ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGSUBJECT CODE: 2110004

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Contents

• Meaning of Engineering ?• Branches of engineering• Meaning of “Civil Engineering” ?• Branches of civil engineering• Scope of civil engineering• Role of civil engineer in society• Impact of infrastructural development on the

economy of a country

Engineering….?

Engineering

WHAT?(Application of scince)

Purpose?(For fulfilment

of needs & betterment of

peope)

HOW?( By use of

resources of the

materials)

Definition of engineering

“Engineering is the art based primarily upon training in mathematics and the physical sciences

of utilizing economically the forces and material of nature for the benefit of the man.”

…contd.

Branches of engineering

• Civil engineering• Mechanical engineering• Chemical engineering• Information technology• Computer engineering• Electronics and communication engineering• Electrical engineering• Textile engineering• Instrumentation and control engineering

Branches of engineering

• Civil engineering• Mechanical engineering• Chemical engineering• Information technology• Computer engineering• Electronics and communication engineering• Electrical engineering• Textile engineering• Instrumentation and control engineering

…contd

Civil engineering

Civil engineering

Civil engineering

• Definition:-“ Civil engineering is that field of engineering concerned with

planning, design and construction for environmental control, development of natural resources, buildings, transportation facilities and other structures required for health, welfare, safety, employment and pleasure of mankind.”

…contd

Branches of civil engineering

• Surveying• Geotechnical engineering• Structural engineering• Building, planning and construction• Town planning• Water resources engineering• Transportation engineering• Environmental engineering• Advanced construction

Surveying• Surveying and leveling includes the measurement in horizontal and vertical planes with the help of surveying instruments.•Surveying fixes the relative positions of different points on the surface of the earth.•It also includes the area and volume measurements.•Basic aim of surveying is to prepare a map of the area to some scale.

….contd

Geotechnical engineering•Geotechnical engineering is the field which deals with soil investigation and design of the foundations.•Soil investigation includes collection and testing of soil samples, soil bearing capacity, settlement.•It also includes the construction and design of well foundations, construction and foundation of dams, construction of tunnels, sub base of the roads, pile foundations.

…contd

Eurotunnel

…contd

Structural analysis and design

• This branch of civil engineering deals with the structural analysis and design.

• Structural analysis is done to calculate stresses in the structural component, on the bases of loads acting on the structure.

• According to strength of the materials the various components of the building beams, columns, slabs, foundations are to be designed.

• Design and analysis of the multistory building, towers, retaining walls, water tanks, bridges, dams, industrial buildings is included in this branch.

• Structures should be safe, durable and economic.• It also should be designed according to the earthquake resistant.

…contd

Building planning and construction•Civil engineers are concerned with many types of the structures of which buildings are of prime importance.•Building are planned according to the fundamental principles of planning and bye laws of local municipal bodies.•Main components of the buildings are foundations, masonry walls, beams, columns, stairs, doors, windows.•Main building materials are cement, bricks, sand, kapachi, wood, tiles. Steel, lime, glass, plastic.•Various types of the buildings are residential, public utility buildings, industrial buildings.

…contd

Town planning

• Town planning means planned and controlled growth of town by dividing land of the town in to the different land use zones.

• To regulate building construction to provide better environment for the people of the town.

• In town planning, areas of town are divided in to residential, commercial, industrial zones, which is known as zoning.

• Services like road network, water supply and drainage network are planned.

• Gardens and green belts are planned for to create better environment.

• Floor space index are to be fixed to regulate the construction of the buildings.

• For towns and cities master plan are to be prepared.

…contd

Water resources engineering

•Water resources engineering means measurements, utilization and development of water resources for agriculture, municipal and power generation purpose.•It includes irrigation engineering, design of hydraulic structures like dams, canals.•It deals with planning, constructing and designing of the hydraulic structures.•Hydrology is the main part of the water resources engineering.•Hydrology includes the study of the sources of water in the surface , below the surface and in the atmosphere, measurement of rainfall, flood control.

…contd

Hydrological cycle

…contd

Hydroelectric dam

…contd

Transportation engineering

• Transportation means movement of passengers and goods by vehicles on land, ships on water and aircraft in air.

• Transportation is that branch of civil engineering which deals with planning, designing and constructing of roads, bridges, railways, tunnels, harbors, ports, airports, docks.

• For a development of a nation having good transportation facility is a basic need.

• It also includes the traffic engineering.• It also includes the study of the materials used for construction of

roads like metal, bitumen, asphalt, tar, concrete.

…contd

Environmental engineering•Environmental engineering deals with pollution control.•It also includes public health engineering.•In public health engineering includes water distribution system, drainage system, water treatment plant.•The planning, construction and design of public health department is included in this branch of civil engineering.•It also includes the study o solid waste management.

