Engineering Engineering Education in Education in

ChinaChinaGONG KeGONG Ke

• Staring of the engineering Staring of the engineering education in Chinaeducation in China

• Blooming of Chinese Blooming of Chinese engineering educationengineering education

• Challenges to the engineering Challenges to the engineering educationeducation

Starting of the Starting of the Engineering Engineering

Education in ChinaEducation in China

1895 - 19521895 - 1952

• Defeated by Japan in 1894Defeated by Japan in 1894

• 日本援照西法，广开学堂书院，不特陆军海军将弁取材日本援照西法，广开学堂书院，不特陆军海军将弁取材于学堂，即外部出使诸员及制造开矿等功，亦皆取材于于学堂，即外部出使诸员及制造开矿等功，亦皆取材于学堂。中国智能之士何地篾有，但选将才于俦人广众之学堂。中国智能之士何地篾有，但选将才于俦人广众之中，拔使才与诗文帖括之内，至于制造工艺则皆用不通中，拔使才与诗文帖括之内，至于制造工艺则皆用不通文理不解测算之匠徒，而欲于各国系长较短，难矣！文理不解测算之匠徒，而欲于各国系长较短，难矣！

• First Modern HEI in China (1895)First Modern HEI in China (1895)– Peiyang UniversityPeiyang University

Law

Civil, Mechanical, Mining Eng.

Electrical Engineering深究电理学深究用电机理传电力学电报并徳律风电房演示

• 上个世纪上个世纪 2020 年代，北洋校长刘仙年代，北洋校长刘仙洲就说：“各种工业以机械工业之洲就说：“各种工业以机械工业之应用最为普遍，并最为现实社会所应用最为普遍，并最为现实社会所需求，而各种电气工业之发展，亦需求，而各种电气工业之发展，亦有一日千里之现象。有一日千里之现象。…………此两学门此两学门似在急须添设之列。” 似在急须添设之列。”

• Start of EE education in ChinaStart of EE education in China–Jiaotong University (1908)Jiaotong University (1908)–Peiyang University (1932)Peiyang University (1932)–Tsinghua University(1932)Tsinghua University(1932)–…………

However, engineering education were in a very small However, engineering education were in a very small scale before the war, not more than 5000 in totalscale before the war, not more than 5000 in total ，， EE’s EE’s students were a small part of it. E.g. 13 students had students were a small part of it. E.g. 13 students had been enrolled in 1932 by Peiyang while 30 in 1949.been enrolled in 1932 by Peiyang while 30 in 1949.

• During the WWII, the engineering During the WWII, the engineering education continued and developed, education continued and developed, especially the EE education and especially the EE education and research had been developed.research had been developed.

Wind Tunnel

• Summary of the 1st period of EE Summary of the 1st period of EE education in China (-1952)education in China (-1952)–Small in scaleSmall in scale

–Active in international cooperationActive in international cooperation

–Significant for further developmentSignificant for further development

Blooming of Chinese Blooming of Chinese Engineering EducationEngineering Education

1952 – 20001952 – 2000

• Soon after the war, the Soon after the war, the People’s Republic of China People’s Republic of China was found in 1949. With the was found in 1949. With the new start of industrialization, new start of industrialization, engineering education took a engineering education took a great leap into “booming great leap into “booming period”. period”.

• From 1952 to 1955, the higher From 1952 to 1955, the higher education system had been education system had been reconstructed to meet the urgent reconstructed to meet the urgent requirement of engineers in requirement of engineers in various industrial sectors. various industrial sectors.

Many comprehensive universities Many comprehensive universities turned to technical universities and turned to technical universities and large number of specialized technical large number of specialized technical institutes had been established.institutes had been established.

• In 1956, China has made its first plan In 1956, China has made its first plan for science and technology for science and technology development, Semiconductor, development, Semiconductor, Computer, Automation and Computer, Automation and Electronics are recognized as Electronics are recognized as emergent development areas. emergent development areas.

In CAS, 4 institutes are established, and several In CAS, 4 institutes are established, and several industrial research institutes established.industrial research institutes established.

• ““Semiconductor Physics and Semiconductor Physics and devices” had been established devices” had been established as new major in 1956.as new major in 1956.

