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準備の授業

「品詞」と「文の要素」は別！

品詞 … 他の部分との繋がりを表すもの。

名詞・助動詞・動詞・形容詞・副詞・接続詞・前置詞・間投詞の８つがある。

※不定詞や関係詞など、「詞」という漢字が付いているのに、

品詞ではないものがいくつかあるので注意。

文の要素 … その文の中でのポジションを表すもの。

Ｓ（主語）・Ｖ（述語動詞）・Ｏ（目的語）・Ｃ（補語）・Ｍ（修飾語）の５つ。

８つの品詞

(１) 名詞の働き（５つ）

⇒ 主語Ｓになる・補語Ｃになる・他動詞の目的語Ｏになる・前置詞の目的語Ｏになる

前の名詞を同格的に修飾する

名詞と同じ働きをするもの（４つ）

(a) 名詞的用法の不定詞 (b) 動名詞 (c) that 節 (d) 間接疑問文

(a) It was very kind of you to lend me an umbrella. ［名詞的用法の不定詞が主語Ｓ］

(b) My hobby is playing the guitar. ［動名詞が補語Ｃ］

(c) We cannot deny that we are born equal. ［that 節が他動詞の目的語Ｏ］

(d) Ask him when he will come back. ［間接疑問文が他動詞の目的語Ｏ］

(２) 助動詞

⇒「推量」の意味を中心とし、動詞にさまざまな意味を付け加える。

(３) 動詞

⇒ 目的語を必要としない「自動詞」と、目的語を必要とする「他動詞」に大別され、

英語の文型を決定づける。

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(４) 形容詞の働き（２つ）

⇒ 名詞を修飾する・補語 C になる

形容詞と同じ働きをするもの（６つ）

(e) 冠詞 (f) (代)名詞の所有格 (g) 形容詞的用法の不定詞

(h) 分詞 (i) 前置詞句 (j) 関係詞節

(e) Will you open the window? ［定冠詞が名詞を修飾］

(f) Your idea is practical. ［所有格が名詞を修飾］

(g) I have some assignments to do today. ［形容詞的用法の不定詞が名詞を修飾］

Bad weather forced us to put off the picnic. ［形容詞的用法の不定詞が補語Ｃ］

(h) I saw a walking girl. ［現在分詞が名詞を修飾］

I saw a girl walking. ［現在分詞が補語Ｃ］

(i) I bought a book on psychology. ［前置詞句が名詞を修飾］

(j) The man who lives next door is very friendly. ［関係詞節が名詞を修飾］

(５) 副詞の働き（大別すると２つ）

⇒ 動詞を修飾する・形容詞や副詞を修飾する

副詞と同じ働きをするもの（４つ）

(k) 副詞的用法の不定詞 (l) 分詞構文 (m) 前置詞句 (n) 接続詞が導く副詞節

(k) He studied hard to pass the examination. ［副詞的用法の不定詞が動詞を修飾］

I am too tired to walk any more. ［副詞的用法の不定詞が形容詞を修飾］

(l) Frankly speaking, I don’t agree with your opinion. ［分詞構文が動詞を修飾］

(m) In your place, I would have acted differently. ［前置詞句が動詞を修飾］

(n) I’ll ask him the present situation when I see him tomorrow.

As we grow older, our memory becomes weaker.

Make a note of it lest you should forget it. ［従属節が動詞を修飾］

(６) 接続詞

⇒ 等位接続詞と従位接続詞の２種類がある

★等位接続詞 … and, but, or, so, for の５つ。語と語や、句と句を繋ぐこともあり、

必ずしも後ろにＳＶ構造が置かれるとは限らない。

★従位接続詞 … 従属接続詞とも言う。後ろには必ずＳＶ構造を従え、従属節を作る。

その従属節は、(o)名詞節・(p)形容詞節・(q)副詞節として働く。

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(o) I believe (that) I can create something wonderful. ［名詞節］