…contd

Advanced construction

• Construction of dams, bridges, canals, tunnels, ports requires several advanced techniques of construction.

• Large scale of earthwork in excavation requires equipments like power shovel, dragline, bulldozers, etc.

• For massive concrete work in dam concrete mixing plant is required.

• These types of construction techniques come under category of advanced construction.

…contd

Scope of civil engineering

Scope of civil engineering

According to the field of work, area of services and type of the structure

Functions of civil engineering

1.) According to field of work, area of services and type of the structure

• Building construction:- It includes constructing residential, public buildings and industrial

buildings. It also includes study of building materials, construction techniques of

building components like foundation, masonry, doors, windows etc.

• Construction of heavy structures:- It includes the construction of bridges, dams, ports, airports, harbors, well

foundations & its various techniques, modern equipments and materials.

• Geotechnical engineering:- It includes the designing methods of various types of foundations,

underground structures, earthen dams, earth work for highways & railways.

It also includes soil investigation and its testing.

• Transportation engineering:- Constructing & designing the roadways, railways, bridges, harbors,

airports. It also includes the traffic engineering & study of the highway materials.

..contd

• Water resources engineering:- Constructing structures relating to water resources engineering like dams,

canal structures, hydro power structures. It also irrigation methods, flow management, rain water harvesting, flood

control and water power engineering.

• Environmental engineering:- Constructing structures related to water treatment plant, water distribution

network, drainage system and pumping system. It also includes solid waste management and pollution control from the

town.

• Town planning:- Planning of town by zoning of the land, planning road network, planning

other services like drainage, water distribution system. Preparing master plan of the town planning schemes and regulating

construction by building bylaws.

…contd

2.) According to the functions of civil engineering• Surveying:- To carry out surveying for setting out of works & preparing map of land. Measurements of distances and angles are taken by surveying instruments. With the help of leveling, levels are taken and prepare a contour map.

• Planning:- To carry out planning of a building is for the purpose to satisfy basic

needs of the occupants.• Structural analysis and design:- To carry out that the structure is safe from the various loads acting on

it. To carry out the design of the structure with the help of various

constructing materials e.g. steel or concrete. • Professional practice Estimating:- To prepare estimate of work from the data of drawing, specifications and

rates. Costing and accounts:- To carry out the costing to know the actual expenditure in the payment of

bills to the contractor, and many other expenditure, during construction of the work.

….contd

Valuation:- To carry out valuation of the property like land or land with building. Valuation is carried out for the purpose of knowing the fair & just price or

market value of the property for the purpose of sales, purchases, insurance, taking loans & other purposes.

Contracts:- To carry out the construction of work through contractor according to the

conditions of the contract. On the bases of the contractor’s qualification, past performance and rates filled in the tender papers, work is allocated to the contractor.

• Construction management:- Planning and scheduling:- To carry out the project planning and according to prepare different

schedules. Scheduling is the process to fix the execution of the project activity after

planning. Scheduling can be done using bar chart or critical path methods. Construction execution & supervision:- To carry out the actual execution and supervision of the

construction activity of the project as per the plan, specification & condition of the contract.

To manage material storing, handling equipments, safety of the labor & to observe the labor laws. …contd

• Quality control and research:- To have a quality check of the material, equipment. During the actual construction, the quality of the material can be checked

with the help the testing equipments. Materials should be used as per the specifications.

• Maintenance of structure:- To carry out the maintenance of the structure after the construction is

over. Structure needs maintenance & proper care. Due to continuous utilization

of the structure, wear and tear occur therefore the maintenance of the structure is required.

Different types of the repair works are to be done for the maintenance of the structure. Current repairs, special repairs & major repairs are the different types of the repairs.

…contd

Role of the civil engineer in society

• The main role of civil engineer is surveying, planning, designing, constructing, maintaining of the various types of the structures.

• To solve different engineering problems with the help of enough experience of field, numerical methods, laboratory techniques.

• To carry out soil investigations for the design of the foundations.• To carry out the leveling and surveying and prepare map to fix the

boundaries of the plots and to calculate the area and the volume.• To fix the alignment of the various paths for making the roadways,

railways.• To carry out the planning & supervise proper the execution of the

actual construction activity.• To prepare the proper drawing, analyzing and designing the

various types of the structures.• To invite the tenders & to select contractor for the work.• To carry out valuation of land or building for the purpose of finding

its scale or purchase price or taxation.• To fulfill the basic needs of the occupants by using fundamentals

of the building planning & by the help of the various building materials.

Impact of infrastructural development on the economy of a country

Construction sector in india• More than 3.3 crore(appx.) employees in construction industry in a

country.• Contribution of construction industry is 8.04% of gross domestic

product(GDP) in 2014-15.• Indian Construction Industry consists of 200 firms in the corporate

sector. In addition to these firms, there are about 1,20,000 class A contractors registered with various government construction bodies.

