Ejm a Standard 9 Ed 2008

8/20/2019 Ejm a Standard 9 Ed 2008

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STANDARDS OF

THE EXPANSION JOINT

MANUFACTURERS

ASSOCIATION INC

NINTH EDITION

EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION INC.

25 NORTH BROADWAY TARRYTOWN NY 10591

RICHARD BYRNE SECRETARY

TEL: 914 332 0040

FAX: 914 332 1541

E MAIL: [email protected]

www.ejma.org


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STA DARDS OFTHE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION. INC.

~ I M R S H I P LIST

EXPANSION JOL \ T L-I.NUFACTURERS

ASSOCIATION H C

American BOA. Inc. - Cumming.

GA

Badger Industries. Inc. - Zelienople. PA

Expansion Joint Systems. inc. - Santee. CA

FJexider S.r.I.- Torino. Italy

Hyspan Precision Products. loc.- Chula Vista. CA

Idrosapiens. 5 r l Leini Torino), Italy

Microflex -

Omond

Beach. FL

Senior Flexonics. Inc.. Pathway Division -

New

Braunfels. TX

SFZ

- Lyon. France

U.S. Bellows. Inc. - Houston. TX

WahlcoMetroflex. Il1c Lewis[QI1. ME

\ It Leomann. GmbH - Pforzheirn.

Genmmy

CURRENT

TECHNICAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS

EXPANSION JO I

T

MANUFACTURERS

ASSOCIATION I

c.

Patrick Vainio· American BOA. Inc.

Jack Hanna - Badger Industries. Inc.

Mike Cabrera - Expansion Joint Systems. Inc.

Mana Nivoli - Flexlder S.r.l.- Torino. Ital)

COli Sleimar - Hyspan Precision Products. Inc.

AOilio Pietrafesa - Idrosapiens.

S r 1

Jeff

DePJero - Microflex

Bob Broyles - Senior Flexonics. Inc.. Pathway Dlyision

Max Micheni - SFZ

Roy Felkner·

u.S.

Bellows. Inc.

Rick Marcoue- WahleoMetroflex. Inc.

Peter Berger - \\ itzenmann. GmbH

E.xpafbion Joml

Manufaclurer: >

AS:>OClatlon Inc


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STA DARDS

O TH

EXPA SION JOI T MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION INC.

his

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\ xpansion Joint Manufacturers ssociation

[nco

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STANDARDS

OF THE

EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION.

INC.

COi\'TE:\'TS

Section

Foreword

Page

i\lembel' ship of EJ 'IA.

Current Technical

Comnlitte{'

i\lenlbers

SECTiON

1 -

SCOPE. DEFINITIOl S.

AND NOMENCLATURE

1.1

Scope .....................•..........................•.............................................................................................................•..... )·1

1 2

IJefinitiolls.............................................................................................................................................................

I I

1.3

Nonlt'nclaturt' 1-6

SECTION

2 - SELECTIO:-; AND APPLICATIONS

2.1

Selection

of

Expllnsion

Joints

2 1

2.2 St'Il'1:tion for Axial J\'lo\·t'ment 2-2

2.3 Sel ect ion ror

Lateral

Deflection.

Angular

Rotation.

Combined l \ o n ~ m e n t s

2-5

2...1 Applications Using Singlt' Expansion

Joints

2-6

2.5 Applications Using Uni ersal Expansion

Joints

2-8

2.6 Applica tions Using

Pressure

Balanced Expansion

Joints 2 2

2.7 Applications Using Hingt'd E:.\:pansion

Joints

2-15

2.8 Calculation orAngular Rotation in a 3 inge Piping S ~ s t e m 2-20

2.9 Applica tions

L sing Gimbal

Expansion

Joints

2-22

2.10 Anchor. Guidt', and SUPI)Orl Requircnu nls 2-23

SECTION 3 - SAFETY

R E O M ~ I E N D T I O N S

FOR PIPING SYSTEMS CONTAINING

BELLOWS EXPANSION

JOINTS

3.1

Design Specification

3-1

3.2 Expansion Joint Design 3-3

3.3 Expansion Joint

l\-lanuracturing Qualit)·

3-3

3 4

Installation 3 3

3 .5 Pos t Ins ta llat ion Inspect ion Prior

to

S ~ s t c m

Pressure Test

3-4

3 .6 Inspe ct ion

During and m m e d i a t c l ~ Afler

stem

Pressure

Tests

3 4

3.7

Periodic

In-Sen

ice Inspection 3-5

SECTION

4 -

CIRCULAR

EXPAliSIO:-l JOINT DESIGN

1.1

l\'IO\enlent Equalions...........................................................................................................................................