It is doubtful whether he is saying the truth. ［名詞節］

(p) This is a place which I recommend to you. ［形容詞節］

(q) You cannot succeed in anything unless you persevere. ［副詞節］

(7) 前置詞 ⇒ 後ろに必ず(代)名詞を従え、前置詞句を作る。

(8) 間投詞 ⇒ 会話の間に投げかける言葉。Hey! や Oh! など。

和訳に役立つ５つの文型

第１文型（ＳＶ）

⇒ 英語でもっともシンプルな文型。

第２文型（ＳＶＣ）

⇒「ＳはＣである」「ＳはＣになる」「ＳはＣに見える」など、Ｓ＝Ｃという関係を表す文型。

ＳＶＣを作る代表的な自動詞

be, keep, remain, lie, come, become, get, turn, go, look, sound, smell, taste, feel,

appear, seem など

第３文型（ＳＶＯ）

⇒ 他動詞を使った文型のうち、目的語Ｏを１つだけ取る、もっともシンプルな文型。

第４文型（ＳＶＯＯ）

⇒「人＋物」という語順を取る文型。「人に～を与える」という意味の他動詞が使われる。

ＳＶＯＯを作る代表的な他動詞

give, bring, send, lend, teach, tell, show, buy, ask など

第５文型（ＳＶＯＣ）

⇒「ＯがＣであるのを～する」「ＯがＣするのを～する」というように、

ＯとＣの部分に主語－述語の関係が成り立っている文型。

ＳＶＯＣを作る代表的な他動詞

keep, leave, find, call, elect, make, think など

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不定詞

名詞的用法の不定詞

(1) It is strange to be known so universally and yet to be so lonely.

(2) To deprive a man of his natural liberty and to deny to him the ordinary amenities

of life is worse than starving the body; it is starvation of the soul, the dweller in the

body.

(3) It is folly for an eminent man to think of escaping censure, and a weakness to be

affected with it.

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(4) To be yourself in a world that is constantly trying to make you something else is

the greatest accomplishment.

(5) Pain and death are a part of life. To reject them is to reject life itself.

(6) All you have to do is (to) translate what I will say into English.

(7) The job of the artist is always to deepen the mystery.

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(8) I want to stay longer, but I don’t want to trouble you.

(9) Try not to become a man of success, but rather try to become a man of value.

(10) I've made it a rule never to drink by daylight and never to refuse a drink after

dark.

(11) He will do anything but work of his own accord.

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(12) I made the decision to follow his advice.

形容詞的用法の不定詞（名詞を修飾する）

(13) He is the last man to tell a lie.

(14) I had nothing particular to say about the matter.

(15) The architect has no reason to be blamed (for) about the designing of the

collapsed building.

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(16) The safe way to double your money is to fold it over once and put it in your

pocket.

形容詞的用法の不定詞（目的格補語Ｃになる）

(17) If your actions inspire others to dream more, learn more, do more and become

more, you are a leader.

(18) God doesn’t require us to succeed; he only requires that you try.

(19) You cannot teach a man anything; you can only help him (to) find it within himself.

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形容詞的用法の不定詞（主格補語Ｃになる）

(20) The meeting is to be held next Sunday.

(21) Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed

and digested.

(22) That type of camera is not to be found anywhere now.

(23) If you are to succeed, you must change your way of thinking.

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(24) I am yet to receive your reply about your availability.

(I have yet to receive your reply about your availability.)

副詞的用法の不定詞（動詞を修飾する）

(25) The man who will use his skill and constructive imagination to see how much he

can give for a dollar, instead of how little he can give for a dollar, is bound to succeed.

(26) They were delighted to learn of the arrival of our baby.

(27) He must be crazy to say such a thing to her.

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(28) I went to see him only to find him out.

(29) To hear him talk, you would take him for a foreigner.

副詞的用法の不定詞（形容詞・副詞を修飾する）

(30) Truth is so hard to tell, it sometimes needs fiction to make it plausible.