In 1960, the first Chinese silicon transistor is made in Tsinghua University

• Electronic Engineering become Electronic Engineering become an important “major program” an important “major program” provided in many universities, provided in many universities, and professional HEI had been and professional HEI had been established in Beijing (BUPT), established in Beijing (BUPT), Chengdu and Xian.Chengdu and Xian.

Tsinghua’s EE Dept . Established in 1952 and Tsinghua’s EE Dept . Established in 1952 and become the largest one since 1957.become the largest one since 1957.

Engineering Education playing Engineering Education playing major role in 1950s and 1960smajor role in 1950s and 1960s

• The number of The number of engineering engineering institutes increased institutes increased from less than 20 in from less than 20 in 1949 to around 300 1949 to around 300 in 1965. in 1965.

• Engineering Engineering education covers education covers around 200 majors.around 200 majors. (about 40 in 1949)(about 40 in 1949)

YearYear Percentage of engineering students

19491949 26%26%

19531953 38%38%

19651965 44%44%

1980’s1980’s 60%60%

YearTotal Graduates

(Thousands)

Engineering Graduates

(Thousands)

Percentage ofEngineering Graduates

1949 21 5 22.3%

1952 32 10 31.9%

1957 56 17 30.5%

1965 185 80 43.3%

1979 85 21 25.1%

1984 498 168 33.9%

1989 625 213 34.1%

1994 637 228 35.9%

1999 847 326 38.5%

Year

Total Associate’s Bachelor Master’s Doctoral

(thousand)

(%)(thousa

nd) (%)

(thousand)

(%)(thousa

nd) (%)

(thousand)

(%)

2000 380 37.5 142 31.1 213 43.0 20 41.6 5 41.9

2001 375 33.9 130 27.6 220 38.7 20 36.3 5 42.2

2002 490 33.0 208 30.5 252 38.4 25 37.8 5 34.2

2003 686 34.5 293 30.9 352 37.8 35 37.7 6 35.0

2004 868 34.2 370 30.9 442 37.0 48 37.7 8 34.4

Number of engineering graduates at different levels and their percentages among all graduates of the same level in China between 2000 and 2004.

• Undergraduates: Undergraduates: – 1978-1999, 1978-1999, 250 per year, 250 per year, – 2000- 2000- 350 per year350 per year– 1953-2002,1953-2002, 9484 in total9484 in total

• Postgraduates:Postgraduates:– - 1966, - 1966, 93 in total93 in total– 2002, 2002, 80+170 per year80+170 per year– -2002, -2002, 1777 in total1777 in total

• The courses before 1952:The courses before 1952:– Math, Physics, Eng. Drawing, Math, Physics, Eng. Drawing,

EconomicsEconomics– Math, Electrical circuits, Applied Math, Electrical circuits, Applied

Mechanism, Materials, Metallurgy, Mechanism, Materials, Metallurgy, Thermal EngineeringThermal Engineering

– Electronics, Telegraph & Telephone, Electronics, Telegraph & Telephone, Electrical Machine, Communication Electrical Machine, Communication Network, Engineering SurveyingNetwork, Engineering Surveying

– Electromagnetism, Radio Eng.,….Electromagnetism, Radio Eng.,….

• Specialized courses after 1952:Specialized courses after 1952:– Electrical power and rectification, Electrical power and rectification,

Low frequency amplification, Pulse Low frequency amplification, Pulse techniques, Transmitter, Receiver, techniques, Transmitter, Receiver, Microwaves, Radio measurement, Microwaves, Radio measurement, Material and devicesMaterial and devices

– Television, Telecommunications, Television, Telecommunications, Radar, ….Radar, ….

Challenges to the Challenges to the engineering educationengineering education

1/3 students in China taking 1/3 students in China taking engineering studyengineering study

• Now there are 20 mil. Students in Now there are 20 mil. Students in Chinese Universities, 1/3 of them Chinese Universities, 1/3 of them are taking engineering study.are taking engineering study.

• In this “industrializing” country, In this “industrializing” country, there are about 390 HEI mainly there are about 390 HEI mainly providing Engineering Education.providing Engineering Education.

70% graduates entering industry70% graduates entering industry

HEI RIIndus-

tryGov. Bank Others

2004Under 3% 10% 68% 4% 6% 9%

Post 16% 11% 60% 4% 6% 3%

2005Under 2% 8% 71% 3% 4% 12%

Post 15% 12% 61% 5% 5% 2%

• It is ENGINEER playing key role in It is ENGINEER playing key role in China’s industrialization.China’s industrialization.

