 1948).

［425］ Rand Corporation, The Rand Corporation: The First Fifteen Years (Santa

Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 1963).

［426］ Redmond, Kent C. and Thomas M. Smith, Project Whirlwind: The History

of a Pioneer Computer (Boston: Digital Press, 1980).

［427］ Reed, Sidney G., Richard H. Van Atta, and Seymour J. Deitchman, DARPA

Technical Accomplishments: An Historical Review of Selected DARPA Pro-

jectsVol. 1. (Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses, 1990).

［428］ Rees, Mina, \The Federal Computing Machine Program," Science, Vol. 112

(1950), 731-736.

［429］ Rees, Mina, \The Computing Program of the OÆce of Naval Research, 1946-

1953," Annals of the History of Computing, Vol. 4, No. 2 (1982), 103-113.

［430］ Representatives, U. S. House of, Failures of the NORAD Attack Warning

System (Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Government

Operations, United States House of Representatives, 97th Congress, First

Session, May 19-20, 1981: 1981).

［431］ Research Brie�ng Panel on Cognitive Science and Arti�cial Intelligence,

\Report to the National Academy of Science," in National Academy of Sci-

ence, ed., New Pathways in Science and Technology: Collected Research

Brie�ngs 1982-1984 (New York: Vintage, 1985), 172-197.

［432］ Rheingold, Howard, Tools for Thought: The People and Ideas Behind the

Next Computer Revolution (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985).

［433］ Rifkin, Glenn and George Harrar, The Ultimate Entrepreneur: The Story

of Ken Olsen and Digital Equipment Corporation (Chicago: Contemporary

Books, 1988).

［434］ Roberts, Eric and Steve Berlin, \Computers and the Strategic Defense Ini-

tiative," in David Bellin and Gary Chapman, eds., Computers in Battle:

Will They Work? (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1987), 149-170.

［435］ Rochlin, Gene I., The Computer Trap: Dependence and Vulnerability in an

Automated Society (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, forthcom-

ing).

［436］ Rochlin, Gene I., \Command Or Control: The Myth Of The Marksman

And The Search For Certainty As Elements Of The U.S. Weapons Acqui-

sition Process," in Paul N. Edwards and Richard Gordon, eds., Strategic

Computing: Defense Research and High Technology unpublished ms.),

466 参考文献

［437］ Rodriguez, Mikel Olazaran, A Historical Sociology of Neural Network Re-

search (unpublished Ph.D. thesis thesis, Dept. of Sociology, University of

Edinburgh, 1991).

［438］ Rorty, Richard, Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature (Princeton: Princeton

University Press, 1979).

［439］ Rose, Frank, Into the Heart of the Mind (New York: Harper & Row, 1984).

［440］ Rosenberg, Nathan, \Civilian Spillovers from Military R&D Spending: The

American Experience Since World War II (manuscript)," in Conference on

Technical Cooperationand International Competitiveness in Lucca, Italy,

Year.

［441］ Rosenblatt, Frank, Principles of Neurodynamics (New York: Spartan, 1962).

［442］ Rosenblueth, A., N. Wiener, and J. Bigelow, \Behavior, Purpose and Tele-

ology," Philosophy of Science, Vol. 10 (1943), 18-24.

［443］ Roszak, Theodore, The Cult of Information (New York: Pantheon, 1986).

［444］ Rowan, T. C., \Simulation in Air Force System Training," in D. G. Malcolm,

ed., Report of System Simulation Symposium, 1957 (Baltimore: Waverly

Press, 1958), 83-87.

［445］ Russell, Bertrand and Alfred North Whitehead, Principia Mathematica

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1910-1913).

［446］ Rystad, G�oran, Prisoners of the Past? The Munich Syndrome and Makers

of American Foreign Policy in the Cold War Era (Lund, Sweden: CWK

Gleerup, 1982, 1982).

［447］ Said, Edward, Orientalism (New York: Pantheon, 1978).

［448］ Sammet, Jean, Programming Languages: History and Fundamentals (En-

glewood Cli�s, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1969).