(31) Some words are hard to define because they have many different uses.

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目的（～するために）を表す構文

(32) I got up at four in order to be in time for the first train.

(33) In order for the light to shine so brightly, the darkness must be present.

程度（～するほど…）・結果（…なので～する）を表す構文

(34) Learn from the mistakes of others. You can’t live long enough to make them all

yourself.

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(35) This question is easy enough for an infant to answer.

(36) Some women work so hard to make good husbands that they never manage to

make good wives.

(37) That cafe is too noisy to study calmly in.

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疑問詞＋to do、関係詞＋to do

(38) Modern man thinks he loses something - time - when he does not do things

quickly; yet he does not know what to do with the time he gains - except kill it.

(39) I know from experience how to use this software.

(40) I have no words with which to express my thanks.

不定詞の意味上の主語（名詞的用法の場合）

(41) I want to have more confidence.

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(42) The most important thing is to enjoy your life – to be happy – it’s all that

matters.

(43) It is impossible for me to finish this work in an hour.

(44) It was clever of you to hit on such an idea.

不定詞の意味上の主語（形容詞的用法の場合）

(45) John has many friends to talk with.

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(46) John has many friends to speak Japanese fluently.

(47) She encouraged him to try again.

不定詞の意味上の主語（副詞的用法の場合）

(48) Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance you must keep moving.

(49) We put a fence for the neighbors not to overlook us.

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使役動詞・知覚動詞について

(50) I got him to translate it into English.

(51) The law obliges us to pay taxes.

(52) They compelled him to confess.

(53) Bad weather forced us to postpone the picnic.

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(54) The swindler made him sign a paper in a closed room.

(55) I have to have a repairman fix the gas stove.

(56) Please let me know whether this sentence is correct in terms of grammar.

(57) I saw the boy walk down the hall with his shoes off.

(58) I have never heard him speak ill of others.

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(59) I was lying in my bed reading a book, when I felt something touch my arm.

単純形の不定詞・完了形の不定詞

(60) It is said that he studies hard. （不定詞を用いて書き換えると？）

(61) It was said that he studied hard. （不定詞を用いて書き換えると？）

(62) It is said that he studied hard. （不定詞を用いて書き換えると？）

(63) It is said that he has studied hard. （不定詞を用いて書き換えると？）

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動名詞

動名詞に慣れよう！

(1) You cannot open a book without learning something.

(2) Life is really simple, but we insist on making it complicated.

(3) Few people are capable of expressing with equanimity opinions which differ from

the prejudices of their social environment. Most people are even incapable of forming

such opinions.

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動名詞の「意味上の主語」を意識する

(4) My mother insisted on my <me> taking this medicine.

(5) He doesn’t like his daughter(’s) going to karaoke bars.

(6) I will not be concerned at other men's not knowing me; I will be concerned at my

own want of ability.

(7) On the ordinary view of each species having been independently created, we gain

no scientific explanation.

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不定詞と動名詞のちょっとした違い

(8) I remember mailing the letter. ／ I remembered to mail the letter.

(9) I’ll never forget to visit Niagara Falls. ／ I’ll never forget visiting Niagara Falls.

(10) I tried climbing the tree. ／ I tried to climb the tree.

(11) I regret telling you the truth. ／ I regret to tell you the truth.

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動名詞を含む 10個の重要表現

(12) Music and woman I cannot but give way to, whatever my business is.

(13) Nothing in the world is worth having or worth doing unless it means effort, pain,

difficulty.

(14) There is no denying that all human beings are not created equal.

(15) It is no use crying over the spilt milk.

= There is no use in crying over the spilt milk.

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(16) She is used <accustomed> to being discouraged by her son.

(17) I’m looking forward to something amazing happening.

(18) If we can but prevent the government from wasting the labours of the people,

under the pretence of taking care of them, they must become happy.