1 1

1.2

Combining

l\'lo\'emt'nts 1 2

1.3 I\lo\ enlent Range 1 3

1 1

Unhersal Circular E:\pansion Joint I\lo\'ements

1 5

1.5 Cold Springing orCircular Expansion

Joints 1 5

1.5.1

Force Reduction

1 5

1.5.2 Slabilit)

1 5

1.5.3 Component Clearanct s

1 6

1.6 Forces

and

l\lonlents

1 6

1.6.1

Force

and

l\lonlcnt Calculation

1 6

1.7

l\laximulII A\:ial Compression Based On I n s t a b i l i l ~

1 10

1.8

Expansion Joint

Flange Loading

Considerations 1 10

\ \ \ \ ~ e j m a o r g

Expan >ion Joml Manufacturers A ~ s o c i a t i o n Inc.


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STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSIO JOINT

MANUFACTURERS

ASSOCIATION. INC.

SECTIOJ 6 -

QUALITY S S U R ~ E

AND

BELLOWS FORMING

I\'IETHODS (continued)

6.16 \'Ielhods

of

Fornling Ietal Bellons

6.16.1 El:tstonlcric Fornling

6.16.2

Expansion [ ~ p a n d i l l g

l\lulldr{'l)

Forming 6·5

6.16.3

Hydraulic Fornling

6-5

6.16.4 Pneunlalic Tube

rorTlling

6-6

6.16.5 Rolled

Con\ oluted

Shel.'t 6-6

6.16.6 Roll

Forming

6-7

6.16.7 Rolled

Ring

6-7

6.16.8 Press-Brake Forlliing ,................................................................................................ 6-8

6.16.9

Combined Forming

6-8

6. t 7 rabrication

Tolerances

6-9

SECTION

7 - EXA1\,IINATION AND

TESTINC

7 1

~ o n - d e s t r u c t h e

Exanlinalion 7 1

7.1.1

Radiographic

Exalllillation

7 1

7.1.2 liquid PenetJ anl

Examination 7 1

7.1.3

Fluorescent

PenetJ ant

Examination

7-2

7 1 1

l\'lllgnetic PaJ ticie Examination 7-2

7.1.5 Ultrasonic EXllnlination 7-2

7.1.6

Halogen leak

Examination 7-2

7.1.7 i\lass SpcctJ ollu·ter ExanlinilliOIl 7-3

7.1.8

A ir Je t leak

EX31ninaiion 7-3

7.2 Non-destructh e

Testing

7-)

7.2.1 PJ essure

Testing

7- )

7.3 Deslructivl.'

Testing

7-'-

7.).1

Fatigue

life

Testing

7-'-

7.3.2 SCluirm

Testing

7-4

7.3.3 l\leJ idional Vielil-RuptuJ eTesting 7-5

SECTION

SHIPPINC

N

INSTALLATION

8.1 Shipping Tags 8-1

8.2

Shipping

DC'\ices

8 1

8.3

Installation

8-2

8 Gaskets 8-2

8.5

Reconlnlended Inslallation

Instructions 8-3

\\

v

_cJma org l

~ p a n s i o n

JOIllI Manufacturers As:.ociallon. Inc.

\ 11


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STANDARDS

THE

EXPANSION

JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION INC

APPENDICES

Appendix A Standard Expansion

Joint

Specification Sheets

Appendix 8 Key to Symbols Used

Appendix

C

Circular and

Rectangular

l\lon·ment.

F o rc e a n d M o me nt [ I l lation s

Appendix 0 COII\ eTsion Factors

an d

Rderences

Appendix

[ Preparation

of

Technical Inquiries

Appcndh r BeIlOl S Fatigue

Tt st Requiremellts

Appendix G BelJo\\s High Temperature

Life

Appendh:

U Angular

Rotation About

Ont

End

Appendix I

Tabulatl. d

V:lllles

for

p

• C

e l

B:

an d B

J

Appendix J Examples

Round Expansion Joints. Forces. and l\lo\ enu.>nls....................................................................................... J· I

I Single Expansion Joint subjected 1 axial

mo\ ement

J- l

Single EXp:ulsion Joint subjected axial

an d

I:ueral mOHllIent J- 4

3 Single Expansion

Joint

with

tie

rods subjected

1

axial

and laleral

movement......................................

