8 Limbs of yoga YamaAsana NiyamaDharana PranayamaDhyana
PratayaharaSamadhi Hatha Yoga AsanaPranayamaMeditation Yoga Sutras
of Patanjali c. 200CE Yoga=religion?
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Ashtanga Iyengar Vinyasa Power - Flow Bikram - Hot Restorative
Yin Kundalini Special populations: prenatal, kids
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Class Setting Deep Breath Physica l Mental Focus Savasana
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USA: 1 in 10 are currently depressed (or 9.1%) More prevalent
w/ chronic illness Causes poor prognosis for chronic illness (CDC,
2010) Intl: Higher rates where more awareness & services Taboo
against depression = underreporting Data not available in
developing countries (Ferrari et al., 2010)
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More prevalent in uninsured and undereducated Social stigma
Side effects of antidepressant medication (Stimmel, 2001) Suicide
is the 10 th leading cause of death in the US (CDC, 2010)
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What is the evidence for the effectiveness of yoga to treat
depression?
6 Level I RCTs found Sample size: 27-65 (mean=47.17) Duration:
most 8 weeks 3 American, 2 Iranian, 1 Brazilian Setting: 3
class/home, 2 class, 1 home 5 adults, 1 older adults 2 Caregivers
for family member with dementia Depression varied from mild to
MDD
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Most included all aspects of hatha yoga Asana 5/6 Pranayama 6/6
Meditation 5/6 Styles of yoga: Hatha yoga (2) Laughter yoga Yoga w/
compassion meditation Inner Resources Kirtan Yoga
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Is it ethical to withhold known effective treatment for
depression? Two allowed antidepressants, provided they were
established and did not change (Butler et al., 2008; Kinser et al.,
2013) (had most depressed participants) Two did not allow
antidepressants (Lavretsky et al., 2013; Danucalov et al., 2013)
(mild to moderate depression) One tranquilizers, a sedative not
antidepressant (Danucalov et al., 2013) Both Iranian studies did
not specify (Javnbakht et al., 2009; Shahidi et al., 2011)
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Depression: 4/6 (Butler et al., 2008; Lavretsky et al., 2013;
Danucalov et al., 2013; Shahidi et al., 2011) Anxiety: 3/3
(Danucalov et al., 2013; Javnbakht et al., 2009; Lavretsky et
al.,2013) Life Satisfaction: 1/1 (Shahidi et al., 2011) Ruminations
0/1 (Kisner et al., 2013) Salivary cortisol 1/1 (Danucalov et al.,
2013) Stress: 1/1 (Danucalov et al., 2013)
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Strengths Recent RTC with sound statistical analysis
Limitations Variable populations, interventions, and measures
Implications for future research Larger samples and duration of
study What elements of yoga are most effective Physiological
changes: neurotransmitters, hormones
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Referral to community & senior centers Advocate for
adaptive yoga in practice setting Use as preparatory method in
treatment Possibility of yoga therapy in community-based setting
Yoga could be effective for other physical conditions, mental
conditions, kids
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Tim Rushby-Smith, yoga instructor
http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2011/sep/26/wheelchair-yoga