［449］ Sapolsky, Harvey, Science and the Navy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univer-

sity Press, 1990).

［450］ Sarason, Seymour, Psychology Misdirected (Glencoe: Free Press, 1981).

［451］ Scha�el, Kenneth, \The US Air Force's Philosophy of Strategic Defense:

A Historical Overview," in Stephen J. Cimbala, ed., Strategic Air Defense

(Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources Inc., 1989), 3-22.

［452］ Scha�el, Kenneth, The Emerging Shield: The Air Force and the Evolution

of Continental Air Defense 1945-1960 (Washington, D.C.: OÆce of Air Force

History, United States Air Force, 1991).

［453］ Schank, Roger, The Cognitive Computer (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley,

1984).

［454］ Scheer, Robert, With Enough Shovels: Reagan, Bush, and Nuclear War

(New York: Random House, 1982).

［455］ Schell, Jonathan, The Fate of the Earth (New York: Avon Books, 1982).

参考文献 467

［456］ Schell, Jonathan, \Credibility and Limited War (from The Time of Illusion,

1975)," in Je�rey P. Kimball, ed., To Reason Why: The Debate about

the Causes of US Involvement in the Vietnam War (Philadelphia: Temple

University Press, 1990), 121-140.

［457］ Schelling, Thomas, The Strategy of Con ict (New York: Oxford University

Press, 1960).

［458］ Schweber, S. S., \The Mutual Embrace of Science and the Military: ONR

and the Growth of Physics in the United States after World War II," in

Everett Mendelsohn, Merritt Roe Smith, and Peter Weingart, eds., Science,

Technology and the Military Vol. XII (Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers,

1988), 1-45.

［459］ Searle, John, Minds, Brains, and Science (Cambridge: Harvard University

Press, 1984).

［460］ Searle, John R., \Is the Brain's Mind a Computer Program?," Scienti�c

American, Vol. 256, No. 1 (1990), 26-31.

［461］ Segal, Erwin M. and Roy Lachman, \Complex Behavior or Higher Men-

tal Process: Is There a Paradigm Shift?," American Psychologist, Vol. 27

(1972), 46-55.

［462］ Selfridge, Oliver G., \Pattern Recognition and Modern Computers," IRE

Proceedings of the 1955 Western Joint Computer Conference, Vol. March

(1955),

［463］ Selfridge, Oliver G., \Pandemonium, a Paradigm for Learning," in D. V.

Blake and A. M. Utley, eds., Proceedings of the Symposium on Mechanisa-

tion of Thought Processes (London: H. M. Stationery OÆce, 1959),

［464］ Shannon, Claude, \The Mathematical Theory of Communication," Bell Sys-

tem Technical Journal, Vol. 27 (1948), 379-423, 623-656.

［465］ Shannon, Claude and John McCarthy, Automata Studies (Princeton, NJ:

Princeton University Press, 1956).

［466］ Shannon, Claude E., \Programming a Computer for Playing Chess," Philo-

sophical Magazine, Vol. 41 (1950), 256-275.

［467］ Shannon, Claude E., \Computers and Automata," Proceedings of the IRE,

Vol. 41 (1953), 1234-1241.

［468］ Shannon, Claude E., \The Bandwagon E�ect," IEEE Transactions on In-

formation Theory, Vol. 2, No. 3 (1956),

［469］ Shannon, Claude E. and Warren Weaver, The Mathematical Theory of Com-

munication (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1949).

［470］ Shapin, Steven and Simon Scha�er, Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes,

Boyle, and the Experimental Life (Princeton: Princeton University Press,

1985).

468 参考文献

［471］ Shapiro, Michael J., \Introduction II (or I): Textualizing Global Politics," in

James Der Derian and Michael J. Shapiro, eds., International/intertextual

relations : postmodern readings of world politics (Lexington, Mass.: Lex-

ington Books, 1989),

［472］ Shubik, Martin, Models, Simulations, and Games: A Survey (Santa Monica,

CA: Rand Corporation R3 R-1060, 1972).