(19) I cannot see the photo without being reminded of my youth.

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(20) On entering his room, I felt the air stuffy.

(21) We should not be too hasty in condemning all compromise as bad morals.

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分詞

2種類の現在分詞・2種類の過去分詞

(1) Look at the baby sleeping in the cradle.

(2) We have been waiting for an hour for the opening of the bargain sale.

(3) She kept the guests waiting for more than an hour at the front door.

(4) The most convincing theory is that this book is actually written by an alchemist.

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(5) The movie is exciting for all the generations.

(6) In the end we found his talk only tiring and disappointing.

(7) Married men are more likely to visit the doctor than unmarried men.

(8) Without work all life goes rotten.

(9) In spoken English this expression is rarely used.

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(10) Common sense is the collection of prejudices acquired by age eighteen.

(11) She had her accessories stolen in an unguarded moment.

(12) He had his pocket picked of $500 in the crowd.

頻出！他動詞の現在分詞

(13) It is astonishing what an effort it seems to be for many people to put their brains

definitely and systematically to work.

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(14) Nothing is more humiliating than to see idiots succeed in enterprises we have

failed in.

(15) There are only two kinds of people who are really fascinating - people who know

absolutely everything, and people who know absolutely nothing.

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分詞構文

分詞構文を作る 3つのステップ

(1) If you face too complicated a matter to settle, you can always count on me.

(2) When I was driving on National Route 176, I witnessed the accident.

(3) As it is written in a clear hand, this report is easy to read.

(4) Since I did not know about the story, I remained silent.

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(5) If the two are seen from a distance, they look quite alike.

(6) Though I admit what you say, I still think that you are mistaken.

(7) Since I lost my business card holder, I must buy a new one.

(8) As I have been deceived so often, I am now on my guard.

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(9) She was drenched with heavy rain and spoiled her new silk suit.

「独立分詞構文」に慣れよう

(10) As the girl wasn’t fully grown yet, her trousers were too long.

(11) If there is nothing else to do, you may go home at once.

分詞構文は副詞節に戻そう

(12) Used economically, this money will last until next payday.

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(13) ( ) to this device, that one is easier to use.

Comparing? or Compared?

(14) One should finish a meal feeling one could eat a little more.

(15) All things considered, this is the best choice for us.

(16) This ( ), we went home.

Doing? or Done?

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with＋Ｏ＋Ｃ

(17) I can’t concentrate on my work with you watching me.

(18) With the window broken we could not keep the room warm.

(19) This plastic bottle can be used as a vase to grow young plants in, with its top cut

off.

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関係詞

関係代名詞は「(代)名詞」出身

(1) Any man falls into lazy habits of thinking.

+ He reads too much and uses his own brain too little.

(2) You should not easily trust a man. + You know nothing of his past.

(3) The lady smiled at me. + I felt her fascinating.

(4) A person is known by the people. ＋ He associates with them.

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(5) A business is a poor business. + It makes nothing but money.

(6) They used some technical terms in their dialogue.

+ I couldn’t understand their meanings.

(7) He lent me the book. + The cover of it was torn.

(8) We cannot solve our problems with the same thinking.

+ We used it when we created them.

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(9) Jugaad is a word. + We are little familiar with it.

関係副詞は「副詞」出身！

(10) The exact time is yet to be made clear.

+ He put the scheme into practice then <at it>.

(11) There are some cases. + This theory doesn’t hold good there <in them>.

(12) The reason is because it usually goes around wearing overalls looking like hard

work. + A lot of people do not recognize opportunity for the reason.

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(13) This is the way. + I persuaded him to change his mind in the way.

関係詞のある文構造に慣れよう

(14) All that is valuable in human society depends upon the opportunity for

development accorded the individual.

(15) I count him braver who overcomes his desires than him who conquers his

enemies; for the hardest victory is over self.

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(16) You will find men who want to be carried on the shoulders of others, who think

that the world owes them a living. They don't seem to see that we must all lift together

and pull together.

