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English Public Speaking Chapter 14
Speaking to Persuade -1
复旦大学《英语公众演说》教学团队
A Global Picture
• Informative Speeches
• Persuasive Speeches
– Psychology of Persuasion
– Types of Question
– Methods of Persuasion
• Ceremonial/Commemorative Speeches
Persuasion
The process of creating, reinforcing,
changing people‘s beliefs or actions.
A mental give-and-take between speaker
and listener.
Mental Dialogue with Audience
Target Audience
• The portion of audience that the speaker most wants to persuade.
A Global Picture
• Informative Speeches
• Persuasive Speeches
– Psychology of Persuasion
– Types of Question
– Methods of Persuasion
• Ceremonial/Commemorative Speeches
Questions of Fact
• Purpose: usu. to persuade audience to accept speaker’s view on facts of issue o Some can be answered w/certainty—some can’t
cf: an informative speech
• Organization: usu. organized topically o Each main point is a reason why audience should agree with you.
Questions of Value
• Purpose: to justify one’s position according to clear standards
• Organization: usu. organized topically
o 1st main point establishes standards
o 2nd main point applies standards to topic
Questions of Policy • Dealing with a specific course of action
• Two types
o Speeches to gain passive agreement that
policy is desirable, necessary, practical
o Speeches to motivate audience to take action
Speeches to Gain Passive Agreement
Convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging them to take action in support of
the policy.
Speeches to Gain Immediate Action
Convince the audience to take action in support of a
given policy.
Questions of Policy • Four effective patterns of organization:
oProblem-solution
oProblem-cause-solution
oComparative advantages
oMonroe’s motivated sequence
Problem-Solution
• Advocate a change in policy
o 1st main point shows need for new policy
o 2nd main point shows plan & practicality
• Oppose a change in policy
o 1st main point shows NO need for change
o 2nd main point shows new policy won’t solve need and/or would create new problems
Problem-Cause-Solution • 1st main point shows existence of problem
• 2nd main point analyzes causes of problem
• 3rd main point presents solution to problem
(This helps analyze whether solution will get at causes or just control symptoms.)
Comparative Advantages
• Most effective when audience already agrees to
need for new policy.
• Each main point explains why this plan is preferable
to other solution.
Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
1. Attention: Gain attention of audience.
2. Need: Make audience feel need for change.
3. Satisfaction: Satisfy need by providing solution to problem.
4. Visualization: Intensify desire for solution.
5. Action: Urge audience to take action in support of solution.
General Tips • Make your point clear in the very beginning.
• Be enthusiastic with your proposal.
• Give supports to your point – usually give more than two.
• Classify your ideas by giving signposts.
• Speak with confidence and conviction.
In-Class Exercise 1
APS P220 Ex. 1
Fact, Value, or Policy?
1. To persuade my audience to engage in
extracurricular activities.
Policy
-> Value
2. To persuade my audience that media violence is a
major cause of violent behavior in society.
Fact
-> Policy
3. To persuade my audience that alternate-day
driving in private cars should be mandatory in all
cities of five million people or more.
Policy
-> Fact
4. To persuade my audience that it is unethical for
businesses to use genetic testing when evaluating
potential employees.
Value
-> Policy
Bibliography • Stephen E. Lucas. APS. FLTRP. 2004.
• S. E. Toulmin, R. Rieke, S. Janik. Introduction to
Reasoning. Prentice Hall, 1984.
• http://www.fallacyfiles.org/index.html
• http://department.monm.edu/cata/McGaan/Class
es/cata335/fallacy-list.htm