［473］ Simon, Herbert, Administrative Behavior (New York: Macmillan, 1947).

［474］ Simon, Herbert, Sciences of the Arti�cial (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,

1969).

［475］ Simon, Herbert A., The New Science of Management Decision (New York:

Harper & Row, 1960).

［476］ Simon, Herbert A., Models of My Life (New York: Basic Books, 1991).

［477］ Skinner, B. F., Beyond Freedom and Dignity (New York: Bantam, 1971).

［478］ Slezak, Peter et. al., \Symposium on Computer Discovery and the Sociology

of Scienti�c Knowledge," Social Studies of Science, Vol. 19, No. 4 (1989),

563-695.

［479］ Sloman, Aaron, The Computer Revolution in Philosophy (Atlantic High-

lands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1978).

［480］ Smith, Brian Cantwell, \Limits of Correctness in Computers," in Charles

Dunlop and Rob Kling, eds., Computerization and Controversy (New York:

Academic Press, 1991), 632-646.

［481］ Smith, Bruce L. R., The RAND Corporation: Case Study of a Nonpro�t

Advisory Corporation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1966).

［482］ Smith, Bruce L. R., American Science Policy since World War II (Washing-

ton D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1991).

［483］ Smith, Frank and George A. Miller, The Genesis of Language: A Psycholin-

guistic Approach (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1966).

［484］ Smith, Laurence D., \Metaphors of knowledge and behavior in the behavior-

ist tradition," in David E. Leary, ed., Metaphors in the History of Psychology

(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 239-266.

［485］ Smith, Merritt Roe, Military Enterprise and Technological Change (Cam-

bridge, MA: MIT Press, 1985).

［486］ Snyder, Samuel S., \Computer Advances Pioneered by Cryptologic Organi-

zations," Annals of the History of Computing, Vol. 2, No. 1 (1980), 60-70.

［487］ So�a, Zo*, \Exterminating Fetuses," Diacritics, Vol. 14, No. 2 (1984), 47-59.

［488］ Sofoulis, Zoe, Through the Lumen: Frankenstein and the Optics of Re-

Origination (Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1988).

［489］ Spinney, Franklin C., Defense Facts of Life: The Plans/Reality Mismatch

(Boulder: Westview Press, 1985).

参考文献 469

［490］ Ste�k, Mark, \Strategic Computing at DARPA: Overview and Assessment,"

Communications of the ACM, Vol. 28, No. 7 (1985), 690-704.

［491］ Steinbrunner, John, \Launch Under Attack," Scienti�c American, Vol. 250,

No. 1 (1984), 12-21.

［492］ Sterling, Bruce, ed., Mirrorshades: The Cyberpunk Anthology (New York:

Ace Books, 1986).

［493］ Stern, Nancy, \The BINAC: A Case Study in the History of Technology,"

Annals of the History of Computing, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1979), 9-20.

［494］ Stern, Nancy, From ENIAC to UNIVAC: An Appraisal of the Eckert-

Mauchly Computers (Boston: Digital Press, 1981).

［495］ Stevens, S. S., \Machines Cannot Fight Alone," American Scientist, Vol. 34

(1946), 389-400.

［496］ Stevens, S. S., Handbook of Experimental Psychology (New York: Wiley &

Sons, 1951).

［497］ Stevens, S. S., \Autobiography," in Gardner Lindzey, ed., A History of

Psychology in Autobiography Vol. 6 (Englewood Cli�s, NJ: Prentice-Hall,

1974), 393-419.

［498］ Stroud, John, \The Fine Structure of Psychological Time," in H. Quastler,

ed., Information Theory and Psychology (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1955),

174-207.

［499］ Suchman, Lucy, Plans and Situated Actions: The Problem of Human-

Machine Communication (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987).

［500］ Swade, Doron D., \Redeeming Charles Babbage's Mechanical Computer,"

Scienti�c American, Vol. 267, No. 8 (1993), 86-91.

［501］ Taylor, Franklin V., \Psychology and the Design of Machines," American

Psychologist, Vol. 12, No. 5 (1957), 249-258.