• Infrastructure:-The infrastructural sector covers a wide range of services are as follows:(i) Transportation(ii) Water resources projects(iii) Power sector(iv) Telecommunication(v) Retail sector(vi) Banking(vii)Science and technology

Infrastructural information of India

•Geographical area =32,87,590 sq.km.

•India is having 17.5% population in the world.

•Coast line of 6100 km of main land.

Transportation

• Roads India has a network of National Highways connecting all the major cities and

state capitals, forming the economic backbone of the country. As of 2013,India has the following types of roads:

As per the National Highways Authority of India, about 65% of freight and 80% passenger traffic is carried by the roads.

The National Highways carry about 40% of total road traffic, though only about 2% of the road network is covered by these roads.

Average growth of the number of vehicles has been around 10.16% per annum over recent years.

Types of roads Length of the roads

Expressways 1,208 km

National highways 79,116 km

State highways 1,55,716

District, rural and village roads 4,455,010km

Total roads 4,689,842km(apprx.)

• Railways Indian Railways provides an important mode of transport in India,

transporting over 18 million passengers and more than 2 million tons of freight daily across one of the largest and busiest rail networks in the world.

The rail network traverses through the length and breadth of the country, covering more than 7,000 stations. A total route length of more than 65,000 km & track length of about 115,000 km.

• Ports In country there are 12 major ports at Mumbai, Kandla, Nhava sheva off

Mumbai, Marmagao, New manglore, Kochi, Tuticorin, Chennai, Vishakhapattanam, Paradip, Ennore & Haldia.

In country there are 187 minor ports. Approximately, 95% of country’s trade volume is transported to the sea.

• Airports Airports can be a mirror for the infrastructure development of the nation. While there are 346 civilian airfields in India - 253 with paved runways and

93 with unpaved runways, only 132 were classified as "airports" as of November 2014.

Airport authority manages 125 airports, there are 11 international airports & 77 domestic airports in the country.

Power sector• Power or electricity is one of the most critical components of infrastructure

affecting economic growth and well-being of nations.• The Government of India’s focus to attain ‘Power For All’ has accelerated

capacity addition in the country. At the same time, the competitive intensity is increasing on both market side as well as supply side (fuel, logistics, finances and manpower).

• As of April 2014, total thermal installed capacity stood at 168.4 gigawatt (GW), while hydro and renewable energy installed capacity totalled 40.5 GW and 31.7 GW, respectively. At 4.8 GW, nuclear energy capacity remained broadly constant from that in the previous year.

• Indian solar installations are forecasted to be approximately 1,000 megawatt (MW) in 2014, according to Mercom Capital Group, a global clean energy communications and consulting firm.

• Wind energy market of India is expected to attract about Rs 20,000 crore (US$ 3.16 billion) of investments next year, as companies across sectors plan to add 3,000 MW of capacity powered by wind energy.

Telecommunication

• Telecom services have been acknowledged globally as an essential tool for the socio-economic development of a nation.

• India is currently the world’s second-largest telecommunications market and has registered exceptional growth in the past few years.

• the total mobile services market revenue in India will reach US$ 29.8 billion in 2014 and is expected to touch US$ 37 billion in 2017, registering a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.2 per cent, according to research firm IDC.

• According to a study by GSMA, it has been expected by 2020 India is all set to become the fourth largest smart phone market.

• India is projected to have 213 million mobile internet users by June 2015, a 23 per cent rise over a six month period, according to Mobile Internet in India 2014 report.

Retail sector

• The Indian retail industry has presently emerged as one of the most dynamic and fast paced industries as several players have started to enter the market.

• It accounts for over 10 per cent of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) and around eight per cent of the employment in India.

• The country is today the fifth largest global destination in the world for retail.

• Several corporate have planned to exploit the opportunities in the Indian retail space, such as Reliance Industries Ltd (RIL), which has lined up capital expenditure of Rs 1.8 trillion for the next three years for its petrochemicals, telecom and retail ventures.

Banking

• According to the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), the banking sector in India is sound, adequately capitalized and well-regulated.

• Indian financial and economic conditions are much better than in many other countries of the world.

• Credit, market and liquidity risk studies show that Indian banks are generally resilient and strong.

• The Indian banking sector is fragmented, with 46 commercial banks jostling for business with dozens of foreign banks as well as rural and co-operative lenders.

• State banks control 80 percent of the market.• At the end of February, 13.7 crore accounts had been opened

under Pradhanmantri Jan Dhan Yojna (PMJDY) and 12.2 crore RuPay debit cards were issued.

• These new accounts have mobilised deposits of Rs 12,694 crore.