(17) There is no comparison between that which is lost by not succeeding and that

which is lost by not trying.

(18) They are ill discoverers that think there is no land, when they can see nothing

but sea.

(19) The pursuit of truth and beauty is a sphere of activity in which we are permitted

to remain children all our lives.

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(20) The moment there is suspicion about a person's motives, everything he does

becomes tainted.

(21) If money is your hope for independence you will never have it. The only real

security that a man will have in this world is a reserve of knowledge, experience, and

ability.

継続用法・2つの特徴

(22) We could not follow the speaker, who used many technical terms

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(23) She introduced her friends, none of whom I have met since then.

(24) His latest book, which was published recently, is far from a fine book.

(25) She was in a bad temper, which is rare for her.

(26) The town, where I always get lost, has many similar houses.

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(27) October, when in Japan the leaves turn red, is a very beautiful month.

関係代名詞 whatと 3つの構文

(28) Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school.

(29) The superior man understands what is right; the inferior man understands what

will sell.

(30) We cannot do necessarily what we think (is) right.

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(31) Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body.

(32) Your worth consists in what you are and not in what you have.

(33) He is what we call a bookworm. = He is what is called a bookworm.

2種類の複合関係詞！？

(34) Whoever said money can't buy happiness didn't know where to shop.

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(35) He told his life story to whoever would listen.

(36) He told his life story to whomever he invited.

(37) Whoever else objects to you, I will stand by you.

(38) You will inherit whichever <whatever> belongs to me.

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(39) Whichever way you may choose, there is little difference.

(40) Whatever women do they must do it twice as well as men. Luckily, this is not

difficult.

(41) Whenever you find yourself on the side of the majority, it is time to pause and

reflect.

(42) I will look back on my life with some regret whenever I die.

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(43) We have freedom to go wherever we want.

(44) Wherever I move, I can’t have such a good time as this.

(45) However she may behave, she will be regarded as the girl not to be relied on.

関係代名詞 as・than・but

(46) Choose such friends as will benefit you.

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(47) You are confronted with the same difficulties as I experienced.

(48) This is as good an opportunity as you’ll ever have.

(49) As is often the case with young people, John has no purpose of his life.

(50) This is a more valuable invention than is generally regarded as such.

(51) There is no rule but has some exceptions.

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比較

原級比較と接続詞 as

(1) The minds of men are as different as their faces.

(2) The movie is not so <as> appealing as the original.

(3) Try to speak as clearly as you can.

(4) The educated differ from the uneducated as much as the living from the dead.

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(5) To kill an error is as good a service as, and sometimes even better than, the

establishing of a new truth or fact.

挑戦！関係詞節と原級比較

(6) There is not so variable a thing in nature as a lady’s head-dress.

(7) There’s something just as inevitable as death. And that’s life.

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比較級と接続詞 than

(8) It is better to try and fail than not to try at all.

(9) In a democracy the poor will have more power than the rich, because there are

more of them, and the will of the majority is supreme.

(10) It is better to keep your mouth closed and let people think you are a fool than to

open it and remove all doubt.

(11) I can think of nothing less pleasurable than a life devoted to pleasure.

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(12) Anger is an acid that can do more harm to the vessel in which it is stored than

to anything on which it is poured.

さまざまな最上級表現

(13) This is the most difficult sentence to interpret in this paragraph.

(14) He is the brightest of all my friends.

(15) There is nothing which we receive with so much reluctance as advice.

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(16) There is no duty we so much underrate, as the duty of being happy.

(17) No (other) animal is more faithful than a dog.

= A dog is more faithful than any (other) animal.

(18) There is nothing in which people more betray their character than in what they

laugh at.

比較周辺の小ネタ集

(19) The population of India is ten times as large as that of Japan.

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(20) I am taller than she by a head.

(21) He is senior to me by five years. = He is five years senior to me.

(22) I prefer what he is to what he was.