［502］ Taylor, Peter, \Building on the Metaphor of Construction in Science Stud-

ies," Vol. (1993),

［503］ Thompson, Frederick B., \Design Fundamentals of Military Information

Systems," in Edward Bennett, James Degan, and Jospeh Spiegel, eds., Mil-

itary Information Systems: The Design of Computer-Aided Systems for

Command (New York: Frederick Praeger, 1964), 46-87.

［504］ Thomson, James C., Jr., \How Could Vietnam Happen? An Autopsy,"

Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 221 (1968), 47-53.

［505］ Tolman, Edward C., \Cognitive Maps in Rats and Men," Psychological

Review, Vol. 55, No. 4 (1948), 189-208.

［506］ Tomash, Erwin and Arnold A. Cohen, \The Birth of an ERA: Engineering

Research Associates, Inc., 1946-1955," Annals of the History of Computing,

Vol. 1, No. 2 (1979), 83-97.

470 参考文献

［507］ Treese, Win, The Internet Index, treese@crl.dec.com. (December 16, 1994).

［508］ Tropp, Henry S.,Herbert D. Benington,Robert Bright,Robert P.

Crago,Robert R. Everett,Jay W. Forrester,John V. Harrington,John

F. Jacobs,Albert R. Shiely,Norman H. Taylor and C. Robert Wieser, \A

Perspective on SAGE: Discussion," Annals of the History of Computing,

Vol. 5, No. 4 (1983), 375-398.

［509］ Truman, Harry S, Memoirs: Years of Trial and HopeVol. 2. (Garden City,

NJ: Doubleday, 1956).

［510］ Turing, Alan, \On Computable Numbers, with an application to the

Entscheidungsproblem," Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society,

Vol. 42 (1937), 230-265.

［511］ Turing, Alan, \Computing Machinery and Intelligence," Mind, Vol. 59, No.

236 (1950), 433-460.

［512］ Turkle, Sherry, The Second Self: Computers and the Human Spirit (New

York: Simon and Schuster, 1984).

［513］ Turkle, Sherry, \The Cultural Appropriation of Science of Mind," in Society

for Social Studies of Science Annual Meeting in Massachusetts Institute of

Technology, Cambridge, MA, Year.

［514］ Turkle, Sherry and Seymour Papert, \Epistemological Pluralism: Styles and

Voices within the Computer Culture," Signs, Vol. 16, No. 1 (1990), 128-157.

［515］ Valley, George E., Jr., \How the SAGE Development Began," Annals of the

History of Computing, Vol. 7, No. 3 (1985), 196-226.

［516］ Van Atta, Richard H. , Sidney G. Reed, and Seymour J. Deitchman, DARPA

Technical Accomplishments: An Historical Review of Selected DARPA Pro-

jectsVol. 2. (Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses, 1991).

［517］ Van Creveld, Martin, Command in War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univer-

sity Press, 1985).

Viek, P. and G. A. Miller, \The cage as a factor in hoarding," Journal of

Comparative Psychology, Vol. 37 (1944), 203-210.

［518］ Virilio, Paul and Sylv 俊 e Lotringer, Pure War (New York: Semiotexte,

1983).

［519］ von Clausewitz, Carl, On War, trans. Anatol Rapoport (New York: Penguin

Books, 1982).

［520］ Von Foerster, H., Transactions of the Conference on Cybernetics (New York:

Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation, 1950-55).

［521］ von Neumann, John, \First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC," in Nancy

Stern, ed., From ENIAC to UNIVAC: An Appraisal of the Eckert-Mauchly

Computers (Bedford, MA: Digital Press, 1981, 1945),

［522］ von Neumann, John, The Computer and the Brain (New Haven: Yale Uni-

参考文献 471

versity Press, 1958).

［523］ Wallerstein, Immanuel, The Modern World-System (New York: Academic

Press, 1974).

［524］ Wallerstein, Immanuel, The Politics of the World-Economy (New York:

Cambridge University Press, 1984).