J-7

4 Tied Universal Expansion

Joinl subjected

to

lateral

mO\ ell1enl in two plant s....................................... J-IO

5 Universal pressure balanced Expansion Joint located between two pieces

of

equipment

with movements at

en d

points........................................................................ J-I-I

6 Single Expansion Joinl. allached to \ essel nozzle. subjected :lxial a n d la te r al m o ve m en t J·19

7 Calculation

of Angular

ROlation in a 3 hinge piping system.................................................................... J-23

8

Three

(3) hinge

Expansion

Joint s ~ s t e n l

J·25

9 Bellows [q u i\ all nt Movement I)er COIn olution J-28

10 Rectangular Expansion Joint ~ \ e n l e l l t s ; .. .. ... .. J -31

II Calculation f or a

Straight

Run of Pipe

Containing

lUI A:\ial

Expamion

Joint

J-35

TABLES

Table

I

Table II

Table

Table IV

Table \

Recommended Idl ntilicalion Dala Required for Bello\\s subjected to Destructive Tests .

Conlponent Design

Stress

L.ilnits , .

Shape Factors , .

Thermal E:\p:tnsion of Pipe in

Inches

pe r 100 feet .

M o du li o f

Elasticil) or

Commonl)

Used Bello\\s

Materials

.

7 6

9-6

9 8

0-12

1 1

\\ \\ \\ .cJm.l.org ( E\.pansion

Joint Manufacturers

Association. Inc.


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( Expansion Joint Manuf.lclureN A sociari n,

n

www.ejm3.org


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STANDARDS

OF

THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION. INC.

SECTlOI\ I - SCOPE.

DEFINITIONS

AI\ D

I \ O ~ I E N C L T U R E

1 1 SCOPE

The EJMAT\ I Standards arc only intended for application to metallic bellows expansion joints

2

DEFINITlOI\ OF TERMS

The Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association. Inc. has adopted the following definitions of

Expansion Joint

components

and related equipment

AI\ GULAR ROTA

TlOI\

The displacement of the longitudinal axis of the Expansion Joint from its initial straight line

position inlo a circular arc. Angular rotation

is

occasionally referred to as rotalional

movement

This is

11 1

torsional rotation which is described funher in this section.

AXIAL C O ~ I P R E S S I O N

The

dimensional

shonening of

an Expansion Joint along its longitudinal axis. Axial compression

has been referred to as axial mo\ 'emenl.

tra\erse or

compression.

AX lAL EXTE

SIOI\

The

dimensional lengthening

of

an Expansion Joint along its longitudinal axis. Axial extension has

been referred

as axial movement. traverse. elongation

or

extension.

BELLOWS

The flexible element of an Expansion Joint consisl1ng of one

or

more convolutions and the end

tangents \\-ith

L D ::;;

3 with no more than five plies.

CONTROL RODS

Devices. usually

in

the fonn

of

rods

or

bars. anached to the Expansion Joint assembly whose

primary function

is

to distribute the movement between the two bellows

of

a universal Expansion

Joint

Control rods arc not designed to restrain bellows pressure

thrust

CONVOLUTION

The smallest flexible unit ofa bellows. The total movement capacity ofa bellows is proportional

to the number of convolutions.

COVER

A deyice used to provide limited protection

of

the exterior surface

of

the bellows

of

an expansion

jomt from foreign objects or mechanical damage. A cover is somelimes referred 1 as a shroud.

DIRECTlOI\AL ANCHOR

A directional

or

sliding anchor

is

one

which

IS

designed

1

absorb loadmg in

ODe

direction while

pemlming mOlion

in

another. It may be either a main

or

intennedl3te anchor. depending upon the

application m\'oh'ed. When designed for the purpose. a directional anchor

may

also function as a

pipe alignment gUlde ln the design

ofa

directIOnal anchor. an effort should be made to minimize

the friction between its moving

or

slidm£ parts. smce this will reduce the loading on the piping and

equipment and insure proper functioning ofme anchor.

\\ .eJllla.orl,

E.'-paru>ion

Joint

Manufal.:luren,

. \ > ~ o : : i a t l O n .

Inl :


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STANDARDS DF

THE EXPANSION

JOINT

MANUFACTURERS

ASSOCIATION. INC.