(23) Her handwriting is more neat than accurate.

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比較の構文・厳選 7 つ

(24) (In) so far as I know, there is no adequate book but this.

(25) You may eat anything so long as you don’t eat too much.

(26) A man’s worth lies not so much in what he has as in what he is.

(27) The beginning of reform is not so much to equalize property as to train the noble

sort of natures not to desire more, and to prevent the lower from getting more.

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(28) The older we grow, the weaker our memory becomes.

(29) It is only imperfection that complains of what is imperfect. The more perfect we

are the more gentle and quiet we become towards the defects of others.

(30) I respect him all the better for his openness <because he is open>.

(31) I love him none the less for his faults <because he has faults>.

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(32) He can speak French fluently, much <still> more English.

(33) Culture is not an ornament to decorate a phrase, still less to show off your

knowledge.

鯨の構文をマスターせよ！

(34) This laptop is no thicker than 0.9 inches.

(35) It is no more than 100 meters to the bus stop.

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(36) It is not more than 100 meters to the bus stop.

(37) It is no less than 100 meters to the bus stop.

(38) It is not less than 100 meters to the bus stop.

(39) A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.

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(40) A whale is no less a mammal than a horse is.

(41) We must no more ask whether the soul and body are one than ask whether the

wax and the figure impressed on it are one.

(42) Action is no less necessary than thought to the instinctive tendencies of the

human frame.

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仮定法

そもそも助動詞とは！？

(1) A computer can calculate rapidly.

(2) Children can be naughty sometimes.

(3) The rumor cannot be true.

(4) You may go now.

(5) He may be sick in bed.

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(6) She must be innocent.

(7) You must keep silent here.

(8) You ought to drive more safely.

(9) He will talk about people behind their backs.

(10) That will be John.

(11) My father would play the guitar.

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(12) He could swim very well when young.

(13) You should apologize to her.

過去を振り返るならこの形！

(14) (I think) I may be wrong.

(15) I thought I might be wrong.

(16) (I think) I may have been wrong.

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(17) I thought I might have been wrong.

(18) I may have made a crucial mistake.

(19) She must have been annoyed at his arrogant attitude.

(20) Such an honest man as he cannot have told a lie.

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これが仮定法の仕組みだ！

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腕試し！仮定法を含む英文

(21) Your life would be very empty if you had nothing to regret.

(22) If men knew how women pass the time when they are alone, they'd never marry.

(23) Life would be infinitely happier if we could only be born at the age of eighty and

gradually approach eighteen.

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(24) Whether if soul did not exist time would exist or not, is a question that may fairly

be asked; for if there cannot be someone to count there cannot be anything that can

be counted, so that evidently there cannot be number; for number is either what has

been, or what can be, counted.

(25) If he had listened to her advice, he could have succeeded.

(26) If he had worked harder in his youth, he might be a billionaire.

(27) If we had left earlier, we would be in Tokyo now.

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可能性の低い未来は…

(28) If you should miss the train, you cannot get any transportation to arrive there

today.

(29) If I were to pass away suddenly, what would become of my family?

仮定法を含む構文 5選

(30) But for your advice, my plan might have failed.

(31) If it were not for the Internet, we could not provide our customers with our

unique values.

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(32) If it had not been for your words, I could not have overcome the difficulty then.

(33) He treated me as if I were a child.

(34) She looks as if she had stepped out of a picture.

(35) I wish you hadn’t told her the truth yesterday.

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(36) If only you had been home when I called.

(37) With your examination in six months, it’s about time you began to study in earnest.

if節の代わりをするものたち

(38) A selfish man would have acted otherwise.

(39) There was a dead silence, during which a pin might have been heard to drop.

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(40) With a little more patience you could have succeeded.

(41) He went at once, otherwise he would have been caught in a shower.

(42) To hear her sing that song, you would take her for a foreigner.

(43) Born in better times, he might have become famous.

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