［525］ Warren, C. A., B. McMillan, and B. D. Holbrook, \Military Systems Engi-

neering and Research," in M. D. Fagen, ed., A History of Engineering and

Science in the Bell System (Murray Hill, NJ: Bell Telephone Laboratories,

1978), 617-648.

［526］ Weart, Spencer R., Nuclear Fear: A History of Images (Cambridge: Harvard

University Press, 1988).

［527］ Weimer, Walter B. and David S. Palermo, \Paradigms and Normal Science

in Psychology," Science Studies, Vol. 3 (1973), 211-244.

［528］ Weiss, George L., \Battle for Control of the Ho Chi Minh Trail," Armed

Forces Journal, (February 15, 1972, 1972), 19-22.

［529］ Weizenbaum, Joseph, Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judg-

ment to Calculation (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1976).

［530］ Westmoreland, General William, US Army Chief of Sta�, \Address to the

Association of the US Army, October 14, 1969," in Paul Dickson, ed., The

Electronic Battle�eld (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1976),

215-223.

［531］ White, General Thomas D., \Strategy and the Defense Intellectuals," Sat-

urday Evening Post, Vol. 236, No. 17 (1963), 10-12.

［532］ White, Hayden, Metahistory (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1973).

［533］ White, Hayden, The Tropics of Discourse (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1978).

［534］ White, Hayden, The Content of the Form (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Uni-

versity Press, 1987).

［535］ Wiener, Norbert, Cybernetics: Control and Communication in the Animal

and the Machine (New York: Wiley, 1948).

［536］ Wiener, Norbert, The Human Use of Human Beings (Boston: Houghton

Mi�in, 1950).

［537］ Wieser, C. Robert, \The Cape Cod System," Annals of the History of Com-

puting, Vol. 5, No. 4 (198), 362-369.

［538］ Wildes, Karl L. and Nilo A. Lindgren, A Century of Electrical Engineering

and Computer Science at MIT, 1882-1982 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,

1985).

［539］ Williams, Michael R., A History of Computing Technology (Englewood

Cli�s, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1985).

［540］ Williams, Raymond, Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (New

472 参考文献

York: Oxford University Press, 1976).

［541］ Wilson, Andrew, The Bomb and the Computer (New York: Delacorte,

1968).

［542］ Winner, Langdon, Autonomous Technology: Technics Out of Control (Cam-

bridge, MA: MIT Press, 1977).

［543］ Winner, Langdon, \Mythinformation," in Langdon Winner, ed., The Whale

and the Reactor (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), 98-119.

［544］ Winograd, Terry, Understanding Natural Language (New York: Academic

Press, 1972).

［545］ Winograd, Terry, Language as a Cognitive Process (Reading, MA: Addison-

Wesley, 1983).

［546］ Winograd, Terry, \Strategic Computing Research and the Universities," in

Charles Dunlop and Rob Kling, eds., Computerization and Controversy

(New York: Academic Press, 1991), 704-716.

［547］ Winograd, Terry, \Thinking Machines: Can There Be? Are We?," in James

J. Sheehan and Morton Sonsa, eds., The Boundaries of Humanity: Humans,

Animals, Machines (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1991),

［548］ Winograd, Terry and Fernando Flores, Understanding Computers and Cog-

nition: A New Foundation for Design (Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1987).

［549］ Wittgenstein, Ludwig, Philosophical Investigations, trans. G .E. M.

Anscombe (New York: Macmillan, 1958).

［550］ Wittgenstein, Ludwig, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, trans. D. F. Pears

& B. F. McGuinness (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1961).

［551］ Wittgenstein, Ludwig, On Certainty, trans. G.E.M. Anscombe & G.H. von

Wright (New York: Harper, 1969).

［552］ Wohlstetter, A. J., F. S. Ho�man, R. J. Lutz, and H. S. Rowen, Selection

and Use of Strategic Air Bases, R-266, Rand. (April 1954, 1954).

［553］ Wohlstetter, Roberta, Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision (Stanford, CA:

Stanford University Press, 1962).

［554］ Zubo�, Shoshana, In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work

and Power (New York: Basic Books, 1988).