• It is ENGINEERING EDUCATION It is ENGINEERING EDUCATION cultivating ENGENIEERS.cultivating ENGENIEERS.

• It is engineers, who shape the It is engineers, who shape the world. And, It is engineering world. And, It is engineering education shapes the engineers.education shapes the engineers.

1. Sci-tech revolution putting new 1. Sci-tech revolution putting new requirements to engineersrequirements to engineers

• How to train engineers being able to adapt to How to train engineers being able to adapt to the reconfiguration of industry and the reconfiguration of industry and pioneering the new development? pioneering the new development?

• How to train engineers being able to How to train engineers being able to continuing update their knowledge by continuing update their knowledge by themselves with the pace of fast themselves with the pace of fast development of high techniques?development of high techniques?

• How to train engineers having better How to train engineers having better understanding to the new break-through in understanding to the new break-through in science in order to working innovatively to science in order to working innovatively to develop high techniques? develop high techniques?

2. Sustainable development putting new 2. Sustainable development putting new requirements to engineersrequirements to engineers

• How to train engineers to have more How to train engineers to have more consciousnesses of environment, consciousnesses of environment, energy, economics and to use the energy, economics and to use the techniques properly?techniques properly?

• How to train engineers to take more How to train engineers to take more cares to the human-being and cares to the human-being and harmonization of nature and society?harmonization of nature and society?

3. The globalization putting new 3. The globalization putting new requirements to engineersrequirements to engineers

• How to train engineers in a more “global How to train engineers in a more “global way” in order to help them better way” in order to help them better understand the global resources, understand the global resources, markets, cultures and international markets, cultures and international issues?issues?

• How to train engineers having the ability How to train engineers having the ability of cross-culture communications and of cross-culture communications and international cooperation? international cooperation?

• The impact of globalization on Chinese The impact of globalization on Chinese engineering education is demonstrated by engineering education is demonstrated by a variety of programs. By 2002, China had a variety of programs. By 2002, China had 712 joint education programs and 712 joint education programs and institutes with foreign countries, 36 percent institutes with foreign countries, 36 percent of which were in business administration, of which were in business administration, 19 percent in foreign language and 19 percent in foreign language and literature, 13 percent in electrical literature, 13 percent in electrical engineering and information technology, engineering and information technology, and 10 percent in economics and 10 percent in economics

• China’s ICT industry grows at a China’s ICT industry grows at a rate faster than GDP growth by 2-3 rate faster than GDP growth by 2-3 times, and contributes to annual times, and contributes to annual GDP growth by 57%.GDP growth by 57%.

• By 2006, there are 1867 HEI in By 2006, there are 1867 HEI in China, among them 720 China, among them 720 providing academic degree providing academic degree programs, 450 provide programs, 450 provide postgraduate programs. 70% of postgraduate programs. 70% of them have ICT programs.them have ICT programs.

• By 2005, in all Chinese HEI, By 2005, in all Chinese HEI, there are 2,442,000 students there are 2,442,000 students studying in Electronic studying in Electronic Information relevant majors.Information relevant majors.

• By 2006, there’re 36 Software By 2006, there’re 36 Software Engineering Schools, and 9 IC Engineering Schools, and 9 IC Engineer Training centers.Engineer Training centers.

• In the fast growing IC design In the fast growing IC design area, there’re 400-500 design area, there’re 400-500 design houses now in China, with houses now in China, with about 20000 employees in total, about 20000 employees in total, only a few of them has more only a few of them has more than 1000 employees.than 1000 employees.

• Should the students be trained to: Should the students be trained to: –Having more “vertical” knowledge Having more “vertical” knowledge

about different system layers?about different system layers?–Having wide “horizontal” knowledge Having wide “horizontal” knowledge

about relevant application areas?about relevant application areas?–With more solid fundamentals of With more solid fundamentals of

advanced physics and math? advanced physics and math? –Grasping more advanced tools?Grasping more advanced tools?

• How can students be trained How can students be trained being more creative and being more creative and innovative?innovative?

• How can students be trained How can students be trained with strong ability to learning by with strong ability to learning by themselves?themselves?

• All these challenges are All these challenges are common to all universities, so common to all universities, so that we should work closely that we should work closely together to bring the EE together to bring the EE education into the new era. education into the new era.

Thanks Thanks !!

30-July-200830-July-2008