Emulsion Readout-Present and Future-

Toshiyuki Nakano2008.1.24

Emulsion Workshop, Nagoya, Japan

Nuclear Emulsion Film・ Very high spatial resolution. ・ Possible to record MIP’s tracks

“OPERA film” is uniform, refreshable and mass producible. ~100,000m2 are used in OPERA

Protection coat ： 1m

Emulsion ： 44m

Film base ： 205m（ TAC ）

Emulsion:44m

乾板断面図（電顕写真）

Cross section

125mm

100mm

10m

Digitizing Nuclear Emulsion Films

Film base　 200-800 m

MicroscopeZ -axis

Objective lens : 50x ~3m DOF (effective)

Resolution : 512x512 pixelsFOV : 160x160m2

Eff. Pixel size : ~0.3m

Emulsion （ backside)Typ. 45-100 m

Nucle

ar e

mul

sion

film

Imagesensor

Imagesensor

Emulsion (topside)typ. 45-100 m

160mGrain Density ~15 (/45m), FOG>3000 grain(/view)

4×1012pixel information in 1 film (in 100×100cm2, double side coat)

• Take 16 tomographic images by microscope optics.• Shift images to aim at specific angle tracks• Sum up 16 images to examine coincidence.• Find signal of tracks.

Repeats in angle space

Invented by K.Niwa in 1974

Early Track Selector

in 1985

Established by S.Aoki

Ref . The Fully Automated Emulsion Analysis System. S. Aoki et al.Published in Nucl.Instrum.Meth.B51:466-472,1990.

TS 0.0025 cm2/h

NTS~0.08 cm2/h

UTS 1 cm2/h

0.003

0.082

1

72

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

TS(TTL) NTS(CPLD) UTS(FPGA) SUTS(FPGA)

Evolution of the Scanning Power

Our code name (device technology)CHORUS DONUT OPERA

Speed in cm2/h

The 1st SUTS (20cm2/h)

Follow Shot Optics

No step and repeat image taking

• Use Ultra High Speed Camera– Up to 3k frames per second. Max Max

90views/sec 90views/sec ～～ 60cm60cm22/h (@50x)/h (@50x)

• Image taking by follow shot– No step and repeat operationNo step and repeat operation can avoid

a mechanical bottleneck.– FOV displacement and Blur are

canceled by moving objective lens

• Optimizing Field of View– 120m×90m -> 140m×140m or

more

Overcome the Bottle necks of the image acquisition

Optics Driven by PiezoD~16.4mm, W~13g

Sub-pixel Accuracy

High resonant frequency (fres>2kHz)

Real-time Image Filtering and Packing ProcessorArrange readout segments

to linesFIR filtersRing frame

buffersSpatial filter and

Pixel Packing

LVDS Camera Interface

LVDS Output Interface

Camera In

Processing speed :

>80cm2/h/board

SUTS Track recognition board

Internal Band width ~40Gbyte/s/FPGA

×11

LVDS （ 3+1 ） 2

240Mbyte/sec(2.5 msec/view)

32bit Bi-directional FIFO

Host interface

SLAVE FPGAs　 Calculating Overlayed

Image0.125msec/view/angle/FPGA

Power PC 405 2Control and Clustering

S-UTS Track Recognition Block diagram (revised)

Block SRAMHigh band width and

Fine Granularity21.6GByte/sec or more

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Rocket IO 204Gbyte/sec

From CameraImage-Pre-Processor

Local Control BUS

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MASTER FPGAReordering Packed Image

Controlling Slaves

S-UTS data flow

Raw data

Data Base

150~300MB/s

2~10MB/s

High Speed Camera 3,000 frame/s

Front end image processorZero suppression, pixel packing

Track recognition

Alignment and Connect tracks

2~10MB/s~0.1MB/s

Physics Analysis

1.3GB/s

Temporary storage

PCPC

10cm

12.5cm

Outputs of S-UTS ~ 140 Million tracks

Pos. reprod. ： （ 15 mrad ）Ang. reprod. ： （ 0.6 micron ）

Vector Information ： POS,ANG,DARK

Efficiency @50views/sec, ×35 objective lens

SUTS-372cm2/h

Micro track angle resolution

Reproducibility of Base Track Angle

3.7mrad/2 2.1mrad/2

Reproduciblity of Base Angle Measurements

0

5

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5Slope rad（ ）

σmr

ad（

）

35magX35magY50magX50magY

Limited by processing power

Simulated by scanning twice and combining

Recoverable Efficiency @50views/sec, ×28 objective lens

SUTS-3121cm2/h

Under tuning

35×

28×

Micro track angle resolution

SUTS-3

Prospects for improvements of SUTS• Enlarging FOV

- 28x is under tuning. 121cm2/h will be possible.• Shorten repetition time

- 50views/s w 35x, 60view/s w 50x. Imager accept up to 90views/s.

• Bidirectional scanning to increase effective speed.

- 8 sec/line to scan, 3 sec to return back to the next line. 55cm2/h : 72cm2/h ~76%

A factor of 2-3 improvement is expected

2040

72

121

217

0

50

100

150

200

250

30v/ s,50x 60v/ s,50x 50v/ s,35x 50v/ s,28x 90v/ s,28x

Evolution of the SUTSSpeed in cm2/h

VERSION of SUTS

In practical use

In tuning phase

Concept to the next evolution of emulsion scanning.

The EX-F1 will be available from March 2008 priced at $999.99.

Pricing varies depending upon specifications and options ordered, but ranges between $3.5M and $4M

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1 film/min

IC-Stepper (Lithographic system)

Resolution 350nm or betterNA 0.63Exposure light source i-line (365nm)Reduction ratio 1:5Exposure field 22mm square to 17.9 (H) 25.2 (V)mmAlignment accuracy 40nm or better 

It is possible, by stepping only 56 times, to cover entire sheet with enough resolution.

Giga Pixel Imaging SystemRequirements• Total number of pixels should be ten to the ninth power

– To cover 20mm20mm in 0.5m pitch, it needs 40k40k pixels.

• The frame rate should be 12fps in average.– Pixel rate becomes ~20Gpixels/sec

It is possible by employing a mosaic imager

Giga Pixel Imaging System (2)IMX017CQE (SONY) is a good candidate of this purpose

• Pixel size 2.5m• Resolution 2880×2160• Frame rate 60fps• Pixel rate 373Mpixel/s

is priced at $999.99

Speed and Coverage of Mosaic Imager

20mm

Effective FOV 21.55×20.9 mm2×0.28 (1450×1100m2×80)Effective pixel size 0.5mRepetition time 1.5 sec /16depth/fullarea (4 steps/view)Max. scan speed 12000cm2/h (150cm2/h×80)

Possibility of track recognition part

• An SUTS processor can perform ~100cm2/h Its is possible, with ~120 boards, to process emulsion images taken by this optics.

• According to Moore’s law, we can expected much better computing technology, which is lower cost, smaller profile and low power consumption.

SUTS processor is based on 0.13um process. Since 0.065um process is popular now, ¼ foot print and 2 times faster speed a unit will be possible.

It’s NOT a problem.

Summary

• A scanning speed of ~72cm2/h has been achieved in practical use. 121cm2/h version is under tuning phase.

• It is possible, with the popular technologies, to achieve a scanning speed up to 1 film per minute.