Science and technology

• Modern India has had a strong focus on science and technology, realizing the fact that it is a key element of economic growth.

• Significantly, India is among the topmost countries in the world in the field of scientific research and has positioned itself as among the top five nations in the field of space exploration.

• It has been regularly undertaking space missions to the moon and the famed Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV).

• ISRO's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, PSLV-C28, successfully launched IRNSS-1C, the third satellite in the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), on July, 2015.

•  India presently has 16 Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), 30 National Institutes of Technology (NITs), 162 universities awarding about 4,000 doctorates and 35,000 post-graduate degrees, and about 40 research laboratories run by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) all over the country.

Water resources sector

• Irrigation in India includes a network of major and minor canals from Indian rivers, groundwater well based systems, tanks, and other rainwater harvesting projects for agricultural activities.

• Of these groundwater system is the largest.•  In 2010, only about 35% of total agricultural land in India was

reliably irrigated.• About 2/3rd cultivated land in India is dependent on monsoons.• Between 2000-2005 and 2005-2010, India proposed to invest a

sum of  1,03,315 crore and 2,10,326 crore on irrigation and flood control in India.

Infrastructural development in Gujarat

•Gujarat has geographical area of 1,96,024 sq.km.•Gujarat is having population of 65.1 million in current situation.•Gujarat has coastline of 1600km.

Transportation

• Roads Good road connectivity is critical for the economic development of

the State. Roads provide the trunk as well as the last mile connectivity to the growth centers such as Ports, Industrial areas, urban areas, tourism centers etc.

They provide access for the agriculture produce to reach markets and for rural and tribal areas to connect with mainstream economic and social activity.

Gujarat’s road network of nearly 75,000 Km. comprises of the National Highway, State Highways, major district roads, other district roads and village roads.

Gujarat has 2362 km of National highways, 19180 km of state highways.

India’s first express way no.1, Ahmadabad- Baroda expressway is 95 km in length.

• Railways Gujarat has 5310 km length of railway length. In total 54 railway projects have been identified aggregating to a total

of Rs. 85,609 crore which comprises of projects identified by Indian Railways, Government of Gujarat and its agencies and new projects.

The investment is arrived by including an investment of Rs. 66,300 crore from the Bullet train projects.

Total investment in rail sector from rest of the projects is worked out to be Rs. 19,309 crore by 2020 net of the Bullet train project.

• Ports Gujarat with its 1600 km of coastline is the waterfront for most of

North and Central India. Gujarat has 1 major port at Kandla & 40 minor ports, other important

ports are Navlakhi, Porbandar, Pipavav and Mundra. Its deep drafts, accessibility to Middle East and African markets and a

facilitating policy regime has made the State the leading maritime state in the country.

Ports have contributed hugely to Gujarat’s industrial growth with nearly 70 percent of its imports being used within the state.

• Airports Gujarat has total 11 airports among which 1 international airport at

Ahmadabad & other important domestic airports are at Baroda, Surat & Rajkot.

Some goals should be achieved for the airport sector in Gujarat for fully development are –

Ensure availability of quality airport infrastructure Air connectivity to passengers in the State. Trigger development through the high visibility Ahmadabad Greenfield

international airport project. Explore opportunities in non passenger aviation segments such as

maintenance, repair of aircrafts, regional hub of airlines etc. Encourage manpower development and skill building in aviation sector by

encouraging flight schools and aviation academies at not-in-use air fields.

Power sector

• Demand for energy in the State has grown at a rapid pace, driven by high industrial growth rates and rapid urbanization.

• The peak demand for the State is expected to be 10,209 MW in 2009-10 and 23,982 MW in 2019-20.

• To meet the projected demand Gujarat is expecting to add approximately 11,690 MW from conventional sources of energy during the 11th Plan period.

• Additionally, Gujarat will get 1,100 MW (800MW before 2012) from the Ultra Mega Power Project being set up at Mundra and 5,800 MW from other projects planned beyond the 11th Five-Year Plan.

• Renewable sources comprising of wind power and biomass are estimated to add another 3600 MW during the period up to 2020.

• Given the evolving scenario in Nuclear power generation, no capacity additions have been considered.

• A total of 22,190 MW are planned to be added by 2020.

IT SECTOR

• Recognizing the importance of Information Technology for employment and services sector growth, Government of Gujarat notified an IT Policy for the State in November, 2006.

• This Policy encourages a rapid expansion and growth of the knowledge based economy in the State.

• Accordingly, Government has plans to attract investments in the IT Sector and create employment opportunities for about 200,000 persons in a period of 5 years.

• An IT University is planned for augmenting availability of trained manpower.

• In addition, information technology park entailing infrastructure requirement of Rs. 300 Cr. are expected to come up in the state.