SECTION 4

CIRCULAR

EXPANSION

JOINT DESIGN

4.1

M O \ ~ I N T

EQUATIONS

Expansion Joints may be subjected to axial movement. angular rotatioll. lateral deflection. or

ny


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combination of these. Figure L2 shows a single bellows Expansion Joint subjected to axial

movement only. Note that the total applied movement

is

absorbed

by

a unifonn displacement

of

al1

the convolutions. This also applies

to

dual bellows assemblies such as universal. swing and

universal pressure balanced Expansion Joints.

x

e = N For a single bellows Expansion Joint)

x

e

= For a dual bellows Expansion Joint)

N

4 1

4-2)

In

equation 4-2) above. the value of-r should include the thennal expansion of the center pipe

nipple connecting the two bellows. This may be a significant factor in applications involving

long cemcr pipe nipples. or a large differential between rhe minimum and maximum design

t em peratu res. When the cen ter p ip e n ip pl e is ancho red. as it is

in

a double Expansion Joint see

Section 1.2). each eod of the assembly should be treated as a single Expansion Joint.

In

s uc h a

case. equation 4-1) will apply

nd

the value

ofx

should include the hennal expansion

ofth t

p onion of the center pipe nipple which

is

located between the anchor base and the bellows in

question.

Figure 4.3 illustrates that

an

Expansion .Ioint bellows absorbs pure angular rotation by

extending uniformly on one side and compressing unifornlly on the other.

he

movement

of

any convolution may be cxpressed as:

e =

e

= O

m

u

For a single bellows Expansion Joint)

For a dual bellows Expansion Joint)

4-3

4-4

As illustrated

in

figures 4.4 and 4.5. lateral deflection of

an

Expansion Joint is,

in

reality. a

special case of angular rotation. he two bellows in a universal type Expansion Joint. or each

end oflhe bellows of single type Expansion Joint. rotate in opposite directions to produce the

total lateral deflectiony. Unlike the case

of

pore angular rotation. lateral deflection results

in

unequal movement distribution

over

the bellows. the amount

of

displacement increasing with

the distance from the center of the Expansion Joint. This applies to both single and universal

type Expansion Joints. Since we are concerned only with the maximum displacement per

convolUlion which may be imposed upon any convolution in the Expansion JOIllt. the following

equations are arranged to arrive t the maximum displacement figure. For universal Expansion

Joints. a factor K

is

introduced which is a function of the ratio of the total distance between

the OUlemlost ends of the elements to the convoluted length of the Expansion Joint. he value

of for any given ratio of may be found in figure 4.1 and the displacement per

convolution resulting from applied lateral deflectiony. is as follows:

\\\\ .eJma.org

Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association. Inc.

4 1


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STANDARDS

OF THE

EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION. INC.

SECTION 5 - RECTANGULAR EXPANSION JOINT DESIGN

The following sections describe the various movements. forces. and moments which occur

at

the

interface ofrectangular bellows and the associated dueling system. The movements arc identical all

respects those imposed on circular expansion joinrs and are defined in Section 1 2 of these standards.

Further. the method of analysis ofdetemlining forces and moments resulting from these movements is

also identical 10 circular bellows. Therefore. the same nomenclature can be used. with the exception thaI

[he

lemlS

L

and

L

mean length

oflong

or short sides)

is

substituted for D

1/1

mean diameter).

The

summary

of equations which follows is the rectangular counterpart of the circular bellows. The

explanation for the use of these equations is found in Section 4.6.1.


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5 1

MOVEIVLENT EQUATIONS

Rectangular Expansion Joints may be subjected

to

axial movement angular movement. lateral

detleclion or any combination of these.

Axial movement for single bellows Expansion Joint

b

x

-

N

Axial movement for universal bellows Expansion Joints.

x

2N

5-1)

5-2)

c. Equiva lent axial movement per convolution for single or universal bellows with angular

rotation.

r

L _

c

8

5-3)

SINGLE BELLOWS

FIGURE

5 1

8 L

I

til 4N

r

5-4

\\\\ \\ ,eJma.org

UNIVERSAL BELLOWS

FIGURE 5.2

c Expansion Join Manufaclurers Associalion. lnc. 5 1


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ST ND RDS

OF

THE

EXPANSION JOINT

M NUF CTURERS SSOCI TION

INC

8 3 INST LL TION

It

is important that Expansion Joims be installed

t

the proper lengths as recommended

by

the

manufacturer. They should never be extended or compressed to make up deficiencies in pipe

length. or offset to 3ccommodatc piping which is nOI properly aligned unless such installation s

tolerances have been specified

by

the system designer and anticipated

by

the Expansion Joint

manufacturer. Do not neglect pre-compression

or

pre-extension of the Expansion Joint where it

is required or as designaled by the manufacturer. Generally. such instructions arc included on

the shipping tags and additional infonnation is available in Section 2.

All Expansion Joints provided with internal sleeves should be provided with flow arrows

or

other

suitable means of assisting the installer in properly orienting the Expansion Joint to flow

direction. Correct installation of Expansion Joints with illtemal sleeves is Illost important and

should be checked by the installer. See Section 4.10)

In order 1 insure the proper functioning of any Expansion Joint. it is highly important lhat all

pipelines in which the Expansion Joints are located be suitably 3l11 :horeu guided. and supported.

See Sections 2.2 through 2.10)


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Remember. a bellows is designed to absorb motion by flexing. The bellows is sufficiently thick

to withstand the design pressure, but also sufficiently thin to withstand its cyclic

movement

Optimum design will always require a bellows of thinner materials than virtually every other

component

of

the piping system

in

which it

is

installed. The installer must recognize this and

take all necessary measures to protect the bellows during installation. Avoid denting, weld

spatter. strikes. or the possibility of allowing foreign matter to interfere with the proper

flexing

of

the bellows. With reasonable care during storage. handling. and installation. the user

will assured of the reliability designed and built into the Expansion Joint.

8 4

G SKETS

When removable flanged sleeves are inserted

in

the Expansion Joint. an extra gasket is required

between Ihe face

of

the Expansion Joint and the back face

of

the flanged sleeve. i.e

two gaskets

per Expansion Joint ordinarily, three gaskets if onc flanged sleeve is used per Expansion Joint

and four gaskets

if

a pa ir

oftdes oping

flanged sleeves are used. Caution should be used with

graphite impregnated gaskets

in

contact with stainless steel facings

or

sleeves l high

temperature.

x p n ~ i o n Joint Manufacturers Association. Inc.

www.cjm,l.Vlg


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ST N R S OF

THE

EXPANSION JOINT M NUFACTUR ERS ASSOCIATION INC

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8-4

xp nsion Joint Manllfticllll :-f:) A : ~ u o : i a l ; U l l II,;.

\\

t jIll J urg

STA, DARDS OF

THE

EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOClATION. INC.

SECTION

9 - FEATURES, ACCESSORIES AND

MATERIALS

9 1 M ULTI-PLY

BELLOWS

A multi-ply bel lows can be used

in

many applications. II is important to understand the

functional characteristics of each type of construction. These Standards apply

t

bellows with no

more than five plies.

9.1.1

MULTI-PLY

CONSTRUCTION WITII THE SAME

TOTAL THICKNESS

AS A

SINGLE PLY

CONSTRUCTION

9.1.1.1

PRESSURE

CAPACITY

The circumferential membrane and meridional membrane 5 , pressure

stresses are unaffected since the rotal bellows thickness is the same as a single ply

conslnlction. The meridional stress due to pressure will be higher for the

multi-ply construction due the thinner material per

ply.

9.1.1.2 FATIGUE LLFE


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An increase

in

fatigue life over that

ofa

single

ply

construction will usually result

since the meridional deflection stresses 55 and Sf, aTC reduced due

to

the

thinner material per ply.

9.1.1.3

SPRING FORCES

A decrease

in

the spring force will result since the spring rate will be lower due to

the thinner material per ply.

9.1.1.4 BELLOWS STABILITY

Column stability is reduced due to the thinner material per ply. In-plane stability

is also reduced.

9.1.2

MULTI-PLY CONSTRUCTION

WITH THE SAME THICKNESS FOR

EACli

PLY AS A

SINGLE

PLY CONSTRUCTION

9.1.2.1

PRESSURE CAPACITY

The pressure capacity

of

the bellows is higher than a single ply construction. The

circumferential membrane and meridional membrane SJ pressure stresses

are lower since the total bellows thickness is greater. The meridional bending

stress due to pressure will be lower for the multi-ply construction.

9.1.2.2 FATIGUE

LIFE

The effect on fatigue life over that ofa single ply construction will be minimal.

9.1.2.3 SPRING

FORCES

An

increase

in

the spring force will result since the spring rate

wiJI be

bigher due

to the greater total material thickness.

9.1.2.4 BELLOWS

STABILITY

In-plane and colunm stability are increased due to the greater total material

thickness.

v V, \\ .eJma.org

Expansion

Joil l1

Manufacturers s ~ o c i a t i o n Inc. 9-1


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Documents

Ejm a Standard 9 Ed 2008